solid waste management new

7/31/2019 Solid Waste Management New

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CONTENTS

Sr.No. Description Page

No.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I

CONTENTS ii

ABSTRACT iii iv

1 INTRODUCTION 01 03

1.1 General 01

1.2 Fly Ash Generation in India 02

2 PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH 04 06

2.1 Physical Properties 04

2.2 Chemical Properties 04

3 FLY ASH UTILIZATION 07 15

3.1 General 07

3.2 FA Utilization in Cement Production 08

3.3 FA Utilization in Building Products 09

3.4 FA Utilization in Construction of Highways 10

3.5 FA Utilization in Agriculture 13

3.6 FA Utilization in Other Sectors 14

4 CONCLUSIONS 16 17

4.1 Environmental Impact of Fly Ash 16

4.2 Resources Savings Associated with FAUtilization

17

REFERENCES 18 - 19

APPENDIX SLIDES OF

PRESENTATION


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ABSTRACT

Solid waste in the broadest sense includes all the discarded solid materials from

municipal, industrial and agricultural activities. Municipal solid waste is difficult to

characterize because of the diversity of its components, many of which should not

be wasted. The increase in quantity and complexity of this solid waste has been to


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such an extent that there is an adverse effect on human life. The objectives of solid

waste management are to control, collect, process, utilize and dispose of solid

wastes in the most economical way consistent with the protection of public health

and the natural environment. The four elements of the hierarchy, in order of

preference are:

Source reduction

Recycling of materials

Combustion

Land filling

Application of these methods results in a lot more friendly and pollution free

environment.

1.0 INTRODUCTION


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Solid waste management in India has become a major environmental

issue of study. In the last few decades there has been significant increase in

solid waste generation. This is attributed to change in life style.

With increasing population, generation of solid waste is increasing.

Efficient collection and Disposal of solid waste is a worldwide problem. The

cost of collection, transportation shortening, treatment and safe disposal are

escalating. Solid wastes are being produced since the beginning of

civilization. During the early period, solid wastes were conveniently disposed

off, as the density of population was low and as large open lands were

available. With the advent of industrialization and urbanization, the problem

of solid waste disposal increased.

Solid waste management involves management of activities

associated with generation ,Storage , collection , transfer and transport ,processing and disposal of solid waste which is Environmentally compatible ,

adopting principles of economy , aesthetics , energy and conservation based

on planning , organization , administration,financial,legal and engineering

aspects involving interdisciplinary relationships .

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

DEFINITION


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Solid waste management may be defined as the discipline associatedwith the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing anddisposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with best principles ofpublic health, economics, aesthetics and environmental considerations.

PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS

The relationship between solid waste and human disease is difficult to

prove. Never the less, improper handling of solid waste is health hazard andcauses damage to environment. The main risks to human health arise fromthe breeding of disease vectors, primarily flies and rats. The commontransmission root of bacillary dysentery, amoebic dysentery and diarrhoealdisease in India from human faeces by flies to food or water thence tohumans. It has been estimated that in warm climates, exposed produces asmany as 70,000 flies per 0.03m3 in week. The environmental damage causedby solid wastes is mostly aesthetics in nature. Uncontrolled dumping ofurban waste destroys the beauty of country side; also, there is a danger of

water pollution when the leach ate from a refuse dump enters the surfacewater or groundwater resources. In addition, uncontrolled burning of opendumps can cause air pollution.

OBJECTIVES

1. To improve discarded materials from inhabited places in a timelymanner to prevent a spread of disease, to minimize the likelihood of fires,and to reduce aesthetic insults arising from petrifying organic matter

2. To dispose off discarded materials in a manner that is

environmentally accepted

3.0 SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE:

1] Municipal :


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Street sweeping, swage treatment plant waste, waste from schooland other institution.

2] Domestic :

Garbage , rubbish and occasional large waste from homes.

3] Commercial :

From stores and offices.

4] Industrial :

From manufacturing plants.

5] Mining :

From coal mining, strip mining etc.

6] Agricultural :

From farms grasslands and garden.

4.0 TYPES OF SOLID WASTE:

Solid wastes generated in the urban areas are classified as:


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1. Food wastes 4.Demolition and construction

wastes

2. Rubbish 5.Agricultural wastes from

markets.

3. Ashes and Residues. 6. Hazardous wastes.

FOOD WASTES:Food wastes are the animals, fruit, and vegetable residues

resulting from handling, preparation, cooking and eating of food. The most

important characteristics of these wastes are that they are highly putrescible

and will decompose rapidly, especially in warm weather.

RUBBISH: It consists of combustible and non-combustible solid waste of

households, institutions and commercial centers etc. including food wastes

or other highly putrescible materials.

ASHESANDRESIDUES: Materials remaining from the burning of wood, coal,

coke and other combustible wastes in houses, stores, institutions and

industrial and municipal faculties.

DEMOLITION AND CONSTRUCTION WASTES: Wastes from buildings and other

structures, construction, remoulding and repairing a individual residence,

commercial buildings and other structures are classified as Demolition and

Construction wastes.

AGRICULTURE WASTE FROM MARKETS: Wastes and residues resulting from

Vegetables and fruit market yards, which is considerable in quantity, having

high organic matter.


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HAZARDOUS WASTES: In urban areas hospital waste is considered

hazardous, containing biological and chemical matter causing threat to

human life generally these wastes are disposed by Incineration method.

5.0 Functional elements of the managementAs a consequence, if solid waste management is to be accomplished in

an efficient and orderly manner, the fundamental aspects and relationshipsinvolved must be identified and understood clearly. In this the activities


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associated with the management of solid wastes from the point ofgeneration to disposal have been grouped into six

Functional elements:

1. Waste generation.

2. Waste handling and separation, storage, and processing

3. Collection.

4. Separation

5. Transfer and transport and

6. Disposal

FLOW CHART

6.0 GENERATION OF SOLID WASTES

Source Activities where wastes are generated Type of

waste

Solid waste generation

Waste handling,Seperation,storage,and

Processing

at the source

Collection

Transfer and

transport

Separation and

processing andtransformation of solid

wasteDisposal


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Residential Single-Family and multifamily dwellings, Food wastes,rubbish,

low-,medium-,and high-rise apartments,etc. Ashes, specialwastes.

Commercial Stores, restaurants, markets, office buildings, Food wastes,rubbish,

Hotels, motels, print shops, auto repair shops, ashes,demolition and

Medical facilities and institutions, etc. Constructionwastes

Specialwastes.

Industrial Construction, fabrication, light and heavy Foodwastes,rubbish,

Manufacturing, refineries,chemical plantsashes,demolition and

Lumbering, power plants, mining, etc Construction,special

Hazardouswastes. .

Open areas Streets, alleys, parks, vacant lots, play - Specialwastes,rubbish

Grounds,beaches,highways,recreationalAreas,etc.

Agricultural Field and row crops, orchards, vineyards, Spoiled foodwaste,

dairies, feedlots, farms, etc. Agriculturalwastes,

Rubbish,hazardous

Wastes


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NOTE: Municipal wastes are a combination of both Residential & Commercial wastes

7.0 Solid waste collection and transportation:

7.1 Collection:

Collection is the fundamental function of solid waste management.

This refers to the collection of solid wastes from places such as residential,

commercial, institutional and industrial areas, as well as public parks. There

are, generally, two methods of collection:

Hauled-container system:

In hauled container system, the container is hauled from the collection

point to the final point of disposal, processing facility, or transfer station.

Stationary-container system:

Here, the container is emptied into collection vehicles at a point of

collection. These are of two types: one in which the containers are large and

must be emptied by mechanical means, and one in which the containers aresmall and can simply be emptied manually.

7.2 Transportation:

Transportation refers to the hauling of solid wastes to relatively far

distances from the collection areas or transfer station.

7.2.1 Solid waste transfer stations:

A transfer station is a facility where the wastes collected may be

stored temporarily or transferred from the smaller collection vehicles tobigger transport vehicles for transportation to the destination point. There

are two general types of transfer stations:

Direct-discharge transfer:

In this type, the collection vehicles dump their loads directly into the

larger transport vehicles.


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Storage transfer station:

In this type, the solid wastes are emptied in storage pits or platforms.

The wastes are then loaded in big transport vehicles for hauling to the

destination point.

8.0 SOLID WASTE PROCESSING AND RECOVERY:

Processing is a second fundamental function of solid waste management. It

improves the efficiency of solid waste disposal and prepare it for subsequent

recovery of materials and energy. This method includes processing for recovery of

materials for recycling, for direct manufacture of solid waste products and

processing for recovery of energy and incineration.

8.1Processing for recovery of materials for recycling:

Processing to segregate solid waste components may be done at the

point of generation or at the central processing facility. Unit operations in

central facility involve screening, shredding, air classifying and magnetic

separations.

Screening is unit operation of separating a feed into over size and

under sized products. Screens may be classified as primary, secondary and

tertiary screens depending on where in the flow sheet, the unit is located.

The purpose of shredding is to produce a more uniform product.

Air classifying uses the same principle as sand filter backwashing. In

air classifying, solid waste is expanded whereas in sand filter, sand is

expanded. Magnetic separation involves the use of electromagnets. This unit

operation is used to separate ferrous materials from rest of the solid waste.

8.2 Processing for recovery of materials for direct

manufacture of solid waste products:


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After the components have been separated, the organic fractions may

be further processed to produce desired products. One of these is refuse-

derived fuels (RDFs) and composts. RDFs are in powdered form produced by

grinding using ball mills. Composting is an enhanced process of rapidly

oxidizing a solid organic

material with oxygen. Moisture content should be controlled so as to allow

passage of air through the mass and provide the requisite amounts for

biological reactions.

8.3 Electrical energy recovery:

MSW has a heating value ranging from 9300 to 12800 kj/kg. It is

possible to recover this energy by using MSW to fire boilers in order to

produce steam that can be used to drive a steam turbine. The turbine then

turns the generator producing electricity. Before electricity is produced, the

losses in the efficiency must be accounted. Then the losses are subtracted

from the higher heating value from the MSW to obtain sensible heat contain of

the stag gases. These gases are then passed through boiler tubes. As the

gases travel through the tubes the sensible heat contents are given up

heating the water in boiler to steam, which is introduced into the steam

turbine that drives the generator to produce electricity.

8.4Incineration:

Batch fed incinerators built during the 1930s and 1940s to reduce waste

volume were major contributors to air pollution and performed poorly. But the

new incineration systems used today incorporate energy recovery to reduce

the capital and operating costs of air pollution control equipment. As a result,

this has led to the reduction in the waste quantity by 90% in volume and 75%

in weight.


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The municipal incinerators are continuously burning type and have

water wall construction in the combustion chamber rather than refractory

lining. The water wall consists of joint vertical boiler tubes containing water.

The tubes absorb the heat to provide hot water for steam and they also

control the furnace temperature. Energy recovery from MSW combustion is

accomplished in either water wall combustion chambers or in waste heat

boilers in which ho flue gases are

directed out of the combustion chamber and into the boiler which usually has

three components. Flue gases first enter the super heater which adds heat tothe steam produced in the evaporator section. After the evaporator, the gases

pass through economizer which heats the feed water while further cooling the

flue gases.

The combustion temperatures of incinerators fueled only by wastes are

about 760 degrees Celsius. Temperatures up to 1650 degree Celsius which

would reduce volume by 97 % and convert metal and glass to ash are possible

with supplementary fuels. The auxiliary fuels used in the case of steam

production are not required in case our objective is just volume reduction.

Markets for steam must be close to waste burning insulators for these

combustion systems to be competitive with other heating sources. These

days, many incineration systems even produce electricity which is easily

transported. However there are some concerns related to this incineration like

disposal of the liquid waste from floor drainage, quench water, scrubbereffluent and the problem of ash disposal in landfills because of heavy metal

residues. The emission of combustible pollutants such as carbon monoxide,

sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, metals, acid gases and

dioxins and furans can be controlled by optimizing the combustion process.

8.5 Composting:


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Composting is an aerobic decomposition of organic matter by micro

organisms generally by bacteria and fungi into a nutrient rich, stable humus

material known as compost. This product is used as a soil conditioner as well

as daily landfill cover material. The temperature to be maintained is 60 C for

at least 3 days in order to destroy pathogenic micro organisms. Thermophilic

bacteria are the principal decomposers in the early stages of composting,

while fungi are more

active during the curing stage. For optimal conditions, a moisture content of

about 55 % on regular aeration which is provided either by mixing or turningor by blowing air through composting material are required. Landfill

stabilization and hence gas generation takes place over a period of thirty

years which can be shortened under continuously wet conditions or prolonged

if the refuse remains dry.


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9.0 DISPOSAL METHODS:

Generally adopted disposal methods for the solid waste disposal are:

LANDFILL.

INCENERATION.

COMPOSTING.

LAND FILL METHOD: Even though the method of disposal is cheap, it is

posing environmental problems caused by the leachate, which is polluting

the earth surface layers as well as ground water table. Moreover finding

open lands for disposal of waste is difficult because of exhorbitant land

values in urban areas and so the land disposal method is not recommended.

INCENERATION METHOD: This method involves disposal of the waste by

burning. This method involves high capital investment and trained technical

supervision. Hence, this method of disposal is not feasible for small and

medium cities.

COMPOSTING METHOD: Composting method of disposal also involves trained

persons and technical supervision for waste disposal by this method. The


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composite generated by this method has to be marketed for its economic

viability. As marketing of composting is difficult task, hence this method is

also not a feasible method of disposal.

10.0 CONCLUSIONS:

In order to have a satisfactory, efficient, and a sustainable system of

solid waste management, the following aspects need consideration:

Targeting waste reduction at source.

Technological interventions

Public participation in managing waste.

Institutional strengthening.

Setting up of transfer stations.

Segregation and storage of waste at households, shops & establishments.

Recovery and Recycling.

Efficient collection and transportation system


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REFERENCE:

Henry and Henkie, Environment engineering

Manoj Datta, Waste Disposal in Engineered Land Fills

Sincero and Sincero, Environment engineering

Tchabanogolous, Theisen & Vigil Integrated solid waste management

Tchabanogolous, Howe, Peavy, Environment engineering

Glysson, P.E. (1986). A Hand book of environmental Engineering, McGraw HillPublishing Co., New York.

Mantell, C.L., (1975). Solid wastes: Origin, Collection, Processing, and

Disposal. John Wiley & sons, New York.

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