solids, liquids, and gases - pearson global...

Table of Contents

NEW JERSEY GRADE 7

lesson 1 States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Inquiry Skill: Infer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

mathdo the Calculating Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

lesson 2 Changes of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Inquiry Skill: Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

lesson 3 Gas Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Inquiry Skill: Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

mathdo the Analyzing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Study Guide & Review and Assessment . . . . . . . . . . 30 Review the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Apply the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Standardized Test Prep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34• Scuba Diving • A Shocking State • Growing Snow

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Solids, Liquids, and Gases The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Why does a substance change states?

Vocabulary Skill: Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Scenario Investigation: My Glass Is Leaking . . . . . . . . . . .6

CHAPTER

1

Enter the Lab zone for hands-on inquiry .

Scenario Investigation: My Glass Is Leaking

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: Melting Ice • Open Inquiry: Melting Ice

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • What Are Solids, Liquids, and Gases? • What Happens When You Breathe on a Mirror? • How Can Air Keep Chalk From Breaking?

Quick Labs: • Modeling Particles • As Thick As Honey • How Do the Particles in a Gas Move? • Keeping Cool • Observing Sublimation • How are Pressure and Temperature Related? • Hot and Cold Balloons • It’s a Gas!

Go online for engaging videos, interactivities, and virtual labs.

Table of Contents •





Table of Contents

lesson 1 Atoms, Bonding, and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . 42

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Inquiry Skill: Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

lesson 2 Ionic Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Inquiry Skill: Interpret Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

lesson 3 Covalent Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58


mathdo the Analyzing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

lesson 4 Bonding in Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Inquiry Skill: Classify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Study Guide & Review and Assessment . . . . . . . . . . 72 Review the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Apply the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Standardized Test Prep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76• Pharmacists: Chemists at Work • The Superhero of Glues • Sci-Fi Metal

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Scenario Investigation: Bonding Super Heroes

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: Shedding Light on Ions • Open Inquiry: Shedding Light on Ions

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • What Are the Trends in the Periodic Table? • How Do Ions Form? • Covalent Bonds • Are They “Steel” the Same?

Quick Labs: • Element Chemistry • Ion Formation • How Do You Write Ionic Names and Formulas? • Sharing Electrons • Properties of Molecular Compounds • Attraction Between Polar Molecules • Metal Crystals • What Do Metals Do?

Atoms and Bonding The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 How can bonding determine the properties

of a substance?

Vocabulary Skill: High-Use Academic Words . . . . . 38Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Scenario Investigation: Bonding Super Heroes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

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lesson 1 Observing Chemical Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84


mathdo the Analyzing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

lesson 2 Describing Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Inquiry Skill: Make Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

mathdo the Balancing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

lesson 3 Controlling Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106mathdo the Finding Surface Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Inquiry Skill: Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Study Guide & Review and Assessment . . . . . . . . .112 Review the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Apply the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Standardized Test Prep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116• A Shrinking Storehouse • A Race to the Finish!

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Scenario Investigation: The Pipeline Is Burning

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: Where’s the Evidence? • Open Inquiry: Where’s the Evidence?

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • What Happens When Chemicals React? • Did You Lose Anything? • Can You Speed Up or Slow Down a Chemical Reaction?

Quick Labs: • Observing Change • Information in a Chemical Equation • Is Matter Conserved? • Categories of Chemical Reactions • Modeling Activation Energy • Effect of Temperature on Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 How is matter conserved in a chemical reaction?

Vocabulary Skill: Identify Multiple Meanings . . . . . 80Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Scenario Investigation: The Pipeline Is Burning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

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lesson 1Discovering Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Inquiry Skill: Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

lesson 2Looking Inside Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Inquiry Skill: Make Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

lesson 3Chemical Compounds in Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142mathdo the Read and Interpret a Bar Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Inquiry Skill: Draw Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

lesson 4The Cell in Its Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Inquiry Skill: Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Study Guide & Review and Assessment . . . . . . . .154 Review the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Apply the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 • Electron Eyes • The Genographic Project

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Scenario Investigation: The Cell Game

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: Design and Build a Microscope • Open Inquiry: Design and Build a Microscope

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • What Can You See? • How Large Are Cells? • Detecting Starch • Diffusion in Action

Quick Labs: • Comparing Cells • Observing Cells • Gelatin Cell Model • Tissues, Organs, Systems • What Is a Compound? • What’s That Taste? • Effect of Concentration on Diffusion

Introduction to Cells The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 What are cells made of?

Vocabulary Skill: Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Scenario Investigation: The Cell Game

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lesson 1Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Inquiry Skill: Classify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

lesson 2Cellular Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Inquiry Skill: Control Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

lesson 3Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180mathdo the Read and Interpret a Circle Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Inquiry Skill: Interpret Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Study Guide & Review and Assessment . . . . . . . . .188 Review the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Apply the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192• Athletic Trainer • Why Hearts Don’t Get Cancer

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Cell Processes and Energy The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 How do living things get energy?

Vocabulary Skill: Greek Word Origins . . . . . . . . . . . 162Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

STEM Activity: Energy Boosters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

CHAPTER

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STEM Activity: Energy Boosters

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: Exhaling Carbon Dioxide • Open Inquiry: Exhaling Carbon Dioxide

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • Where Does the Energy Come From? • Cellular Respiration • What Are the Yeast Cells Doing?

Quick Labs: • Energy From the Sun • Looking at Pigments • Observing Fermentation • Observing Mitosis • Modeling Mitosis








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lesson 1What Is Heredity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Inquiry Skill: Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

lesson 2Probability and Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206mathdo the Calculate Percentage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Inquiry Skill: Draw Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

lesson 3Patterns of Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Inquiry Skill: Interpret Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

lesson 4Chromosomes and Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Inquiry Skill: Design Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Study Guide & Review and Assessment . . . . . . 224 Review the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Apply the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228• Nature vs . Nurture • Seeing Spots

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Scenario Investigation: We All Have It, So It Must Be Dominant!

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: Make the Right Call! • Open Inquiry: Make the Right Call!

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • What Does the Father Look Like? • What’s the Chance? • Observing Traits • Which Chromosome Is Which?

Quick Labs: • Observing Pistils and Stamens • Inferring the Parent Generation • Coin Crosses • Patterns of Inheritance • Is It All in the Genes? • Chromosomes and Inheritance • Modeling Meiosis

Genetics: The Science of Heredity The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Why don’t offspring always look like their

parents?

Vocabulary Skill: Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Scenario Investigation: We All Have It, So ItMust Be Dominant! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

CHAPTER

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lesson 1The Genetic Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Inquiry Skill: Infer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

lesson 2How Cells Make Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Inquiry Skill: Design Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

lesson 3Mutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246mathdo the Calculate Sunscreen Strength Over Time . . . . 249

Inquiry Skill: Calculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

lesson 4Human Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Inquiry Skill: Infer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

lesson 5Advances in Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Inquiry Skill: Draw Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

mathdo the Plot Data and Interpret a Line Graph . . . . . . . . 261

Study Guide & Review and Assessment . . . . . . . .264 Review the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Apply the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268• The Frozen Zoo • Fighting Cancer • There’s Something Fishy About This Sushi!

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Scenario Investigation: The WWGP Is Coming

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: How Are Genes on Sex Chromosomes Inherited? • Open Inquiry: How Are Genes on Sex Chromosomes Inherited?

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • Can You Crack the Code? • What Is RNA? • Oops! • How Tall Is Tall? • What Do Fingerprints Reveal?

Quick Labs: • Modeling the Genetic Code • Modeling Protein Synthesis • Effects of Mutations • What Happens When There Are Too Many Cells? • The Eyes Have It • Selective Breeding

DNA: The Code of Life The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 What does DNA do?

Vocabulary Skill: Latin Word Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233Scenario Investigation: The WWGP Is Coming

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Table of Contents

lesson 1Body Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Inquiry Skill: Make Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

lesson 2System Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Inquiry Skill: Develop Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

lesson 3Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Inquiry Skill: Communicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

lesson 4The Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Inquiry Skill: Classify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

lesson 5The Muscular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Inquiry Skill: Infer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

lesson 6The Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Inquiry Skill: Observe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314


Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320• On Pins and Needles • From One Cell—Many

Labzone


Scenario Investigation: Working Together Is the Key

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: A Look Beneath the Skin • Open Inquiry: A Look Beneath the Skin

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • How Is Your Body Organized? • How Does Your Body Respond? • Out of Balance • Hard as a Rock? • How Do Muscles Work? • What Can You Observe About Skin?

Quick Labs: • Observing Cells and Tissues • Working Together, Act I • Working Together, Act II • Working to Maintain Balance • The Skeleton • Observing Joints • Soft Bones? • Observing Muscle Tissue • Modeling How Skeletal Muscles Work • Sweaty Skin

Introduction to the Human Body The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 How does your body work?

Vocabulary Skill: Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273Scenario Investigation: Working TogetherIs the Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

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lesson 1The Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328


lesson 2The Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Inquiry Skill: Make Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

lesson 3The Male and Female Reproductive Systems . .348

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Inquiry Skill: Develop Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

mathdo the Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

lesson 4Pregnancy and Birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Inquiry Skill: Calculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

mathdo the Interpret Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

Study Guide & Review and Assessment . . . . . . . . .362 Review the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Apply the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366• Seeing Is Believing . . .Sometimes • Fetal Surgery

Labzone


Scenario Investigation: Stay Calm if You Can

Chapter Lab Investigation:

• Directed Inquiry: Ready or Not! • Open Inquiry: Ready or Not!

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • How Simple Is a Simple Task? • What’s the Signal? • What’s the Big Difference? • Prenatal Growth

Quick Labs: • How Does Your Knee React? • Working Together • Making Models • Modeling Negative Feedback • Reproductive Systems • Looking at Hormone Levels • Way to Grow! • Egg-cellent Protection • Labor and Delivery

Controlling Body Processes The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 What systems regulate and control body

processes?

Vocabulary Skill: Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325Scenario Investigation: Stay Calm If You Can

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lesson 1Properties of Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374mathdo the Calculate Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

Inquiry Skill: Form Operational Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

lesson 2Classifying Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382


lesson 3Igneous Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Inquiry Skill: Interpret Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

lesson 4Sedimentary Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390


lesson 5Metamorphic Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396


lesson 6The Rock Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Inquiry Skill: Classify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403


Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408• Struggling to Survive • Waiter, There’s a Mineral in My Soup!

Minerals and Rocks The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 How do rocks form?

Vocabulary Skill: Latin Word Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

Scenario Investigation: My Rock Tells a Story . . . . . . . 372

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Scenario Investigation: My Rock Tells a Story


• Directed Inquiry: Testing Rock Flooring • Open Inquiry: Testing Rock Flooring

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • How Does the Rate of Cooling Affect Crystals? • How Do Rocks Compare? • Liquid to Solid • Earth’s Coral Reefs • A Sequined Rock • Recycling Rocks

Quick Labs: • Classifying Objects as Minerals • What Is the True Color of a Mineral? • Classify These Rocks • How Do Igneous Rocks Form? • The Rocks Around Us • How Does Pressure Affect Particles of Rock? • What Causes Layers? • How Do Grain Patterns Compare? • Which Rock Came First?


lesson 1Drifting Continents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 Inquiry Skill: Infer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

lesson 2Sea-Floor Spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 Inquiry Skill: Develop Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

lesson 3The Theory of Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426mathdo the Calculate the Rate of Plate Movement . . . . . . . 429

Inquiry Skill: Calculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431


Standardized Test Prep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436• Alvin 2.0: An Extreme Makeover • An Ocean Is Born

Labzone


Scenario Investigation: Flight 7084 to Barcelona


• Directed Inquiry: Modeling Sea-Floor Spreading • Open Inquiry: Modeling Sea-Floor Spreading

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • How Are Earth’s Continents Linked Together? • What Is the Effect of a Change in Density? • Plate Interactions

Quick Labs: • Moving the Continents • Mid-Ocean Ridges • Reversing Poles • Mantle Convection Currents

Plate Tectonics The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 How do moving plates change Earth’s crust?

Vocabulary Skill: Use Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Scenario Investigation: Flight 7084 to Barcelona . . . 414

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lesson 1Forces in Earth’s Crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 Inquiry Skill: Make Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450

lesson 2Earthquakes and Seismic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Inquiry Skill: Infer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

mathdo the Calculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

lesson 3Monitoring Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .462

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 Inquiry Skill: Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467



Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472• Seismic-Safe Buildings • What Do the Toads Know? • Forensic Seismology

Labzone


STEM Activity: Shake, Rattle, and Roll


• Directed Inquiry: Finding the Epicenter • Open Inquiry: Finding the Epicenter

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • How Does Stress Affect Earth’s Crust? • How Do Seismic Waves Travel Through Earth? • How Can Seismic Waves Be Detected?

Quick Labs: • Effects of Stress • Modeling Faults • Modeling Stress • Properties of Seismic Waves • Measuring Earthquakes • Design a Seismograph • Earthquake Patterns

Earthquakes The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 Why do earthquakes occur more often in some

places than in others?

Vocabulary Skill: Identify Multiple Meanings . . . . 440Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

STEM Activity: Shake, Rattle, and Roll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442

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lesson 1Mass Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .480


lesson 2Water Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Inquiry Skill: Develop Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

lesson 3Glacial Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 Inquiry Skill: Draw Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

lesson 4 Wave Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 Inquiry Skill: Communicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

lesson 5 Wind Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .504

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 Inquiry Skill: Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507



Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512• Floodwater Fallout • Any Way the Wind Blows

Labzone


Scenario Investigation: Dunwich Is Done

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: Sand Hills • Open Inquiry: Sand Hills

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • How Does Gravity Affect Materials on a Slope? • How Does Moving Water Wear Away Rocks? • How Do Glaciers Change the Land? • What Is Sand Made Of? • How Does Moving Air Affect Sediment?

Quick Labs: • Weathering and Erosion • Raindrops Falling • Erosion Cube • Surging Glaciers • Modeling Valleys • Shaping a Coastline • Desert Pavement

Erosion and Deposition The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 What processes shape the surface of the land?

Vocabulary Skill: Word Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

Scenario Investigation: Dunwich Is Done . . . . . . . . . . 478

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Table of Contents

lesson 1 Fossils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .520

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 Inquiry Skill: Make Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

lesson 2 The Relative Age of Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526


lesson 3 Radioactive Dating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 Inquiry Skill: Classify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529

lesson 4 The Geologic Time Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530


lesson 5 Early Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .534


lesson 6 Eras of Earth’s History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 Inquiry Skill: Classify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542



Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .548• Putting the Puzzle Together • Teen Finds Fossils • Frozen Evidence

Labzone


Scenario Investigation: Goodbye, Columbus

A Trip Through Geologic Time The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 How do scientists study Earth’s past?

Vocabulary Skill: Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

Scenario Investigation: Goodbye, Columbus . . . . . . . . 518

CHAPTER

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Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: Exploring Geologic Time Through Core Samples • Open Inquiry: Exploring Geologic Time Through Core Samples

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • What’s In a Rock? • Which Layer Is the Oldest? • How Long Till It’s Gone? • This Is Your Life! • How Could Planet Earth Form in Space? • Dividing History

Quick Labs: • Sweet Fossils • Modeling Trace Fossils • Modeling the Fossil Record • How Did It Form? • The Dating Game • How Old Is It? • Going Back in Time • Learning From Fossils • Graphing the Fossil Record • Modeling an Asteroid Impact • Cenozoic Timeline


Science, Engineering, and Technology Skills Handbook

Labzone

lesson 1Science and the Natural World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .556


mathdo the Create a Bar Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559

lesson 2Thinking Like a Scientist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 Inquiry Skill: Classify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566

lesson 3Scientific Inquiry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .570

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 Inquiry Skill: Control Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

mathdo the Read Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578

Study Guide & Review and Assessment . . . . . . . .580 Review the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 Apply the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582

Standardized Test Prep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584• When We Think We Know, but It Isn’t So • Ready for a Close-Up!

Labzone


Scenario Investigation: Bias, Anyone?

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: Keeping Flowers Fresh • Open Inquiry: Keeping Flowers Fresh

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • Is It Really True? • How Keen Are Your Senses? • What’s Happening?

Quick Labs: • Classifying Objects • Thinking Like a Scientist • Using Scientific Thinking • Scientific Inquiry • Theories and Laws

Scientific Thinking The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 How do scientists investigate the natural world?

Vocabulary Skill: Identify Related Word Forms . . 552Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553Scenario Investigation: Bias, Anyone? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554

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lesson 1Measurement—A Common Language . . . . . . . . . . .592

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 Inquiry Skill: Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

mathdo the Calculate Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598

lesson 2Mathematics and Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .602

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602mathdo the Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

Inquiry Skill: Calculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607mathdo the Sample Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606

Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

lesson 3Graphs in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .610


lesson 4Models as Tools in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .614


lesson 5Safety in the Science Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .622


Study Guide & Review and Assessment . . . . . . . .628 Review the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 Apply the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630


Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .632• You Lost What?! • Smallpox on the Loose

Appendix, English/Spanish Glossary, Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .634

Labzone


Scenario Investigation: Messy Data

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: Density Graphs • Open Inquiry: Density Graphs

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • History of Measurement • How Many Marbles Are There? • What’s in a Picture? • Scale Models • Where Is the Safety Equipment in Your School?

Quick Labs: • How Many Shoes? • Measuring Length in Metric • For Good Measure • How Close Is It? • What’s a Line Graph? • Making Models • Systems • Models in Nature • Be Prepared • Just in Case

Using Mathematics in Science The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 How is mathematics important to the work

of scientists?

Vocabulary Skill: Identify Multiple Meanings . . . . 588 Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589Scenario Investigation: Messy Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590

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solids, liquids, and gases - pearson global...

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