solar thermal systems: solar heating r&d · u.s. department of energy solar energy technologies...
TRANSCRIPT
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Solar Thermal Systems: Solar Heating R&D
National Renewable Energy LaboratorySandia National Laboratories
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Presentation Outline
• Description of solar thermal R&D activities in:– Low-cost passive solar hot water systems
• Polymer integral collector-storage (PICS) systems– Low-cost active solar systems
• Cold-climate solar water heating systems• Combined heating and cooling (CHC) systems
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Solar Thermal Systems Participants
• National Laboratories– National Renewable Energy Laboratory– Sandia National Laboratories
• Industry– FAFCO (California)– Davis Energy Group / SunEarth (California)– DuPont Canada Inc. (Ontario)– SRP (Arizona)– Energy Laboratories Inc. (Florida)
• Universities– University of Minnesota– University of Colorado– University of Central Florida
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Solar Thermal Systems R&D Goals
Near-Term (2006):• Mild-climate solar water heating systems that deliver energy at $0.04 -$0.06/kWh
Mid-Term (2010):• Cold-climate solar water heating systems that deliver energy at $0.05 - $0.06/kWh
Long-Term (2015-2020):• Solar space heating and cooling systems that deliver energy at $0.04 - $0.05/kWh
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Solar Thermal Systems R&D
Low-Cost Passive Solar Thermal Systems
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Solar Water Heating
Active
Common System Types
Passive
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Passive Solar Water Heating
Integral Collector-Storage (ICS) System
Gasket Glazings
Storage tanksInsulation
Box
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Innovative, Low-Cost Solar Water Heaters
Project Goal:Cut the delivered, life-cycle energy cost of solar water heating systems in half by the year 2005.
Source: Solar Buildings Technology Program: 5-Year Strategic Plan, January 31, 1998
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Innovative, Low-Cost Solar Water Heaters
• Hardware cost reduction• Polymer technology• Parts integration
• Installation cost reduction• Lighter collectors, flexible bundled piping• Integrated balance of system
• Marketing cost reduction• New construction: SWH as standard feature or option• Do-it-yourself / Home improvement stores
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Innovative, Low-Cost Solar Water Heaters
Technical Challenges (Barriers):• Polymer durability – the key technical challenge• System performance
– Overheating protection– Heat exchanger sizing and placement
• Building code issues– Use of plastics, e.g., flammability– Structural concerns, e.g., roof weight, wind loading
• Manufacturing process design– Thermoforming and rotomolding temperature
tolerances
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Innovative, Low-Cost Solar Water Heaters
Project Phases:• Concept Generation / Exploratory Research
– Identification of general system configurations which could conceivably reach the project’s cost goal
• Concept Development / Prototype Test– Development of detailed designs for promising
concepts and construction and evaluation of prototypes• Advanced Development / Field Test
– Development of second-generation prototypes and conducting limited field testing and evaluation
• Engineering / Manufacturing Development– Construction of manufacturing facilities and evaluation
of “near-final” systems in “real-world” applications
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Unpressurized Integral Collector Storage
Thin-walled polymer vessel of water
Glazing(s)
Supply/Return Piping
Immersed heat exchanger
Insulation
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Davis Energy Group/SunEarth Design
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Davis Energy Group/SunEarth Field Test
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FAFCO Design
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FAFCO Prototype
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Solar Thermal Systems R&D
Material Durability Testing
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Durability Testing
Outdoor
AcceleratedLaboratoryChambers
Ultra-Accelerated,Natural Sunlight
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
UV-Screened Polymeric Glazing Construction
Optional Bonding Layer (adhesive, etc.)
Screening Layer (UV absorbers)
Candidate Polymeric Glazing
Another Polymeric Element (e.g., absorber)
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
GE HP92WDB 20-mil thick PC Film
No Korad UV screen; 8.2 months Ci5000 exposure
With Korad UV screen; 10 months Ci5000 exposure
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Solar Thermal Systems R&D
Low-Cost Active Solar Thermal Systems
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Geographical Limitations of ICS Systems
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Residential Solar Water Heating
Active
Common System Types
Passive
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Active Solar Water Heating
Flat Plate Collector
Indirect CirculationSolar System
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Active Solar Water Heating System R&D
DuPont Canada Universityof Minnesota
Labs and Industry
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Low-Cost Solar Water Heaters for Cold Climates
Polymer Flat Plate Collector
DuPont / University of Minnesota Collaboration
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Polymeric Absorber and Heat Exchanger Testing
New In-situ optical device for measuring scale
Tensile strength testing
University of Minnesota
• Polyethylene• Polypropylene
• Nylon 6,6• HTN • Polybutylene• Polypropylene• Teflon• Copper
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Polymeric Absorber and Heat Exchanger Testing
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PSU PB (noadd)
PB (wadd)
Nylon 6,6 HTN
Expo
sed/
Une
xpos
ed S
treng
th60C>82C
For some polymers, hot chlorinated water significantly reduces strength.Alternate PB formulation (with additives) shows less degradationLoss of strength occurs very rapidly in nylon 6,6.
Strength after 300-1200 hrs in ORP=825 mV
Materials tested at U of MN in FY2003
Strength after aging in Hot, Chlorinated H2O
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Polymer Tube Scaling
1 µm 10 µm 1 µm
Teflon
1 µm10 µm1 µm
Copper
NATIVE AFTER 540 Hr exposure to hard water
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Polymer Tube Scaling (cont.)
NATIVE AFTER 540 Hr exposure to hard water
1 µm 10 µm 1 µm
1 µm 10 µm 1 µm
Nylon 6,6
PB
• Calcium carbonate accumulates on all polymers tested.
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Polymer Tube Scaling
• Results indicate nylon 6,6 enhances scaling. • Mass of scale on PP, PB, HTN, Teflon and copper tubes are similar.
0.00
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nylon 6,6 HTN PB PP Teflon CuTube
CaC
O3 (
g/m
2 )
HX1HX2HX3
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Solar Thermal Systems R&D
Combined Heating and Cooling Systems
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Solar Thermal Systems R&D Approach
Features of polymer-based SWH systems:• Year-round load: good system utilization
• New materials: lower cost
• Simple systems: higher reliability
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Solar Thermal Systems R&D Approach
Combined space heating and cooling systems• Year-round load: good system utilization
• New materials: lower cost
• Simple systems: higher reliability
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Combined Solar Heating & Cooling System
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
COLLECTOR
HOUSE
TRIPLE PLAY MODEL
HOTTANK
COLDTANK
TSKY
PUMP
DIVERTER
CONTROLLER
DHW HTR QAUX, DHW
QAUX, HTG/CLG
QSOL, HTG
WATER MAINS
T
T
TQ INT
DHW DRAW
TSET, HTG/CLG
= COMPUTED= SPECIFIED
G SUN GIR
QSOL, CLG
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Albuquerque, NMUnglazed Collector 126 ft2, ∆ T_HX = 5
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(GJ) CLG aux
HTG auxDHW auxCLG SolarHTG SolarDHW Solar
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125 ft2
250 ft2
500 ft2
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Combined Heating and Cooling Systems
Most Favorable Markets
Unglazed Collector Space Heating & Hot Water Savings
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U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Solar Thermal Systems R&D Goals
Near-Term (2006):• Mild-climate solar water heating systems that deliver energy at $0.04 -$0.06/kWh
Mid-Term (2010):• Cold-climate solar water heating systems that deliver energy at $0.05 - $0.06/kWh
Long-Term (2015-2020):• Solar space heating and cooling systems that deliver energy at $0.04 - $0.05/kWh