solid waste management (tka 4201) lecture notes 3

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU

TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT

Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology

CHAPTER 3Solid Waste Management

1

Raw Materials

Secondary Manufacturing

Final Disposal

Raw Materials, Products,and recovered materials

Waste materials2





Mass balance: ______________________

Reduction in the usage of raw materials.Input and output _______________________.

Reducing the quantity of municipal and industrial waste.Depends on national policy of country and world economy.

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The amount of material used in the manufacture of a product ________________________.

The useful life of a product __________________________.

The amount of materials used for packaging and marketing of consumer goods can be reduced

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Occur in those situations where a product has utility in _________ than ______ application.Example; Paper bag, container, newspaper.Minimization on the generation of solid waste.

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A number of materials present in municipal and industrial solid wastes are suitable for recovery and reuse.Paper, cardboard, plastics, glass are the most likely candidates.3R – _____________________________________________________

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Using things that have been used to make new things.

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1. ____________________To find suitable sites for landfills, pollution, hygiene and other issues must be considered; Most available land left in the country is not suitable at all.

2. ____________________Most land areas in our country are water catchments areas. Toxic leachate from decomposing waste will pollute our water supplies.

3. ___________________Natural decomposition - methane gas and sulphur. Foul smell, air pollution and global warming.

8UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU




4. _____________________Exposure to diseases. Rats, flies and cockroaches – vectors and vermin.





Reduces ____________ and ________________.

Aluminum can from recycled metal takes only 5 percent of the total energy needed to produce the same aluminum can from virgin materials, a 95 percent energy savings.Recycled paper and paperboard require 75 percent less energy to produce than new products (cheaper in the long run compared to maintaining landfills).





Less rubbish to disposed.Creates up to 5 times more jobs than waste disposal alone.Improves cleanliness and quality of life.For every ton of newspaper recycled, 7 fewer kg (16 lb) of air pollutants are pumped into the atmosphere.





Half of garbage – recyclable (30% Papers/ newspapers).Within one month (Malaysia):43,000 tonnes – plastics57,000 tonnes– papers8,000 tonnes – glass

We recycle: 0.006 – 3.74 % of total recyclable SW.





MATERIAL Incentives (RM/Kg)

NEWSPAPER, MAGAZINES 0.15

CARDBOARD, BOXES 0.10

COMPUTER PAPER 0.20

MIXED PAPER, BOOKS, COMICS 0.10

ALUMINIUM CANS 1.80

STEEL/TIN CANS 0.10

GLASS BOTTLES, JARS 0.05

PET BOTTLES 0.10

MIXED PLASTICS 0.10

(Alam Flora)





1.Rolston, Clyde P. (1997) “Correlates of Environmental Behavior and The Relative Importance of Environmental Attributes in Consumer Decision-Making”. PhD Thesis. Univ. of Florida.

Results: Only religiosity but weak correlation Results: Only religiosity but weak correlation with environmental concerns. Age and income – with environmental concerns. Age and income – not significant.not significant.

2.Park,Soonae (1998) “Attitudes toward waste management and environmental policies in Washtenaw County, Wisconsin .” PhD Thesis. Univ. of Michigan.

Attitudes explained the most willingness to Attitudes explained the most willingness to vote for ecological party but the least on vote for ecological party but the least on recycling behavior.recycling behavior.





3.Harper, Kimberly Michelle (1998) “Middle-income African-Americans and household hazardous Waste Management: Designing Messages for Adult Environmental Education (Florida)”. PhD Thesis

Result: High level of concern, but low participation in household hazardous waste management.

4. Hicks, Basha Vianne (1986) “Environmental Perception Studies of Andean Peasants (Venezuelan Andes)for Educational and Development Planning. Univ.of Massachussetts.

Studies environmental perceptions variables to identify planning and design considerations.





5. Jurin, Richard R. (1995) “College students’ environmental belief and value structures, and relationship of these structures to reported environmental behavior”.

Ohio State University: PhD Thesis

Result: Environmental awareness does not lead to recycling behavior.

6. Wagenet, Linda P. (1997) “Impact of a Focused Environmental Education Program on Adults and Study of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors in the New York City Watersheds”. PhD Thesis

Education plays a major role.17





Recycling Practices in Asian CountriesRecycling practices in Asian countries - are lagging behind when compared to recycling practices in Western countries. Lack of awareness among its citizens and couldn’t care less attitude predominant among the Asians. The technology owned by Asian countries that is required for recycling process is in need of much improvement and needless to say it is a capital intensive venture. Singapore and Japan - laudable progress in recycling practices.





Recycling Practices in Asian CountriesChina (2000)

NO practice of separate collection of recyclable materials.Landfilling is the dominant method of disposal of SW.Landfilling accounts for 96.9%, composting 1.3% and incineration 1.8% of MSW.

Taiwan (2000)The amount of waste that is recycled 15.56%.Reduction by incineration 43.6% and final landfill disposal 40.20% and the rest 0.62% is storage and dumping.Implementation of “Zero waste” policy.





Waste Generation and Recycling Rates in JapanIn 2001, Japan passed a law “take back” law that “requiring retailers and manufacturers to take back used air conditioners, televisions, washing machines and refrigerators”.Under the new law, consumers must initiate the transfer of their used appliances to the take-back sites and pay additional collection and recycling fees to retailers. Retailers then must pay manufacturers to recycle the appliances and to ensure that future products are made from more recycle-friendly materials.





Waste Generation and Recycling Rates in JapanEstablish The Japan Containers and Packaging Recycling Association (JCPRA) under Containers and Packaging Recycling Law (June 1995).

JCPRA collect the waste containers and wrapping that conform to the sorting standards from municipalities.





Waste Generation and Recycling Rates in JapanConsumer discarding sorting recyclable materials (follow guideline) the municipalities collect the waste and send to JCPRA.Entrusts recycler to collect the waste containers and wrapping that conform to the standard.The recyclers are authorized to sell the recycled materials to JCPRA.Recycling fees are paid to recyclers after it has been confirmed that the recycled materials have been sold to the users of these goods.





Waste Generation and Recycling Rates in Singapore

The building of incineration plants - S$1 billion / operating costs per year is S$50.4 million - expected to rise continuously.Over 90% of the waste that requires disposal is burned in waste- to-energy (WTE) facilities equipped with energy recovery.The ash is buried in an offshore landfill 23 km from the mainland - more expensive to construct than a typical landfill.





The Pulau Semakau offshore landfill cost - S$840 million. Overall recycling rate - 40%, while recycling of domestic waste, including household and commercial waste - 17%.High recycling rate - industrial and institutional wastes, include paper and scrap materials such as steel.

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Waste Generation and Recycling Rates in Singapore








Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology 25

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solid waste management (tka 4201) lecture notes 3

Documents

science dept

solid waste management

solid waste management

nazaitulshila rasit

generation of solid

industrial waste

decomposing waste

waste disposal