solid waste project (compost)
DESCRIPTION
presentation for the benifits and how to compost your organic wasteTRANSCRIPT
BioBio--treatment of solid wastetreatment of solid waste
Composting of Organic Wastes andComposting of Organic Wastes andProduction of Organic FertilizersProduction of Organic Fertilizers
Eng. Mohamed KhaireEng. Mohamed Khaire
ContentContent
1.1. IntroductionIntroduction2.2. Definition and PrinciplesDefinition and Principles33 Composting MethodologyComposting Methodology3.3. Composting MethodologyComposting Methodology4.4. Composting types and TechniquesComposting types and Techniques5.5. Composting ApplicationComposting Application6.6. Domestic compostingDomestic composting7.7. Compost in JordanCompost in Jordan
Type of Solid waste BiologicalType of Solid waste BiologicalTransformationTransformation
Aerobic digestion in presence of oxygen andAerobic digestion in presence of oxygen andnutrient to produce stable organic matter, COnutrient to produce stable organic matter, CO22,,Heat HHeat H22O NHO NH33 and SOand SO44Heat, HHeat, H22O, NHO, NH33 and SOand SO44
Anaerobic digestionAnaerobic digestion in presence of water andin presence of water andabsence of oxygen to produce stable organicabsence of oxygen to produce stable organicmatter , COmatter , CO22, Heat, NH, Heat, NH33,SO,SO44 and methaneand methane
What is A CompostWhat is A CompostComposting is an aerobic biologicalComposting is an aerobic biological
decomposition process wheredecomposition process wheremicroorganisms convert raw organicmicroorganisms convert raw organicmaterials relatively stable humusmaterials relatively stable humus--likelikematerials relatively stable humusmaterials relatively stable humus--likelikematerialmaterial
11.Process schematic.Process schematic
Input Material Out MaterialComposting
Organic Wastes• Animal manure• Agriculturalwaste• WWTP ExcessSludge
COMPOST• Organic fertilizers• Mulch• Soil conditioner• Landfill covers
Bacteria,Fungi,worms,&oxygen
Waste Component good forWaste Component good forcompostcompost
� Organic Fraction of Municipal solidwaste such as paper, cardboard, foodwaste, wood
� Yard trimmings include leaves from trees� Yard trimmings include leaves from treesand shrubs, pine needles, grass, clippings,tree bark, woody branches, roots,
� Bio solids are the solid portion of wastefrom municipal sewage treatment plants.
What not to compost
a) Though often discouraged, compostingwaste of humans and other carnivorous oromnivorous animals (dogs, cats, pigs) ispossible but you must be very careful aboutpathogenspathogens
b) Perennial weeds that are resistant to decaysuch as Bermuda grass, mint, bindweed
c) Some diseased plants
What not to compost
d) Meat and dairy (if worried about attractingpests)
e) Large quantities of fats and oils can’t readilyb b k d b ibe broken down by compost organisms
f ) Leaves of eucalyptus, walnut, and other treeswith tannins or known all elochemicals,conifers (acidic, slow). Small amounts of thesematerials are okay.
Advantages of compostingAdvantages of composting
�� Physical Advantages:Physical Advantages:�� No OdorNo Odor�� Increasing the soil water holding capacityIncreasing the soil water holding capacity�� Increasing the soil water holding capacityIncreasing the soil water holding capacity
means safe irrigation watermeans safe irrigation water�� Increase the soil aeration and gases exchangeIncrease the soil aeration and gases exchange
due to increasing the internal pours betweendue to increasing the internal pours betweensoil particlessoil particles
Chemical Advantages:Chemical Advantages:Creating suitable pH for plant growthCreating suitable pH for plant growth�� Stabilizing the volatile nitrogen of organicStabilizing the volatile nitrogen of organic
waste into large protein particleswaste into large protein particles�� Reducing the need for chemical fertilizersReducing the need for chemical fertilizers�� Reducing the need for chemical fertilizersReducing the need for chemical fertilizers
(Ground and surface water protection)(Ground and surface water protection)�� Slow releasing of nutrients to plantsSlow releasing of nutrients to plants�� Increasing the cationic exchange capacityIncreasing the cationic exchange capacity� Increasing organic matter concentration rather
than nutrient value
Biological AdvantagesBiological Advantages�� Eliminating weed seeds, fly egEliminating weed seeds, fly egggs and pathogens as as and pathogens as a
result of hygenisation (>result of hygenisation (> 5555 °°C)C)�� Conserve the biological balance of soilConserve the biological balance of soil
microorganismsmicroorganisms�� Fighting the plant diseases competition on the rootsFighting the plant diseases competition on the roots�� Fighting the plant diseases competition on the rootsFighting the plant diseases competition on the roots
and surrounded area (due to Pinicillium productionand surrounded area (due to Pinicillium productionfrom the microorganism)from the microorganism)
Advantages of compostingAdvantages of composting
Environmental AdvantagesEnvironmental Advantages� Environmental safe, No chemicals risks and
hazards� Reduce the animals and plants waste� Reduce the heavy metals adsorbed by plants
due to Joining it� Coarse compost reduces the soil erosion
Advantages of compostingAdvantages of composting
General AdvGeneral Advantages:� Easy to handle, store, transport� Can be added at any time of the year� Dose not release heat so it protects the plants� Economic and agricultural value� Used inside and outside homes safely
Factors affect the compostproductions
�� Aeration and presence of oxygenAeration and presence of oxygen�� Mixing Ratio of input materialsMixing Ratio of input materials�� Moisture contentMoisture content�� Heat Released from the degradation processHeat Released from the degradation process�� MicroorganismMicroorganism
Factors affect the compost productions
� Aeration and oxygen presence1. Aerobic bacteria require oxygen, respire CO2.2. Anaerobic bacteria (problems).3 Oxygen is often the limiting factor when3. Oxygen is often the limiting factor when
compost temperature goes down after firstweeks.
4. At 10%–12% CO2, need to turn.5. Turning pile reintroduces oxygen, stimulating
aerobic bacteria population.
Mixing ratios of input materialsMixing ratios of input materialsC/N ratio- Moisture content
Range of C/N ratios and N,P,K for some animal manures
C/NC/N NN PP KK---------------- %% --------------
DiaryDiary 1919 00..55 00..22 00..66SheepSheep ndnd 11..44 00..55 11..22TurkeyTurkey 1111 11..55 00..66 ndndHensHens 1111 11..66 00..55 00..44BroilerBroiler 1515 44..22 11..77 ndnd
Factors affect the compostproductions
�� composition of the raw materials (porosity, size)composition of the raw materials (porosity, size)
Moisture1. Moisture needs of decomposers2. Moisture content in compost pile should be
50%–60% (moist as a wrung-out spongea) Add water as pile is built. More water should
be put on layers in top half of pilebe put on layers in top half of pile.b) Excess moisture will cause compaction, loss of
airc) Insufficient moisture will cause a pile to
decompose slowly, and cause to heat to goes upd) Seasonal moisture considerations (e.g., tarping
in winter)
Factors affect the Compost Production�� MicroorganismMicroorganism
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Compost ClassificationsThe compost quality depends on the following:The compost quality depends on the following:� moisture and nutrient concentration, pH
� soluble salts, organic matter concentration,C:N ratio, water-holding capacity, bulk density,cation exchange capacity, particle size,presence of weed seeds, and odor ..
Compost Quality Guidelines Based on End UseSoil Amendment
Grade*Top Dressing
GradePotting MediaAmendment
Grade*Potting GradeCharacteristic
Improvement ofagricultural soils,
restoration ofdisturbed soils,
establishment andmaintenance of
landscape plants
Primarily turf topdressing
Formulatinggrowing media forpotted plants (pH
<7.2)
Growing mediumwithout additional
blendingRecommended
Uses
(pH <7.2)
Dark brown toblack
Dark brown toblack
Dark brown toblackDark brown to
blackColor
No objectionableodor
No objectionableodor
No objectionableodorGood, earthy
smellOdor
<1/2<1/4<1/2<1/2Particle size (in)
Compost Quality Guidelines Based on End Use
Soil AmendmentGrade*
Top DressingGrade
Potting MediaAmendment
Grade*Potting GradeCharacteristic
Should beidentified
Should beidentified
Should beidentified5.0-7.6pH
<20.0<5.0<6.0<2.5Soluble salt content(mmhos/cm)
Not more than 5%by dry weight ofcombined glass,
plastic, otherforeign particles
Not more than 1%by dry weight ofcombined glass,
plastic, otherforeign particles
1/8 - 1/2 in
Not more than 1%by dry weight ofcombined glass,
plastic, otherforeign particles
1/8 - 1/2 in
Not more than 1%by dry weight ofcombined glass,
plastic, otherforeign particles
1/8 - 1/2 in
Foreign Materials
<400 EPA<200<200<200Respiration rate(mg/kg per hour)#
Heavy metals ContentHeavy metals ContentHeavy MetalsMaximum Concentration
in mg/kgArsenic10-13
Cadmium3Chromium50-200
Copper80-100Lead150
Mercury0.8-1Nickel50-62Zinc300-500
Composting MethodologyComposting MethodologyThe method of composting will be basedon windrow technology
Aeration raw
Mechanical treatment
Sorting container
Final fermentationStorage & handling
Seiving
tment
Control roomBalance
The composting processThe composting process
CURINGCURING
Composting PhasesOrganic wastes under go several biologicalprocesses as the following:-Start phase-Biodegradation phase - Final Phase
C:N RatioC:N Ratio� Factors to consider when estimating C:N ratio
of different materialsi. Stage of growth/age of materialii S /ii. Storage/treatmentiii. Where grown, how fertilizediv. With manures, grain-fed animals will have
higher N manure
RunRun ChickenChickenManureManure
%%
Cow ManureCow Manure%%
horseshorsesManureManure
%%
SawdustSawdust%%
Suggested mixture ratios of input materialsC/N mix from 25-30 %
II 7070 2525 55
IIII 6565 2020 1010 55
IIIIII 9595 55
IVIV 2323 7272 55
Monitoring program and analysisMonitoring program and analysisDuring the compostingDuring the composting
processes, theprocesses, thefollowing test will befollowing test will becarried out to ensurecarried out to ensurethe proper functioningthe proper functioning
TestTest FrequencyFrequencyWater contentWater content DailyDaily
pHpH DailyDailyTemperatureTemperature DailyDailythe proper functioningthe proper functioning
of the biologicalof the biologicalprocess. Theprocess. Thescheduled analysis is:scheduled analysis is:
Organic carbonOrganic carbon DailyDailyC/NC/N WeeklyWeekly
Heavy metalsHeavy metals(Pb, Br, Ca, Ni)(Pb, Br, Ca, Ni)
Start and endStart and end
Na, Ca, K, MgNa, Ca, K, Mg Start and endStart and end
Methods used in the composting processMethods used in the composting process
�� Passive Composting or Cold compostingPassive Composting or Cold compostingmethod:method:
A li iA li i�� Application:Application:If you don't need a lot of compost, aren't in aIf you don't need a lot of compost, aren't in a
hurry, or don't have access to a lot of rawhurry, or don't have access to a lot of rawmaterialmaterial
Passive CompostingPassive Composting�� Place the compost bin in a convenientPlace the compost bin in a convenient
location, Since material will be added to thelocation, Since material will be added to thepassive compost pile frequently, make sure it'spassive compost pile frequently, make sure it'seasily accessibleeasily accessibleeasily accessible.easily accessible.
�� add the ingredients as you get them whileadd the ingredients as you get them whilekeeping in mind that the pile should be aboutkeeping in mind that the pile should be about5050%% "greens" and"greens" and 5050%% "browns"browns
�� Add water to keep the moistureAdd water to keep the moisture�� Avoid adding any seeds and do not addAvoid adding any seeds and do not add
material from possibly diseased plants.material from possibly diseased plants.
Methods used in the composting processMethods used in the composting process�� Passively Aerated WindrowsPassively Aerated Windrows..
Methods used in the composting processMethods used in the composting process
Windrow CompostingWindrow Composting
Piling the compostPiling the compost
Ready PileReady Pile
pilepileWindrow CompostingWindrow Composting
Machine used in wind draw composting to turn theMachine used in wind draw composting to turn thecompost upside downcompost upside down
Compost turningCompost turning
Methods used in the composting processMethods used in the composting process
�� Composting using machineComposting using machine
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Typical time Required for compostingTypical time Required for composting
Monitoring and Recording the Composting
1. Monitor temperature with compostthermometer
a) Take temperature daily for first month andafter turning; then weekly
b) T h ld b k l ib) Temperature should be taken at several pointsin the pile and averaged
c) Thermometer should be inserted 18 inches to2 feet into pile
d) Hold thermometer by probe while insertingand removing (head can break)
Monitoring and Recording the Composting
2. Record temperature and observations onrecord-a-keeping sheet
a) Track pile through decompositionprocess, creating heat curve graph asyou go
b) Use heat curve graph to assess pileperformance, indicate when to turn
After Completion of the aerobicAfter Completion of the aerobicdigestion Processdigestion Process
�� The fully digested wastes are distributed in a piles orThe fully digested wastes are distributed in a piles orraws to dryraws to dry
�� Leaving the piles forLeaving the piles for 44 weeks without turning orweeks without turning orLeaving the piles forLeaving the piles for 44 weeks without turning orweeks without turning oradding wateradding water
�� Sieving and screaming the productsSieving and screaming the products
�� Packaging and marketingPackaging and marketing
Assessing Compost Maturity & Stability1. Parent material should be largely
indistinguishable, texture should be crumbly2. Temperature has cooled down to ambient
temperature3 Signs of macro life (e g redworms3. Signs of macro life (e.g., redworms,
sowbugs, springtails), though may not bepresent in large-scale operations
4. Dark brown to blackish-brown color5. Earthy smell (no ammonium or anaerobic odor)6. Feels “greasy” or slick when squeezed
between fingers
Assessing Compost Maturity andStability
7. Maturity vs. stability: A set of 7 quantitativeindicators are used to define the maturity and
stability of compost• pH: 6.5 to 8.0• Sulfides: zero to only trace• Ammonia = <0.05 ppm• Ammonium: 0.2 to 3.0 ppm• Nitrites: <1.0 ppm• Nitrates: <300 ppm• CO2: <1%
Final ProductFinal Product
Application of Treated CompostApplication of Treated Compostpp ppp p
Distribution inside the farmDistribution inside the farm
Processing after DistributionProcessing after Distribution
Home CompostingHome Composting�� Home composting is one of the most costHome composting is one of the most cost--
effective organic materials managementeffective organic materials managementstrategies because it eliminates the costs ofstrategies because it eliminates the costs ofcollection and processingcollection and processingO i i bl f hO i i bl f h�� Organic waste suitable for homeOrganic waste suitable for homecomposting includes:composting includes:
�� grass clippings, hay, straw, sawdust, woodgrass clippings, hay, straw, sawdust, woodchips, kitchen waste (e.g., fruit andchips, kitchen waste (e.g., fruit andvegetable peels and rinds, tea bags, coffeevegetable peels and rinds, tea bags, coffeegrounds, eggshells), leavesgrounds, eggshells), leaves
�� Stand the barrel onStand the barrel onground or panelground or panel
�� Fill it with domesticFill it with domesticorganic waste yardorganic waste yardorganic waste, yard…organic waste, yard…
�� Turning the wasteTurning the wastewith a rod twice awith a rod twice aweekweek
�� 11--22 L of water addedL of water addedweeklyweekly
�� Final compost can beFinal compost can bereach afterreach after 1212--2424weeksweeks
Containers used in homeContainers used in homecompostingcomposting
Potential Disadvantages ofcomposting
� a) Cost and time: Many farmers andgardeners don’t make their own compostbecause of the labor and expense
� b) Space needed for composting can take) p p gup available production land
� c) Odor or other impacts on neighbors cancreate challenges in urban/suburban areas
� d) Regulations: Regulations on leachateand testing if commercial composter orcertified
Compost in JordanCompost in JordanFacts and StatisticFacts and Statistic
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Livestock in JordanLivestock in Jordan
Agriculture in Jordan valley andAgriculture in Jordan valley andthe market potentialthe market potential
TypeType ofof plantplant AreaArea inindunams*dunams*
Amount of manureAmount of manureper dunams in mper dunams in m33
MarketMarketPotentialPotential (m(m33))
V t blV t bl ii 1313 854854 44 5555 416416VegetablesVegetables iningreenhousesgreenhouses
1313,,854854 44 5555,,416416
VegetablesVegetables inin openopen areaarea 180180,,577577 22..55 451451,,443443
OrchardsOrchards 9797,,026026 11 9797,,026026
TotalTotal 291291,,457457 603603,,885885
Agricultural growths in rest of JordanAgricultural growths in rest of Jordanand market potentialand market potential
TypeType ofof plantplant AreaArea inindunams*dunams*
Amount manureAmount manureneededneeded
per dunams in mper dunams in m33
MarketMarketPotentialPotential
(m(m33))Vegetables inVegetables in
greenhousesgreenhouses55,,976976 33 1717,,928928
Vegetables in openVegetables in openareaarea
207207,,111111 22 414414,,222222
OrchardsOrchards 355355,,600600 11 355355,,600600
TotalTotal 658658,,687687 787787,,750750
Market distribution within jordanMarket distribution within jordanaccording to the areaaccording to the area
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