solutions, chemical reagents and laboratory supplies
TRANSCRIPT
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Solutions, Chemical Reagents
and Laboratory Supplies
Franz Lenard D. Barreto, RMT
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Solutions
Solute + Solvent
Solute = analyte
Solvent = Plasma, Serum, CSF, Urine, Effusion, etc.
Basic Properties:
1. Concentration
2. Saturation
3. Colligative Properties
4. Redox Potential
5. Conductivity
6. Density
7. pH
8. Ionic Strength
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Solutions
I. Concentration
Expressed through:
a. Percent Concentrationb. Molarity
c. Molality
d. Normality
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Solutions
a. Percent Concentration
- Amount of solute per 100 total units of
solution
3 kinds of expreesion:
i. w/w
ii. w/v (most common)iii. v/v
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Solutionsb. Molarity
- Number of moles per Liter of Solution- mol/L
c. Molality
- Amount of solute per kilogram of solvent
- mol/Kg
d. Normality
- # of gram equivalent weights per Liter of Solution
- mEq/L
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Solutions
II. Saturation
a. Dilute
b. Concentratedc. Saturated
d. Supersaturated
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Solutions
III. Coligative Properties
a. Osmotic Pressure
b. Vapor Pressurec. Freezing Point
d. Boiling Point
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Solutions
IV. Redox Potential
- the LEO(Lion) says GER
V. Conductivity and Resistivity- Affinity to passage of electricity
VI. pH and Buffers and Ionic Strength
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Chemical Reagents
Grades of Purity
1. Analytical Reagent Grade
- Suitable for most analytical procedures
- Should have a label AR or ACS
2. Ultrapure Reagent
- Went through additional purification steps
- For specific procedures
- Ex. Spectrograde, Nanograde and HPLC pure
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Chemical Reagents
3. Chemical Pure (CP) or Pure Grade-Impurity limitations not stated
-Preparation not uniform
4. Technical/Commercial Grade
-For Manufacturing
5. United States Pharmacopoeia(USP) and
National Formulary(NF)
-for drug manufacturing
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Reagent Water
In preparation of Reagent Grade Water:
a. Distillation
b. Ion Exchangec. Reverse Osmosis
d. UV Oxidation
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Reagent Water
Types of Water:
1. Type 1
- Maximum water purity( for accuracy and
precision)- Storage is Discouraged
2. Type 2- For routine use
- Used in preparation of reagents and QC materials
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Reagent Water
3. Type III
- For washing glasswares
* Distilled Water & Deionized Water
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Reagent Water
Tests for Water Purity
1. Microbiological content
2. pH3. Resistivity
4. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
5. Ammonia6. Ions and Metals
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Reference Materials
Standard
a. Primary Standard
b. Secondary Standard
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Clinical Laboratory Supplies
Examples:
Pipets, flasks, beakers, and burets
Either:
1. Glass
2. Plastic
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Clinical Laboratory Supplies
I. Glassware
a. Borosilicate (Kimax/Pyrex)
b. Aluminosilicate (Corex)c. High silica
d. Vycor
e. Low actinic (amber colored)f. Soda lime (Flint)
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Clinical Laboratory Supplies
II. Plasticwaresa. Polystyrene
b. Polyethylene
c. Polypropylened. Tygon
e. Teflon
f. Polycarbonate
g. Polyethylene
h. Polyvinyl chloride
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Clinical Laboratory Supplies
Pipet Classification
I. Design
II. Drainage CharacteristicsIII. Type
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Clinical Laboratory Science
I. Design
A. To Contain (TC)
B. To Deliver (TD)
II. Drainage
A. BlowoutB. Self-Draining
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Clinical Laboratory Supplies
III. Type
A. Measuring or Graduated
1. Serologic2. Mohr
3. Bacteriologic
4. Ball, Kolmer, or Kahn5. Micropipet
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Clinical Laboratory Science
B. Transfer
1. Volumetric
2. Ostwald-Folin3. Pasteur Pipets
4. Automatic macropipets or micropipets