SOLVING LINEAR PROGRAMS USING EXCEL

Dr. Ron Lembke

Formulating in Excel

1. Write the LP out on paper, with all constraints and the objective function.

2. Decide on cells to represent variables.3. Enter coefficients of each variable in

each constraint in a block of cells.4. Compute amount of each constraint

being used by current solution.

Formulating in Excel

5. Place inequalities in sheet, so you remember <=, >=

6. Enter amount of each constraint7. Enter objective coefficients8. Calculate value of objective function9. Make sure you have plenty of labels.10. Widen columns for readability.

Standard Form

Max 7x1 + 5x2

s.t. 4x1 + 3x2 <=240 2x1 + 1x2 <=100x1 >=0

x2 >=0

electronicsassembly

Constraintcoefficients

Current value of variables

Formulating in Excel

Amount of eachconstraint used by current solution

Formulating in Excel

RHS of constraints,Inequality signs.

Objective Function Coefficients

Formulating in ExcelObjective Function Value

Fancy “What If” Tool

Trial and error Simplifies the math Can’t solve it for us

Solving in ExcelAll we have so far is a big ‘what if” tool. We

need to tell the LP Solver that this is an LP that it can solve.

Choose ‘Solver’ from ‘Tools’ menu

Click “Data” then “Solver”

If No Solver, Office2010

If No Solver, Office 2007

Solving in Excel

1. Choose ‘Solver’ from ‘Data’ tab2. Tell Solver what is the objective function,

and which are variables.3. Tell Solver to minimize or maximize

Solver Dialog BoxSet the Target SellTell to minimize or maximizeWhere the variables are

Solving in Excel

1. Choose ‘Solver’ from ‘Tools’ menu2. Tell Solver what is the objective function, and

which are variables.3. Tell Solver to minimize or maximize4. Add constraints:

Click ‘Add’, enter LHS, RHS, choose inequality Click ‘Add’ if you need to do more, or click ‘Ok’ if this

is the last one.5. Add rest of constraints

Add Constraint Dialog Box

Constraints Added

Assuming Linear

6. You have to tell Solver that the model is Linear. Click ‘options,’ and make sure the ‘Assume Linear Model’ box is checked.

Assume Linear

Assuming Linear

6. You have to tell Solver that the model is Linear. Click ‘options,’ and make sure the ‘Assume Linear Model’ box is checked.On this box, checking “assume non-negative” means you don’t need to actually add the non-negativity constraints manually.

7. Solve the LP: Click ‘Solve.’ Look at Results.

Office 2010

Office 2010 Options

Set maximum time to look for a solution

OR maximum # of iterationsOur problems

should solve quickly

Solution is Found

When a solution has been found, this box comes up.You can choose between keeping the solution and goingback to your original solution.Highlight the reports that you want to look at.

Successful Solution

Optimality Conditions?

0 50 100 150 200

160

40

80

120

0

200

Sweatshirts

T-shirtsT

S

1 2 30

1000200030004000

Dead Profits

Solution #

Each time we go to another solution,Objective value gets better

Optimality Conditions

Simplex method creates “dual” Max has a min dual,

min has a max dual Dual and “primal”

converge to same value

Solution must be optimal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000Dead Profits Pri

mal

Solution #

Answer Report

Gives optimal and initial values of objective function

Gives optimal and initial values of variables

Tells amount of ‘slack’ between LHS and RHS of each constraint, tells whether constraint is binding.

Answer Report

Sensitivity Report

Variables: Final value of each variable Reduced cost: how much objective

changes if current solution is changed Objective coefficient (from problem)

Sensitivity Report

Variables: Allowable increase:

How much the objective coefficient can go up before the optimal solution changes.

Allowable decrease:How much the objective coefficient can go down before optimal

solution changes. Both of these only are accurate for changes made to one

variable at a time. If you change more than one variable, need to re-solve the LP.

Suppose t-shirts had increase of $5 decrease $10 Solution is optimal if t-shirt profits are between $15-$30

Sensitivity Report

Constraints Final Value (LHS) Shadow price: how much objective would

change if RHS increased by 1.0 Allowable increase, decrease: how wide a range of

values of RHS shadow price is good for. Also only accurate for changes made to one

constraint at a time To see the impact of changing more than one

constraint, we just have to re-run the problem

Sensitivity Report

Limits Report

Tells ranges of values over which the maximum and minimum objective values can be found.

Rarely useful

Limits Report

Summary

Entered the LP into Excel Opened Solver, told it how we wanted to

solve the LP Interpreting results of Solver Reports

Answer report – basic resultsSensitivity – how much the situation would

change with different profits per unit, or amounts of constraints