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Solar System 05: The Terrestrial Planets

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Page 1: Solar system 05 terrestrial planets

Solar System 05:The Terrestrial Planets

Page 2: Solar system 05 terrestrial planets

The Terrestrial PlanetsThe Terrestrial Planets

Terrestrial means “earthlike”Terrestrial means “earthlike” The terrestrial planets are Mercury, Venus, and MarsThe terrestrial planets are Mercury, Venus, and Mars

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Mercury DataMercury Data

Mean Distance from the sunMean Distance from the sun36,000,000 miles36,000,000 miles

0.4 AU0.4 AU

MoonsMoonsNoneNone

Diameter at the EquatorDiameter at the Equator3,031 miles3,031 miles

Length of Year Length of Year (revolution around (revolution around the sun)the sun)

87.97 Earth days87.97 Earth days

Diameter if Earth = 1Diameter if Earth = 10.380.38

Length of DayLength of Day58.65 Earth days58.65 Earth days

Mass if Earth = 1Mass if Earth = 10.0550.055

Planet SymbolPlanet Symbol

Surface Gravity if Earth = 1Surface Gravity if Earth = 10.380.38

http://www.vegaattractions.com/images/1mercury.gif

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Mercury is only Slightly Larger Mercury is only Slightly Larger than the Moonthan the Moon

MERCURY

OUR MOON

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DiscoveryDiscovery

DiscoveryDiscovery: Mercury has been known since : Mercury has been known since prehistoric times. prehistoric times.

It was first mentioned in written records of It was first mentioned in written records of the Sumerians (3000 BC).the Sumerians (3000 BC).

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VisibilityVisibility

Mercury is visible either early in the Mercury is visible either early in the evening just after sunset or early in the evening just after sunset or early in the morning just before sunrise.morning just before sunrise.

It is always close to the sun and can be It is always close to the sun and can be seen for just a few minutes either at seen for just a few minutes either at sunset or sunrise.sunset or sunrise.

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Phases of MercuryPhases of Mercury

As an inferior planet (between sun and As an inferior planet (between sun and earth), Mercury displays phases that earth), Mercury displays phases that resemble the phases of earth’s moon. resemble the phases of earth’s moon.

You need a telescope to observe the You need a telescope to observe the phases of Mercury. phases of Mercury.

Galileo first observed the phases of Galileo first observed the phases of Mercury and Venus. This observation Mercury and Venus. This observation represented proof of the heliocentric (sun-represented proof of the heliocentric (sun-centered), or Copernican solar systemcentered), or Copernican solar system

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Phases of Inferior PlanetsPhases of Inferior Planets

http://www.polaris.iastate.edu/EveningStar/Unit1/Graphics/PicES1_6c.gifhttp://astromm.calstatela.edu/images/planets/larousse/Me_Phases.jpg

Telescope sketches of Mercury

Orbit of an inferior planet

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Eccentric OrbitEccentric Orbit

Mercury’s eccentric orbit brings it close and far Mercury’s eccentric orbit brings it close and far from the sun during its revolution. from the sun during its revolution.

This means that the orbital shape is much more This means that the orbital shape is much more oval or elliptical in appearance. oval or elliptical in appearance.

Mercury’s orbit is one of the most eccentric in Mercury’s orbit is one of the most eccentric in the solar system.the solar system.

At its closest approach to the sun (perihelion), At its closest approach to the sun (perihelion), Mercury lies at a distance of 46 million kmMercury lies at a distance of 46 million km

At its farthest approach (aphelion) Mercury lies At its farthest approach (aphelion) Mercury lies at a distance of 70 million km. at a distance of 70 million km.

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Planetary EccentricitiesPlanetary Eccentricities

Which “planet” is most eccentric?

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Mercury’s Lobsided OrbitMercury’s Lobsided Orbit

www.astro.lsa.umich.edu/.../ mercury_layers.jpg

Mercury’s Perihelion

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Mercury’s TemperatureMercury’s Temperature

The temperature changes on Mercury are The temperature changes on Mercury are the most extreme of the planets. the most extreme of the planets.

At perihelion, Mercury’s temperature At perihelion, Mercury’s temperature equals 427ºC. equals 427ºC.

At aphelion, Mercury’s temperature equals At aphelion, Mercury’s temperature equals -183ºC. -183ºC.

Mercury is still not the hottest planet in the Mercury is still not the hottest planet in the solar system. Which planet is hotter? solar system. Which planet is hotter?

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Surface FeaturesSurface Features Mercury most resembles earth’s moon in Mercury most resembles earth’s moon in

appearance. appearance. Mercury has no substantial atmosphere. It is a Mercury has no substantial atmosphere. It is a

naked ball of rock.naked ball of rock. Mercury’s surface is heavily cratered and very Mercury’s surface is heavily cratered and very

old. old. The surface features enormous cliffs (scarps), The surface features enormous cliffs (scarps),

some up to hundreds of kilometers in length and some up to hundreds of kilometers in length and as high as 3 kilometers. as high as 3 kilometers.

Beethoven is the largest crater on Mercury. At Beethoven is the largest crater on Mercury. At 402 mi, it is the largest crater in the solar system402 mi, it is the largest crater in the solar system

http://www.r-ds.com/images/ImagesOpera/beethoven.jpg

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Impact craters on Mercury Impact craters on Mercury have similar features to those have similar features to those on the Moon. on the Moon.

CRATERS ON BOTH MERCURY AND THE MOON HAVE RINGS OF MOUNTAINS SURROUNDING THEM

MERCURYMERCURY

OUR OUR MOONMOON

Jumbled hills surrounding the Caloris Impact Basin

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Mercury also has numerous long cliffs, called scarps, Mercury also has numerous long cliffs, called scarps, believed to have formed when the planet cooledbelieved to have formed when the planet cooled

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Caloris BasinCaloris Basin

One huge impact feature on Mercury is named One huge impact feature on Mercury is named the Caloris Basin, it is about 800 miles in the Caloris Basin, it is about 800 miles in diameter and was created by the impact of a diameter and was created by the impact of a large comet or asteroid. large comet or asteroid.

The Caloris Basin resembles the large impact The Caloris Basin resembles the large impact basins (maria) on earth’s moon. basins (maria) on earth’s moon.

The impact that created this basin was so large The impact that created this basin was so large that it created a warped surface area on the area that it created a warped surface area on the area of the planet directly behind the impact.of the planet directly behind the impact.

http://www.record-producer.com/i/capacitor-microphone-sizzle.jpg

Hot basin

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Mercury NamesMercury Names

Features on Mercury have been named for Features on Mercury have been named for famous writers, musicians, and painters. famous writers, musicians, and painters.

For example, there are craters named For example, there are craters named after Beethoven, Homer, Mark Twain, and after Beethoven, Homer, Mark Twain, and Matisse.Matisse.

There are 297 named features on MercuryThere are 297 named features on Mercury

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16 Largest Craters on Mercury16 Largest Craters on Mercury

1.1. BeethovenBeethoven

2.2. TolstoyTolstoy

3.3. RaphaelRaphael

4.4. GoetheGoethe

5.5. HomerHomer

6.6. VyasaVyasa

7.7. RodinRodin

8.8. MonetMonet

9.9. HaydnHaydn

10.10. MozartMozart

11.11. BachBach

12.12. ValmikiValmiki

13.13. RenoirRenoir

14.14. WrenWren

15.15. VivaldiVivaldi

16.16. MatisseMatisse

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Discovery ScarpDiscovery Scarp

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Shakespeare quadrangle of Shakespeare quadrangle of Mercury Mercury

http://www.hollowaypages.com/images/CHANDOS2.jpg

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Caloris Basin & Antipodal, Jumbled Caloris Basin & Antipodal, Jumbled Terrain, Mercury Terrain, Mercury

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InteriorInterior

Mercury possesses a huge iron core that comprises Mercury possesses a huge iron core that comprises about 80% of the planet’s mass. about 80% of the planet’s mass.

Mercury could be described as a metal ball dipped in Mercury could be described as a metal ball dipped in mud.mud.

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Mercury’s iron core takes up a much larger Mercury’s iron core takes up a much larger percentage its volume than that of Earth.percentage its volume than that of Earth.

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Mercury’s Strange DayMercury’s Strange Day

In 1962, it was discovered that Mercury In 1962, it was discovered that Mercury rotates three times in two of its years. rotates three times in two of its years.

It’s day is 58.65 earth days long. It’s day is 58.65 earth days long. Its year is 87.97 earth days long.Its year is 87.97 earth days long. In other words, Mercury experiences only In other words, Mercury experiences only

three days in two of its years.three days in two of its years.

3(58.65) = 175.953(58.65) = 175.95

2(87.97) = 175.942(87.97) = 175.94

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Mariner 10Mariner 10

SpacecraftSpacecraft: Mercury has been visited only : Mercury has been visited only by one spacecraft. by one spacecraft.

This mission was named Mariner 10, and This mission was named Mariner 10, and it visited Mercury in 1975. it visited Mercury in 1975.

Only 45% of the planet’s surface was Only 45% of the planet’s surface was mapped by Mariner 10. mapped by Mariner 10.

We are due for another Mercury mission.We are due for another Mercury mission.

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Mariner 10’sMariner 10’s Mercury Mercury

(all images) http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/mission_index.html#Mariner_10

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New Mission to Mercury New Mission to Mercury (MESSENGER)(MESSENGER)

Mission launched in August 2004, will Mission launched in August 2004, will reach Mercury January 2008 reach Mercury January 2008

The MESSENGER spacecraft will orbit The MESSENGER spacecraft will orbit and map Mercury after making three flybys and map Mercury after making three flybys of the planet. of the planet.

The spacecraft will enter Mercury orbit in The spacecraft will enter Mercury orbit in March 2011 and examine the planet for March 2011 and examine the planet for one Earth year.one Earth year.

http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/ltp/images/Messengercraft.jpg

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Water on Mercury!?Water on Mercury!?

Amazingly, radar observations of Mercury’s Amazingly, radar observations of Mercury’s north pole from the Aricebo dish in Puerto Rico north pole from the Aricebo dish in Puerto Rico provide evidence that water ice may exists in the provide evidence that water ice may exists in the always-shadowed areas of some craters.always-shadowed areas of some craters.

These craters exist near the poles of Mercury, These craters exist near the poles of Mercury, where sunlight never reaches. Similar deposits where sunlight never reaches. Similar deposits might also be present on our moon.might also be present on our moon.

If true, these deposits could contain a record of If true, these deposits could contain a record of much of the solar system’s history.much of the solar system’s history.

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Ice on Mercury?Ice on Mercury?

homepage.smc.edu/.../ MERCURY/polar_ice.jpg

White patches in the right image may represent deposits of ice at Mercury’s

south pole

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Precession of Mercury’s OrbitPrecession of Mercury’s Orbit Mercury’s orbital path precesses (wobbles) in a manner Mercury’s orbital path precesses (wobbles) in a manner

that could not be explained by the theories of Isaac that could not be explained by the theories of Isaac NewtonNewton

The planet’s perihelion position (closest approach to sun) The planet’s perihelion position (closest approach to sun) drifts slowly as a result, and the rate of wobble is once drifts slowly as a result, and the rate of wobble is once per 30,140 yearsper 30,140 years

Explaining Mercury’s orbit was one of the first predicitons Explaining Mercury’s orbit was one of the first predicitons of Einstein’s theory of General Relativityof Einstein’s theory of General Relativity

Newton’s Laws break down in the presence of an intense Newton’s Laws break down in the presence of an intense gravitational field, such as that of the sun’sgravitational field, such as that of the sun’s

The warping of space by the sun’s gravity accounts for The warping of space by the sun’s gravity accounts for Mercury’s anomalous precessionMercury’s anomalous precession

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Mercury’s PrecessionMercury’s Precession

http://scholar.uwinnipeg.ca/courses/38/4500.6-001/Cosmology/general_relativity.htm

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/einstein_clerk_big.gif

Perihelion position

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VulcanVulcan

LeVerrier, who along with Adams predicted the LeVerrier, who along with Adams predicted the existence of Neptune, proposed that the existence of Neptune, proposed that the mysterious precession of Mercury’s revolution mysterious precession of Mercury’s revolution was caused by the gravity of an undiscovered was caused by the gravity of an undiscovered planet that lay between Mercury and the sun. planet that lay between Mercury and the sun.

This hypothetical planet was named Vulcan. This hypothetical planet was named Vulcan. Some astronomers in the 1800’s claimed to Some astronomers in the 1800’s claimed to

have observed this planet using telescopes, but have observed this planet using telescopes, but these observations have never been confirmed, these observations have never been confirmed, and it is unlikely that anything like Vulcan exists. and it is unlikely that anything like Vulcan exists.

Live long and prosper

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Transits of MercuryTransits of Mercury

A transit is the passage of an inferior A transit is the passage of an inferior planet (Venus or Mercury) across the face planet (Venus or Mercury) across the face of the sunof the sun

On average, there are 13 transits of On average, there are 13 transits of Mercury visible each centuryMercury visible each century

In contrast, Venus transits are much rarer, In contrast, Venus transits are much rarer, they occur in pairs over a century apartthey occur in pairs over a century apart

The last Mercury transit occur in The last Mercury transit occur in November 2006November 2006

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May 2003 Transit of MercuryMay 2003 Transit of Mercury

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Nov 2006 Transit of MercuryNov 2006 Transit of Mercury

Where’s Mercury?

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November 2006 Mercury TransitNovember 2006 Mercury Transit

SpaceweatherSpaceweather Link Link

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Lore of MercuryLore of Mercury

Clay tablets written by the Sumerians show that Clay tablets written by the Sumerians show that these people kept very accurate records of the these people kept very accurate records of the appearances of Mercury in the night sky. The appearances of Mercury in the night sky. The Sumerians flourished around 5000 years ago in Sumerians flourished around 5000 years ago in modern day Iraqmodern day Iraq

Wednesday, or Woden’s Day, is named for the Wednesday, or Woden’s Day, is named for the planet Mercuryplanet Mercury

According to legend, Copernicus never was able According to legend, Copernicus never was able to see Mercury. It’s not difficult, you just need to to see Mercury. It’s not difficult, you just need to know when and where to lookknow when and where to look

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Lore of Mercury, Cont.Lore of Mercury, Cont.

The Greeks named the evening appearance of The Greeks named the evening appearance of the planet Apollo, they named the morning the planet Apollo, they named the morning appearance Hermesappearance Hermes

In Roman mythology, Mercury is the god of In Roman mythology, Mercury is the god of commerce, travel, and thievery, the Roman commerce, travel, and thievery, the Roman counterpart of the Greek god Hermes, the counterpart of the Greek god Hermes, the messenger of the godsmessenger of the gods

The planet probably received this name because The planet probably received this name because it moves so quickly in the sky from night to nightit moves so quickly in the sky from night to night

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Cuneiform Mercury Tablet, Roman Cuneiform Mercury Tablet, Roman Statue of MercuryStatue of Mercury

www.gwydir.demon.co.uk

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Other Lore of Other Lore of MercuryMercury

Mercury carsMercury cars Freddie Mercury of Freddie Mercury of

QueenQueen FTD flowersFTD flowers www.musclecarclub.com

sowhat.cocolog-nifty.com

http://www.gianteagle.com/media/static_content/store_services/gift_garden/images/FTD_Landing_Image_293_X_260.gif

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Venus DataVenus Data

Mean Distance from the sunMean Distance from the sun67,200,000 miles67,200,000 miles

0.72 AU0.72 AU

MoonsMoons00

Diameter at the EquatorDiameter at the Equator7,521 miles7,521 miles

Length of Year Length of Year (revolution around (revolution around the sun)the sun)

224.70 Earth days224.70 Earth days

Diameter if Earth = 1Diameter if Earth = 10.950.95

Length of DayLength of Day243.01 Earth days243.01 Earth days

Mass if Earth = 1Mass if Earth = 10.8150.815

Planet SymbolPlanet Symbol

Surface Gravity if Earth = 1Surface Gravity if Earth = 10.910.91

http://www.vegaattractions.com/images/1venus.gif

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VenusVenus

VenusVenus: The Roman goddess Venus was : The Roman goddess Venus was the goddess of love and beautythe goddess of love and beauty

Venus is the brightest planets seen from Venus is the brightest planets seen from earthearth

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Discovery of VenusDiscovery of Venus

DiscoveryDiscovery: Venus has been known since : Venus has been known since prehistoric times. It is the brightest object prehistoric times. It is the brightest object in the sky except for the sun and the in the sky except for the sun and the moon. moon.

The appearances of Venus are described The appearances of Venus are described in the mythology of many peoples in the mythology of many peoples including the Sumerians and Mayans.including the Sumerians and Mayans.

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Evening and Morning StarEvening and Morning Star

Venus is visible either early in the evening just Venus is visible either early in the evening just after sunset (evening star), or early in the after sunset (evening star), or early in the morning just before sunrise (morning star)morning just before sunrise (morning star)

Although always near the sun, Venus can Although always near the sun, Venus can extend about 45º to the east or west of the sunextend about 45º to the east or west of the sun

On any particular evening or morning, Venus On any particular evening or morning, Venus stays in the sky much longer than Mercurystays in the sky much longer than Mercury

Venus often pairs with the crescent moon for Venus often pairs with the crescent moon for pretty scenespretty scenes

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Venus as Evening StarVenus as Evening Star

Venus as an evening star in the western sky after sunset

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Venus as Morning StarVenus as Morning Star

Venus as a morning star in the eastern sky before sunrise

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Changing Positions of Venus, Changing Positions of Venus, MercuryMercury

http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/img/mv-orbit.jpg

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Evening Star: Venus and MoonEvening Star: Venus and Moon

http://www.russellsastronomy.com/sky/April-June%20Planets.htm

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Phases of VenusPhases of Venus

As an inferior planet (between sun and As an inferior planet (between sun and earth), Venus displays phases that earth), Venus displays phases that resemble the phases of earth’s moonresemble the phases of earth’s moon

You need a telescope to observe the You need a telescope to observe the phases of Venusphases of Venus

Galileo first observed the phases of Venus Galileo first observed the phases of Venus in the early 1600sin the early 1600s

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Phases of Venus, cont.Phases of Venus, cont.

Galileo’s observation of the phases of Venus Galileo’s observation of the phases of Venus provided important evidence in favor of provided important evidence in favor of Copernicus’s heliocentric (sun-centered) theory of Copernicus’s heliocentric (sun-centered) theory of the solar system.the solar system.

The Ptolemaic, or earth-centered solar system The Ptolemaic, or earth-centered solar system would only allow Venus to have crescent phaseswould only allow Venus to have crescent phases

The Copernican model allows a nearly “full” Venus, The Copernican model allows a nearly “full” Venus, which is what Galileo observed.which is what Galileo observed.

http://phyun5.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/img152.gif

Galileo’s Venus Sketches

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Venus Phases, Earth and Sun Venus Phases, Earth and Sun CenteredCentered

http://r2d2.stcloudstate.edu/~womack/astr/galileo/venuscop.jpg

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Phases of Venus (Phases of Venus (Click HereClick Here))

http://www.robertsilvey.com/notes/Venus02t.jpg

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8 year cycle & Synodic Period8 year cycle & Synodic Period

Venus orbits the sun 13 times in 8 earth yearsVenus orbits the sun 13 times in 8 earth years From earth, we witness 5 Venus events every 8 From earth, we witness 5 Venus events every 8

earth yearsearth years For example, 5 inferior conjunctions of Venus For example, 5 inferior conjunctions of Venus

occur every 8 earth yearsoccur every 8 earth years Visually, appearances of Venus repeat every 8 Visually, appearances of Venus repeat every 8

years on virtually the same calendar dateyears on virtually the same calendar date The time between successive conjunctions of a The time between successive conjunctions of a

planet and the earth is termed the synodic planet and the earth is termed the synodic periodperiod

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Venus Synodic PeriodVenus Synodic Period

Venus Synodic Period = 584 daysVenus Synodic Period = 584 days Compared to earth’s year, this is a 5:8 ratioCompared to earth’s year, this is a 5:8 ratio 5 x 584 = 2920 days5 x 584 = 2920 days 8 x 365 = 2920 days8 x 365 = 2920 days There seems to be no physical reason for this There seems to be no physical reason for this

ratio, it is a coincidenceratio, it is a coincidence Again, it means that from earth Venus events Again, it means that from earth Venus events

repeat almost exactly every 8 earth yearsrepeat almost exactly every 8 earth years

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8 Year Cycle8 Year Cycle Image created by drawing Image created by drawing

a line between the earth a line between the earth and Venus every few and Venus every few days for 8 yearsdays for 8 years

Outer edge is earth’s orbitOuter edge is earth’s orbit Inner circle is Venus’s Inner circle is Venus’s

orbitorbit Sun in centerSun in center Notice the pentagon in Notice the pentagon in

the center representing 5 the center representing 5 Venus events every 8 Venus events every 8 earth yearsearth years

http://www.dreamhawk.com/venusearth.jpg

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Retrograde RotationRetrograde Rotation

RotationRotation: Venus’s rotation is unusual in that it is : Venus’s rotation is unusual in that it is both very slow (243 earth days long) and both very slow (243 earth days long) and retrograderetrograde

Retrograde means that the planet rotates Retrograde means that the planet rotates backwards, or clockwise when looking down on backwards, or clockwise when looking down on the solar systemthe solar system

Scientists are unsure of why Venus rotates Scientists are unsure of why Venus rotates backwards. Perhaps the planet was struck by a backwards. Perhaps the planet was struck by a large object early in its history and became large object early in its history and became positioned upside down?positioned upside down?

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Venus’s Retrograde RotationVenus’s Retrograde Rotation

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/ask_retrograde_sm.jpg

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Earth’s Sister PlanetEarth’s Sister Planet

Venus is considered to be earth’s sister Venus is considered to be earth’s sister planet in that it is nearly the same size as planet in that it is nearly the same size as earth (95% of earth’s diameter, 80% of earth (95% of earth’s diameter, 80% of earth’s mass)earth’s mass)

Compared to Venus, in terms of climate Compared to Venus, in terms of climate our Earth is like Heaven and Venus is like our Earth is like Heaven and Venus is like HellHell

InteriorInterior: Venus likely exhibits an iron core : Venus likely exhibits an iron core similar to earth’s.similar to earth’s.

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Earth’s Sister WorldEarth’s Sister World

http://www.arcadiastreet.com/cgvistas/images/venus_and_earth.jpg

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Atmosphere of VenusAtmosphere of Venus

Venus is entirely covered with a thick Venus is entirely covered with a thick atmosphere of mainly Carbon Dioxide, and its atmosphere of mainly Carbon Dioxide, and its surface is never visible from earthsurface is never visible from earth

The Magellan spacecraft used radar to penetrate The Magellan spacecraft used radar to penetrate the clouds and map the planet’s surfacethe clouds and map the planet’s surface

The thick atmosphere produces an immense The thick atmosphere produces an immense greenhouse effect that raises Venus’ surface greenhouse effect that raises Venus’ surface temperature to 900ºF (hot enough to melt lead)temperature to 900ºF (hot enough to melt lead)

Venus is hotter than Mercury despite being Venus is hotter than Mercury despite being nearly twice as far away from the sunnearly twice as far away from the sun

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Venus’s EnvironmentVenus’s Environment The thick atmosphere also The thick atmosphere also

creates high pressure on the creates high pressure on the surfacesurface

Sulfuric acid droplets rain from Sulfuric acid droplets rain from the thick atmospheric cloudsthe thick atmospheric clouds

An unprotected human would An unprotected human would be crushed instantly by the be crushed instantly by the weight of atmosphere weight of atmosphere overhead, dissolved in sulfuric overhead, dissolved in sulfuric acid, and baked immediately acid, and baked immediately by the searing heatby the searing heat

Venus is the place in our solar Venus is the place in our solar system that most resembles system that most resembles HellHell

http://www.uk2planets.org.uk/images/gallery/venus_greenhouse%20effect_esa.jpg

Venus greenhouse

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Venus is covered with a dense layer of clouds that hides its surface.

Unlike the benign water vapor clouds on Earth, these clouds contain large amounts of sulfur dust and sulfur compounds, giving them a yellow-orange color.

The clouds on Venus are made of concentrated sulfuric acid.

The Clouds of VenusThe Clouds of Venus

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Spacecraft to VenusSpacecraft to Venus

SpacecraftSpacecraft: The first spacecraft to visit Venus : The first spacecraft to visit Venus was Mariner 2 in 1962was Mariner 2 in 1962

Venus was visited next by many others (more Venus was visited next by many others (more than 20 so far), including Pioneer Venus and than 20 so far), including Pioneer Venus and Soviet Venera 7, the first spacecraft to land on Soviet Venera 7, the first spacecraft to land on another planet, and Venera 9, which returned another planet, and Venera 9, which returned the first photographs of the surfacethe first photographs of the surface

The orbiting US spacecraft Magellan has The orbiting US spacecraft Magellan has produced detailed maps of Venus’s surface produced detailed maps of Venus’s surface using radar. Magellan entered Venus’s orbit in using radar. Magellan entered Venus’s orbit in 19901990

http://members.aol.com/NYRocketScience/space/1962/s199-us-mariner2.jpg

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Mariner’s Mariner’s VenusVenus

http://www.solarviews.com/browse/venus/venusmar.jpg

1962

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Venus’s Surface, courtesy of Venus’s Surface, courtesy of VeneraVenera

Edge of Venera Lander

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This image of the Venusian surface from the Soviet spacecraft Venera 13 This image of the Venusian surface from the Soviet spacecraft Venera 13 shows rock plates which are possibly fractured lava. shows rock plates which are possibly fractured lava.

Unfortunately, this craft was destroyed by the intense pressure and extreme temperatures on the Venusian surface.

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Magellan’s VenusMagellan’s Venus

http://cseligman.com/text/planets/venus/magellan.jpg

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The Magellan spacecraft, in an orbit around Venus, was able The Magellan spacecraft, in an orbit around Venus, was able to “see through” the thick clouds using radar, giving us the to “see through” the thick clouds using radar, giving us the best view of our sister planet. best view of our sister planet.

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This false color map of Venus, equivalent to a This false color map of Venus, equivalent to a topographical map of Earth, shows the large-scale topographical map of Earth, shows the large-scale

surface features of the planet.surface features of the planet.

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A global view of Venus A global view of Venus using radar images from using radar images from the Magellan spacecraftthe Magellan spacecraft

The craters found on Venus tend to be in clusters.

This suggests that they were formed from a large single piece of falling debris that was broken up by the Venusian atmosphere.

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Surface FeaturesSurface Features

Most of Venus’ surface consists of gently Most of Venus’ surface consists of gently rolling planes with little height differencesrolling planes with little height differences

There are very few surviving impact There are very few surviving impact craters on Venuscraters on Venus

There are several large, low areas There are several large, low areas (depressions) such as the (depressions) such as the Atalanta PlanitiaAtalanta Planitia

There are two large plateaus or highland There are two large plateaus or highland areas, one is named the areas, one is named the Ishtar TerraIshtar Terra and and the other is named the the other is named the Aphrodite TerraAphrodite Terra

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Venus’s Surface Features, cont.Venus’s Surface Features, cont.

Data from Magellan suggests that the surface is Data from Magellan suggests that the surface is covered largely by lava flows. covered largely by lava flows.

There are several large volcanoes such as the There are several large volcanoes such as the Sif Sif MonsMons. .

Recent findings suggest that Venus still has active Recent findings suggest that Venus still has active volcanism, but only in a few areas.volcanism, but only in a few areas.

Venus also exhibits some unique landforms such as Venus also exhibits some unique landforms such as pancake volcanoes, spider-like “arachnoids,” and pancake volcanoes, spider-like “arachnoids,” and coronae. coronae.

The pancake volcanoes seem to be eruptions of very The pancake volcanoes seem to be eruptions of very thick lava and the coronae seem to be collapsed lava thick lava and the coronae seem to be collapsed lava domes. domes.

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3D Venus Map3D Venus Map

http://masa-p3-rw.hp.infoseek.co.jp/planet/venus_3dmap02.jpg

Terras

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Magellan Magellan Global Global ViewsViews

http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-venus.html

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Venus VolcanismVenus Volcanism

(all images) http://nineplanets.edu

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Unusual Volcanism, Pancake Unusual Volcanism, Pancake DomesDomes

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Corona and ArachnoidCorona and Arachnoid

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Transits of VenusTransits of Venus

As an inferior planet, Venus can transit or As an inferior planet, Venus can transit or cross in front of the suncross in front of the sun

Transits occur twice in 8 years, separated Transits occur twice in 8 years, separated by over 120 yearsby over 120 years

Transits of Venus are one of the rarest Transits of Venus are one of the rarest events in astronomyevents in astronomy

The last transit of Venus occurred June 8, The last transit of Venus occurred June 8, 2004, the next will be in 20122004, the next will be in 2012

The previous transit had been in 1882The previous transit had been in 1882

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June 2004 Transit of VenusJune 2004 Transit of Venus

http://www.astrosurf.org/lombry/Documents/transit-venus-8juin2004-3d-contact-anim-furlanetto.gif

http://www.atmob.org/Photo/venus_2004/venus%20transit%208.JPG

Click on Link:

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Transits of VenusTransits of Venus

Transit DatesTransit Dates Separation in YearsSeparation in Years

June 8, 2004June 8, 2004

June 6, 2012June 6, 2012 88

December 11, 2117December 11, 2117 105105

December 8, 2125December 8, 2125 88

June 11, 2247June 11, 2247 122122

June 9, 2255June 9, 2255 88

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Historical Transits of VenusHistorical Transits of Venus In 1691, Edmond Halley demonstrated that a In 1691, Edmond Halley demonstrated that a

transit of Venus could be used to calculate the transit of Venus could be used to calculate the distance between the earth and sundistance between the earth and sun

In the eighteenth century, expeditions were sent In the eighteenth century, expeditions were sent to observe Venus transits from locations around to observe Venus transits from locations around the world in hopes of calculating the earth to sun the world in hopes of calculating the earth to sun distancedistance

Captain Cook's first expedition in the Endeavour Captain Cook's first expedition in the Endeavour was timed so that he could see the 1769 transit was timed so that he could see the 1769 transit from the South Pacific from the South Pacific

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2004/images/cook/ptvenus.jpg

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Feminist PlanetFeminist Planet

The surface features of Venus, with a few The surface features of Venus, with a few exceptions, have been named after womenexceptions, have been named after women

These women include authentic historical figures These women include authentic historical figures such as Amelia Earhart and Sacajawea and such as Amelia Earhart and Sacajawea and ancient goddesses such as Ishtar and Aphrodite ancient goddesses such as Ishtar and Aphrodite

The highest mountains on Venus (The highest mountains on Venus (Maxwell Maxwell MontesMontes) were named after a man, the physicist ) were named after a man, the physicist James Clerk MaxwellJames Clerk Maxwell

http://www.feministcampus.org/images/egreeting/rosie_the_riveter.jpg

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Swampy VenusSwampy Venus

Due to its clouds and Due to its clouds and distance, astronomers distance, astronomers once thought that once thought that Venus was a natural Venus was a natural garden filled with garden filled with living thingsliving things

These ideas turned These ideas turned out to be pure fantasyout to be pure fantasy

Fantastic swamps of Venus

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Behavior of VenusBehavior of Venus

Venus moves back and forth between the Venus moves back and forth between the evening and morning sky. It spends about evening and morning sky. It spends about 9 months in each9 months in each

Our ancestors interpreted the cyclical Our ancestors interpreted the cyclical behavior of Venus as evening and behavior of Venus as evening and morning star in many waysmorning star in many ways

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Lore of Venus: Sumerians and Lore of Venus: Sumerians and GreeksGreeks

SumeriansSumerians: To the Sumerians, Venus : To the Sumerians, Venus represented the goddess Ishtarrepresented the goddess Ishtar

Venus’s periodic conjunctions with the sun were Venus’s periodic conjunctions with the sun were thought to represent the goddess's death and thought to represent the goddess's death and rebirthrebirth

GreeksGreeks: The Greeks called Venus Hesperus : The Greeks called Venus Hesperus when it appeared in the evening sky and when it appeared in the evening sky and Phosphorus when it appeared in the morning Phosphorus when it appeared in the morning sky. Eventually, the Greeks realized that both sky. Eventually, the Greeks realized that both objects were the same planetobjects were the same planet

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Goddess IshtarGoddess Ishtar

http://www.unige.ch/lettres/antic/mesopotamie/ishtar.jpg

Left: Bust of Ishtar, Right: Cylinder seal depiction of Ishtar in

the underworld

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Lore of Venus: MayaLore of Venus: Maya

To the Maya of Central America, Venus To the Maya of Central America, Venus represented the god Quetazlcóatl and figured represented the god Quetazlcóatl and figured prominently in their worship. Quetazlcóatl was prominently in their worship. Quetazlcóatl was pictured as a winged-serpentpictured as a winged-serpent

Mayan astronomers were able to predict the Mayan astronomers were able to predict the dates of the appearance of Venus many dates of the appearance of Venus many thousands of years into the future or past.thousands of years into the future or past.

Such records are preserved in the Dresden Such records are preserved in the Dresden Codex, one of only two surviving Maya textsCodex, one of only two surviving Maya texts

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Maya Venus, Dresden CodexMaya Venus, Dresden Codex

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Diagrams/Dresden.jpeg

Maya depiction of Quetzecoatl (left); Dresden

Codex (right)

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Maya Venus “Observatory” at Maya Venus “Observatory” at Chichen ItzaChichen Itza

http://centros.edu.aytolacoruna.es/sfxabier/world_links/mexico_observatory.jpg

•This famous structure is also named the Caracol

•Chichen Itza is located near Cancun, Mexido

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Lore of Venus: Paradise LostLore of Venus: Paradise Lost

MiltonMilton: The movement of Venus in the sky : The movement of Venus in the sky was used by Milton as a metaphor of the was used by Milton as a metaphor of the fallen angel Lucifer and forms the central fallen angel Lucifer and forms the central theme of his epic poem Paradise Lost. theme of his epic poem Paradise Lost.

Paradise Lost is a long poem that was first Paradise Lost is a long poem that was first published in 1674, the poem deals directly published in 1674, the poem deals directly with ideas from the Bible. with ideas from the Bible.

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Paradise LostParadise Lost

http://www.clt.astate.edu/wnarey/Honors%20Seminars_files/Horror/summar3.jpg

http://users.ox.ac.uk/~lina0897/emwo/images/big/PARADISE_LOST.jpg

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Mars DataMars Data

Mean Distance from the sunMean Distance from the sun141,500,000 miles141,500,000 miles

AUAU

MoonsMoons22

Diameter at the EquatorDiameter at the Equator4,217 miles 4,217 miles

Length of Year Length of Year (revolution around (revolution around the sun)the sun)

686.98 Earth days686.98 Earth days

Diameter if Earth = 1Diameter if Earth = 1 0.530.53

Length of DayLength of Day24 hr. 37 min. 22.6 sec.24 hr. 37 min. 22.6 sec.

Mass if Earth = 1Mass if Earth = 1 0.1070.107

Planet SymbolPlanet Symbol (draw) (draw)

Surface Gravity if Earth = 1Surface Gravity if Earth = 1 0.380.38

http://www.vegaattractions.com/astrology/symbols.html

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Red PlanetRed Planet

God of WarGod of War: Mars was the Roman god of : Mars was the Roman god of war. war.

The planet probably got this name due to The planet probably got this name due to its red color. its red color.

Mars is also referred to as the Red Planet. Mars is also referred to as the Red Planet.

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MarsMars

DiscoveryDiscovery: Mars has been known since : Mars has been known since prehistoric timesprehistoric times

It is still a favorite location for science It is still a favorite location for science fiction storiesfiction stories

Mars becomes very bright about every two Mars becomes very bright about every two years, sometimes even brighter than years, sometimes even brighter than Jupiter and SiriusJupiter and Sirius

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SpacecraftSpacecraft

SpacecraftSpacecraft: The first spacecraft to visit : The first spacecraft to visit Mars was Mariner 4 in 1965Mars was Mariner 4 in 1965

Several others followed including Mars 2, Several others followed including Mars 2, the first spacecraft to land on Mars and the the first spacecraft to land on Mars and the two Viking landers in 1976two Viking landers in 1976

After 20 years, the Mars Pathfinder landed After 20 years, the Mars Pathfinder landed successfully on Mars on July 4, 1997successfully on Mars on July 4, 1997

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Mars ExplorationMars Exploration

In 2004 the Mars Expedition Rovers In 2004 the Mars Expedition Rovers "Spirit" and "Opportunity" landed on Mars "Spirit" and "Opportunity" landed on Mars sending back geologic data and many sending back geologic data and many picturespictures

Spirit and Opportunity are still operating Spirit and Opportunity are still operating after more than three years (2007) on after more than three years (2007) on MarsMars

Below: The crater Endurance, photographed by the Martian rover Opportunity

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Mariner 4Mariner 4: No Canals (1965): No Canals (1965)

http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/martianchronicle/martianchron2/issue2images/mariner4photo.jpeg

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Viking Viking (1976)(1976)

http://www.hypography.com/bilder/viking_on_mars.jpg

Viking’s robotic arm (below) collected soil samples to test for life

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Pathfinder (1997)Pathfinder (1997)

http://users.bigpond.net.au/Nick/Mars/Pathfinder.jpg

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Pathfinder (Mars Pathfinder (Mars or Arizona?)or Arizona?)

http://anw.com/mars/images/widescene.jpg

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Spirit & OpportunitySpirit & Opportunity

Panoramic PhotosPanoramic Photos http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040318.htmlhttp://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040318.html http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040114.htmlhttp://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040114.html http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040204.htmlhttp://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040204.html

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Mars MissionsMars Missions

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Cold PlanetCold Planet

ClimateClimate: Temperatures on Mars range : Temperatures on Mars range from –207ºF at the winter pole to 80ºF on from –207ºF at the winter pole to 80ºF on the day side during summerthe day side during summer

The average temperature is –67ºFThe average temperature is –67ºFDespite being cold, Mars has the most Despite being cold, Mars has the most

earthlike climate of any of the planetsearthlike climate of any of the planets

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Dusty PlanetDusty Planet

AtmosphereAtmosphere: Mars has a very thin : Mars has a very thin atmosphere composed mostly of carbon atmosphere composed mostly of carbon dioxide (95.3%) plus nitrogen (2.7%) and dioxide (95.3%) plus nitrogen (2.7%) and various other gasesvarious other gases

Mars displays strong winds and immense Mars displays strong winds and immense dust storms that can cover most of the dust storms that can cover most of the planet and last for many monthsplanet and last for many months

Dust devils, small tornadoes, have been Dust devils, small tornadoes, have been sighted on Marssighted on Mars

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Mars Dust StormMars Dust Storm

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Although it is sometimes blue, the Martian sky generally takes on a rust color because of dust particles blown into the atmosphere by strong winds.

Sunset on Mars

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Ice CapsIce Caps

One earthlike feature of Mars are the ice One earthlike feature of Mars are the ice caps which grow and shrink with the caps which grow and shrink with the seasons on Marsseasons on Mars

The ice caps are composed mainly of The ice caps are composed mainly of frozen carbon dioxide (dry ice) and water frozen carbon dioxide (dry ice) and water iceice

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Mars is tilted on its axis by 25.19 (nearly the same as Earth) and has seasons.

Martian SeasonsMartian Seasons

Large ice cap made mostly of frozen carbon dioxide (dry ice)

The dry ice melts, leaving a much smaller polar cap

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High winds create dust High winds create dust devils on the Martian devils on the Martian surface.surface.

A DUST DEVIL FROM ABOVE

DARK STREAKS SHOW THE PATH OF DUST DEVILS

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Surface FeaturesSurface Features

SurfaceSurface: Although Mars diameter is less than : Although Mars diameter is less than earth, its surface area is about the same as the earth, its surface area is about the same as the land area of earth’s continents land area of earth’s continents

Much of Mars’ surface is old and cratered and Much of Mars’ surface is old and cratered and resembles the highlands on earth’s moon, but resembles the highlands on earth’s moon, but there are also younger features such as rift there are also younger features such as rift valleys, ridges, hills, and plains. valleys, ridges, hills, and plains.

Mars has some unique features and probably Mars has some unique features and probably has the most interesting terrain of any world has the most interesting terrain of any world besides earth.besides earth.

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Mars Tour GuideMars Tour Guide

Olympus MonsOlympus Mons: A volcano, the largest : A volcano, the largest mountain in the solar system (78,000 ft, mountain in the solar system (78,000 ft, about 22 mi). Its base is more than 310 mi about 22 mi). Its base is more than 310 mi in diameterin diameter

Valles MarinerisValles Marineris: A system of canyons : A system of canyons 3,750 mi long and from 2-7 mi deep3,750 mi long and from 2-7 mi deep

http://www.pi-software.com/tour_guide_barbie.jpg

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The Martian terrain includes broad towering volcanoes, The Martian terrain includes broad towering volcanoes, vast windswept plains, and enormous canyons.vast windswept plains, and enormous canyons.

Valles Marineris is a vast canyon stretchimg over about one-fifth the circumference of Mars.

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Vallis Marineris (Viking)Vallis Marineris (Viking)

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Mars also has volcanoes. The largest of these is Olympus Mons. It covers an area the size of Missouri and rises three times higher than Mount Everest.

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Tharsis RegionTharsis Region

Olympus Mons & clouds

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Olympus MonsOlympus Mons

http://www.physast.uga.edu/~jss/1010/ch10/mtoly.jpg

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Mars VolcanismMars Volcanism

No Plate TectonicsNo Plate Tectonics: Mars appears to lack : Mars appears to lack plate tectonicsplate tectonics

This seems to have helped in the This seems to have helped in the development of the huge volcanoes such development of the huge volcanoes such as Olympus Monsas Olympus Mons

Plate motions wouldn’t allow such large Plate motions wouldn’t allow such large piles of lava to build uppiles of lava to build up

No active volcanism has been observed No active volcanism has been observed on Marson Mars

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Impact Craters on MarsImpact Craters on Mars

Most of these craters are found in the Southern Hemisphere, suggesting that the northern vastness has been resurfaced.

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Martian WaterMartian Water

Liquid WaterLiquid Water: There is much evidence of past : There is much evidence of past running water on Mars’ surface including large running water on Mars’ surface including large floods and small river systems. floods and small river systems.

Some large lakes or oceans may also have Some large lakes or oceans may also have existed. existed.

Ice CapsIce Caps: Mars has permanent ice caps at its : Mars has permanent ice caps at its north and south poles. north and south poles.

This ice is mainly composed of frozen carbon This ice is mainly composed of frozen carbon dioxide (dry ice) with a small amount of frozen dioxide (dry ice) with a small amount of frozen water ice.water ice.

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The winding canyons found on the Martian surface are similar to those found in river beds on Earth, suggesting that liquid water once flowed on Mars.

Martian winding canyon, photographed by the Viking orbiter

The Yangtze River in China has similar features

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Surface features Surface features believed to be ancient believed to be ancient waterwayswaterways

An ancient lake

A dried riverbed

Sedimentation

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Layers of rock laid down by Layers of rock laid down by waterwater

Hemetite black rocks, usually formed in water

Gullies in crater walls

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Nirgal Vallis, possible river Nirgal Vallis, possible river valleyvalley

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast05jan_1.htm

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Sedimentary Layers from WaterSedimentary Layers from Water

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/images/mars_water/sediments.jpg

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Chyrse, “Teardrop” IslandsChyrse, “Teardrop” Islands

The teardrop islands The teardrop islands represent an represent an erosional feature erosional feature created by past created by past running waterrunning water

http://www.esa.int/images/mars_water_400.jpg

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Martian IceMartian Ice

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Mars has been the Center of Speculation Mars has been the Center of Speculation about Extraterrestrial Lifeabout Extraterrestrial Life

Early telescope images showed features which were perceived as irrigation canals.

People feared an attack from Mars, like this one portrayed in “The War of the Worlds.”

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Canals on Mars?Canals on Mars?

Life on MarsLife on Mars? In the early 1900s, Percival Lowell ? In the early 1900s, Percival Lowell claimed to have observed canals on Mars’ claimed to have observed canals on Mars’ surfacesurface

He created maps and theories concerning the He created maps and theories concerning the canals, but we know that they do not existcanals, but we know that they do not exist

Lowell believed that the canals were the efforts Lowell believed that the canals were the efforts of a dying civilization on Mars to capture water of a dying civilization on Mars to capture water from the frozen poles for survivalfrom the frozen poles for survival

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Lowell’s CanalsLowell’s Canals

http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/ceps/etp/mars/marsimg/mars_lowellglobe.jpg

http://www.hencoup.com/Lowells%20Mars%20with%20canals.jpg

Lowell’s “canal” network

Percival Lowell

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Lowell Observatory, Lowell Observatory, ArizonaArizona

http://www.theskyscrapers.org/stuff/contentmgr/files/61edba02500313dcb0e1f6b80940c8af/large/pict1246.jpg

CW from Left: Lowell’s Telescope; Lowell canal sketch; Lowell; Lowell’s Mausoleum

http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~c88/Clark_1.jpg

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Martian Life?Martian Life?

The Viking landers performed experiments to The Viking landers performed experiments to determine the presence of live, but most scientists determine the presence of live, but most scientists have concluded that no evidence of life was have concluded that no evidence of life was discovereddiscovered

A small number of meteorites are believed to have A small number of meteorites are believed to have originated on Marsoriginated on Mars

In 1996, NASA scientists announced the discovery In 1996, NASA scientists announced the discovery of organic compounds in a Martian meteoriteof organic compounds in a Martian meteorite

They also claimed to have discovered fossilized They also claimed to have discovered fossilized microorganismsmicroorganisms

These findings are controversialThese findings are controversial

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Viking LanderViking Lander

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Viking Life ExperimentViking Life ExperimentTrenches

http://www.physics.uc.edu/~hanson/ASTRO/LECTURENOTES/ET/Earth/VikingMarsBig.jpg

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Meteorite from Mars!Meteorite from Mars!

http://www.universetoday.com/am/uploads/meteorite.jpg

http://www.newscientist.com/data/images/ns/cms/dn8004/dn8004-1_440.jpg

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Bacteria from Mars? Bacteria from Mars? (ALH84001)(ALH84001)

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lpi/meteorites/Photomicrograph.gif

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Fear & PanicFear & Panic Fear and PanicFear and Panic: Mars has two tiny moons that : Mars has two tiny moons that

were discovered in 1877 by Asaph Hall of the were discovered in 1877 by Asaph Hall of the Naval Observatory in WashingtonNaval Observatory in Washington

These two moons were named Phobos and These two moons were named Phobos and Deimos—Fear and Panic—after two sons of the Deimos—Fear and Panic—after two sons of the god of war mentioned in Homer’s god of war mentioned in Homer’s IliadIliad

An inhabitant of Mars would see two moons An inhabitant of Mars would see two moons crossing the sky in opposite directionscrossing the sky in opposite directions

These moons are small (Phobos is only 24 miles These moons are small (Phobos is only 24 miles across) and resemble asteroidsacross) and resemble asteroids

They are probably asteroids that were captured They are probably asteroids that were captured by Mars’ gravityby Mars’ gravity

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Phobos & DeimosPhobos & Deimos

http://www.sarkanniemi.fi/oppimateriaali/tahtiakatemia/kuvat/aurinkokunta/deimos_phobos.jpg

http://perso.wanadoo.fr/pgj/phobos-deimos-061105.gif

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Martian NamesMartian Names

Martian NomenclatureMartian Nomenclature: The main features on : The main features on Mars were named by the astronomer Mars were named by the astronomer SchiaparelliSchiaparelli

He selected geographical and imaginary names He selected geographical and imaginary names from Greek and Roman literature such as Solis from Greek and Roman literature such as Solis Lacus (Lake of the Sun), Aurorae Sinus (Bay of Lacus (Lake of the Sun), Aurorae Sinus (Bay of Dawn), Margaritifer Sinus (coast of India), Syrtis Dawn), Margaritifer Sinus (coast of India), Syrtis Major (Gulf of Sidra), Mare Tyrrhenum Major (Gulf of Sidra), Mare Tyrrhenum (Tyrrhenian Sea)(Tyrrhenian Sea)

The names of dark areas were those of bodies The names of dark areas were those of bodies of water, and those of bright areas, of landsof water, and those of bright areas, of lands

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Lilliputian MoonsLilliputian Moons

Gulliver’s TravelsGulliver’s Travels: Jonathan Swift, in his 1726 : Jonathan Swift, in his 1726 book book Gulliver’s TravelsGulliver’s Travels, described how the , described how the astronomers of Lilliput had discovered “two astronomers of Lilliput had discovered “two lesser stars, or satellites, which revolve around lesser stars, or satellites, which revolve around Mars”Mars”

Swift gives their periods of revolution as 21 and Swift gives their periods of revolution as 21 and 10 hours (quite close to the true values)10 hours (quite close to the true values)

These conjectures seem to have been lucky These conjectures seem to have been lucky guessesguesses

http://foxes.bluespot.org/images/gulliver.gif

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Observing MarsObserving Mars

Mars in the Night SkyMars in the Night Sky: Every two years, Mars : Every two years, Mars gets very bright and easily visiblegets very bright and easily visible

These events are named oppositions, they occur These events are named oppositions, they occur when earth and Mars reach a minimum distance when earth and Mars reach a minimum distance apartapart

Opposition occurs when a superior planet is Opposition occurs when a superior planet is opposite of the sun in earth’s skyopposite of the sun in earth’s sky

At opposition, the planet rises in the east as the At opposition, the planet rises in the east as the sun sets in the west. sun sets in the west.

Only superior planets can reach oppositionOnly superior planets can reach opposition

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Oppositions of MarsOppositions of Mars

Future OppositionsFuture Oppositions 7 Nov 20057 Nov 2005 24 Dec 200724 Dec 2007 29 Jan 201029 Jan 2010 3 Mar 20123 Mar 2012 8 April 20148 April 2014 22 May 201622 May 2016 27 July 201827 July 2018 13 Oct 202013 Oct 2020

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Face on MarsFace on Mars

““Face on MarsFace on Mars”: Images from the Viking Orbiter ”: Images from the Viking Orbiter 1 show what appears to be a large, human face 1 show what appears to be a large, human face located in the Cydonia region of Mars. located in the Cydonia region of Mars.

Some writers have claimed that this shape was Some writers have claimed that this shape was artificially sculpted, Richard Hoagland, for artificially sculpted, Richard Hoagland, for example, created elaborate systems of example, created elaborate systems of alignments linking the Face to the Egyptian alignments linking the Face to the Egyptian Pyramids and Sphinx on earthPyramids and Sphinx on earth

Images returned from the Mars Global Surveyor Images returned from the Mars Global Surveyor reveal that the “face” is little more than a pile of reveal that the “face” is little more than a pile of rocks.rocks.

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Viking’s Face on Mars (1976)Viking’s Face on Mars (1976)

http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/images%5Cface_mars.jpg

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Mars Global Surveyor Face Mars Global Surveyor Face (2001)(2001)

http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/msss/camera/images/moc_5_24_01/face/

“Face” the truth, Mr. Hoagland

http://www.sg.hu/kep/2004_03/0322mars1.jpg

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War of the Worlds ScareWar of the Worlds Scare

War of the Worlds ScareWar of the Worlds Scare: In 1938, Orson Welles : In 1938, Orson Welles broadcast a radio play based upon H.G. Wells’ broadcast a radio play based upon H.G. Wells’ novel novel The War of the WorldsThe War of the Worlds

The realistic nature of the broadcast convinced The realistic nature of the broadcast convinced many listeners that a Martian invasion was really many listeners that a Martian invasion was really taking placetaking place

Hysterical listeners called the police and Hysterical listeners called the police and newspapers, fled from their homes, and gazed newspapers, fled from their homes, and gazed at the sky in terrorat the sky in terror

About 28% of listeners thought that the invasion About 28% of listeners thought that the invasion was realwas real

http://www.scifi2k.com/misc_html/warworlds/ww_logo.jpg

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War of the WorldsWar of the Worlds In 1938, Orson Welles In 1938, Orson Welles

broadcast a radio play broadcast a radio play based upon H.G. Wells’ based upon H.G. Wells’ novel novel The War of the The War of the WorldsWorlds

The realistic nature of the The realistic nature of the broadcast convinced broadcast convinced many listeners that a many listeners that a Martian invasion was Martian invasion was really taking placereally taking place

About 28% of listeners About 28% of listeners thought that the invasion thought that the invasion was realwas real Orson Welles as a

broadcaster

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Science Fiction: War of the Science Fiction: War of the WorldsWorlds

Science FictionScience Fiction: Many : Many science fiction works take science fiction works take place on Mars (here is place on Mars (here is your summer reading your summer reading list):list):

Herbert G. Wells, Herbert G. Wells, The The War of the WorldsWar of the Worlds (1898). (1898).

This novel describes an This novel describes an invasion of the earth by invasion of the earth by technologically advanced technologically advanced Martians. Martians.

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H.G. WellsH.G. Wells

““Yet across the gulfs of space, minds that Yet across the gulfs of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish, intellects vast and the beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic, regarded this cool and unsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious eyes, and slowly and earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us.surely drew their plans against us.” ”

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A Princess of MarsA Princess of Mars Edgar Rice Burroughs, Edgar Rice Burroughs, A A

Princess of MarsPrincess of Mars (1911) (1911) Burroughs, best known as the Burroughs, best known as the

creator of Tarzan, wrote a creator of Tarzan, wrote a series of novels placed on series of novels placed on MarsMars

The hero, Civil War veteran The hero, Civil War veteran John Carter, is transported to John Carter, is transported to Mars where has various Mars where has various adventures, and marries an adventures, and marries an egg-laying Martian Princessegg-laying Martian Princess

The term “little green men” The term “little green men” came from these books.came from these books.

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E.R. BurroughsE.R. Burroughs

““I opened my eyes upon a strange and I opened my eyes upon a strange and weird landscape. I knew that I was on weird landscape. I knew that I was on Mars; not once did I question my sanity or Mars; not once did I question my sanity or wakefulnesswakefulness.”.”

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Martian ChroniclesMartian Chronicles

Ray Bradbury, Ray Bradbury, The The Martian ChroniclesMartian Chronicles (1951). (1951).

This book is a series of This book is a series of loosely connected stories loosely connected stories which relate the story of which relate the story of humanity’s conquest of humanity’s conquest of Mars. Mars.

The Martians in these The Martians in these stories are often seen as stories are often seen as the “good guys.”the “good guys.”

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Ray BradburyRay Bradbury

““The Men of Earth came to Mars. They The Men of Earth came to Mars. They came because they were afraid or came because they were afraid or unafraid, because they were happy or unafraid, because they were happy or unhappy, because they felt like Pilgrims or unhappy, because they felt like Pilgrims or did not feel like Pilgrims. There was a did not feel like Pilgrims. There was a reason for each manreason for each man.”.”

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Stranger in a Strange LandStranger in a Strange Land Robert Heinlein’s, Robert Heinlein’s,

Stranger in a Strange Stranger in a Strange Land (1961), was a Land (1961), was a favorite counterculture favorite counterculture novel of the 1960’snovel of the 1960’s

It is the story of Valentine It is the story of Valentine Michael Smith, the sole Michael Smith, the sole survivor of the first survivor of the first manned expedition to manned expedition to Mars who was raised and Mars who was raised and educated by Martians.educated by Martians.

Stranger introduced the Stranger introduced the term “Grok” to pop cultureterm “Grok” to pop culture

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R.A. HeinleinR.A. Heinlein

““Smith is not a man. He is an intelligent creature Smith is not a man. He is an intelligent creature with the genes and ancestry of a man, but he is with the genes and ancestry of a man, but he is not a man. He's more a Martian than a man. not a man. He's more a Martian than a man. Until we came along he had never laid eyes on a Until we came along he had never laid eyes on a human being. He thinks like a Martian, he feels human being. He thinks like a Martian, he feels like a Martian. He's been brought up by a race like a Martian. He's been brought up by a race which has nothing in common with us. “which has nothing in common with us. “

““This had been a very short word. Smith still felt This had been a very short word. Smith still felt that he had grokked rightly the human word that he had grokked rightly the human word "God"... “"God"... “

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Mars MoviesMars Movies

Mars in the MoviesMars in the Movies:: Red PlanetRed Planet and and Mission to MarsMission to Mars (2000) (2000) My Favorite MartianMy Favorite Martian (1999) (1999) Species II (1998)Species II (1998) Mars Attacks!Mars Attacks! (1996) (1996) Total RecallTotal Recall (1990) (1990) Invaders from MarsInvaders from Mars (1986, 1953) (1986, 1953) Capricorn OneCapricorn One (1978) (1978) Mars Needs WomenMars Needs Women (1966) (1966) War of the WorldsWar of the Worlds (1953, 2005) (1953, 2005)

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