Cover slide option 1 Title Solutions for a water secure world

Jeremy Bird International Water Management Institute

GIZ17 March 2016

Photo: Hamish John Appleby/IWMI

www.iwmi.orgWater for a food-secure world

IWMI: A multi-disciplinary approach

5Remote sensing/

spatialanalysts

22Economists and

agriculturaleconomists

4Ecologists

8Soil scientists

andpedologists

23Social

scientists and geographers

14Irrigation andagriculturalengineers

31Specialists in

ground/surfacewater

Inter-disciplinaryapproach

5Water quality

and healthspecialists

IWMI Offices worldwide

Intensify agricultural productivity sustainably

Manage risk and increase resilience

Benefit from functioning ecosystems

Enhance efficient resource use and

re-use

Promote gender and social equity

Maximise shared benefits across

sectors and borders

VISIONA world in which agriculture thrives within vibrant ecosystems, where communities have higher incomes, improved food security and the ability to continuously improve their lives

MISSIONInforming the development of policies, institutions and investments toward sustaining ecosystems and their services as a prerequisite for sustainable and resilient agricultural intensification and improved livelihoods

WATER LAND AND ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH PROGRAM

1. Intensifying agricultural productivity sustainably

Photo: Hamish John Appleby/IWMI

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

Canal irrigated area Tank irrigated area Groundwater irrigated area

Irrig

ated

are

a in

100

0 ha

Canal

Tanks

Pressure on the groundwater resource will continue

Source: Mukherji et al. 2013.

Tanzania – from bucket to pump – facilitating entry into the irrigation market

Technological changes: laser grading for surface irrigation (Pakistan)

Challenge: Inefficient flood irrigation, high pumping costs

Approach: Pilot trials to modify laser levelling equipment for laser grading - locally available technology.

Solutions: Precision surface irrigation for furrow and border strip. Combine with soil moisture sensors

Outcome: An efficient surface irrigation alternative to drip and sprinkler. 11% increase in land productivity (kg/ha) and 12% increase in water productivity (kg/m3)

Potential to increase water productivity by identifying high performers

Doukalla Irrigation Scheme, Morocco

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Dec

Dry season

System productivity can be increased from 3-6 tons per hectare to 11-19 tons per hectare, depending on location.

Planning Commission has directed key departments to adopt improved planning, maintenance and management of polders.

Sub-watershed management recommendations taken up by Blue-Gold project and Delta plan sponsored by DGIS.

Wet season

Shrimp Rice + Fish

Integrated solutions, Bangladesh

What type and level of protection is appropriate?

2. Managing risk and resilience

Photos: dany13 (Flickr) - http://bit.ly/1USfx2X

2001 2012 2014

Insurance industry - looking for objective indicators for drought and flood policies

Rethinking storage – buffering floods by aquifer recharge

Underground ‘taming’ of floods for irrigation (UTFI)

Source: Pavelic 2012

• India has 130,000 GW of installed pumping capacity in electric and diesel tube wells

• Shifting to a solar power source could reduce India’s Greenhouse Gas emissions by up to 6%

• Threat of over-use• Adopt a hybrid approach –

solar irrigation + feed in tariff• Provides a ‘nexus’ solution

Agricultural livelihoods -Energy - Water - Climate

Solar irrigation - the opportunity and the risk

Photo: IWMI

SOLAR FARMER

Grid Connected Farmers:

• Replace existing pumps with solar

• Offer guaranteed buy back of surplus solar power at an attractive price

Non grid connected farmers:• Form cooperative• Common feed in-point for “pooled power”• Guarantee buy-back• Reduce utility transaction costs

The solution: redesigning the solar mission as a “cash crop” opportunity

Hyderabad 2003-2014

Pressures of an urbanizing world intensifying

3. Enhancing efficient resource re-use

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Dilutedwastewateror polluted

water

Untreatedwastewater

Groundwater Treatedwastewater

River Othersurface

water bodies

Rainfed Irrigationcanal

Opendrainage

Num

ber o

f citi

es

In and around three of four cities in developing and emerging economies, farmers use polluted irrigation water for the

production of high-value crops

Wastewater irrigation is a reality

New guidelines promoting simple technologies

Waste to fertilizer – closing the nutrient loop

Co-composting

Natural basin

CropsHydropower

Industrial Regulation of water balance

Erosion control

Climate regulationSoil

formation

Nutrient cycling

Recreation

CropsHydropower

Industrial Regulation of water balance

Erosion control

Climate regulationSoil

formation

Nutrient cycling

Recreation

Intensively utilized basin

CropsHydropower

Industrial Regulation of water balance

Erosion control

Climate regulationSoil

formation

Nutrient cycling

Recreation

Multifunctional “green” basinProvisioning services

Regulatory services

Cultural services

Supporting services

4. Benefiting from functioning ecosystems

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep0.2

2.2

4.2

6.2

8.2

10.2

12.2

14.2

16.2

18.2

Natural flows

Environmental flow requirement

Maintaining natural variability

CropsHydropower

Industrial Regulation of water balance

Erosion control

Climate regulationSoil

formation

Nutrient cycling

Recreation

Multifunctional “green” basin

Acknowledgements: Meynell, P-J.

Constructed wetlands in reservoirs

Objective:

Increased diversity of habitat

Refuges for fish

Increased productivity

Improved livelihoods

Wet season: reservoir full

Dry season: reservoir drawn-down

FodderReclaimed land

Roots Extract for pharmaceuticals

Reclaiming saline soils – licorice innovation

Feminization and ageing of agricultural population 1 million Nepali migrants in 2004 - 97% were male.

World Bank. 2009

26% of Nepalese households are headed by females. 2011 Census

World’s farming population is ageing – average age approaching 60 Trends towards consolidation of land in China, Korea, Malaysia…

5. Promoting gender and social equity

Photo: Jim Holmes / IWMI

Mapping diverse perspectives

Photo: Liza Debevec / IWMI

Incorporating gendered perspectives on landscapes into physically –based models via participatory 3-D mapping

6. Maximizing shared benefits across sectors and borders

Ferghana Valley – adapting to the realities of transboundary basin created in post-Soviet times

• Numerous documents governing water use

• Long history of cooperation – agreements on property rights, water sharing, basin linkages, compensation mechanisms

• Interrupted by establishment of new borders

• Some cooperation continued at watercourse level

• Knowledge base of agreements established as basis for future discussions

A range of mechanisms

• Allocation: e.g. Percentage allocation rather than absolute volumes• Adaptation: e.g. increasing storage potential – physical ‘buffer’;

linking management of surface and groundwater systems • Formalized communication: e.g. data exchange, notifications,

political consultations – e.g. on drought and flooding• Broadening scope of cooperation – e.g. nexus considerations and

tradeoffs (Central Asia – low flows – increase in coal/gas export

Adapted from Drieschcova, Giodarno, Fischhendler, 2008

Managing variability in transboundary basins

MANAGING RESOURCE VARIABILITY AND COMPETING USES

Sharing water benefits in the Andes

Institutional innovation to improve how benefits of water are shared up-stream and downstream: Developed Benefit Sharing

Mechanism for Caneta Basin, funded by IFAD and Peru Government.

Inputs and advice into to developing new PES Law in Peru.

Support to implementing BSM in more than 30 locations throughout the Andes.

Better water management - the business case for the planet

www.iwmi.org https://wle.cgiar.org/ https://ccafs.cgiar.org/

Photo: Prashanth Vishwanathan / IWMI