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CTHEORY THEORY, TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE VOL 24, NO 1-2 Article 91 07-02-01Editor! Art"#r $%d &$rilo#ie 'ro(er

 )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) Dei*%i%*t"e +oliitic Cit! T"e.e o/ Ur$% l$%%i%* $%d Co%trol i% )T"e &$tri), )D$r( Cit), $%d

 )T"e Tr#.$% +"o3)

5+$.#el N#%%5 5+olii.5, t"e t"eor t"$t o%l o%e .i%d eit $%d t"$t 3"$t $e$r to eeter%$l re$lit i o%l $ dre$. t$(i%* l$ce i% t"$t .i%d6 18 :e #ild t"e cit $ed o%

 eole; .e.orie o/ di//ere%t citie i% di//ere%t ti.e, $ o%e o/ t"e $lie% rot$*o%it i% )D$r( Cit), $ ci-/i tre$t.e%t o/ /il. <=er> %oir6 T"e ci%e.$tic re#lt! $ cl$ic$l $li.et o/t"e U+ cit, circ$ ;t$(e o#r ic(; 1940 t"ro#*" t"e 1970, .ii%* o%l d$li*"t6 ?ro%ic$ll, it$e$r to e .#c" li(e t"e citie t"$t re$l #r$% re%e3$l ro*r$. o/ t"e 19@0 $%d 190deli=ered to #6 T"e re$l cit i% )T"e &$tri), $ /il. $o#t $ 3orld i% t"r$ll to $% $rti/ici$li%telli*e%ce, i $ liter$l %i*"t.$re o/ "i*" rie, "i*" tec" od, e$c" o%e "o#i%* o%e o/ #, #t

 er"$ .ore %i*"t.$ri" i t"e oer=$tio% t"$t #r$% l$%%er etr$ordi%$ire Le Cor#ier <$($C"$rle Be%%eret> dei*%ed $%d ro.oted t"e $.e (i%d o/ cit, /illed 3it" i-.eter #$re

.$c"i%e /or li=i%*, .ore t"$% $de#$te to #ort t"e d$-to-d$ li/e o/ Cor#; #r$%d3eller6 A%d i% )T"e Tr#.$% +"o3), t"e o%-c$.er$ 24-"o#r $ d$ "ero; /ictio%$l cit 3$i% re$lit +e$ide, lorid$, $% $%tietic, o=er-dei*%ed, #ltr$-"i*" i%co.e ##r$% $tic"e o/etere$r; /ictio%$l %ei*"or"ood t"$t %e=er 3ere <ecet i% t"e .i%d o/ t"e "#$%d $%d3i/e $rc"itectdei*%er, A%dre D#$% $%d EliF$et" l$ter-er(>, 3it" $ le%*t" l$er o/ $lltoo re$l retricti=e co=e%$%t dei*%ed to co%trol 3"ere reide%t *$t"ered, 3"$t t"e did, $%d"o3 t"eir "o#e .#t loo( 3"e% t"e did it6 :"$t i t"e cit, t"e%, i/ %ot 3"$t 3e .$(e it i% o#r.i%d T"ee t"ree ci%e.$tic citie "$re $ co..o% t"e.e! co.lete $%d #%#etio%ed co%trolo=er t"eir #r$% i%"$it$%t, $ co%trol i%=iile $%d $ll-er=$i=e, $ di//ic#lt to ee $ it i to"ed6 ?t i $ co%trol ce%tr$liFed $%d co%cie, e.odied i% $ /e3 o3er/#l e%titie <$ co#%cil, $.$c"i%e, $ director>, co%te%t i% t"eir $ilit to direct citiFe% $ deired6 :"e% t"e i%treidcitiFe%, d3eller i% $% #r$% i.#l$cr#., eco.e co%cio# o/ t"i co%trol, t"e tro#le t$rt$%d t"e $r( /l6 ?t i $ i/ t"ee /ictio%$l citie, r#%%i%* .oot"l $%d "$il $ lo%* $ t"edre$.er lee, $re /$ced 3it" t"eir o3% =erio% o/ t"e LA riot! t"e $r#t $%d t$r(reco*%itio% t"$t t"oe i%=iile, e.edded .ec"$%i. o/ co%trol #ilt i%to t"e "ic$l $%doci$l /$ric o/ t"e cit c$% re$( do3%, le$=i%* $%de.o%i#. $%d diorder i% t"eir te$d6 T"eoliitic cit $3$(e%, $%d lier$tio% /ollo36 :"et"er l$%%er $d.it it or %ot, t"e ide$ o/co%trol i %e=er /$r /ro. t"e #r/$ce i% l$%%i%* t"o#*"t $%d r$ctice6 l$% $re .$de to co%trol,or $t le$t direct $ctio% to3$rd $% i%tr#.e%t$l e%d628 T"e "itor o/ l$%%i%* i rooted i%te.$tic e//ort to co%trol $%it$r co%ditio%, "#.$% e"$=ior, "ic$l $e$r$%ce, $%deco%o.ic de=elo.e%t6I8 T"i i %ot $ d$r( ecret o/ l$%%i%* t"eor6 ?t i %ot "idde% i% t"e

recee o/ eoteric l$%%i%* e=e%t6 T"e #et /or co%trol o=er =$rio# ele.e%t o/ #r$% li/e, itc"$o $%d diorder, i i.ri%ted #o% t"e .$Jor te%t$cle o/ #r$% l$%%i%*, /ro. *$rde% citie tot"e cit e$#ti/#l to t"e cit e//icie%t to t"e .oder%it cit to t"e ot.oder%it %e3 #r$%i.6T"e *$rde% cit 3$ $% $tte.t to "ic$ll er$dic$te l#. $re$, reloc$te t"e i.o=eri"ed to $

 riti%e e#r$% l$%dc$e, $%d co%trol re*io%$l l$%d #e $%d eco%o.ic de=elo.e%t648 T"e cit e$#ti/#l $%d t"e cit e//icie%t 3ere ot" dei*%ed to co%trol t"e "ic$l $e$r$%ce o/ citie$%d i% o doi%* i%trod#ce $% ele.e%t o/ co%trol o=er t"e e"$=ior o/ t"e #%r#l #r$% .$e6@8T"e .oder%it cit o/ Le Cor#ier 3$ $% e//ort to trictl $rtitio% l$%d #e $%d to cre$te "i*"le//icie%t $ti$l $rr$%*e.e%t o/ reide%ti$l $%d %o%-reide%ti$l tr#ct#re $%d, %ot i%cide%t$ll,to o=erl$ $ r$tio%$liFed te. /or li=i%* o% #r$% citiFe%68 T"e %e3 #r$%i. o/ 5+e$ide5$%d 5Celer$tio%5 $lo "$ $ .$Jor co%trol orie%t$tio% --- tri%*e%tl dict$te t"e loo(, l$o#t, $%d

ditri#tio% o/ #ildi%*, $%d #e it to "$e "#.$% $cti=itie6 ?% $ll t"ee l$%%i%* $*$, t"e*o$l i t"e $.e! $ l$%%er t"i%( t"i%* "o#ld e, o t"e "o#ld e6 A #e/#l .et$"or "ere iolii., t"e %otio% t"$t t"e o%l t"i%* t"$t; re$ll re$l i t"e el/, $%d t"$t o%l 3"$t t"e el/

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eerie%ce c$% e co%idered re$l6 :"$te=er t"e oliit t"i%(, o it eco.e6 K#t t"ere; $t3it "ere! olii. .#t $lo ot#l$te t"e eite%ce o/ $% $dditio%$l cl$ o/ rocee ---i%=iile, i%elic$le rocee 3"ic" *i=e t"e .i%d t"e ill#io% o/ ei%* i% $% eter%$lre$litM6t"# t"e oliit; el$%$tio% o/ t"e 3orld i i% ter. o/ i%ter$cti%* t"o#*"t r$t"ert"$% i%ter$cti%* oJect678 +o, t"e $r$do o/ t"e oliit i t"$t 5o.et"i%* ele5 co%trol t"e

re$lit ei%* eerie%ced6 l$%%er co%t$%tl ee( to ide%ti/ $%d #%dert$%d t"$t o.et"i%*ele, $%d iddle 3it" 3$ to co%trol $%d i%/l#e%ce it, 3"et"er it e l$%d de=eloer, l$%dre/or.er, t"e oor, t"e ric", ret$iler, #ilder, olitici$%, le*il$tor, #i%e o3%er,

 #re$#cr$t, cri.i%$l, or co6 ?t i %ot #rrii%*, t"e%, t"$t t"e.e o/ co%trol /ro. l$%%i%*eerie%ce "$=e cret i%to o#l$r c#lt#re6 Rece%tl, t"ree /il., ote%il de$li%* 3it" t"e

 ro=eri$l troe o/ "#.$% re$lit, /ree 3ill, $%d c"oice, "$=e $lo ro=ided /ood /or t"o#*"t$o#t i#e o/ co%trol i% t"e 21t ce%t#r cit6 )T"e &$tri) rooe $ /#t#re i% 3"ic" $%$rti/ici$l i%telli*e%ce <A?> do.i%$te t"e 3orld, #Jecti%* "#.$% to $% e=erd$ =irt#$l re$lito/ 199 t"$t i% $ct#$lit co%/i%e t"e., 5i% t$i5, to co//i%-li(e od i% 2197 t"$t etr$cte%er* /ro. t"e. to r#% t"e A?; co.#ter6 )D$r( Cit) deict $ l$%et co%iti%* o/ $ i%*le"#*e .etrooli r#% $lie% c$$le o/ c"$%*i%* t"o#*"t $%d t"e "ic$l l$%dc$e $ $

.e$% o/ iol$ti%* $%d #%dert$%di%* "#.$% e.otio%6 A%d )T"e Tr#.$% +"o3) o//er t"e#lti.$te 5ci%e.$ =erite5 deicti%* t"e e%tire li/e o/ $ i%*le ero% i% $ cle$% ot.oder%it##r, tele=ied li=e to t"e ret o/ t"e 3orld --- 3it"o#t t"$t ero% ei%* $3$re o/ it6 ?/e$.i%ed i% o.e det$il, t"ee /il. e$c" ro=ide ro=oc$ti=e i%i*"t i%to t"e l$%%i%* $%dco%trol o/ citie, $ e.odied, $l.ot #%co%cio#l, i% o#l$r c#lt#re6 A.o%* ot"er ide$ $ret"oe li%(ed to electro%ic #r=eill$%ce, t"e e=ol=i%* o3er o/ i%/or.$tio% tec"%olo*ie, t"ec"$%*i%* %$t#re o/ =irt#$lit i% re$l li/e, t"e ide%tit $%d .oti=$tio% o/ l$%%er i% c"$r*e o/citie, $%d t"e .otl #%redict$le o3er o/ "#.$% t"o#*"t $%d e.otio% to cre$te t"e /#t#rer$t"er t"$% to e =icti.iFed it6 &e% i% l$c( ------------ T"e "e*e.o% o/ tr$ditio%$l olitic$l$%d cie%ti/ic $#t"orit r#% r$.$%t i% $ll t"ree /il., et$li"i%* $% #%derc#rre%t o/co%er=$ti=e co%trol $%d $%ti-#=erio%6 or e$.le, i% )D$r( Cit), t"e #e o/ t"e l$r*e *ro#o/ *ot"ic, d$r( #ited elite, (%o3% $ T"e Viitor, ee. to e $ direct $ll#io% to t"e #e i%reree%t$ti=e de.ocr$c o/ e%$tor $%d reree%t$ti=e, tic$ll dreed $li(e, co%=e%ed i%tol$r*e $e.l$*e i% 3"ic" t"e dic# olic $%d #lic i%iti$ti=e6 A er"$ #%i%te%dedco..e%t o% t"e U+ =erio% o/ de.ocr$tic *o=er%$%ce i t"$t T"e Viitor $re $ct#$ll li.,tr$%l#ce%t little octoi-li(e cre$t#re t"$t i%"$it t"e de$d odie o/ "#.$% <o#r =eel,t$te o%e o/ t"e $lie%>6 T"e d$r( #ited A? i% )T"e &$tri) $lo l$ t"e role o/ #lti.$te$riter o/ ociet; 3i"e $%d $re, i% e//ect, t"e le*il$ti=e od t"$t $e J#d*.e%t o% $%

 rooed or ote%ti$l c"$%*e deired t"e #=eri=e ele.e%t li=i%* $o$rd t"e "o=ercr$/t, Ne#c"$d%eFF$r6 T"e =ideo rod#ctio% tec"%ici$% $%d t"eir i.erio# le$der, Crito/, $reliter$ll o% to --- 3it"i% t"e /$# .oo% t"$t "o=er co%t$%tl, d$ $%d %i*"t, o=er +e$"$=e% ---

i% )T"e Tr#.$% +"o3)6 +i.il$rl, t"e role o/ tec"%ic$l eertie $%d cie%ti/ic crediilit iocc#ied t"e ##$l tec"%ocr$tic te 3"o #e t"eir eoteric (%o3led*e to le=er$*e o3er6T"e #e o/ t"e doctor i% )D$r( Cit) $ t"e ri.e co%d#it /or %e3 t"o#*"t $%d ide$ $e$rto e $%ot"er direct $r$llel to t"e #e o/ cie%tit $%d e%*i%eer to /#el olic de$te,

 ro=idi%* i%/or.$tio% $%d tec"%ic$l (%o3led*e $o#t $rtic#l$r i#e6 #rt"er, t"e doctor i#ed to i%Ject %e3 .e.orie i%to t"e cit; de%iFe%, t"# e.odi%* t"e cie%ti/ic /i $oci$ted3it" tr$ditio%$l r$tio%$litic l$%%i%* /#rt"er, t"e Viitor $re ee%ti$ll "elle to #%dert$%dt"e e"$=ior o/ t"eir ;citiFe%; 3it"o#t t"e tec"%ici$%doctor; .edici%$l .e.or i%Jectio%6 ?%$%ot"er t3it #ite li(e t"e de$te $o#t t"e oci$l co%tr#ctio% o/ cie%ce, T"e Viitor <i6e6,le*il$tor> do %ot co.letel tr#t t"e doctor <i6e6, t"e tec"%ic$l eert>, co%ti%#$ll t"re$te%i%*"i. <$%d "$=i%* e=erel 3o#%ded "i. i% t"e $t>, elie=i%* t"$t o.e"o3 "e i%;t i%cere

$o#t "i 3illi%*%e to "el t"e.6 T"i i .#c" li(e t"e /re#e%t .itr#t i% tec"%ic$l$it$%ce $%d cie%ce i% #lic olic de$te, $rtic#l$rl 3"e% t"e /oc# i o% e.otio%$llco.elli%* ero%$l $%ecdote <.#c" li(e t"e ero%$l .e.orie t"$t t"e doctor i $le to i%Ject

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i%to t"e citiFe% o/ )D$r( Cit)>6 A%d 3"e% )T"e Tr#.$% +"o3) e*i% to liter$ll co.e $$rt,t"e re$l $#t"orit e"i%d t"e "o3, c$it$lit o%or, eert t"eir #lti.$te o3er to to t"e

 ro*r$.6 ?T i # -------- T"e liter$ll tr$%/or.$ti=e o3er o/ i%/or.$tio% tec"%olo* <?T> i$%ot"er #%derc#rre%t i% t"ee /il.6 ?/ t"e #e o/ ?T i $ co%ti%#i%* t"e.e i% #r$% l$%%i%* $%d#r$% olic to i.ro=e li/e $%d t"e e//icie%c o/ $ll o/ li/e; #te. li(e "o.e3or(c"ool

$%d o o%, t"e% t"e #e o/ ?T i% )T"e &$tri) i t"e #lti.$te reol#tio% o/ t"i t"e.e! itde.o%tr$te $% e=ol#tio%$r =erio% o/ ?T t"$t "$ t"e c$$cit to $ol#tel do e=ert"i%* i%.#c" t"e $.e 3$ t"$t 3e c#rre%tl co%cet#$liFe ?T i% t"e o//ice, t"e "o.e, t"e c"ool, t"etore, $%d e=er3"ere ele68 A liter$l /or. o/ =irt#$l *rocer "oi%* i e.odied i% t"e.$c"i%e; c$$cit to co%trol $ll "#.$% li/e, deli=er e=ert"i%* it %eed, #t $t t"e $.e ti.e /ool"#.$% i%to elie=i%* t"$t t"e $re $ct#$ll eerie%ci%* li/e6 T"i i t"e #lti.$te iro% o/ t"e

 ote%ti$l o/ ?T! it .$(e t"e r$ctice o/ e=erd$ li/e .ore e//icie%t 3"ile dr$3i%* o%e /#rt"er$%d /#rt"er $3$ /ro. e=erd$ li/e6 )T"e &$tri) e"iit t"i dtoi$% ote%ti$l o/ ?T

 er/ectl6 T"e #e o/ ?T i% )T"e Tr#.$% +"o3) i .ore #tle, et i till t"ere6 T"e $d=$%ced=ideo rod#ctio% e#i.e%t $%d .o%itori%* tec"%olo* #ed to (ee Tr#.$% K#r$%( #%der t"e

 eret#$l *$Fe i .$de oile ?T, $ i t"e co%t$%t co..#%ic$tio% et3ee% t"e =ideo

 ro*r$..er $%d $ll t"e $ctor o% t"e et6 ?% )T"e Tr#.$% +"o3), t"e o%l ero% o% t"eo#tide o/ t"e ?T loo i Tr#.$%6 O%l i% )D$r( Cit) doe t"ere $e$r to e $% $e%ce o/

 er=$i=e ?T6 ?%te$d, t"e $lie% o/ )D$r( Cit) ee( $ /or. o/ i%/or.$tio% t"ro#*" rel$ti=el ri.iti=e .e$% --- $rtici$tio% $%d oer=$tio% --- t"$t e=e% t"e .ot $d=$%ced ?T c$%%ot oe! "#.$% e.otio%6 A%d i% t"i re*$rd, $ll t"ree /il. #**et t"$t ?T c$%%ot re$ll "el it#er to tr#l #%dert$%d 3"$t .oti=$te citiFe% i% t"eir #et to "#c( t"e "$c(le o/ co%trol6Ui%* t"eir .et"od, T"e Viitor 3ere %o .ore e//ecti=e i% /#ll co.re"e%di%* t"e i.$ct o/e.otio% t"$% t"e A? i% )T"e &$tri) $%d Crito/ i% )T"e Tr#.$% +"o3) 3ere i% #%dert$%di%*t"e e.otio%-dri=e% e"$=ior o/ t"eir reecti=e #Ject6 All t"e /il. i.l t"$t t"e o3er o/ ?Tc$%%ot o=erco.e t"$t o/ "#.$% 3ill $%d e.otio%6 Yo# $re #%der . co%trol ------------------------Yet, deite t"i %od to t"e ee.i%* o3er o/ "#.$% i%iti$ti=e, t"e ele.e%t o/ co%trol i t"edo.i%$%t .oti/ t"ro#*"o#t $ll t"ree /il.6 T"e ide$ i t"$t o.e do.i%$%t *ro# <l$%%er> c$%i%trod#ce co%trol o/ $ 3ide =$riet --- $% $l.ot i%/i%ite =$riet, i% /$ct, ec$#e it $ic$lle%co.$e $ll .e.er o/ t"e ret o/ e$c" 3orld --- o/ i%di=id#$l "#.$% .e$% o/, i% o%e/il., $ dr#* i%Jected i%to t"eir r$i% $%d, i% $%ot"er, .e$% o/ electro%ic co%%ectio% i%to $%i%di=id#$l od6 T"#, #%derli%* e$c" i t"e ide$ o/ #lti.$te co%trol, t"e $.e (i%d o/ co%trolt"$t cl$ic$l r$tio%$litic, i%tr#.e%t$l l$%%i%* e%=iio%6 ?% t3o o/ t"e /il., t"o#*", t"e ide$i #%$tt$i%$le6 O%l te.or$ril $re t"e l$%%erco%troller $le to eert er/ect co%trol o=ert"e citiFe% o/ )T"e &$tri) $%d )D$r( Cit)6 Ho3e=er, o.e .e.er o/ ot" ocietie $re i%/$ct er.$%e%tl ;li=i%*; $%d t"ere/ore o%e re$di%* co#ld e t"$t t"e co%troller $re $t le$t i% $rt#cce/#l6 A/ter $ll, t"i i%;t #rrii%*, ec$#e t"e co%trolli%* l$%%er "$=e ide$l tool 3it"

3"ic" to $ti/ $l.ot e=ero%e; 3$%t $%d %eed6 T"eir ;olic i%tr#.e%t; co%it o/ eit"er/#ll electro%ic ro*r$..i%* o/ t"e =irt#$l li/e or "$r.$ce#tic$l tool t"$t co%trol t"e .e%t$l$%d oci$l circ#.t$%ce o/ e$c" citiFe%6 T"e l$tter i (i%d o/ $ 5Kr$=e Ne3 :orld5 o/

 "$r.$colo* 3"ile t"e /or.er i t"e ee.l$r o/ co.#ter .edi$ted =irt#$l re$lit6 Co%trol i% )T"e Tr#.$% +"o3) i o/ $ co.letel di//ere%t (i%d, %o%-"$r.$ce#tic$l $%d %o%-co.#teriFed6 ?t i t"e co%trol o/ t"e ect$cle o/ li/e, o%e t"$t re=ol=e $ro#%d t"e o%e ero%i% $ cit t"$t doe%;t (%o3 it; $ ect$cle, Tr#.$% K#r$%(6 ?t #%/old 3it"i% $% $re%$ o/co%t$%t, $ll-e%co.$i%* #r=eill$%ce6 Li(e t"e de%iFe% o/ )D$r( Cit) $%d )T"e &$tri), "eo%l *r$d#$ll $3$(e% to t"e /$ct t"$t "e i #%der co.lete $%d #tter co%trol o% $ 247 $i6O%e co#ld c"$r$cteriFe Tr#.$% $%d Neo $ doel*$%*er o/ o%e $%ot"er, ot" lo3l co.i%* tot"e re$liF$tio% t"$t t"eir e%tire li/e "$ ee% $ c"$r$de, /or o%e di*it$l $%d /or t"e ot"er, $%$lo*6

 Neo 3$ co%trolled t"e =irt#$l, Tr#.$% t"e re$l <3ell, %ot re$l e$ctl, #t =irt#$ll re$l>6T"e co%trol t"e.e i $lo e.edded i% $t $%d co%te.or$r #r$% l$%%i%* $ro$c"e, #c"$ t"e #e o/ =ideo #r=eill$%ce c$.er$ t"ro#*"o#t U' $%d U+ citie98 or t"e #e o/ *$ted

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e%=iro%.e%t to co%trol $cce $%d e*re i% #r$% $%d ##r$% de=elo.e%t6108 T"e e//ort to"$=e $ ce%tr$l $#t"orit 5$3$re5 o/ e=ert"i%* t"$t i *oi%* o%, $le to co%trol 3"o co.e $%d3"o *oe $%d 3"o i ide%ti/ied $ t"e eretr$tor o/ oci$l diorder i t"e 5r$io%-de-etre5 o/te.$tic #r=eill$%ce c"e.e, $%d o%e t"$t de=eloer $%d t"e .edi$ /re#e%tl eloit 3it"t"e #e o/ ro#ti%e cri.e t$titic6 T"i .oti/ o/ c$.er$-o%-t"e-ot i, o/ co#re, e%t3i%ed i%

 )T"e Tr#.$% +"o3), 3it" it @,000 c$.er$ loc$ted i% #tto%, e%, door, c$r r$dio, o$t,cr$%e, .irror, c#r, rid*e, $%d e=er ot"er co%cei=$le l$ce6 Tr#.$% K#r$%( eito.iFet"e #r=eilled #Ject, oJect o/ t"e *$Fe6 T"e iro% i% Tr#.$%; c$e i t"$t t"e c$.er$ $re %otrotecti%* $%o%e o%e i% t"e cl$ic e%e o/ =ideo #r=eill$%ce, #t i%te$d (eei%* t"e$#t"oritie $ried o/ 3"ere Tr#.$% i $t $ll ti.e i% order to reco.oe t"e e#e%ti$lco.oitio% o/ <#>#r$% li/e t"$t #rro#%d "i.6 :"ere$ t"e te. o/ co%trol i% )T"eTr#.$% +"o3) i #%le$"ed o% 5o%e5 citiFe%, t"e te. o/ co%trol i% )T"e &$tri) $%d )D$r( Cit) /oc# o% 5$ll5 citiFe%6 Co%trol er c$it$ i i.l "i*"er i% +e$"$=e%, lorid$6 K#t $co%ti%#i%* iro% o/ l$%%i%* i t"$t t"e .ore $#t"oritie $tte.t to co%trol, t"e .ore diorder ili(el to e.er*e, 3"et"er t"e re#lti%* diorder i d#e to t"e $ctio% o/ o%e citiFe% o%l or .$%3"o *ro# to*et"er to reel $*$i%t t"e ide$ o/ co.lete co%trol6118 ?% t"e /irt l$ce, i.l

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 ri.$ril $ +:AT te$. i%tereted i% er$dic$ti%* t"e reellio# =irt#$l =iitor /ro. t"e 3$ted#%der3orld o/ re$lit6 ?% )D$r( Cit), t"e olice $re %eeded to ol=e cri.e o/ =iole%ce $%d toloc$te t"e #=eri=e ele.e%t 3it"i% t"e cit t"$t $re %ot tot$ll co%=i%ced o/ t"e re$lit o/t"eir eite%ce6 ?% /$ct, )D$r( Cit); cri.e o/ =iole%ce 3ere eretr$ted =i$ T"e Viitor; o3%eeri.e%t, i% t"eir o3% 3$ i.il$r to t"e ec$l$tio% U+ .#rder r$te d#ri%* ro"iitio% $%d.ore rece%tl d#ri%* #r$% dr#* 3$r <ot" o/ 3"ic" 3ere dri=e% U+ olic>6 128 T"#, t"e/il. $ll i.l $ %e=er e%di%* #tr#ct#re o/ diorder t"$t, e=e% 3it" t"e .$*ic o/ cr$%i$li%Jectio%, o.%icie%t =ideo #r=eill$%ce, $%d t"e i%=i%cile co.#ti%* o3er o/ e%tie%t #erco.#ter, c$%%ot e co%trolled co.letel6 #rt"er, $ 3it" t"e role o/ olice i% #r$% $re$ $tt"e t#r% o/ t"e 20t" ce%t#r, t"e $lle*i$%ce o/ olice $ctor cle$rl i li%(ed to t"e o3er o/c$it$l or t"e #r=eor o/ A?6 T"e olice c$%%ot e eected to #ort t"e reel i% )T"e&$tri) %or $re t"e, 3it" li.ited ecetio%, li(el to $it t"e /e3 citiFe% o/ )D$r( Cit) t"$t#etio% 3"$t i "$e%i%*6 :"ile t"e olice i% )T"e &$tri) $re e=ide%tl i..#%e /ro. $%

#=eri=e t"o#*"t, or /ro. $% ;re/or.; ro*r$..i%*, o.e o/ t"e olice detecti=e i% )D$r(Cit) lo3l dico=er t"e tr#t", or r$t"er t"e $e%ce o/ tr#t", e"i%d t"e re$lit t"e eerie%ce6or $t le$t o%e detecti=e i% )D$r( Cit), t"e re=el$tio% i too .#c" to e$r, le$di%* to $ #icid$lle$ i% /ro%t o/ $ #3$ tr$i%6 or o%e o/ t"e A? reo%ile /or $ttli%* t"e #=eri=e i%

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Cit) i #r$% re%e3$l o% eed6 T"e co%t$%t ti%(eri%* o/ t"e "ic$l tr#ct#re o/ t"e cit T"e Viitor, c$lled (#%i%* <o#%d li(e t#%i%*>, i li(e t"$t o/ l$%%er 3"o elie=e t"e c$%t#%e citie to $ er/ect itc"6 Ur$% d3elli%* i% )T"e &$tri) --- t"e 5re$l5 #r$% d3elli%*loc$ted i% t"e 3$ted #%der*ro#%d co.le --- $re t"e #lti.$te re$liF$tio% o/ Le Cor#ier;.$c"i%e /or li=i%*, terile "i*" rie #%it, .ile "i*" #ildi%*, t"$t liter$ll "o#e e=er

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 )D$r( Cit), t"e rel$ce.e%t o/ old .e.orie 3it" %e3 o%e i directl $r$llel 3it" t"edetr#ctio% o/ t"e citie o/ .e.or t"$t "$ ee% decried Koer, +$%dercoc(, $%d H$de%6148K$ic$ll, t"e $t i co%t$%tl recre$ted $%d rede/i%ed $ t"e #ilt e%=iro%.e%t .et$.or"oe

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 )D$r( Cit)6 T"e ree%t i co%ti%#$ll rei%=e%ted, eeci$ll i% )D$r( Cit) o t"$t %o $te=e% eit /or .ot o/ t"e cit; de%iFe%6 $rt o/ t"e #r$% re%e3$l iro% o/ )T"e Tr#.$%+"o3) i t"$t it loc$tio% 3$ t"e re$l ot.oder%it to3%, +e$ide, lorid$, 3it" =er re$lretricti=e co=e%$%t $%d $rc"itect#r$l dei*% co%tr$i%t t"$t "$d elicit e"$=ior$l co%troloJecti=e618 +e$"$=e%, lorid$, 3$ $ cit 3it"o#t .e.or, li(e +e$ide, #t e=e% .ore li(eit le$di%* citiFe%, Tr#.$% K#r$%(, 3"oe .e.orie 3ere re$l e%o#*" #t re/lected $ /$le,#%re$l c$t o/ /$.il $%d /rie%d 3"o 3ere $ct#$ll %eit"er6 ot.oder%it 3$r%i%* $o#t t"elo o/ ori*i%$lit $%d t"e tri#." o/ t"e co, t"e rerod#ctio%, $%d t"e i.#l$tio% $re J#t

 e%e$t" t"e #r/$ce o/ t"ee /il.6 T"e ide$ o/ $ i.#l$ted #r$% e%=iro%.e%t e%c$#l$ti%* $llo/ e=erd$ li/e <liter$ll i% t"e c$e o/ )D$r( Cit) $%d )T"e Tr#.$% +"o3)>, ee%ti$ll3it"i% $ "ic$l do.e t"$t de.$rc$te t"e o#%d$rie o/ d$il eite%ce, "$ root i% ot"#toi$% t"o#*"t $%d .ore tr$ditio%$l l$%%i%* r$ctice, or $ iFe( %ote! 3"$t l#r( i% t"e

 $c(*ro#%d i, o/ co#re, t"e re-.oder% %otio% o/ ;$rri=i%* $t t"e e%d o/ t"e #%i=ere6178 T"ecitie $re re$l e%o#*", "ic$ll e$(i%*, #t t"eir ti.e i o#t o/ l$ce, eeci$ll i% )D$r(Cit), 3"ic" re/lect $ l$eri%* o/ di//ere%t, e$rlier, er$ #c" $ t"e 19I0 $%d 19406 T"e cit o/ %i*"t deicted i% )T"e &$tri) i $%ot"er $.$l*$.$tio% o/ .iddle 20t" ce%t#r #r$%$rc"itect#re $%d tr$%ort$tio%, $lt"o#*" i% re$lit it i t"e C"ic$*o o/ 199 J#t$oed o=ert"e 3$ted C"ic$*o o/ 21926 T"e ori*i%$l crit t"e :$c"o3(i rot"er decrie it .oreelo#e%tl! t"i i t"e C"ic$*o o# (%o36 C"ic$*o $ it 3$ $t t"e e%d o/ t"e t3e%tiet" ce%t#r6T"i C"ic$*o eit o%l $ $rt o/ $ %e#r$l-i%ter$cti=e i.#l$tio% t"$t 3e c$ll t"e &$tri666 Yo#"$=e ee% li=i%* i%ide K$#drill$rd; =iio%, i%ide t"e .$, %ot t"e territorM6T"i i C"ic$*o$ it eit tod$! T"e ( i $% e%dle e$ o/ l$c( $%d *ree% ile6 T"e e$rt", corc"ed $%d litli(e #r%t /le"M6;t"e deert o/ t"e re$l6;M6 t"e r#i% o/ $ /#t#re C"ic$*o rotr#di%* /ro. t"e

3$tel$%d li(e t"e l$c(e%ed ri o/ $ lo%*-de$d core6 :"$t eole "$=e (%o3% i% t"e $t.#t o.e"o3 e .ore co./orti%*, .ore $ccet$le, t"$% $ /#t#re t"$t %o o%e (%o36 A /ort"e /#t#re, +e$"$=e% reree%t t"e e=ol=i%* ot.oder%it ##r 3it"o#t $ cit, t"e

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Di%e/ied t"e.e $r( o/ $ol#te $%d co%t$%t cle$%li%e $%d #r$% .$%$*eri$l e//icie%c6Li(e $ *$ted co..#%it, it; i%#l$ted /ro. t"e o#tide re$l 3orld, 3"ic" .$(e it #%re$l! "o3c$% it e $ct#$l #r$% li/e i/ it i %ot e%*$*ed i% t"e di=erit $%d #%redict$le dr$.$ o/#%re*#l$ted d$il co..erce $%d c"$o +e$"$=e% i ro*r$..ed /or Tr#.$%; $(e $%d /or t"$t.$tter /or t"e e%tire =ie3i%* $#die%ce, %o le o t"$% t"e $%$lo* ro*r$..i%* o/ )D$r( Cit)

  t"e Viitor /or t"eir l$ r$t $%d t"e di*it$l ro*r$..i%* o/ #r$% li/e i% )T"e &$tri) t"e A? /or t"eir o3er o#rce6 All $re =er e//ecti=e i.#l$tio%, re$l e%o#*" to /ool .ot o/ t"ede%iFe% $%d citiFe%6 Not"i%*, "o3e=er, i ori*i%$l, $ll $re coie o/ it $%d iece /ro. ot"erti.e $%d ot"er l$ce6 T"i i t"e $.e co%cer% t"$t .$% #r$% $%$lt "$=e ereed $o#tt"e directio% co%te.or$r #r$% l$%%i%* "$ t$(e%618 :e c$% .$(e o# er/ect, #ic(l-------------------------------- A%ot"er .oti/ $rel #%der t"e #r/$ce o/ t"ee /il. i t"e %otio% o/$ co%ti%#i%* erie o/ l$or$tor eeri.e%t to $c"ie=e deired o#tco.e6 )D$r( Cit) i "o.e/or t"o#$%d o/ citiFe% 3"o $re t"e $ct#$l #Ject o/ d$il eeri.e%t6 T"e ote%ileoJecti=e i /or T"e Viitor to #%dert$%d "#.$% e.otio%, #t i% e//ect t"e o%*oi%*eeri.e%t o//er i.l o%e oort#%it $/ter $%ot"er to $lter t"e li/e circ#.t$%ce o/ $%i%di=id#$l $%d t"e% tr$ce t"e re#lt $%d i.$ct6 Tr#.$% K#r$%(, #%der t"e *$Fe o/ tot$l

#r=eill$%ce, 3$ $lo t"e oJect o/ /re#e%t oci$l eeri.e%t$tio%, $rtic#l$rl re*$rdi%* "iro.$%tic li/e6 Hi irt" $%d li/e 3ere ot" $ tele=ied eeri.e%t, $%d "i cre$tor, Crito/, o#*"tto =ideo t$e t"e co%cetio% o/ $ %e3 li/e o% t"e "o36 T"ee /il. e$.le $re i.l =erio%o/ t"e De3ee#e oci$l le$r%i%* $r$di*.! t"e ide$ t"$t #lic olicie $re i.l te.or$reeri.e%t, to e tried o=er $%d o=er 3it" di//ere%t =$ri$le ei%* /iddled 3it" #%til t"e roerre#lt $re ot$i%ed6 &oder% l$%%i%* t"eorit li(e ried.$%% $%d #r$% $%$lt li(e D#%%"$=e e=o(ed t"i (i%d o/ $r$di*.$tic i.$*er o/ e=ol=i%* oci$l te. i% t"eir elor$tio%o/ co%te.or$r l$%%i%* $%d de=elo.e%t r$ctice6 198 roJect $re li(e eeri.e%t6 :"$t$re t"e e//ect o/ %e3 eco%o.ic de=elo.e%t t$ i%ce%ti=e :"$t .e$#re co#ld e t$(e% o/ t"edi//ere%t =$ri$le $t 3or( li(e #lic i%=et.e%t, tr$%ort %et3or(, co..#%ic$tio%i%iti$ti=e, or co..#%it de=elo.e%t e//ort T"e ide$ "ere, $%d t"e ide$ i% )D$r( Cit), i to.e$#re 3"$t "$e% 3"e% o.e =$ri$le $re (et co%t$%t $%d ot"er $llo3ed to =$r6 Too.e ete%t, t"i i i% co%tr$t to t"e $ro$c" #tiliFed 3it"i% )T"e &$tri), 3"ere t"e electro%ic.$c"i%er i% co%trol o/ t"e li/e #ort od 3$ i%tereted $l.ot ecl#i=el i% t$i, i%.$(i%* #re t"$t $ll =$ri$le re.$i%ed co%t$%t $t $ll ti.e /or t"e or*$%ic li/e /or. reidi%* i%t"e re.%$%t o/ "ic$l $ce i% order to (ee t"e i%terior =irt#$l li/e o/ t"e od i%"$it$%t i% $t$te o/ .e%t$l li $%d t$ilit o t"$t t"e 3o#ld co%ti%#e to co%tri#te electric e%er* $%d

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to (ee t"e "o3 r#%%i%*M6 $%d i%ce t"e "o3 r#% 24 "o#r $ d$ 3it" %o co..erci$l re$(t"e t$**eri%* ro/it $re $ll *e%er$ted /ro. rod#ct l$ce.e%tM6e=ert"i%* o# ee o% t"e"o3 i /or $le -- /ro. t"e $ctor; 3$rdroe, /ood rod#ct, to t"e =er "o.e t"e li=e i%6 218

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