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System Administration Guide:Solaris Printing

Sun Microsystems, Inc.4150 Network CircleSanta Clara, CA 95054U.S.A.

PartNo: 819735512April 2009


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Copyright2009 SunMicrosystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,CA 95054 U.S.A. Allrightsreserved.

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Contents

Preace ...................................................................................................................................................13

1 Introduction to Printingin theSolaris Operating System ........................................................... 19

What's New in Printing? ..................................................................................................................... 19

Privilege Requirements or Using Solaris Print Commands .................................................. 20

PPD File Management Utility ..................................................................................................... 21

Fundamentals o Printing in the Solaris Operating System ........................................................... 21

Overview o the Solaris Printing Architecture ................................................................................. 22

Implementation o the Open Standard Print API ........................................................................... 23

PAPI Print Client Commands .................................................................................................... 23

Using Printing Protocols in the Solaris Release ............................................................................... 24

Selecting the Client-To-Server Network Printing Protocol .................................................... 24

Printer URI Formats .................................................................................................................... 25

Selecting the Server-To-Printer Network Printing Protocol .................................................. 26What is a Device URI? ................................................................................................................. 27

What Is the Internet Printing Protocol? .................................................................................... 28

Overview o the RFC-1179 Printing Protocol .......................................................................... 28

RFC-1179 Protocol Compared to the Internet Printing Protocol ......................................... 29

Using the SMB Protocol .............................................................................................................. 29

Overview o Solaris Print Manager ................................................................................................... 30

Overview o the LP Print Service ....................................................................................................... 30

Functions o the LP Print Service ............................................................................................... 31

Customizing the LP Print Service .............................................................................................. 31

The Solaris Print Client-Server Process ............................................................................................ 31

Using Print Servers ...................................................................................................................... 31

Using Print Clients .............................................................................................................. ......... 32

The Print Client Process .............................................................................................................. 32How Local Printing Works ......................................................................................................... 33

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How LP Administers Files and Schedules Local Print Requests ............................................. 34

How Remote Printing Works ..................................................................................................... 36

Where to Find Printing Tasks ............................................................................................................ 38

2 Planning orPrintingin theSolaris OperatingSystem (Tasks) ....................................................41

Determining a Method to Use or Printer Setup and Administration .......................................... 41

Selecting Printing Tools and Services ........................................................................................ 42

Determining Which Printing Protocol to Use ......................................................................... 42

Planning or Printer Setup and Administration .............................................................................. 43Setting Printer Denitions .......................................................................................................... 43

Distributing Printers on the Network ............................................................................................... 51

Printer Conguration Resources ....................................................................................................... 52

Printing Support in the naming service Switch ........................................................................ 52

LDAP Print Support Guidelines ................................................................................................. 54

How the Solaris Printing Sotware Locates Printers ................................................................ 54

Assigning Print Servers and Print Clients ........................................................................................ 56

Print Server Requirements and Recommendations ........................................................................ 57

Spooling Space ............................................................................................................................. . 57

Disk Space ................................................................................................................................... .. 57

Memory Requirements ............................................................................................................... 57

Swap Space .................................................................................................................................. .. 58

Hard Disk .................................................................................................................................... .. 58

3 Setting Up Printing Services (Tasks) ................................................................................................59

Setting Up Solaris Printing Services (Task Map) ............................................................................. 59

Using Solaris Print Manager .............................................................................................................. 60

Solaris Print Manager Options and Selectable Attributes ....................................................... 61

Solaris Print Manager and Special Characters .......................................................................... 61Starting Solaris Print Manager ................................................................................................... 61

How to Start Solaris Print Manager ........................................................................................... 62

Setting Up the Internet Printing Protocol ........................................................................................ 64

Conguring IPP Server and Client Data ................................................................................... 64

IPP Keywords or Apache Web Server Conguration ............................................................ 65

How to Congure IPP Server Data ............................................................................................ 65How to Congure IPP Client Data ............................................................................................ 66

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Enabling and Disabling Printing Services (Task Map) ................................................................... 67

Administering Network Printing Services ....................................................................................... 67

How to Enable the IPP Network Listening Service .................................................................. 68How to Disable the IPP Network Listening Service ................................................................. 68

How to Restart the IPP Network Listening Service .................................................................. 68

How to Enable the RFC-1179 Network Listening Service ....................................................... 68

How to Disable the RFC-1179 Network Listening Service ..................................................... 69

How to Restart the RFC-1179 Network Listening Service ...................................................... 69

How to Enable the SMB Network Service ................................................................................. 69

How to Disable the SMB Network Service ................................................................................ 69

How to Restart the SMB Network Service ................................................................................. 70

4 Setting UpPrinters (Tasks) .................................................................................................................71

Introduction to Setting Up Printers .................................................................................................. 71

Setting Up Printers on a Print Server (Task Map) ........................................................................... 72

Setting Up Directly Attached Printers by Using Solaris Print Manager ....................................... 73

Setting Printer Denitions by Using Solaris Print Manager ................................................... 75

How to Add a New Directly Attached Printer by Using Solaris Print Manager ................... 76

How to Use Solaris Print Manager to Add a Print Queue With localhost Specied as theHost Name .................................................................................................................................... 78

Setting Up Directly Attached Printers by Using LP Print Commands ......................................... 79

How to Add a New Directly Attached Printer by Using LP Print Commands ..................... 80

How to Use LP Print Commands to Add a Print Queue With localhost Specied as theHost Name .................................................................................................................................... 83

Setting Up Network Printers .............................................................................................................. 85

Sun Support or Network Printers ............................................................................................. 86

Invoking Network Printer Support ............................................................................................ 86

Selecting the Printer Node Name ............................................................................................... 86

Selecting the Destination Name (Also Called the Network Printer Access Name) .............. 87Selecting the Printing Protocol ................................................................................................... 88

Setting the Timeout Value .......................................................................................................... 89

Managing Network Printer Access ............................................................................................ 89

Setting Up Network&hyphen;Attached Printers by Using Solaris Print Manager ...................... 90

How to Add a New Network&hyphen;Attached Printer by Using Solaris Print Manager . 91

Setting Up Network&hyphen;Attached Printers by Using LP Print Commands ....................... 93How to Add a New Network&hyphen;Attached Printer by Using LP Print Commands ... 94

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How to Set Up a Remote Printer That is Connected to a Solaris Print Server by UsingIPP .................................................................................................................................................. 99

Adding a New Network&hyphen;Attached Printer by Using Printer Vendor-SuppliedSotware .......................................................................................................................................... .... 100

How to Add a Attached Network Printer by Using Printer Vendor-Supplied Tools ........ 100

Setting Up Printers That are Associated With PPD Files ............................................................. 101

Using PPD Files When Setting Up a Printer in Solaris Print Manager ................................ 101

Speciying a PPD File When Setting Up a Printer by Using LP Print Commands ............. 102

How to Speciy a PPD File When Adding a New Printer by using LP Print Commands .. 102

Setting Up Printers on a Print Client (Task Map) ......................................................................... 103Setting Up a Print Client ................................................................................................................... 103

How to Add Printer Access by Using Solaris Print Manager ................................................ 104

How to Add Printer Access by Using LP Print Commands .................................................. 104

Setting Up a .printers File ............................................................................................................. 105

HowtoSetUpa .printers File ............................................................................................... 106

5 Administering Printersby Using Solaris Print Manager andLP Print Commands(Tasks) ....107

Introduction to Administering Printers ......................................................................................... 108

Administering Local Printers ................................................................................................... 108

Administering Network&hyphen;Attached Printers ............................................................ 108

Setting Denitions or Printers ................................................................................................ 109

Administering Printers That Use PPD Files ........................................................................... 109

Administering Character Sets, Filters, Forms, and Fonts ..................................................... 109

Administering Printers by Using Solaris Print Manager (Task Map) ......................................... 110

How to Delete a Printer by Using Solaris Print Manager ...................................................... 110

Administering Printers and the Print Scheduler by Using LP Print Commands (Task Map) . 111

How to Delete a Printer and Remove Printer Access by Using LP Print Commands ........ 112

Checking Printer Status ............................................................................................................. 113

How to Check the Status o Printers ........................................................................................ 114Stopping and Restarting the Print Scheduler .......................................................................... 115

How to Stop the Print Scheduler .............................................................................................. 116

How to Restart the Print Scheduler .......................................................................................... 116

Starting the Print Scheduler With Options ............................................................................. 117

How to Set Print Option Values Only or the Duration o a Call ......................................... 117

How to Set Printer Option Values That Remain Over a System Reboot ............................. 118Setting Printer Denitions by Using LP Print Commands (Task Map) ..................................... 120

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Setting Printer Denitions by Using LP Print Commands ................................................... 121

Setting Up a Deault Printer Destination by Using LP Print Commands ........................... 122

How to Set a System's Deault Printer Destination by Using LP Print Commands ........... 122Printing Banner Pages by Using LP Print Commands .......................................................... 123

How to Make Banner Pages Optional by Using LP Print Commands ................................. 124

How to Turn Of Banner Pages by Using LP Print Commands ........................................... 125

Setting Up Printer Classes by Using LP Print Commands .................................................... 125

How to Dene a Class o Printers by Using LP Print Commands ........................................ 126

Setting Up Printer Fault Alerts by Using LP Print Commands ............................................ 127

How to Set Fault Alerts or a Printer by Using LP Print Commands ................................... 128

Setting Up Printer Fault Recovery by Using LP Print Commands ...................................... 129

How to Set Printer Fault Recovery by Using LP Print Commands ...................................... 130

Limiting User Access to a Printer by Using LP Print Commands ........................................ 130

How to Limit User Access to a Printer by Using LP Print Commands ............................... 132

Administering Print Requests by Using the LP Print Commands (Task Map) ......................... 133

How to Check the Status o Print Requests ............................................................................. 134

Enabling or Disabling a Printer From Printing ...................................................................... 136

How to Enable or Disable a Printer .......................................................................................... 136

Accepting or Rejecting Print Requests .................................................................................... 137

How to Accept or Reject Print Requests or a Printer ............................................................ 138

Canceling a Print Request ......................................................................................................... 139

How to Cancel a Print Request ................................................................................................. 140How to Cancel a Print Request From a Specic User ............................................................ 141

Moving a Print Request ............................................................................................................. 142

How to Move Print Requests to Another Printer ................................................................... 142

Changing the Priority o Print Requests ................................................................................. 143

How to Change the Priority o a Print Request ...................................................................... 143

Administering Printers That Are Associated With PPD Files (Task Map) ................................ 144

How to Set Deault Values or Print Queues That Are Associated With PPD Files ........... 145

Determining Whether a PPD File Is Associated With a Print Queue .................................. 148

6 Administering Printersby Using Network Printing Protocols (Tasks) ..................................... 151

Administering Printers by Using the Internet Printing Protocol (Task Map) ........................... 152

How to Obtain Inormation About Printers When Using IPP ............................................. 152

How to Move Remote Print Requests Between Print Queues When Using IPP ................ 154

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How to Modiy Remote Print Requests When Using IPP ..................................................... 154

Sharing Printers When Using IPP ........................................................................................... 155

IPP Authentication Mechanisms ............................................................................................. 156Turning On IPP Authentication Mechanisms ....................................................................... 156

How to Set Authorizations That Enable You to Accept Print Queues When Using IPP? . 157

How toAdd a Userto the IPP AuthUser File ......................................................................... 157

Administering Printers by Using the RFC-1179 Printing Protocol (Task Map) ....................... 158

How to Use the RFC-1179 Protocol Listener to Cascade Print Requests ............................ 158

Administering Printers by Using the SMB Protocol ..................................................................... 159

7 CustomizingPrinting Services andPrinters (Tasks) .................................................................... 161

Customizing Printing Services (Task Map) ................................................................................... 161

Adjusting Printer Port Characteristics .................................................................................... 161

Adding a terminfo Entry or an Unsupported Printer ......................................................... 163

Customizing the Printer Interace Program ........................................................................... 166

8 Administering Character Sets, Filters, Forms, andFonts (Tasks) .............................................. 171

Administering Character Sets (Task Map) ..................................................................................... 171

Administering Character Sets .......................................................................................................... 172

Selectable Character Sets ........................................................................................................... 172

Hardware Character Sets ........................................................................................................... 173

Tracking Print Wheels .............................................................................................................. 174

Alerts or Mounting Print Wheels or Font Cartridges .......................................................... 174

How to Dene a Print Wheel or Font Cartridge ..................................................................... 174

How to Unmount and Mount a Print Wheel or Font Cartridge .......................................... 175

How to Set an Alert to Mount a Print Wheel or Font Cartridge ........................................... 176

How to Set Up an Alias or a Selectable Character Set ........................................................... 178

Administering Print Filters (Task Map) ......................................................................................... 179Creating a New Print Filter ............................................................................................................... 180

Writing a Print Filter Program ................................................................................................. 180

Creating a Print Filter Denition ............................................................................................. 183

How to Create a New Print Filter ............................................................................................. 189

Administering Print Filters .............................................................................................................. 190

Creating Print Filters ................................................................................................................. 191

Adding, Changing, Deleting, and Restoring Print Filters ..................................................... 191

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How to Add a Print Filter .......................................................................................................... 192

How to Delete a Print Filter ...................................................................................................... 193

How to View Inormation About a Print Filter ...................................................................... 194Administering Forms (Task Map) ................................................................................................... 195

Creating a New Printer Form ........................................................................................................... 196

How to Create a New Printer Form Denition ....................................................................... 198

Administering Forms ........................................................................................................................ 199

Adding, Changing, or Deleting Forms .................................................................................... 199

How to Add a Form .................................................................................................................... 199

How to Delete a Form ................................................................................................................ 200

Mounting Forms ........................................................................................................................ 201

How to Unmount and Mount a Form ..................................................................................... 201

Tracking Forms .......................................................................................................................... 203

Dening Alerts or Mounting Forms ....................................................................................... 203

How to Set an Alert to Mount a Form ...................................................................................... 203

Checking Forms .................................................................................................................. ....... 204How to View Inormation About a Form ................................................................................ 205

How to View the Current Status o a Form ............................................................................. 205

Limiting Access to Forms .......................................................................................................... 206

How to Limit User Access to a Form ....................................................................................... 206

How to Limit Printer Access to a Form ................................................................................... 207

Administering Fonts (Task Map) .................................................................................................... 208Administering Fonts ......................................................................................................................... 208

Managing Printer-Resident Fonts ........................................................................................... 209

Downloading Host-Resident Fonts ......................................................................................... 210

Installing and Maintaining Host-Resident Fonts ................................................................... 210

How to Install Downloaded PostScript Fonts ......................................................................... 211

How to Install Host-Resident PostScript Fonts ...................................................................... 211

9 Administering Printersby Using the PPDFile Management Utility (Tasks) ............................213

Administering PPD Files by Using the PPD File Management Utility (Task Map) .................. 213

Overview o the PPD File Management Utility .............................................................................. 214

Adding PPD Files to a System ................................................................................................... 215

Speciying a PPD File Label ....................................................................................................... 215

Speciying a PPD File Repository ............................................................................................. 216

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Locating PPD File Label and Repository Inormation in Solaris Print Manager ............... 216

Using the PPD File Manager (ppdmgr) Utility ............................................................................... 217

How to Adda PPD File to a System byUsing the ppdmgr Utility ......................................... 217How to Add a PPD File to a System by Using the lpadmin -n Command ......................... 220

Updating the PPD Cache File ................................................................................................... 221

Rebuilding the PPD Cache File ................................................................................................ 222

How to Update or Rebuild the PPD Cache File by Using the ppdmgr Utility ...................... 222

Managing the ppd-cache-update Service .............................................................................. 224

How to Enable or Disable the ppd-cache-update Service .................................................... 224

10 Printing in theSolaris OperatingSystem (Reerence) ................................................................ 227

Solaris Print Manager ....................................................................................................................... 227

Printer Denitions You Can Set With Solaris Print Manager .............................................. 227

LP Print Service ................................................................................................................................. . 230

LP Print Service Commands ..................................................................................................... 230

Daemons and LP Internal Files ................................................................................................ 231

LP Print Service Directories ...................................................................................................... 231

LP Print Service Conguration Files ....................................................................................... 232

The terminfo Database ............................................................................................................. 234

Printer Names in the terminfo Database ............................................................................... 234

LP Print Service Log Files .......................................................................................................... 235

Print Queue Logs ....................................................................................................................... 235

History Log Files ........................................................................................................................ 236

Spooling Directories .................................................................................................................. 239

Filtering Print Files .................................................................................................................... 240

How the Printer Interace Program Works ............................................................................ 240

Using PPD Files To Set Up Printers ................................................................................................ 241

Raster Image Processor Support .............................................................................................. 241Support or PostScript Printer Description Files ................................................................... 241

Where to Find Inormation About Supported Printers and Available PPD Files .............. 242

PPD File Management Utility .......................................................................................................... 243

PPD File Repositories ................................................................................................................ 244

PPD File Labels ........................................................................................................................... 245

Description o the Printer Driver Field in Solaris Print Manager ........................................ 246

Manuacturer Aliases File ......................................................................................................... 247

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PPD File Caches ......................................................................................................................... 247

Description o the Command-Line Options or the ppdmgr Utility .................................... 248

How the PAPI Is Implemented in the Solaris OS ........................................................................... 250Modied Solaris Print Commands .......................................................................................... 251

11 Troubleshooting PrintingProblems in theSolaris OS (Tasks) ................................................... 253

Tips on Troubleshooting Printer Setup Problems ........................................................................ 253

Locating Inormation About Parallel and USB-Connected Print Devices ......................... 253

Tips on Troubleshooting Printing Problems ................................................................................. 254Troubleshooting No Output (Nothing Prints) ....................................................................... 254

Debugging Printing Problems .................................................................................................. 256

Troubleshooting Incorrect Output .......................................................................................... 256

Troubleshooting Hung lp Commands ................................................................................... 258

Troubleshooting Idle (Hung) Printers .................................................................................... 258

Troubleshooting Conicting Status Messages ....................................................................... 259Troubleshooting Miscellaneous Printing Problems ..................................................................... 259

Troubleshooting No Printer Output ....................................................................................... 260

How to Check the Printer Hardware ....................................................................................... 260

How To Check the Printer Network Connections ................................................................. 261

How to Debug Printing Problems ............................................................................................ 261

How to Check the Basic Functions o the LP Print Service ................................................... 262How to Check Printing From a Solaris Print Client to a Solaris Print Server ..................... 266

How to Troubleshoot Incorrect Output .................................................................................. 267

How to Unhang the LP Print Service ....................................................................................... 271

Troubleshooting an Idle (Hung) Printer ................................................................................. 271

How to Check That the Printer is Ready to Print ................................................................... 271

Checking or Print Filtering ...................................................................................................... 272How to Resume Printing Ater a Printer Fault ....................................................................... 272

How to Send Print Requests to a Remote Printer When Requests Are Backed Up in theLocal Queue ....................................................................................................................... ......... 272

How to Free Print Requests From a Print Client That Are Back Up in the Print ServerQueue .............................................................................................................................. ............ 273

How to Resolve Conicting Printer Status Messages ............................................................ 273

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A Using the InternetPrintingProtocol ..............................................................................................275

Overview o Solaris IPP Support ..................................................................................................... 275

Overview o the IPP Listening Service ............................................................................................ 276How the IPP Listening Service Works ..................................................................................... 277

IPP Components .............................................................................................................................. . 277

IPP Libraries ............................................................................................................................... 278

IPP Support Model ............................................................................................................................ 279

IPP Object Model ....................................................................................................................... 279

IPP Printer Object ...................................................................................................................... 279

IPP Job Object ............................................................................................................................ 280

IPP Server-Side Support ................................................................................................................... 280

Conguration o IPP Server-Side Data ................................................................................... 281

IPP Operation Keywords .......................................................................................................... 282

IPP Client-Side Support ................................................................................................................... 284

lpsched Support ........................................................................................................................ 285

IPP Attributes ................................................................................................................................... .. 285

Glossary .............................................................................................................................................. 287

Index ................................................................................................................................................... 291

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Preace

System Administration Guide: Solaris Printingis part o a set that covers a signicant part o the

SolarisTM

system administration inormation. This guide includes inormation or both SPARCand x86 based systems.

This book assumes that you have installed the SunOSTM Solaris Operating System. It alsoassumes that you have set up any networking sotware that you plan to use.

For the Solaris release, new eatures that are interesting to system administrators are covered insections called What's New in ... ?in the appropriate chapters.

Note This Solaris release supports systems that use the SPARC and x86 amilies o processorarchitectures: UltraSPARC, SPARC64, AMD64, Pentium, and Xeon EM64T. The supportedsystems appear in the Solaris 10 Hardware Compatibility Lists athttp://www.sun.com/bigadmin/hcl . This document cites any implementation diferencesbetween the platorm types.

In this document these x86 related terms mean the ollowing:

x86 reers to the larger amily o 64-bit and 32-bit x86 compatible products.

x64 points out specic 64-bit inormation about AMD64 or EM64T systems.

32-bit x86 points out specic 32-bit inormation about x86 based systems.

For supported systems, see the Solaris 10 Hardware Compatibility Lists.

Who Should UseThis BookThis book is intended or anyone responsible or administering one or more systems that arerunning the Solaris release. To use this book, you should have 1-2 years o UNIX systemadministration experience. Attending UNIX system administration training courses might behelpul.

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How the System Administration Guides Are Organized

Here is a list o the topics that are covered by the System Administration Guides.

Book Title Topics

System Administration Guide: Basic Administration User accounts and groups, server and client support, shuttingdown and booting a system, managing services, and managingsotware (packages and patches)

System Administration Guide: Advanced Administration Terminals and modems, system resources (disk quotas,

accounting, and crontabs), system processes, and troubleshootingSolaris sotware problems

System Administration Guide: Devices and File Systems Removable media, disks and devices, le systems, and backing upand restoring data

System Administration Guide: IP Services TCP/IP network administration, IPv4 and IPv6addressadministration, DHCP, IPsec, IKE, Solaris IP lter, Mobile IP, IPnetwork multipathing (IPMP), and IPQoS

System Administration Guide: Naming and Directory Services(DNS, NIS, and LDAP)

DNS, NIS, and LDAP naming and directory services, includingtransitioning rom NIS to LDAP and transitioning rom NIS+ toLDAP

System Administration Guide: Naming and Directory Services

(NIS+)NIS+ naming and directory services

System Administration Guide: Network Services Web cache servers, time-related services, network le systems(NFS and Autos), mail, SLP, and PPP

System Administration Guide: Solaris Printing Solaris printing topics and tasks, using services, tools, protocols,and technologies to set up and administer printing services andprinters

System Administration Guide: Security Services Auditing, device management, le security, BART, Kerberosservices, PAM, Solaris Cryptographic Framework, privileges,RBAC, SASL, and Solaris Secure Shell

System Administration Guide: Solaris Containers-Resource

Management and Solaris ZonesResource management topics projects and tasks, extendedaccounting, resource controls, air share scheduler (FSS), physical

memory control using the resource capping daemon (rcapd), andresource pools; virtualization using Solaris Zones sotwarepartitioning technology and lx branded zones

Solaris ZFS Administration Guide ZFS storage pooland le system creation and management,snapshots, clones, backups, using access control lists (ACLs) toprotect ZFS les,using ZFS on a Solaris system with zonesinstalled, emulated volumes, and troubleshooting and datarecovery

Preace

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Book Title Topics

Solaris Trusted Extensions Administrators Procedures System administration that is specic to a Solaris Trusted

Extensions systemSolaris Trusted Extensions Confguration Guide Starting with the Solaris 10 5/08 release, describes how to plan or,

enable, and initially congure Solaris Trusted Extensions

Related Third-Party Web Site Reerences

Note Sun is not responsible or the availability o third-party web sites mentioned in thisdocument. Sun does not endorse and is not responsible or liable or any content, advertising,products, or other materials that are available on or through such sites or resources. Sun will notbe responsible or liable or any actual or alleged damage or loss caused by or in connection withthe use o or reliance on any such content, goods, or services that are available on or throughsuch sites or resources.

Documentation, Support, andTrainingThe Sun web site provides inormation about the ollowing additional resources:

Documentation (http://www.sun.com/documentation/) Support (http://www.sun.com/support/) Training (http://www.sun.com/training/)

Typographic ConventionsThe ollowing table describes the typographic conventions that are used in this book.

TABLE P1 TypographicConventions

Typeace Meaning Example

AaBbCc123 The names o commands, les, and directories,and onscreen computer output

Edit your .login le.

Use ls -a to list all les.

machine_name% you have mail.

AaBbCc123 What you type, contrasted with onscreencomputer output

machine_name% su

Password:

Preace

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TABLE P1 TypographicConventions (Continued)Typeace Meaning Example

aabbcc123 Placeholder:replacewith a realname orvalue The command toremove a le is rmflename.

AaBbCc123 Book titles, new terms, and terms to beemphasized

Read Chapter 6 in the User's Guide.

A cache isa copythat isstoredlocally.

Do notsave the le.

Note: Some emphasized items

appear bold online.

Shell Prompts in Command ExamplesThe ollowing table shows the deault UNIX system prompt and superuser prompt or the Cshell, Bourne shell, and Korn shell.

TABLE P2 ShellPrompts

Shell Prompt

C shell machine_name%

C shell or superuser machine_name#

Bourne shell and Korn shell $

Bourne shell and Korn shell or superuser #

General ConventionsBe aware o the ollowing conventions that are used in this book.

When ollowing steps or using examples, be sure to type double-quotes ("), letsingle-quotes (), and right single-quotes () exactly as shown.

The key reerred to as Return is labeled Enter on some keyboards.

It is assumed that the root path includes the /sbin, /usr/sbin, /usr/bin,and /etcdirectories, so the steps in this book show the commands in these directories withoutabsolute path names. Steps that use commands in other, less common, directories show theabsolute path in the example.

The examples in this book are or a basic SunOS sotware installation without the BinaryCompatibility Package installed and without /usr/ucb in the path.

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Caution I/usr/ucb is included in a search path, it should always be at the end o the searchpath. Commands like ps or df are duplicated in /usr/ucb with diferent ormats and

diferent options rom the SunOS commands.

Preace

17


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18


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Introduction to Printing in the SolarisOperating System

This chapter provides an introduction to printing in the Solaris Operating System ( Solaris OS).Conceptual inormation about Solaris printing services, tools, and protocols is described. Eacho the subsequent chapters in this book describe how to use these tools, protocols, andtechnologies to administer printing services and printers.

Several terms and concepts that are introduced in this chapter are used requently throughoutthis book. To ully grasp printing concepts, a basic understanding o these concepts and terms isessential. For a complete listing o all the printing concepts and terms, see Glossary.

This is a list o the inormation in this chapter.

What's New in Printing? on page 19 Fundamentals o Printing in the Solaris Operating System on page 21

Overview o the Solaris Printing Architecture on page 22 Implementation o the Open Standard Print API on page 23 Using Printing Protocols in the Solaris Release on page 24 Overview o Solaris Print Manager on page 30 Overview o the LP Print Service on page 30 The Solaris Print Client-Server Process on page 31 Where to Find Printing Tasks on page 38

What's New in Printing?

This section describes new and changed printing eatures in this Solaris release. For a completelisting o new Solaris eatures and a description o Solaris releases, see Solaris 10 Whats New.

1C H A P T E R 1

19
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Privilege Requirements or Using Solaris PrintCommandsThe design o the Open Standard Print API (PAPI) implementation in the Solaris release makesit no longer necessary or applications, toolkits, and print commands to run with elevatedprivilege to interact with print services.

As a result, the ollowing print commands are no longer installed SUID root:

/usr/bin/lp

/usr/bin/lpstat

/usr/bin/cancel /usr/bin/lpmove

/usr/{ucb|bin}/lpr

/usr/{ucb|bin}lpq

/usr/{ucb|bin}/lprm

/usr/lib/print/printd

Previsously, these commands were installed SUID root because the commands required anelevated privilege or the ollowing purposes:

Opening a reserved port Allocating a sequential job-id number Manipulating les in the /var/spool/print directory

This unctionality is now localized in a small helper application, /usr/lib/print/lpd-port. Asa result, any applications that use RFC-1179 PAPI support no longer require elevated privilege.The lpd-port helper application contains minimal support or passing RFC-1179 protocol

requests on a reserved port and allocating sequential job-id numbers. Although the helperapplication is installed SUID root, all elevated privileges are dropped until they are required.When necessary, the privilege is elevated or the required operation and then permanentlydropped i the elevated privilege is no longer required. In the Solaris release, this process isaccomplished through the use o privileges. On other platorms, the process is accomplished byusing the setuid, seteuid, or setreuid unctions.

I you have local printers that you do not want to share on the network, you can saely disablethe printing network listeners. I you are running the Solaris release, or a CUPS server, thelpstat command provides you with more inormation about remote print queues and print

jobs, as well as their capabilities when using IPP to communicate with those servers.

When IPP is in use, and with the proper authorization, the ollowing operations can beperormed on remote print queues and print jobs:

accept

reject

enable

disable

What's New in Printing?


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move job

modify job

Also, you can now move print requests between queues on a print server and modiy printrequests remotely when IPP is in use.

For more inormation, see the privileges(5) man page. For step-by-step procedures, seeAdministering Printers by Using the Internet Printing Protocol (Task Map) on page 152.

PPD File Management Utility

Solaris 10 5/08: The PPD File Manager, /usr/sbin/ppdmgr, is a utility or administeringPostScriptTM Printer Description (PPD) les that are used with the Solaris print subsystem.When you add a PPD le to the system by using the ppdmgr utility or the lpadmin commandwith the -n option, a cache o PPD le inormation is automatically updated. This cache is usedby Solaris Print Manager.

For more inormation, see Administering PPD Files by Using the PPD File ManagementUtility (Task Map) on page 213 and the ppdmgr(1M) man page.

Fundamentals o Printing in the Solaris Operating SystemThe Solaris printing sotware provides an environment or setting up and managing printservers and print clients.

The Solaris printing sotware contains these tools and services:

Solaris Print Manager A graphical user interace (GUI) that enables you to manageprinting conguration on a local system or in a naming service.

LP print service commands A command-line interace (CLI) that is used to set up andmanage printers on a local system or in a naming service. These commands also provideunctionality that extend beyond the other print management tools.

PostScript Printer Denition File Manager (ppdmgr) The PPD FileManager is acommand-line utility that is used to administer PPD les and the cache o printerinormation on a Solaris system.

For more inormation, see Chapter 5, Administering Printers by Using Solaris Print Managerand LP Print Commands (Tasks).

The Solaris printing sotware includes these additional interaces, protocols, and technologies:

Open Standard Print API (PAPI) interace Berkeley Sotware Distribution (BSD) protocol Internet Printing Protocol (IPP)

Fundamentalso Printing in the Solaris OperatingSystem

Chapter 1 Introduction to Printing in the Solaris Operating System 21

Overview o the Solaris Printing Architecture
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Server Message Block (SMB) protocol, through Samba

Overview o the Solaris Printing ArchitectureAt the core o the print system is a UNIX System V (R4) based spooler. In addition to thespooler are client applications that are used to make requests o and manage the spooler. ltersthat perorm document translation, back-end processing sotware that perorms naldocument transormation , and device (printer) communication. To utilize the completeunctionality o the print system, all these resources are required.

Printing in the Solaris OS consists o the sotware to support the ollowing:

Print commands

Print spooler

Over-the-wire protocol

Underlying technologies that move a print request rom the client to the server, and, or theprinter

The ollowing gure is a high level diagram that represents the Solaris print systemcomponents.

Recent changes in Solaris printing include the integration o IPP client-side support,implemented through the PAPI. The Berkeley Sotware Distribution (BSD) and System V(SysV) commands, as well as some applications, are layered on top o the PAPI interace. SeeImplementation o the Open Standard Print API on page 23.

BSD commands

SYSV commands

GNOME Applications IPP Listener

SAMBA Listener

Foomatic

SAMBA(smbd)

RFC1179LPD Listener

RFC1179

IPP

lp.cat

postio

netpr

smb

spool

[net]standardinterface script

_foomaticinterface scripts

Ghostscript

a2ps

ImageMagick

hpijs/gimp-print

URIinterface script

Mozilla,Star/OpenOffice,Xprint, KDE/Qt,

Other Applications

currently layeredon BSD/SYSV

commands,migrating to PAPI

PAPI

PAPI

LPSCHED

Solaris LP Client Solaris LP Server

Apache

mod_ipp.so

libipp-listener.so

libipp-core.so

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Implementation o the Open Standard Print API

The Solaris implementation o the Open Standard Print API, also reerred to as PAPI, makes it

possible to layer applications, toolkits and print commands on top o a print service, protocolneutral interace. This implementation can be used with RFC-1179, IPP-based, and LP-basedprinting services. Printer, server, and job attributes, as well as job submission and queries to aprinter, are among the supported PAPI unctions. This support enables the print client, be it anapplication, or the print commands themselves, to query the print system about thecharacteristics o a printer and to request inormation.

For more inormation, see the ollowing reerences:

How the PAPI Is Implemented in the Solaris OS on page 250. http://sf.net/projects/openprinting .

PAPI Print Client Commands

Historically, printing commands have been tied to a specic print system because they havebeen implemented on top o print system specic protocols and interaces. Examples includethe BSD, LPR, SysV LP, LPRng, and CUPS printing protocols. The introduction o the PAPI,makes it possible to layer these print commands on top o a print service, protocol neutral,interace.

The PAPI provides applications a single interace or print service interaction. This means thatapplications can be written to use this interace and work with a variety o print services without

requiring changes to the applications. Applications are no longer tied to a particular printservice, such as the LP print service or CUPS. Instead, print services can easily be replaced on asystem without impacting the protocol or application layers above. Ultimately, print servicescan be both developed and selected based on specic needs.

The PAPI interacts with the lpsched command and RFC-1179-based servers. PAPI also enablesinteraction with CUPS servers by using libcups and native IPP client-side support. The PAPIsupports that is available in the Solaris OS includes the modication o several common BSD

and SysV printing commands. The new command implementations are layered on the PAPI.Hence, these commands can work with a variety o printing services.

The PAPI implementation in the Solaris OS also includes server-side and client-side support orIPP, which is layered on top o the PAPI. IPP is implemented as a set o protocol-speciclibraries and an Apache module. Like the command implementations, the IPP Listening Servicecan be used with any printing service that supports the PAPI. Server-side support or theRFC-1179 protocol is also available. For more inormation, see Chapter 3, Setting Up PrintingServices (Tasks).

Implementation o the OpenStandardPrint API


Using Printing Protocols in the Solaris Release
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The ollowing is a list o the PAPI supported components:

libpapi-common.so Core PAPI attribute support

libpapi.so PAPI library with dynamic backend support psm-lpd.so PAPI support on top o the RFC-1179 protocol

psm-ipp.so and libipp-core.so PAPI support on top o IPP

in.lpd RFC-1179 protocol listening support

mod_ipp.so, libipp-listener.so IPP listening support under the Apache Web Server,Versions 1.0 and 2.0

BSD and SysV command implementations on top o the PAPI interace See ModiedSolaris Print Commands on page 251 or a complete listing o the modied commands.

Using Printing Protocols in the Solaris ReleaseThe overall printing architecture in the Solaris OS uses network printing protocols tocommunicate with print services in ollowing ways:

Client-to-server communications Server-to-printer communications

The Solaris 10 5/08 sotware provides applications, toolkits, printing commands, and anapplication programming interace that interacts with print services. This API is called thePAPI. The PAPI consists o a ront-end API implementation that dynamically loads back-endprint service or protocol modules that communicate directly with print services. These printservices contain the print job or print queue that is being acted upon. Client-to-servercommunications include the RFC-1179 and IPP protocols, as well as support orcommunicating with a local LP print service. For server-to-printer communications, thenetwork printing protocol support enables the print service to transmit print jobs directly tonetwork-attached printers.

Server-to-printer communications include support or the ollowing network protocols:

Raw Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) socket RFC-1179

IPP SMB

Selecting the Client-To-Server Network PrintingProtocol

Applications, toolkits, and printing commands select the protocol to use or client-to-servercommunications, based on the value o the printer-uri-supported attribute that is ound in

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the printers.conf database entry or the specied print queue. This value is automaticallygenerated and populated when access to a remote print queue is congured by using thelpadmin command or when an application uses the interace that is being reerenced to perorm

an action or actions.

For example, when printing a document while using Mozilla, the path that is ollowed to gainaccess to the printer is:

Mozilla lpPAPI

For more inormation, see the printers.conf(4)

The lpadmin command generates printer-uri-supportedvalues using the ollowing ormat:

{ipp|lpd}://server/printers/queue

To determine which URI to use in the printers.conf database, the lpadmin command probesthe remote print service. I the remote print service supports IPP, this protocol is preerred overthe BSD protocol. However, you can override automatic protocol selection by speciying the-soption with the lpadmin command, then supplying a diferent URI. For more inormation,see the Printer URI Formats on page 25.

The print subsystem uses the BSD print protocol, also reerred to as the RFC-1179 protocol, andraw Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the basic communication language or protocol othe Internet, to communicate with the printer. I you are setting up a printer that includesprinter vendor documentation, inormation about which protocol to use is provided. The TCPprotocol is the protocol that is most oten used or printing on the network.

Printer URI Formats

The ollowing are supported printer URI ormats:

TABLE 11 Supported URIFormats or Print Commands

lpsched lpsched://localhost/printers/queue

This printer URI scheme can only be used to contact a local LP service to accessthe print queue that is specied in the URI.

lpd lpd://localhost/printers/queue[#extensions]

Use this printer URI scheme to contact local or remote print services to addressthe specied print queue on the host that is specied in the URI. The optional#extensions can be specied as #solaris to indicate that the server host will

process Solaris extensions to the RFC-1179 protocol during print job submission.


http://docs.sun.com/doc/816-5174/printers.conf-4?a=viewhttp://docs.sun.com/doc/816-5174/printers.conf-4?a=viewhttp://docs.sun.com/doc/816-5174/printers.conf-4?a=view


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TABLE 11 Supported URIFormats or Print Commands (Continued)

ipp ipp://server[:port]/printers/queue

http://server:631/printers/queue

ipp://server[:port]/...

Use this printer URI scheme to contact local or remote print services to address aparticular print queue on the host that is specied in the URI. The IPP URIscheme is described in the IPP specications. This printer URI scheme utilizesmore o a ree orm than the LPD printer URI scheme. All o the Solaris andCUPS-based print queues are accessed by using these schemes, or ormats.Access to print queues on other IPP-based print servers requires the use o theserver supported IPP URI scheme. Typically, the scheme that is used is one those

that are listed in this table.

Selecting the Server-To-Printer Network PrintingProtocol

Network-attached printers oten support more than one method o communicating with a

print service. The most common method o communicating with the print service is through araw TCP connection to a well-known port on the device. Other methods o communicationinclude the RFC-1179 and IPP network protocols. You can select the server-to-printercommunication protocol when adding a new print queue in one o ollowing ways:

By using the lpadmin command with the ollowing options, and as shown here:

# lpadmin -o protocol={bsd|tcp} -o dest=printer:queue-or-port -m netstandard{_foomatic}

This method or communicating with the print service was introduced in the Solaris 2.6 OSand is available in all subsequent Solaris releases.

The second method is to use the lpadmin command with the -d option, supplying adevice-uri, andthe -m option, speciying a uri.

This method or communicating with the print service was introduced more recently and isintended to replace the previous method. For more inormation, see What is a DeviceURI? on page 27.

When determining which protocol to use or server-to-printer communication, consult thevendor printer documentation or more specic inormation. Documentation includesinormation such as TCP port numbers, RFC-1179 printer names, and the IPP printer URIsthat are supported by the device. In most instances, a raw TCP socket communication is likelyto provide the most reliable results.

Also, note that due to diferences between printing services on UNIX and Windows platorms,Windows hosted printers should be congured as network-attached printers and administeredas such. These types o printers require the creation o a print queue i you are using them on a




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Solaris system. These printers might also use the SMB protocol or server-to-printercommunication. For more inormation about the SMB protocol, see Using the SMB Protocolon page 29.

For more inormation about setting up printers and conguring print queues, see Setting UpPrinters on a Print Server (Task Map) on page 72.

What is a Device URI?

A Uniorm Resource Identier (URI) is an addressing technology or identiying resources on

the Internet or a private intranet. The terms URI and URL are used synonymously. URIs can beused with application-level protocols, called URI schemes. The Solaris printer sotware includessupport or conguring network-attached printers. When creating print queues ornetwork-attached printers by using LP print commands or by using Solaris Print Manager, youcan speciy the device as a device-uri.

To speciy the device as a device-uri rom the command line, use the lpadmin command withthe -v and -m options:

# lpadmin -p printer -v device-uri -m uri

Note that the -v option is still a valid option or speciying devices other than those that utilizethe device-uri. addressing technology.

For example, to add the printer, Lucille, by using the device-uri, smb://server/queue, andtheinterace script that is included in the Solaris printer sotware, type:

# lpadmin -p lucille -v smb://server/print-queue -m uri -n /usr/lib/lp/model/ppd/system/foomatic/Epson/Epson-Stylus_Color_777-Stc777p.upp.ppd.gz

Note You must use the -m option in the command-line syntax to speciy an interace script, orthe back-end process ignores the print request. The script can be the interace script that isincluded in the Solaris printing sotware or another interace script that is device-uri protocolaware.

The ollowing device-uri schemes are supported:

ipp://host/printers/name lpd://host/printers/name socket://host:port smb://server/printer smb://workgroup/server/printer smb://username:password@server/printer smb://username:password@workgroup/server/printer




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To speciy a device that uses a device-uri when using Solaris Print Manager to add anetwork-attached printer, select the URI option in the Protocol drop-down menu o the NewNetwork Printer window. Type a supported printer URI in the destination eld.

Other modications that support setup o remote print queues by speciying the device as adevice-uri include the ollowing:

The Solaris print spooler can pass device inormation in the orm o a device-uri to theback-end interace script as the environment variable, DEVICE_URI. Because the inormationis passed to the back-end as an environment variable, the existing interace scripts cannottake advantage o this inormation. However, these scripts are not adversely impacted.

The /etc/lp/model/uri le now communicates with the printer through the use o helperapplications and the device-uri. The interace script also has the ability to process PPD lesand uses a Foomatic script to convert print data to a printer-ready ormat.

What Is the Internet Printing Protocol?

IPP is a airly recent industry standard network printing protocol that is used orclient-to-server and server-to-printer communications. This protocol provides a basic modelthat includes printers and jobs, standard attributes or these printers and jobs, and a set ostandard operations that can be perormed against these printers and jobs. Because the objects,attributes, and operations are standardized, IPP is a method or communicating between clientand server systems. In the Solaris OS, server-side support or this protocol is provided by an IPPlistening service. IPP client-side support in the Solaris OS is implemented through the PAPI.IPP printer support is available through the URI interace script.

For step-by-step procedures and additional background inormation in this document, seeSetting Up the Internet Printing Protocol on page 64 and Appendix A, Using the InternetPrinting Protocol.

Overview o the RFC-1179 Printing Protocol

The RFC-1179 protocol is an existing over-the-wire protocol that is widely used orcommunicating between print clients and servers and network-attached printers. The Requestor Comments (RFC) 1179 describes the protocol that a line printer daemon client uses tocontrol printing. Developed originally or BSD UNIX, the RFC-1179 printing protocol has longbeen the cross-platorm standard or printing. You can use this protocol to perorm basicprinting tasks, such as submitting and canceling print jobs, and obtaining print job status. TheRFC-1179 protocol is able to communicate with LPD-based print servers and any other printserver that accepts the BSD printing protocol. Many network-attached printers ofer thisprotocol as an option or transerring job data.




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RFC-1179 Protocol Compared to the Internet PrintingProtocol

The RFC-1179 protocol has served or decades as the standard network printing protocol. Theprotocol was originally designed to perorm a very limited set o operations. The RFC-1179protocol lacks a common representation or status inormation. In addition, this protocol ofersonly basic print job options. Conversely, the design o IPP includes eatures that are lacking inthe RFC-1179 and BSD protocols. With IPP, a broad set o operations can be perormed. Theseoperations make use o a core set o common attributes by using a common representation andencoding method. Also, IPP enables encryption and authentication to be used between a print

client and a print server. Finally, IPP provides a means or extending operations and attributes,while maintaining backward compatibility and interoperability. One o the results o theevolution o the RFC-1179 protocol is that it has several conicting vendor extensions toovercome, making IPP the preerred choice o printing protocols.

For more inormation about using IPP to set up and administer printers, see Setting Up theInternet Printing Protocol on page 64 and Appendix A, Using the Internet PrintingProtocol.

Using the SMB Protocol

The SMB protocol is an application-level network protocol that is primarily used or sharingprinters, access to les, serial ports, and miscellaneous communications between nodes on thenetwork. Mainly used by Windows systems, SMB is an authenticated inter-processcommunication mechanism. In the Solaris OS, the SMB protocol is used primarily or sharing

printers. All o these processes take place over the network. SMB can run over multipleprotocols.

SMB works through a peer-to-peer approach. A client makes a specic requests to a server, andthe server responds accordingly. SMB servers make their le systems and other resourcesavailable to clients on the network. In the Solaris OS, SMB includes Samba server-side supportthat is managed by the Service Management Facility (SMF) and Samba smbclient client-sidesupport. To access a Windows hosted printer, setup o a local print queue is required. Thisrequirement is due to diferences in UNIX and Windows printing models.

About Samba

Samba is an open-source SMB server reeware application that uses the SMB protocol. Sambaprovides Windows clients access to UNIX servers and UNIX clients access to Windows servers.The access that is provided is or both les and other services, including printer sharing.Samba's design, as well as constraint, is to operate on top o a variety o existing UNIX systems.Samba runs as a set o daemons and services, without any need or modication o existing

kernels. More inormation about Samba can be ound at http://www.samba.org.


Overview o Solaris PrintManager
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Overview o Solaris Print ManagerSolaris Print Manager is a JavaTM technology-based GUI that enables you to manage local and

remote printing conguration. This tool can be used in the les, LDAP, NIS, and NIS+ namingservice environments.

To use this tool, you must:

Be logged in as superuser or assume an equivalent role. Subscribe to the Print Management prole. Have Solaris.print.admin authorization

Solaris Print Manager centralizes printer inormation when the inormation is used inconjunction with a naming service. Using a naming service or storing printer congurationinormation is the preerred method, because a naming service makes printer inormationavailable to all systems on the network. This method provides easier printer administration.Solaris Print Manager recognizes existing printer inormation on print servers, print clients,and in the naming service databases. No conversion tasks are required to use Solaris PrintManager as long as the print clients are running at least the Solaris 2.6 release.

The Solaris Print Manager package is SUNWppm.

Overview o the LP Print ServiceThe LP print service is a set o sotware utilities that enables users to print les while continuingto work. Originally, the print service was called the LP spooler. LPrepresents line printer, but

the meaning now includes many other types o printers, such as laser printers. Spoolisanacronym or Simultaneous Peripheral Operations Online.

The LP print service consists o the LP print service sotware, any print lters you might provide,and the hardware, such as the printer, system, and network connections.

Solaris 10 5/08: Starting with this release, the LP print client commands make use o the PAPIto interact with Solaris LP (lpsched), RFC-1179 (BSD/LPD protocol), and IPP-based servers.IPP support is capable o interacting with CUPS servers by using its native IPP service. With theintroduction o this API support, several common BSD and SysV printing commands use thePAPI interace. As a result, the new command implementations work with a number o existingprint services. A portion o this development includes server-side support or IPP that is alsolayered on the API. This support is implemented as a set o protocol-specic libraries and as anApache module, Versions 1 and 2. Similar to the print command implementation, the IPPlistening service can be used with any print service that has PAPI support. The RFC-1179server-side support is also layered on the PAPI.

For additional inormation about the LP print service, see LP Print Service on page 230.


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Functions o the LP Print Service

The LP print service perorms the ollowing unctions:

Administers les and schedules local print requests Receives and schedules network requests Filters les, i necessary, so they print properly Starts programs that interace with the printers Tracks the status o print jobs Tracks orms that are mounted on the printer Tracks print wheels that are currently mounted Delivers alerts to mount new orms or diferent print wheels Delivers alerts about printing problems

Customizing the LP Print Service

Although the LP print service is designed to be exible enough to handle most printers andprinting needs, the LP print service does not handle every possible situation. You might have aprint request that is not accommodated by the standard eatures o the LP print service. Or, youmight have a printer that does not quite t into the way the LP print service handles printers.

You can customize the LP print service in the ollowing ways:

Adjust the printer port characteristics. Adjust the terminfo database. Customize the printer interace program. Create a print lter.

Dene a orm.

For detailed descriptions and step-by-step instructions on customizing the LP print service, seeChapter 7, Customizing Printing Services and Printers (Tasks).

The Solaris Print Client-Server ProcessThis section provides an overview o the print client-server process.

Using Print Servers

The print server is a system that has a local printer connected to it and makes the printeravailable to other systems on the network. The ollowing gure highlights the part o the printprocess in which the print server sends the print request to the printer.


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1. The print client submits a print request.2. The print request is processed on the print client.3. The print request goes to the print server.4. The print request goes to the printer.5. The print output is produced on the printer.

Using Print ClientsAprint clientis a system that can send print requests to a print server.

The ollowing gure highlights t

solaris printing

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