some blunders of indian historical research - p n oak

PJ\!. Oak

Some Blunders of Indian Historical Research

SOME BLUNDERS OF

INDIAN HJSTORICAL RESEARCH

by p. N. OAK. M. A., LL ., B.

Pre~ldtoi,IDtt ilale tor Re10rltlaa World Hlltory

Ph! 3'3!'1!>:'4 ,. ~ 1 ·111

HINDI I ' N 2. 8.0 (; • .I."' , • Road,

(N!. Pt2nls,;l 0\llij, Katcl S•Qn. N.D 5

BHARATI SAHITYA SADAN J0(90, Connoupt Cirws, New Delhi-110001

>'L<>lll--~-----------

CONTENTS ..... Preface 5 Wbat Prompted My H11tonc Quest 9

lllunder No. 1 Indian mooumeots Credited to Alien Muslim• ll

2 : Ignoble Akbar Believed Noble 81 3 : M11pl~ce<l Fahh in Mediaeval Chronicl<l 105

4 : Mylh of the lndo·Saraccnic Theory of Archhcccure 126

5 • Myth of cbo Moahul School of Pai nting 139

6 : Mych of che Development of Music in Mcdi>eval Muslim Coum 14 I

1 : Mych about the Moahul Garden Art 143

8 : Mythic&l Golden Penods Under Alica Rule 146

Key Principles for a Correct Appraisal of lo4iao Mediaeval History 147

9 : Akunder's Oefnt Claimed to be Great V&ctory over Po rus I S6

l 0 : Adya Sbankaracharya'o Antiquity Under·Bsumated by 1297 Yeara 169

II · l ord Buddba '1 Antiqu&ty Uoderesti- ted by Over .1 300 Yearo 184

Mllslo,. IIUratl Sallll,a Sadan. 30/90, Coooou&)ll <:ircuo, New Oelbi·IIOOOI .

12 : Aotlqully of Lord• Roma and Krishna'• Btu Gronly Underestimated 20 I

I 3 'Arya' on Ideal Ml-utrued as a a- 211

14 : Antiquity of tbo Vedaa G roal)' Uuollrllll•ll'l 221

Ul ... , .. l'vlltiJ et : A,ay PrU>IUI,

X· II, Novia Sbabclan, O elh•·IIOOll.

1~ • OnJ in of Allah" ul!•odo Gocl aocl !Cabo u H•lld• T~pl• For,oueo loci••• K.&llaU•1'1 Rctl• rrom Bah to tbe Baldc aoc1 Keau co IC&ba Forsoneo

If>

Role o1 S..O.krit u A.,.;.Dt World u aa...,e Forson.., HJoclo Onaio or Proph<l Mohammad Porsoueo

•

221

241

273 lll 219

Preface

li 0 role io lndi~ for over 3 milleoniom bu

Continuous a e . 1 -~ • • • laotio& to lodiao bistonu numerous b ouuenos ,.esultcd ' 0 tmP ct concepts T b0$0 myths nurtured uoder

t: ... .os as saarotan • · b aa ~ ' t'on and pacronage for many centunes ave eromeot reeDJOl I of sov • d

1 stamp of authority through sheer passage

:now acqu1rc time.

If by history we mean a factually a.nd c~ron~logi~ally accu· nte account or 3 country'' past current Ind•an btStoncs deserve

to be clt llcd with Arabian Niah ts.

Sacb bistory must be repudiated and rewritten. In this book 1 bavc indicated a few blunder~ of Indian h istorical research. The blunders listed herein are by oo means tbe ooly o nes.. Tbey are jon a sampling or tbc vast scope for research tbu awaitt ocbolat1 wbo are prepared to ta.ke a second look at Indian and world history aud do some fresh tbiol:log nninhibited by pR·

~ous tutoring. My earlier reocarch publication titled TAJ MAHAL WAS A

RA.Jl>UT PALACE hat already exposed a sJaring aod far· reaching misconception of Indian history.

Like a virus inr~tion the bluoden~ of Indian biltorlcal rucarcb have affected other spheres too. For inatuco ahldcnta or archltcctorc and civil engineering are tau&bt to bellne that mediaeval monumcots In India and West Aaia ue ~ ol SatO«oie arcbitcctuTe while in fact it bas been shown ill tba followill& paaea tbat tbe lodo-Saraccalc arcbitcc:!ure tbeory It a

IIIJtb. Alllllediaeval mooumeota arc prc.MIIIIim Rajpot -o:-~ts faiJcly credited to alien Mualim mkn. liltewdc it -~taD architocts and craftamco wbo deaiJDed ud buill W.c

Asian moou_JDeDII tioce they were drivco Kr- lodiaa borclero ::~t tO bWid aucb DIODQIIICDII Ia the aatift Ieoda ol

6

~the mao)' ,.-..t links in tbe so-c~;lled Jnclo-Saraceolc ... ..,. o( atcbotcclvre is tile c:Jill<O« or Htndu pallerns 10 tbo

1,..t d<IIJI 00 all ll)tdlaef&l moouOleots. Tboa 11 troed 10 be ex

rlaooe>l anr as tbe lc:tUll or tbe prefereo« or tbo Hlodu

I h emploJed. There are many !laws 10 tbls arauments,

.. .... b d' d . F•n~lY c.baU'f'iai.stic: Mud1m accounts ave neve~ ere tft .H10du ari"U llfltb des!,Joing tbeor mooumeniJ, For oDJionce on the ease of the T&J Mabsltbey ascribe its design to some myllth

ous EJsa Elfendl. Eveo if lb•t credit aoy dulsn to a Hindu, in those days or

med~alcrudcy and fanaticism they would never have tolerated any Hindu artist weaving 'infidel' deslsns into the pauern, of a Muslim Olo,que or tomb. So even chis areumcnl falls to

tbt srouod. Tbc othtr !a.cctiou.t usertioa is that the master arcbitcc:t

uled to lay do..., tbe broad out6ne of tbe detisn, lea vona !I to tbt oodovidaal workmen to 611 io tbe details according to tbelr todo¥Jdual whuns and fancies. Tbe bolloWDcss of tbis arl!llment becomes appueot CJ> a little rdlectioo.

Uaka lbe eotire contemplated d<.fiBJ> bas been laid dowo allbe •ery ourt It would be impossible to order tbe required mat<'ial or lb• kind and io tbe quantity desired.

II indovodual workmen were left to work out their own ~anaed dCSI&ot tbey would all work to cross purposes and no oop remain amenable to I be cootrol of their supervisors since lba7 would keep dod gins and delaying, ahirkina and thwarting I be Project on tbe plu of lack of limo or lntpiratlon in fulfill· 1n& lbdr pll1 of the task, The argument that Hindu pallerot adoto 'Muttlm' monuDI<l!u bouusc B iodu work.meo wero all.-..od a !tee batld II tbus pJJpably absurd uaonloed from aoy ••ale.

I) Bluu&l "•• uacrtloDJ about the rouodlng or Old Otlbl " a poc:a •1111t- or the .._ cl' · a ... ur ..... tbJI ba.e formed part or

CDfTUd. <li>toned lad&aa b.iJtory. Vic are told thal 014 Dc.\bl

fiC&Il)OU.O IO tbe 11tb C. wu founded by Mo&ul Emperor CI'IJba OLD llllod GUiry, If lbat were true bow is tho

1"' ?la lb.al c:l4c h becomes tloe oewett Delhi

1

c<-u foUftded pclor to BrhiJb rule in lodla. IU JUCb h abolll4 rant whlo Loncloo and New York Ia •ao-

Tahnurlanl wbo raided Delhi Ia lbe Cbriatmu of 1391 A.D. clearly montiOOJ tbll be pcrpctnlod bilmasqc:rcaln 014 ~lbi. He aiJo adds that the Kali11 I.e :he 'infidel' Hindus colkcted In tbc Jama Mujld lo counter-attack hi• troops. ThiS proves tbat Old Delblls in facllhc oldest pon of 1be sprawhaa ancient metropolis or Delbl,

Ta.imurlnna'• testimony alao proves that Old Delbt•a ma1o temple was in Tatmurtana'• attack convened 10to a motquc. Had l.bal not been so Hindus would never bavo rallied in thai building, Tho rae\ I btl they IBihercd there as a mailer or riaht proves thO\ tbe bultdlna called Jam• Masjid. errinslY credited to Sbabjaba.n. was a Hindu Temple wben Talmurlang'a troop• stormed into Delhi.

There io yet another poi Diet to 014 Dclbi's antiquity.

In Dclbo there 11 a monument called Purana Qi~ l.c. Old Forr. This is believed to date from pre-Muslim tim01 ood CYC1I from \be Mah.tbbarata era. If, tbet<fo.rc, Old Fort sipes tbe IDCient·tn:os: fore how come that Old Ddh1 .iiiPJifits a aear· Olodern town•hip I Sucb ast the lllogicalities which bedevilood \'itia.te curreot bisrorieal ttxiJ aod undcthnc tbe oeed for aomc: rc-tbinkina.

llaides belns ami<ltd 1¥lth diJtortiOOS and IIJ)OmtlotS Indian biliary bu bten badly maimed. Many oril! imporoant chapters arc completely miuing. Like the Bntisb cmp1re whbin our own memory, io tbc remote past the Jodian empire alcnd .. cd to tuch diiiiOI plrtl or lhc world •• Japan in the Eaal, Ball lo tbc South, at lean Arabia In tho We>t oad tho Baltic in tbe anrlh. 1'racu or Ibis vaal sway are delioeiotod Ia some ol the last chapters of tb.it volume.

h h hoped tbal tho pr<scol publieaJjoll would prove bdpful in biabliabtlaaa few major trroll in lodiaa bistoncaltboabol ancllodicatiDJ lbc dJrtellon of refUn:b.

Thi1 book lou been 1001 OUI Of pnal, This iJ ltJ tbml edilloa. Hence II I• belna updated ancl sotu• adclouoos ba'fC been made bore aod lbctc

• ..~ 11

u 1 admitatioo over tbo contcnta ..... ~ ....... oltP boOL • d . ban bowent marotaroc a stunned

rrot-on&l b.il= or \be appatlioa tbou&hl that aU aao ~ "~and professed so far in hiiiOI)' is b&lk:ally lllc1ba .. stud• be unruen·cdly Jettisoned. So they teocl """"'' ancl musrbclr error nor correct iL lnlltacltboy p~teocl oathtr IO ~~~ Of lheiO discoveries or tbey II)' tO ~b D.OI tO ha\'C cUJV

lbdll· 11·8 Divya Jtunja 1076, Qokb.ale Road PUI'II!.-411016

P.N. Oak President

lnltituto for Rewriting Indian and World History

What Prompted My Historic Quest

FEEL deeply eooeerood at tho alarm in: stale o! LDdiaa bistory u it is bcios tauabt in oor educatiooat ioshtutJoos. as il Ia being rackled on mlaludlna aommptio~ In our raearcb organizalii)Ds and •• 11 is b<iaa preseolcd 10 !he world at larac tbrou&h ofBeial and academic channels.

Tho ex1cnt and doplb of I he loaccuracies and fabricaliODJ thai bedevil Indian hlt!ory amount to a national calamity.

Wbat i• llill more uaalc is that besides the many diltor· tioos, perversions and anomalies tbat ftbou.nd in cune:ot h\SlOfl•

cal 1exu there arc m~oy mlssina cbapten. 'Tbo$0 mlssioa c:bapters relate especially to the •way tblt Indian Kabatriyu once held from Ball bland Ia the South East par:ilie to the Baltic io \be north and from Korea to Arabia and pouibly over Maico. II b io that vall reaioo, attbe very lout, tbat the diavijayu (conqueJII) which we bear about very ol't.en 10

'Indian scriptures, were carried ouL Ov bistorr., IOAkc ao mention of that sway.

At lean a broacl rcalitation of the major poiou at wbicb Indian hiotorical research bu branched off the path or faCiual and ebroooloaical 1ru1h, and a realizAtion that a1 Jeut some of ita importanl cbapton aro misslna, is essential on tbe pah of scholars, ttachina inatitulloo.t, resear<>b orsaoizatroos, otudants, teachers and lay moo

It Is intended 10 uofolcl hero quito I few blunders or Indian hillorical rcscareb wblcb bavo occurred 10 me. By .on mCIDI do I presume to a)vc ao ubaustlvc lilt of ouch blunders. 'Tbe few that I int<nd to J••l with bcrcaftcr abollld serve u spocimcoa to alert aU those connected with tndiao b11tory, that the fare acrved to them, day Ia and day out, io tbc ... me or ladrM history u infected with my\bl, and 11 dofideol lo lll&lri~ valoa bccau$0 of Ita mrssloa c:baptcn.

'" Or •rammar ayntu or tubjeet molter ,,. I("''"'" crt Off • b h .,.,.d<mo< tot bOOits fiod ua htabtr, a~otatcdod dowfi ?'uc I ~oro

--atmtat at tbc dc,ec:hve a e eteot Dv1ao •h~•I.S be our·- d b

h I •-'oa taught to ua ancl prescnte to 1 e wort~

hilt MY I at s ""' •• J.t•l•·

TflloUalo our subJtOI tillc it SOME BLUNDE,RS OF I SOlAN UJSTORICA L. RESEARCH yet at least m &omc onlton<ct, ;1 woU be observed, those blunders have a bearing ot> ••old biatory. Tbc rcwrilio8 of tbc moss on& cbap!•" ~od fauhy p0f1ooos of todtau history wlll occessotate rcctproca! adjuumcoll on htitOnd Of other rcaions aod of the wo rld as I whole. Foom tbtJ poont of view tbtl !Opt< ahould be O( immen~ o

111port•- to lfudcntJ. teachers and scholars of history all the

• orld ovu

It ao happened that l bod soocc my childhood been very d<tply lntcrcat«l in visiting blstoric monuments. Over tho )'Cin, cspeal•liY wbco I v;,ued Oclbl. A&ra and Fatehpur Sikri and wa• told, .u everybody el1c 11 told, that almost Btl tho o><dia.va! monumrnts there were boi!t by this or that tullan, a ttl lei of qucstic>DI arose 10 my mood.

How wu 11. I thought, thot the H indut, wbo bad ruled lodoa for at least 4,000 yean from tbc Pandavu to Pritbviraj, dod oot hl\·c even a JoDtle monument to their credit ? tr tboy dtd nor buold any monuments where did they, their courtiers and th: commoo people live 1 I( during tbat period, u IS

nomlaJcally dc•cn'b«< riven of milk and honey flowed in India. told r-ety chunoey emlued amoke of gold, wbere was a!ltbat •ullh ttlllcd' And l r Rome is bu!lt by tile Romans, London ~Y ,t.ondoncn and Tok)o by the Japanue, bow come that to '"" " •lane O..lho, Asra, Fatebpur Siltri, Allahabad, Ahmed•· b>' aDd • be>• I of other cirh teem in& with mediaeval moou• "7't"' ...,. buill by a "' do UIOrtrueot of forei&oen like ~~~"" lurb lraoiaDJ, Mongolt, Abyuloians, KuakJ and ~1 an.l "' ft<r by every other community except Indians Diow ... ' And ..,,. tb .. c Indians, thu~ inoinuatcd to bo -t~~ •~d aovocca fa tbc bulldloa art, not the aomc who Kbtt)lllah~ ,•)l:t 111:

141

ural rcmrlu, Ramuwaram, Konarok. ' 1 ' ora and 1 host ot other rock eut edificu,

WHAT PaOMPli!D MY t llJ10UC Qut.n II

the Mouct "bu tcmpl<J, auabry forto like Rantbambborc lllld luaurlous p~bcd, u ar A CD bar ood Uclalp11r 1 Aod il at all u wu th~ 1llen1 named abo~e who (ouoded 111 1he ampom.at towns tn ladfa and built all 1ts m.JJaificeot O)Ofturoc.ai.J bow i.t it that they all had • unofouo penchant (or the Hoodu uyle or lod11n architecture 1 tr tbey bad such a captavahnl 11tn.a , I d' I h , ' oon 10r n tan c:u lUre ow 11 11 tbcu the very name HlodU wu an-.tbema IO them 10 as to provoke 1hcm to ptuader a.nd. manacrc. upe: and de-strucuoo? And if for cc.nturiu t.bde:ahe:a rulers and &heir allen noblemen built all rbcir tombs a:nct ~Ia«: I lo tbc Hiodu J tylc do tbclt cultural aDd rchtioU-'- daccndants-lht Mushms or toda.y-bU11d even a 11D&k tomb. mosque or bomc wath cvco one IIO&lc Hindu mour oa lhcm ~ And bow IS H tbat tbcsc ahco-s bclooaios to chvcnc oalloo.ali· tics. different "rata rrom stave tC princt, aod various n«s display I he ume vigour and identical lOtte in buildlo& llll>O.urncnt artcr mooumc.nt , c.ity aft:t cny and tombs and m01qucs all lo the Hind• itylc ? Why i> it tbat they bulh only oomb• aod mosque> without corresponding palaces ? If tbey b~llt only tombs tor tbc1r predecessors ilnd mos.quu "'hue did tbClC alien rulers and 1be1r noblemen lbcmuhcs Jfay" Aod In tbc c.ootcac o( deadly inlenecinc ~uecctsioa strua.&lU that uKCf tO c:asur la all Mushm bousehold• from prinocs to pa•pcrt how,..., ir rhlor lUCC<IlOU to till<> built con> II< for bated predecessors for •bose blood they had tbiuted, >nd to lUppi>J)t •hom tbe) were 10

very eager ,. Aod wbca tbe whole rtatm ustd to be cbt0\\"11 1oto utter coofu$100 and revolts and warr11rc ttup1td on tbc clutb of every Muslom sovcreogo where dod moncy to build a palllual tomb for born come from • Who coauollcd tbe rrclllu,Y uclu"''cly on those perilous tlm" • i\od ~·as oot oil the mooc) available n«ded 10 rabe armlet, moiotola bu£< bar<llll aod ( Onsohdlll( one's O"-n pothion ~ Aod wbcrc was tbc uwc aad ptacc ncccuar) h' JUpcr\ite the coosuucuon of plllatial t.Ombl~ Wbcrc ":u the uchttC'CttJral t.oow·bOw 10 1b0$c da)S of stark olloreraey •nd Ia oo acm<><ph<rc stethtDJ worb plolllnJ 11101 uuchcry • It 11 coostsrcnt wnh bumao pS)('bolol)' that t"ft croouna normol filoal love a 100 or son-io-ta• 1~1 • dcccased ruler "Ill buold • polaoc tor • dead b<>dy bru ooa< fot bimsclf and bos ebltdreo. " lvu and cooeubiott1 Ia tllcrc ooy

p cv<ll I~ thla 20tb century 'tllbea Mu•l!m ood•••d ... ~ 01 ':d autocrAcy have lost some or their ortbodOSf, ran;\,.,*"' ady 10 build tombs and mosques styled ~ l!'ho 11~": C. c~wllltbo rlchcJI of them b•Jlld any expen. ton =r~ / 1 redc<:e>SOr at all 1 And bow b h tbot the ::::! :~ld::; .- In Dclbi. A&••. aod Fat~bpur Sikri,

· 1 th tho.. in Ambar. Bobner, Jolltlmer aod .,. ldr1WCS .,, t· · 1 A d ·r J.,.Sbpur ltnOWOIO uott from .prc·Mus om IJID~ 0 I DO tucb meani60Clll mansions ulllcd wben Muslim Invasions of l~dle fl,irttd what were the invaders Hglulng for and wba! were tbc lllll&lll Kobatrlyu defeodlna 1 That Ieoda to anotb ~r tn~o· puy 111mdythatladilll 'lllarriors pvc battle to the &ov&dlDJI lliiiY 10 open country 7 tr tbAI iuo bow do ~e explain. na~ lite Kot K.c~>waha, Naaarkol and Umarkot, srocc kol soao•fies

1 fom&rd township V We mow for ccrlaio tbat in ancient tlmea all btllldlnp from humble residences oftbe common folk to thoa of tbt ti..., UJCd to have manive battlemcnted walla •lcailll boac oourtyards and spacious apartments.

A thouaallllollll ooc ncb con.slderaliooa arOK in my mind llllbol me qu11c uocuy. They all ~emed 10 add up to a Jl&llW pazzle-o Jumble of conlrodictloos and locoosilloocies.

Those queslioas tel me tbiokioa furiously. In my despcra· tloa ltaroed to the billory of olber oouotrlca of tho world to -"a ponUd. lteupt to fiU out .;betber there exist in aoy odtor COUIIJ -uascou built io tbcir buodreds by conquerora ~ bJ lbe aati-. The imaac or Rome cam.e 10 my mind.

too bad a proud aocltot civlllutioo, aod hu maoy •oeialt mooumoou Would it be rigbl, I thought to myael~ to ._ .. 10 1 Romao that alltboao bcauliful aad musivc mo~u:::'"..,':';:."!:,erRoJl DOl buill b! hi! IOCUtors but by ftlle11J ~.,. alialsrd - •ad OC:Qipocd n from time to time ? That

Colld b"' lboe llbou·~ 1an a lloolb ,. le .... , that what are believed to be •arhat.S atdhnal~ moou.menta ere in fact our owo

•a .. 4 r.._ Pllna ~ '::jput, Kabatriya-buill maoaiooa ., .. I t la1 a ..: :.. -- OOCqucrccl aocl oco:upied

1 a.. a ; ll,w; 1 11 :"Yctlccl h11o tomba aod

I I IOU a ltUoaloc CODCC!)I.

I)

But h did •••m worlblnvesti&ating. Ka~ none or tbOte m011u. menu o.aiSlcd bcroro tbo Mu1lim iovuions of India ltartod abOut 1200 )cart ago, wo rc.acb lhc absurd ooo~;~luJioo 1h11

Mohammod Kotlm, Ght'Zlll ond GboH, Bobur ond Kumayoo waaed wan for I be pooacalon or jull dry. duuy. wioci ..... <PI pllins .

In my beetle ~arch for a aolution or thi• en lam• 1 cbon<cd to remember on anecdole tbot I happened to rctd aomc yean .. tHor. II is aaid that Kina llmcs I or Great Brlt.oio ooce aakcd bia oourtlert as to why tbe water In a pol full to tbo brim docs not apill even when a tisb b put Into iL Prttumioa tho qu<ttlon to be basically corm:t the oon-pluucd courtlut IUII'CSttd vanous answers or wbicb the most plausible oppeared 10 be that the fish drinks eoouah water u oooo •• It touches th• surface, 10 allow for its dlsplatcmcot. Obviously tbls aoswer too ia obsurd. Kioa James thea smiled, so aoestbo story, and remarked that they wcro all nitwila btautc the qucstlon ittdf was wrona. ond wotcr did spill. The same holds uue of ladion mcdiocval mooumC1ltS. The .. ry balic assumption lo lookilll at mediaeval Indian mooumcota and 11udyina or rcscarcbiDI their history. thattbey arc Sara..,n·bulltls wrooa. That is wby the assump1ion lcad110 tbo numcroUJ incoot11te.ncica and con• uadietlonJ mcntionocl by me above.

Emboldened by thol aoccclote 10 oootloue my srorcb fUrther 1 wu sbockccl to lind that <"len tho very slippery and dubious references to the monument• lo COOl<mporary or subl<queot cbroolclu are full of cootradictioos ond inconS&stcoc&cs.

Besides. noi a sioslo scrap of paper or rc<ord .. Ius to show tho I even o single tomb, fort or mosque wat ever comm!Jslontd by o sioatc Sara""o cbict or ruler. Thcrc are oo design draW· lop. oo correspondence or orders rdatln& to tbo anqwsilion or the site or tho commlasiooinc or the buildioa. no bills aod oo recelpll for abc material aupplitd or servkcs or<!crtd.

Whot Is more, even name~ such •• ihe TaJ Mihal ood l<J&tutl Minar do not appear In ooy of tbc court papers or obro· niclct of contemporary Muslim mooarcrbcs to whom tbty .,, atcribed. For iOJUDOC the 111m Toj Mabol 4- oot appMr in any of ShahJobon'a court popcn or in boa otl5<111 "'*-"11

• ,. 1 And )•""'"' butotiaottDd ,_,reb aebolara mut1 aok ~::. wbrll " tbcy Ill• .. bc<D toavct or foola. All lbeor tkmv• ~. 1 wtllt oDd as for retcarcb melbodolo&y lbt• tiUI~ ... ..... #

... ., "' .,. comrlculy t&Dotoot • A poou1110 wb~ dod oot b.a"" a palace built . durlna b~t lol•

•••• boYC 1 po!a111l mausoleum over b,. corpse. Tbo l~t CIUOIU" I' , !ndt~IOI miOI bU I WOtld•wtdc app IUitOnJ.

El)'ptOfoaom who jumped .'o the • conclusion tbat • the Pyromtd 10 which TutcokhameJit remaons wero found wu huolt u blJ mau10leum obvioutl)l committed a blunder. If a t1v1ap Tateakhameo didn't have a palace bow can o dead Tocenlhlmcn have a pyramidal palace 1 And if Tulenkbamen'a ,_ .. , Al>cd a pyramidal polace over Tuteokhameo'l corPtc whm 11 Lhat au.,..sont paltce? Wboo ncitber Tutenlthamen ••• hi• ouocesaor bad • moe over thm beadJ bow come one or bo<h of tlltm haYC 11upendoua mawoleum01 over their loen !><.loco t

Lack of t.aell.an:biq lop is one of tbc areatesl 1b0w1 of modem rcourdlm<tbodofoty.

0..• ••,_ iJ lhat tb< Pynui,lds are <:aslles In the deacn m<I:J bY '2tiout Phatoob wbo lived ic tbcm aod stored their -~~ 111lidc tbecr tbe pract!cc of burying dead aotide tbo l')'n.alldJ •l&nc:d oaly a fur their 111< u ca11Jes ceased and tbo P)nm•dt """ rtctnled ,. u~eless ruico. JIUt 41 people UIC dcoolatr abndoncd ruined maoslont at public toiletttbcy abo ""d det<ned or ruined bulldi~~p at cemeterlct.

Tilt llpcr•aa tides or Py ld ....s •-- " 01 1 are me&ol lo enture lbat ao -.~up on lbcor top duriag lllld ,

llluo bora totall) IDioruided AI • '!Orm~. Hlttottant have ._.,. baaod • I tbetr llutonct aod scholarly

00 ltltrr bcanay &lid 'b • lhar OoOcd. s._ 1 belld oreace if 1 may colo CfiiWlOI .. a totllb.., a "'I hat been evideally io ute for ..... •u "''liiWit ~ac they bad prcauc..rd tbat lho tkit .,.. ,. • ..., lloat ":""••ooed for that JIIIIPC*. 11 it ••=do. 1 I '"'"••Wtt~ ~•ll&led II! our a.rchae411oaical

..., hworical lntboob ulod io

IS

«boolo and colic,.. and ICbolarly ..,I•IDtl -~, 11111 annooeatly dcp<Ddod upon for refcrCDOel 1o r......a loJtltutiOOL

This serious a1ip bas cost the oatioa durly. lodia h.a•iq beta u:ode:r alien doa:uo.&ho:a ror over. th.ou:uod yean tba.e bluaderou.t preaumptiooJ, aod mcmoin uad cbra.aielq wnt~C"G by alieo sycopbaot counien oc by rYI.cu tbtmselvcs (or .c,lf'. &lorification have acquired • atamp or authority lftd MDCtity duougb aheer puuac of time. The deod welabt or that cotostal falrebood now lies 10 heavy aad 10 deep that ...., lhooo who reolize the great blunder detp>ir of lltinaevrr able to uproot it. Tbcy, tbcrcrorc. coslp thtmJelvcs to acqaluciac in what Is being taught as It ia taught. They feel it Ia too Itt<> lO raise a hue and Cr')t. We are, tbcrcfo(e, caught in a •lctou.a drcle. We tca.ch fJIIIc hl11ory 10 ttudenu because II ia .., writtc.D, and DO 8C-DeratiOD Of bittOC)' $Cholan data qu.es:UOO that hiltory despite iu contradiclioos a.od absurdities. becaUJC 'Clal is whtt they have been •u&ht.

Coatiauioa IDY rcJUrch tbrouab actaal olsiu to bbtono sites, aod browsina lhrouah bittorics I have bceo 1ble to pthrr eonsicknobte evldeae< to prove that all promioe<ll merli.anal monuments in India, from the. Nilb&t •lld Shailimar in K•,hmtr to the Whispcrio& Gallery io Bij•pur are prc-Ulamic R•Jput <:oostruerions. That enables us to cooctude 1bar aU utaol mediaeval roads, bridcc.t, caoaU. maru-1o-o5, saats. 1om~ mosqu01, a brines and fnr u were only COl>turcd and oocuplocl ~ Muslim invadcn but never built by them.

I wish to alert biatorians tbai they should not try to oona«t the hucrlptioDJ on monumeotJ with I be origio of the : .oou.meott where there is no clearcut, iodcpendcnt corroborodw evideoco to that eiTect. Viaecol Smolb is ri&bl wb<n he obserVu an bls book "Akbar the Great Moaul" that Akb:u had 1narmy of saono oune11 ready to ooarave any lenerioa he ltkcd on captured mooumeou. The lnacrlptloDJ on Fatchpw Sitri tllOD"'

menU arc '""b eosnvlnp. That It why tbc &U<'*' of cli6<rcot hiJtoriaDJ telardioa I be Fatebpur Sikri antcriptiooJ ooatlll.loa one acolher ace! cod up 10 conf111ion, We all kaow from experience that pocoocketo ..:raw! therr ...,.... all o•cr tbo

1~N llltTOJtiCAL aaseA..Cllt

I' 111

This ;1 1 common bumoo foilina. So _. .. .,.a.u tbC1 ". 1 ;wn a.amo 00 ttolcn uteDtilt to oatabliah altO loO<f'buoJ -, 1 -·~ on•• t<)ASCitnce ia abo not unknown

. dWD or J"' to ~ d'd • • oee • radi•'• oloen 00aqueron o on ""'"Y ooatan~. 'All 11 wbll t.b< cooqutrO< bat o>ed an .. r!!u monuQient Mall¥ 0 toll< pooroo<ol

1ta1c to scrawl on it jut I what he liked

__ ......... ~ . . h h b • ~· .1

,.~~u<lll bostoroans w o ave luod<r<d lo (ll lOtio CIJC' I It _., •

1 t bctft<D tho subS«!•••• loscnptlon and the ear.

'""'"' • 10

1 mislead loa """terity Into the belief thai it wu lllf .,.,oom<D r--tllo 10,.,.bcr ,.bo buolltbc monument.

Soob antouoded credulitY bas lll&de biatorlaot lose sight of the f&el tMI lbo so<alled 1omb of Mohammad Gbaua 81

GwoUor, tboshtinoofSallm Chieti at Fal~hpur Sikri ond of Hauol Nizamuddlo In Delhi wboch toolc hke ornate lompie1

ere In teet 1emplu. It ia lbis gullibillly wblob hoa led historians bol....c tbetlbc Mutlim invaders were such proli6c builder• tllallh<Y built palati•l tombt not only for bated. de<:cascd rulm but also tor noble men like Safdarjans and for even lowly p<01>1c bke bhbt&et.jemedera, pollen, wei nursu and eunuch~ u6 mo for uim•l pots.

Blunthr {'(o. I

Indian Monument.s Credited lo Alien Muslims

The fbst blunder lhM 1 ttumblcd mcross in Indian hilton~ I rcscurcb lhus ha.ppct1cd co be about the orisio of mcdlAcvat monumcot;..

Before cum1nma the promtnent monuments one by ooc we would 11kc to po1nt out to tho io,rcdulou• that we can produce • Ions list of mooumenll which historians hue acuptcd 1o be deceptively Muslim tbou&)l r .. tually c31Ucr !iindu bulldiop ThiJ primafotlr cue •bould eomp<l their ocbolarly ktttntioo to our cootcntioo ce&llrdana all tbe otber mcdiae¥11 mooumcnta

The foroncr Puoyc,hWllr ond Nanyaaub"ar templct U1 Poooa arc now known u Sbcikb Solla Darsabs biJ ood ..,Ill respectively. Mabamahopadhyaya Ootto Vamao Potdar, a •ell known bistorlon anclex·vice chancellor of tbc l'oona Unovcnity rocntiooe.d 1h11 fact ln ~"- addccu aJ ch:urmaa of•bc. rccepiiOD commmec of the indian Hillory Con&rcss, Silver Jubilee sc»oon held In Poon• in Ocaember 1963. The to-e>llcd Data Peer In Oonuh Pcth, Punt as a capturfil Oauotreyo tempt..

The ~o·cotled Kamt~lmoulo ('lo1quc at Ollar In C.nlrol lndlk has now for pool few ycor• been reluctantly odmltted to be !be aoctent Saraswolt Kanthabluuana wbcre Sa.ntkdt driliiS&\ in"' crlb<d on non• ponelo u1ed to bo preserved. Tbc btlploso rcwlutloo followod tbo oell·tale crumbling or comouOaa•nll

plutcr, The famous Lloaamoh•laya /o~. • arut Sll•va ltmplc 11

Soddhapur on Oujaral Ia acill b<ooa u«d u a mosque. The Kosbo Voahwanotb tompl< In Vorarwi h <till bo••• uocJ

aJ a mosque.

II

1b< romow Son>natb teJllple was reputed to be aod "" 1 t .. -t b<oOI uJCJ al • (llO<qUC until India became free fr:~ Bntotb tulr

00.,

01 tb< partouon not> it wa~ diocovered tbat a ~lied

""**•• on tbe Oanbl K!l•o loeahty.of.Oid Delbo, oiu Prtuy

00 aumtrOUJ H1ndu dt.iues dastcrcd nl 11s ba.stment.

Tbc Adbao-don·ka·Zopda 11 Ajmer bas beco uoi••raauy adtllined ,0 be a pan of Vigrahnaj Visbaldeo's seminary,

Tbe 1o-callcd Kutub Minar at Delhi is now widely admitted

10 be on eatlicr Hindu tower. Sir Sayyad Ahmad, father of the

M••llm uaauc and a rounder of the Aliaarh Mu.sllm Uoivcr&fly, Is said co bavc admitted that "the current tradition which oocnbc•the Mloll' (Qutb) and tbe adjoining temple, to the

HonduP<rlod appears to be eorn<:t."

Tbeoe arc only a few costances. But if a comprcbeosivt list ...,. to be made of monuments all over India which arc even today odmoucdly Hcndu !bough ostensibly Muslim, I am sure it

.. ould tun onto thousands.

Tbm innancn stRogtbencd my doubr. and I sllrtcd dOJCiy eumooon& tbe other monuments aKribed to Muslim rulen. And surprisingly enough 1 found that they revealed <DOush evideoc:c to eouvlncc an opeo miod about their Hindu orlgon. After havina tnl\dc our a prima faclt case let us now c:u?'loe some of rbe major .,.en known monuments throuahout lndoa to ... Whit proof .... find or their Hindu orisin aod or tbc iocontlstcnclca apparent in rega~ding them to be Muslim '*IIIIMilons.

l.<t1ll font have a look at Kashmir. Only a few centuries bact. tbo vale of Kubmor reverberated to the chant of Sooskrlt mA'IU.. Raono of bancred Roodu buildings cao Slill be &een at MIIII&D4 and oth« 11tes io Kashmir. Tbe name of 111 capital, Sl1111pr ~ Sloll pure Snsknt The name of tbe river Jhelum !"1

•11111 ~brouab the valley. II derived from cbc Saoskrol word

I UD frJCIDIDI "w t ·• Th b · phil • er . e I nne or the sreat Saoskrot IID<I",.,~ Sbt.Uaraebuya, oa a bill io Srinaaar, 11 a famous

·~ Vrrl .. l

About lO mUct bcrore we tca.c.b Sno.atar u a chvcnao.o wh~ ludo us by a 1o-11 milo motonblc r....S co Vcnoaa. Ttus markl the aource or I he river Jhclum tthieh cmuac:s u , -c-lear blue water lount rrom under tbc surface oo pla1n a.od level ground. Verlnaa IS • •H&bl Yl.fllliOD or tbc SaoJ\ut VARINAO meanioa " Water Serpeoc". Hindus arc ko!Tim for their eob111 wor1hip. Popular Hindu lore credits a cobra wltb being tbc mllln prop or our earth. Tt\JC to tradition. tctnple ..of VarJnas still oc.nlc• lo o. abonty under a nearby tree. Tbc r-iver-fount is enclosed in 11 small circular cistcro. ArounsJ tbc

-<=•nero •s a 8 to tO feet hi&h plinth w'itb a«bcd vau\u:. lnJ1.de these d:nk vauh.t, •rc audcnt Hindu s.tone ima.a:e• nm wotahlp-9Cd by Ooara prleau wearlna turbaos no tbelr bead• aod JAJldal paste mat'k' 00 roreheads. Nearby can be seeD the remains or extensive plinths clearly and1cating th~a.t lOme budd· ing wbicb. stood tbere b.u ~eo demolished. These todlcauoaJ o.rc enough to coovtocc an •mpuhal observer that tbe aDCtC1\t Varinag temple wblcb stood there wa• desttoycd by Mullolll -conqucron. The aru if acanted b sure to yield more. iaL.-JU and other evidence. lo 1pitc of thiJ ovenohel111fnc evidco« a <omparalively rtttnL uditonc tablet hal been interpolated 11 the s:itc to announce io roodc.ro~ Urdu tbat tb.t ma.soary "'·or\ enclosiog the rount was tonltruetcd •• Akbar's or Jahan&ot''

behest.

That claim c.annot J:ltnd cros.s·uatnination. Tbc cxtont ma1onoy con5tructlon soloh as it is "'ould hardly do credu oven to ~ common dcv~Jut hnu\eholdor or moderate me1.1o1, much luJ to • mlshty emperor of Jllndusthan Eocfosong rlver·founllln <lstcros Is a boly duty ror II indus while ct bas llCVCf been & part or MusiJm tradition. Had a Muslim emperor beeo tbe bwl~er, tbe premosel would have been a mosque ClOd oot tbe bounl of Hiodu priests and Hindu deotfcs. Ancient Hindu tllll&<l •od • fCCC01 amprovlscd temple ar Varin•& could DC\'C[ have CAIIC~ or tbesote, Moreover. the oamc Varinll "'ould bavelOOJ bad been chanscd to aometbiDJ on tooorout Araboc. Alltb ... ....,. -alder-Ation• tbow that inuead or undert•tioa aoy k·ld•otCX>nllruction on the 1ite. Akbar and Jabaaaor da110)..! tt.. •

INDIAN IUf'I'O~CAL -~

aoc:orao Varioaa temple to which tbe exlstrna plinth beara 111010

WICGcM.

l)oll..,.no bot 1101 Balltlcn

lb1t rocldtatally lc.tds to an oncil:.ry prondple. l1lo proaaplc" tbat wb<acYU tbe "at?" or. Muslim ruler ""••boa IO aiDOOUIIICDt which (rom ali eVIdence IPpe&n tO be of HiQdu or•aia, the Muslim rul<r must be regarded . at th~ conqueror and ddlrO)<r of rhat monument rather than us bu1ldcr,

~carory Vs. Fscrual £yidcncc

Ler us also be clear about another poin1. Diehnrd bistorlan1

ore prone ro deory tbe kind of evidence, I am leading, as mere rbeomona and <ODJCCtorcs. They clamour for wbar they call daCilmrnrary crldcnce. Let me tell them that tbey koow not •hal rht) are tolkins about. Firstly, they themselves have been sultry or bavina 11cribed tbe various mediaeval monumeots to doll'cnnt Mullim sultar.s and emperors on mere hearsoy worbour ony documcauuy proof such as wage·bills, bluc-pronrs and day. 14>-day uptDJ< aoxounu of tbe monumenta. At timet they have bad tbe ftltnly support of a few sly statements on the memoirs or Murlun nlltu and <brooidCJ or mediaeval •Muslim Wttterr, mo.tly tmp!o}ed by tbe ruleu themselves. Butrbey know fully "'lit• I do that the~ are ever so maoy veuions of these rncmoono aod ebrooiclCJ wlddy differing from each other, and cursory references 10 a few monuments are found io isolated .. ntona. HiJtoriltnt also know that these chronicles nod mcmonaare aotariaus for eooraining w11hrul thinking. half· trutht, II'Ois prevaroclltions, d~y-drcnms and deceitful cbauvim· Ilk claims

In ••ru.l hfe ~~obenevcr we are confrontd with suspictoua decumcou oo tb ' d d

e DOC So t U COntradictory (nctual evideOCC 00 tht othrr 11

,. alway• the 14tter which prevoils Take the "'

11"-of ad d bod · • .,. n .,..

01 Y lyooa by the roadside, whocb has • note

Tbat 10:!";1"01 10

"Y that tht 1'<110n b,.. commuted suo cod<· . ....,_. :S."' • .. y doeumeotary cvodcnee. But wtll our .._ llloup ,:';"~" ot and refuie to '"'CJtlaare the de•th • CO. rlocle>callcd f.!::" 1 •~b '"Ouod in tbe back ? l o aucb

.....,, Wtll ht thrown awdy as trash oocl

11

tbc de.atb will be tovctliaatod u murder. The: ume pri.Dc•pJ.e oppllts to medla<"ll monumcats which ore JU11 lokc dt&d bodiea tylna mulllolcd and hovo ausplclOUs autcceden11. Let 001, therefore, lradilion-bound hlttofillllt make I fttbb Ofcaned documentary proor aod I brow their band• up ia a.uaulat· ed honor at tho kond or cvidenc:c I am feadmg. The above .. ptonarlon abould eonvln<:e them lbot the kind of cvodcocc I am lcadina un .rood in a courr of low for deeblve judamcoto, •• aplon the kind orruroay and fabricated bland Alltcmenll that they hove been ban kina upoo-ood that too in • vory few caset. All thcJe ccnaurie.J.

NIJbll aad Sbothnu fuvlos donlt obove with IOmo considerations (uodamcnlal

to my thcsiJ 1 1ball now tum 1.0 1 few 01hcr pr~inent moou-monll In Kaahmlr. Thtre are two htaurirut landscape aardeno in Kashmir, known u Nisbat and Shalimar. Hillery hos wrongly a.scrobtd rbcm ro rbc Moautr. Nilbat and Shalimar (t variation of .Sbahmor&) ore both Saosknr wordL Nlshar meoo1 "well trimmed." A a aucb tl can apply ollly to prden• Tbot 11

aloo a currcot Htndu 1umamo prevalent in K&shmir SlSDiryooa a very talented and accomplished ramUy. Shalim•rs means "o m011nroio rrock windloa throuah rice fields (sal) or tbrouab 11111 limbtr trees (lhol) ...

Throuahout the gordeos ooe cso dlscero a plinth patcern suggesting that the gardens were enclosed by fortifioatooos ond were part or dcmollahcd palaces. Their pt~ys still sr ... d. u do the walls and but ions on aome Oanlcs. Tho aatewayure In the ornate Hindu aryle. Buld .. , the Mogula with their, .. , In far-away A~ra, could by no atretcb or lmlraioation_ bope to enjoy tbe beauty nnd coollb of cardens loid 700 nut .. away The way, moreover, fay tbJouab dense foresta and lleop holly country. A vish to Kasbm1r tbeo was.. as tC iJ C\'CD aow. an •PliO or modern air SttvlO<S, but I dream. F'or I Moaul monarch to tra>ct>o !bat d"taace at rbc letillrely P•ce ol an elephAnt ond wtlh all hb "'Uitb aad penon lllld harem upoocd to hostile a !lacks, (Of rhc dub;oua plcuure of •peadlllJ a few cool boun rn Ni1hat and Sbaltmor, oo~ io a life-UDI<, ,. .. silly io the Ulfeme

22 INDIAN HISTDRtCAI. IlJs&.aCllt

The .. me IIJUment applies to what I~ called tbc Sba Clllm>a ~aain& the royal fount. That fount bad beta Patr b. ,..s by tbe H1odu ro:~lly of Kashmir throuah the aacs, b Ool-1u Urdu name "ShJ.bi Chasma" is a mere translaUon 0~ old Sanslrit oame, Raj Nirzar.

Tbc name of Kashmir's famous llllre "Dal" is also or Sa knt oraa1n "Oal'' means a leaf and signi6ct foliaae. Tbc n: 1ns ptdeos 10 tbat lake aod its abounding lotus plants 3~ '

permantnt aur•ction which eltplains the name " Dal". 0

Tbc names of ntany other tracks in Kashmir a rc still Sanskrit, such as Sonmarg (mea nina a golden P11tb) and Oul. marg which was formerly Gau~in:arg i.e. lho path of 0 odd<J& Oaurl. The name Cbandaowadi Is also purely Saoskril.

II will lhus bo teen that in Kashmir there ie hardly any 1racc or Muslim culture excepl in its populalion whicb wu fort1bly conve"ed 10 Islam.

Another place lroown as Zaio Lanka In Wular Lake, wu built by a kin& called Ravaoa whose name is found aa1001 K.ubmir's pre-Muslim Hicdu rule"'. Since in the Ramayana Rav>lll's capital wasl.aolca it was that Hindu Kina Ranna who hwll tbt palacc in the Wular lake and called it w ka. Liter when a Muslim ruler called Zajouud in made it his rwdcoce the palace got associated wi1b bis rumc. Our bistoriaos wbo, therefore, wen thot Zainuddio built the Lanka palace 10 Wular Jake are guilty of a &ross error.

This should suftice lo convince a ll tbat " 11 mediaeval moou• mon1•, •ueh as •oy « ist, io Kashmir were b uill by pre ·Muslito RaJput rulen. .'' the Muslims bad built t hem, they would :e .. , have COD JUred up Sanskrit names for those mo.oumeoll.

1oleovcr, we would have also been able to lay our ha.ods on ~ocu.mto.u; concnaiag the con.nruct•oa u:" :t-.e moou.meot! , la

""11D eou" tcccnds Previous RlttJUt record• were all burnt

by tbo M111Lom rulen In their faootic wratn ao<! also witb • ••cw to claam OWOCnlup and authorship of the b llildiogs tbe.lll• ocl•ct In the •IKcaee of the occcuary documcoll on e11bet lOde ... b&>e tO WlD tO factual eYldCDCc WbiCh II OverwbclaJUliJJ ID fa. our or Hmdu, IUjp ul authorship or all mcdaacval

Uf01Al4 NOI'CVNflrnS C&f01TI!l> TO AUEH lfUILU.U 1)

bualdiop In India-be they mouscleuUII, tombt, sbrmcs. motques. font or ~laces.

To hiltorians who 1lill fail to see the COS<II<Y &Del fote;t of tb~ above factual ovldC~~Co ancl argummts I would IUgcA that tbey bcuer a.earch tbe1r bearta and ascc:nai.o. whether It i.a their proressiooll fear of losa of face wbicb is muqucnd1a1 aa righteous JOholnrly iodi8llllfOO II the ID-Otlled abKoC<t of doeume• tal')' evidence. Th•y may tbcmse)vcs ponder on the roct whether their traditional clainu in favour of Ibis or that sullao, oro based oo documtnlary evidence.

There Ia aloo no rcuon why we should express despair and hclplcsrncu In the absence or documentill)' evidence and the falsity of mediaeval chrooiclu. We never display sueb utl<r helplessness wbcn we have to investigi1te, say, a murder eom· mined wilbout even a trat~c ot apparent evidence. lt iJ common day-to-day uperieoce that sucb murders are ultimately brouab\ bome 10 the murderen oo the basis of SlfOng and trrtfullbl< cirrumsraotial evidtn". This should prove that wbenever we arc faced wieb falsification, abKJICC ot dC$1tuchOD C( dDCWIIt%1·

tary evidence we cao arrive 11 indi•putable eooc:lusioos wilb the help or cirtumslaotial evidcoet. II is prcci1ely because Scholara of Indian history paid DO heed tO Ibis very SOWid and well•tned metbod or JUdicio.l fovesligatioo tbat Indian med1&• oval h111ory bappeos to be riddled with numerous 1ncont1Sien· citt, contradictJons. Bbturditacs and eaigmas.

fl is • pity I hoi olltbosc who wrote mcdiaovallodian biiiO. ries fai led IO take nolice of ell tho rclcvllllt facts before jumping to lhelr cooclusions aod raising moouera of myths which they ond we all find difficult 10 gel oiT our chest.

In Punjab lb<r< arc I be Piojorc Oardeos falsely &a'rabed 10 tbe Mog\lb. tnvodors doo'llay aardeos in victim countries.

DELHl MONUI\f£ NTS

OOIIerallons or biSIOrian• llld 11\rougb them peOple ~I tbc world over bave been roundly fooled In belinlll& for lbo laM several ctnturits that most ur tbe rordiacv~t mooumcata to Dclh1 were bu1h by lis Mushm monarchs. Tbcy "•re ao1. All lbe mooumcn11 belona to the pu-Musluu era a..S wne bu1ll by

INOIAH IIISTOkiC'At. a.BSilA•cu

2' ~>•bAirtV& rule" Evon lhe tomb• and

Pt!Ait r<<· \l .. lom bel e•ed to sheller lhe , roves O( Mushm ~ltt~ml •b·~h •~ 1

eviOot: Hindu pal~~«~ a nd lemple.s naJrn oDd "'"'" ••• pr

ttpolch<"-tan>«< ICIO m••" 10 rnediaen l Muslim rulers

bCK moau "-""'""' Ia u:r•bc•l 1 ided by b••""Y o r by bland JtolemenlJ

hJ12(iftaDI bate btCn •:tborilltt or cblu\·iniuic Mu&hm cbr4ni .. "' ~luridtrtAI Buill~: lbe ordlnory pr<eatilloo or bavros these del>. lliJ rbc~ tal. roumscantial evidence we w~uld have at"'-''""" vcro6rd by c~ gle whiclllw struck deep roo11 In f-,eno ar&red lbO prel<.d .·;d ~~bookS of bistoty, ,..,W1Qmt:nl rccor • . •

romlncnt rnooumcnll ' " Oel h1 should A rev•<" of

10~~/ reeder that rh<i< bulldloss •~i~lcd much •uft1et lo eonlll~< . asoos slurtcd. In fact the monumcnls l)c(Ore the t;fu\J m IllY I own limeS 3tC but 3 fraCiiOn Of tho that hll't survived t<>l~:oltb that exl&ted in India when Muslim tmmro'llltCtuttc:luns .. ,. ,

I 'ct the abundllDCC or sucb polallll tnln· UI\'1J1NU •larltd n •• .

I •• ... If one of the &r<aiCSI Att taChOnJ tO ttOCi a ad ctmp ts w- ''--tbt 1ondcn.

CIINNINCRAJ\t:S CUNNli"C

Old Aknlldcr Cuaaialham (a retired militWI co&ioeer) hod CIIDlliDPTili&J<Sted 1n his lcttct dated September IS, 1842 to CoL sl Ln (in LGOdon) when Cunningham was a mere 28· , 01-old l~<utcoaat, that a.Uuolo!}' could be used as a subtle j,ru.tiCilarsd rtlltioul tClOI to pcrp<tuatc Briusb rule over India 01id •ptctd Cbriitianity. That letter may be seen at pnge ~46 of Volumt VII of lhe ) tat 1843 in lbc Journal of the Royal As•allc SG<lct)', London.

A !ulltr o«ouol may be bad in my llOO.pnge book titled ~Oil D VEDIC 11£RITAGE in 11 special eh~pter titled An&loM..._ Arcbatolocltll Co111plrll:)'.

II ••• btu usc of Cunoln&ham's crofcy suggestion that he was oppooo11d the fln1 an:lueolociclll cblcfio lndia after hlJ retire• ...., !ooa rhc Bru .. h lodiao army though he did oat kno., a llaill abtoat on, arch•t«tun: or IIIICicnt Indian biJtory.

'' wu Ia hl• U!*lt) •• lhc 6,.t archaeolot:Jcal chief tlul C&uoo•pa• CODCOcrtd orcb&colo&!C&I rtcordo and put up

&ham nodco •t historic. mooumen1s wuuooly ao4 ta.Dd.omly 1Krib1DJ tower.. ma.o.doos, font. tOWrubipa_ I~ lea. caoalt etc. to JOmc Mu.~Jfm ruler. courtier or fak.tt

Cunnioaham abo lnvcnccd the myab tlat var.ou.s Mu.Una ruJcrs bu1h KVCQ Cclict OC DcJbJ,. Cuaninaham doan•t ClfC. C'VCD aD Iota or cvldtncc aoywbcrc... He didn't bl.-\l't to bec:auJC he wa• the bi& bon ora newly act· up depa.rtmeot meant to play h_avoc witb fodian I JChacolosy.

Oeneratlons or Kho1ars have t incc tcquir~ bi&h tcadem.c dcgn:u and occupied biah academic and govcrnmeolol pod. tions and bnvc been pufveyJna Cunnlnaham•s cuno1og (abriOII· iioos. That is why all the aooCalled upcrts ia Muslim or Moalll arc nod architecture: in variouJ lad ian and overR&I unWcnhlet. ·colleges and museums IUt" all a misguided lot. Their bt.ada arc crammed wlch (alse IUtOnng.

Cunningham transferred tbo entire Hindu architcccurat credit to a o1l Muslim account to spite: the Hindus eM elate the Muslims bopint thereby fo create a bone or cooteotloo. which he hoped would pcrpetoate British role ood •h•lc, Cbristiu dominaclon ia India .•

Red Fori

Let us stan our review with 1be Rc<l Fort, PritbYitOJ Ru<>, a cootemporary chrooicle tella us that Pritbvirp.j lived oo a palace on the bank o f the Yamuna river. Traditional KCOiiOU a.lso tell us that PrilbvJraj"t pals.cc was kaowa &J l.oi·Kot l,t . • red-walled sttuclure. The only building in Deihl wblcb answers four .. squarc 10 tbese two spe:cificatioos is wbDt is today known as lho Red Fort, And yet the Mogul emperor Sbahjalwl is bciog wrongly aivcn the Credit or havloa buill the Red Fort ia Oolbl .

Taimurlana who iovaded Delhi In 1398, !bat is n .. rlY :!50 years before Shohjoban, refers to Old Delhi whO'SC lnhabluau he mas.sacrcd. And ycl Old Delhi it mcotiooed in our bl&toria u a coty fouoded by Sbahjobon. Tbc Rtd Fo11 la Dell» u the very fG<al point or Old Delhi. In fact Old Delhi 11 but1t arouod tbe oalal road-The Cboadn• Cbowk whlcb JOIDI the Red Fort wilb tbe buoldlna ,.boch" oow koowo u the Fatcbpun

26 IND<AN IIISTOiliCAI. IU!S~t

lof(l(qOC bot •hich was tbe temple of the btrcdhary cleh Ddbl't Hindu n>lert. So e\'ell 400 ~an bc:fore Shahjahoo ~: Odht .,,tb ' '*Red Fon aod tbc: mato tratllcanery, the Ch&Ddnl

(:llo'a'k dtcl .... , Tbe Yamuna bank to tbe rear of the fort is lroown as Raj.

bst. Thai it 0 s.mkrtl word. It could not have stuck 00 uo1eso ~11C1111 .. ~rotiODI of Rojas lad occupied the Red Fort Prior

10 Shabjahan and btS Muslim predc:ccuors. No Roju ••or n>led from tbe Red Fort afrer Shabjahan, the fifrb &oneration MoJul empuor. Had Shabjabllll built the fort, the bank atreteh of the Yamuna ott be rc:ar would lulve bee.o known as 8adabob

Obal aod not RaJabat. The Otlbl 1110 of tbe fort bas a pair of stone elephant• out·

11dc 11. IJiam strictly forbids the raising of any images wbilc RaJpUt mooarc:hs w<rc koowo for tbeir love of the elephant.

Oo oltber side of I be fort archways are embossed JIOOC· IIOftT e111blems wbicb appear oo all mediaeval Hindu buildiop.

Ruooio1 water channels, through whicb Yamuna water cowted tiJ way throughout the fort, again suueat Rojput

eoonfiJCtioo bc:etuse Muslims witb a desert tradition eould never bavo tbouabt or ruoniog-watcr channels.

Tbe Sbtavao aod 8bado pavilions and tbe Kosar Kuod io

tbt: Otw.o·I·Khu aro acaio all Hindu terJDS.

Tbe Diwan·i·Kbas and the Oiwan-i·Am do not have a aio&Je dome or minaret which the Muslims are belicvod to nllitt oo. The marble balcony in which the ruler Uicd to aitltl tbe Diwao·i·Am bas a t.tmple type ceiling with stalnctltc ~tyle coda sucktn8 out obliquely. Tbc Diwao-i·Kbat bas a alrlklng. &imtllnty Wttb tho royal apartment inside Am bar (old Ialpur)

but!t by the RaJputs lo pre-Muslim timet.

E•cryooe or the Mo&ul rulers bad a harem of 5,000 won>CO •• -ltoned to momoln and cbTooiclel. All of tbcm. abc rul<r btlll>tl( aocl hJs maoy Cbtldrco could by DO stretch Of imtliDItioa be ~<commoclated to tbc two-three rooms thai compose tbc Di•u·t Khu.

A martlc arm wall our abo Diwao·i·Kb•• dttplay• 1

belaocc moor aymbollc of royal justice. Tbc Moaul rulert wP

ttmJAW WONUMOCTJ ca£DIT1."D TO ALICH NUJUMS 27

reptded 99 pc_r eeoc or rbdt aubjcct.t as mere vumia coo16 ne.vcr tb10k O( ftAuntin& thai f)"mbol Of JUStice in thcu paJ.acc. But the Rtjput "'lers td•il<d by their Brohman eouoclUon did ccrtalnly hove tbe clispcotolioo of jutokc u ooe of their primary ruottions consraody impressed oo them throu&h tbc acalcs motlr.

Tbc Oiwa~-i-Khl$ tnd tbo Dlwao-i·Am have a mandap style orn~uc Hmdu workmaosbip. Besides, tbe Oiwan·i·Kbas. be11.rs :t clo,;e rescmbtanco to the Interior palac:c lo Ambat (Old Jo!pur) built oround ~84 A.D.

A Persioo couplet inlold on o woll or the l>iwao·I·Kh .. proclaims the placo at a veritable *l:teave.o on Earth'. Sucb a bout cao only emanate from a captor. Had Shahjaboo bc:eo the or!gloal builder of tho fort he would never hive deocribcd tbe buildin& in such superlltive terms. Tbe oriS-irtal buildc:r It oncn very modest about hi I CODJtructioo. Moreover a builder is more- C:ODICious of tbc buildinc's deft:etJ to ever lhiot of call• iog it a verilable • Heaven on Earth•.

. Aoother Important psycholoaical prlodple also appliC$ io th1s cue. A penon colll his bulldi•l a abed( or a eotta&c rotbcr than a paradise. It i• elso wort_hwb.ile co.nsidcri.o& thaJ no matter bow beautirut a wife a man may bavc be would. oevc1

sbout about her beauty rro~t~ tbe road square or bou.KIOPL Similarly a person wbo tolls eod apcods moocy to build a bu}ldlos is not the o ne who bouts abouttt. Oo tbe other hod netgbbours or strMgefl who hove an evil ey< on o building or • wornan, are the one; who pral'" tho physical b<auty or tbooc attro•!•~os. We bave eo octuollaotaoco from mediaevlll hiflory. Padmtnt, the queen of Cbitor fort Is fomcd ror her physical allure. There could h•ve been buodrods of women as b<autiful as bcr •n lodto's Kshatriya bousebolda. But histories lave boon •ilent recard•nJ> their physical bt:auty promcly bt:cau$0 IUCb beauty wu never bra&aed about 11 least io Indio iD public. Bot Pad mini's phy•ical bt:auty nmc to b< tal~ed about ooly bc:etthe >lien in•-.drr Allauddio KhPJt was so a>amotmd of btt that he moved hav<o ood hell to capture her. Tbio aboulcl convtooc •i•itors to tbc Red Fort, ood hhtonaAJ that the twa,. &in& Pcr>Oao couplet •• the D••••·•·Kbu 11 yet aootl>6 _,.

- INDIAN lit.n'OafCAI. I •• tl•••O!t ,,,.,., rroortblt tb< cc>uplet was iolald by the captor,

0 ron wbo, dADkd b7 tile Otnlle beAuty Of the moouiiii'Q I lilt a• to tbelll u war booty, cbuacteriud It a, 1 ve:,~~ ,.,.., ...

£m<~St., from the Red Fori we see that tbe two Oeo alon...., oely a llooe't rbrow from the fort, are botb '"' Mulllm. Ooo la tbc red Jain Temple ud the other tho o:"": Slwtbr Temple. Hod Sbahjallall bu!lt lb~ Red Fort he ... ~~ never bave allo"ed the two ooo-1slamoesbnnes to remain thtrt. Tbcsc tWO temples are there beeowe the fort WU tOOilruttOd by tbe RajpOIIte•eral centuries before Sbahjabao.

Cbandol Cbowk, tbo maio thoroilahfare stemmlna rrom tbe 1or1 lo almost oxclusovety inhabited by Hindus. Had tbe MoJUis buOt tho fort we should bave seen Turks, Arabao1,

Pmlloo, Arabs. Abyasoooaos and Hindu converts sell led lo Cblndoo Cbowk

The wbole of Old Ddlll bu a teemios and ovcr-wbtlmloa Htodu pepulatloa. lo its complicated, winding alley• all their lobuta too 111< boilr Ia tbc rradirioaal Hindu llyle. To maioralo tk!acrvdd .. por llh Sballjabao boih bouus for Hinduuod rOITllrd tho •bole city with a -massive wall is absurd. As Taialorlua'uurobiop~~pby tosri6es Old Delhi exi11ed eeoruroa bd'oro Sba!ojabao.

II •aalut such over,.btlmios proof ooe or rwo out or DIIIDCIOUS widtly dill'trina spurious veniool or the McmOIII of illllbJihao, cooralo a passins rcftrcoec 10 some fort and some tOWD rounded by Sl!abjabao b!Siorians must at once spot tbe <111m 1o be unrounded aod dishonm.

~*"I Muslim cbronlclcs smack or the Arabian Nlahll. chroaides arc fairy tales inreuJnd ro humour the ao•cr·

~"' tho patroo ooblemao and wiD owards ror rbe $Crlbc . • .., ... rl&ll ot ........ . s .-, as we OlltKIVCl improvrsc Impromptu -.."or IIIII Jade ma 1 d · - 10 • &oc pa aees wbeo rccouorln& be rome

.. rw.t. ~•o Brttllb biJtoriaos Sor H.M. EIJool - .. • .._ _ bne rcpcal<dJy poillted out wholo com· a alia" 10 ••~""' of Mllllom monarchs lbat tbooe

I8JWaa tbat the mooareb or tho ,fa••••l

2.9

Dt"fiD 10 ,.t,U.l'C ... U5UM5

EJ(1'S c;aB .ro~oMl'f ft40ltU'M ubhc coo.sumptioo to

u bt to include ror P r medi•eval MuJIIm o;:tlbe (loCitd b:~ ! iabt•VOIUIIIC ttudy 0

that <he boSIOtY ol II>< pr•f•"" blo late Sir H.M. 1!1\iOI obtCf:~e.oJ aod lDietc.stcd cbroolclCS l c I dll ••is aG unp

... •vslim era ao n tbc. , ... , rraud." I d abOUl Oellu'S num<rOUI

hi ro be oot ce bs aod lllliU><>-A suao&c t oa so maoy t.oUl oumelltl iJ tbat there ·~c cve:aces. We have the auma)'UD

~oms wirbOul corrdpondtD& ~ . (kbao Tomb, Lodl Tomb.

,.:mb. Kb!LD ~baoan ~~~~~fda~~:na tomb, Billtiar Kakl All•uddin Kholjl To b and a host or otb<ts· Tomb, Nizamuddin Tom h ' M uslim succts>ion w.s

Students or history a ll k~~a~ri;idaal and parricidal conllicu. a lways attended by bloody I ' t cooceivable tbal tbe successor Under such circumstance! sr~mb for tbe bated predoceuor would .,ver build 4 paloroal • blood all his life. And could tl aft<r tblrsrin& for rbc former s I ror himself or blS cboldren

bo built no po ace • be thAI a ptrson w I . I tomb built for bos predoces-. " . bad • P• aua duriaa btJ lue rome • 1 tomb built for himself after

• 1 ro bad o palatta c! .sors. an-d ~~ u u ? Was tbcr~ some sort o( a tomb--blUI • dutb by bll suocesso I A rulin& monarch will build hundreds . ct between them h -·· r ong pa r bimKif tnd bis child reo before be ever I ,,... 0

or .P;:•ces O:tarllll tomb for • dead ancestor. Botfl tbeso con· ~uti ·~ • P bould coovioee any serious student or hlstory that SJdcraroons 1 • di alace1 1hc.rc are ever ao many tombs wttbout correspon og p . beoau~C the Mushm monarchs butlr neither tombs nor palaces.

'The alien Mushm nobility and ruling famlliu found " plethora 0 r Hindu c.aptured bu11dings which were used ns residences whole alive and tombs after death. This also explains wby tho bodies or Allauddln KhiiJi ood lltmusb have been un· ceremoniously tucked oway in lhlme outer apartments or tbc soClUed Kutub Mioar building complex. Aocoeot Hindu shes coosbtioa or captured palaees, temples and mansions wcte frtcly used to bouse the living aod the dead. TbaltS why we 6nd them Otnate t=ple-like srrocturos aod spacious palatial bulldiogs 'This leads to another or my historical &odtop wbtcb lboulctserve as a key to tbe IIUdy o( Indian mediaeval btJIOry, that "bat is believed to be the tomb or a Muslrm ruler or

""""" " ....... CAL at:JIA&CM

it uJllll ruideDCC or •t •• .- ~!om. 5<> 1 po.-'• tomb l',.. .. _...,_al ...

;.. .. ...-,; :,Jon.,..,.. _ .. -~ . ,.OIJII4...,.. ,_ ;ndftblt' & 0 ,,.rwbeiJIIrDI proof

t1ro ,.,.o Mill' . b•Jillr<dl or ycJrt before A..... 1l nJo rollfl f.(iSllDf to ucribc tbc tower to

ttrll • ... • d ,.,,.,.,.. ,, .. ,.,.., , ... ...., .. .. Kttoi!OM" b vutub Mioar II known as

• od"'lolDI I ' " no .,.r "' ,.qrd Mibira·aw•ll. It JignlficJ ,...,, not b. Sud<trlli br•"" lltrODOmcr Mlhlm or .., .-1r1t •brl< 1~:0, wrtb bi• hclp<tt, mathcmativ....,..,.'""'tt U nqUJ«<tbe so-coiled Kutub tower u -,.; ...,,.,.,~ -mi<aJsmdy. Around tho tower ••1 ,...,!*.'_~., tlle17a>Oifell•tions ottbe Hrndu _,..,...~

:woo. 1M Uti .., ldl u u auaiptioo WI be demoyed

..., 110.- r.tllr )II aot wd th11 be raisrd aoy to>' cr. nr......,. ~.., ......,.d » Klnr.tt·ul·ulam mosque.

- dlllodpd frvm til< so-coll<d ,Kutub Minar have ..., ...., cro- odo •rth Anblc leuerlos on the other • .,.._..., -• rirl>o>'Cd to the Mu.eum. They ....... dlllltlll• Ianden used to remove the If one..... O(HI6da bWidJIIP, """the "ooet inside out to bide "' - r....r ud l..,.itre At•blc leuering on tho new ,_,.

llaaiSitrtltltlolr:Q-'·JU ''II , - ,..., 010 lu be decrphcred In the ,._ Cll 111101ooo pUtan ood II N · .,.. • "'1 •· umerous rmages strll

- droop drlfiallled. .... _ iolrot .,..,. althe .

• ... oWs llrlatple IDirouoclmg structures. It 11

..__,. -~~.,. mlicr Hiodu buildioas - ...... ,_

141 10 between for Kutubuddio to ::----. ......;..,.:::;:It st~lcprovu that it is

-:---•-... plane surf-s. Those ...., .... "'' ,. m:aot 10 call the Muslim rui-

..,., tried 10 ao to the top and

•

lt

uy t.o Jhout to the people below. Had they dooe to they would <bi\'C round out for thcmsciYH that no one oa the around can beat 1hem !rom tbllt hc•aht Suc.b absurd daims have: bttn m•de 10 JU~tify Muslim aulhorsbip of nrli« Hindu build1op.

Another Important con.sidcrauon is tbat the: c.otra.occ- to the tower fa.ccs north and not the west as rs eojoln-cd by hl~mic tb~ology and practice.

At either Jlde or the enlrUCC Is the """~ lotus flower emblem which al10 prove. that It was • Hindu bufldina. The stone Oowcrt arc 1 ~cry lmpo.rta.ouign of tb_e Hindu autbOrthip or mediaoval buildings. Muslims never usc such dowers on the bu.ildiogs they C'onscruct •

The fric:te pane rot on the 1owcr abow sigru: of tampenoa. ~oding abruptly or In a medley or Incongruent lines. The Amble: lc.ucrin& is lncctJpcrscd with Hindu motifs like lotus buds banain& limp. Sir Soyyad Ahmad Khan. a staunch Muslim a.od a scholar. hu admitted thai tbe lower is :1 Hindu bu1ld1Dio

tr one were 10 hoover in an aeroplane over the top of the tower tho variou.J aallc:rics sHdio& imo c.ath other froiD top to bottom appeor like a 24-petal lotUJ in full bloom. The figure 24 bei.nJ a muhiple of 8 is pcred in ved1c tradldoo. Even the br1clc red colour or tbe rower is sacred to lbC' Htndus .

The Hindu title or the tower Wll! Vishnu Dhw•J (I.e. Vishnu's standard} t\lias Vtjbnu Stambb alia' Dhruv Su1mbb (i.e. a polar pillar) obviously conooltD& an astronomical obser· vauoo tower. 1'ho Sno.skrh inscription JO 8rahro1 scmpt on che non· rusting Iron plllor close by proclaims Lhnt the ,lofty iiBn· dard or Vlabnu w•• ral1ed on tho bllloek nomed Vishnu pad Girl, That description indicates that a statue or the r<Ctinlng Visbou joitiating the crta1ion was conseeralcd in the ccotrsl •brine there which was rav•&•d by Mohamed Gbori aod b11 hcncbman Kutubuddin. Tbc pillar was rai$ed ot the commond .()(tao anc1enc H10du k1na who bad made grca' conquests '" the East and the Well.

The tower bad IeVen IIOttyJ rcpreJCDllng the days or tbc week or those only five e .. lf now. The siath wa• dismantled, hauled don and rc·cucted oo tho lawns closeby •

•

~··~~----------------------

)4 INDIAN II~CA~ •as,.._ Tilt WCI'lll .,,.., bAld ""tu.lly. rtatue or u.. ~ "''

Bnh"'• IJololi•l IM \'cdu and begiootog obe crcatto our.rlleod ...- ... I a btl< marble canopy with aold be~· Abo., llalaio! Ia 11. Til< oop tbiH Jlories ..,...., to matble. n:'"'"'• _ _. 1!1' ~CX>oo<wr \lusltmo who deoesced the Drab )' "''" •• ~ • ..-. ~ ma 1t11u T!Jr Mad"" ratdtn alto dcstro,.u the reclioioa Vt&bou 1 ' . ,~~~ ~~

Th< lroa ptllarwu rho Guud Dhwaj alias Garud S 1, tht ltllltnd pest of tbe Vishnu temple. ""'bh

Oa ou 01do was ao ellipticaleoelave formed by 27 Naub (COQ.IItllallon) t<mples. A Jlgaotic red stone, ornate gatc::a led 10 tbc .. cred enclav< lrnown as Nakshatralaya. There~ Y ll>c aateway Is traditionally known as Alaya-Dwar. ore

Cuoolllabam twills the traditional Hindu name to fraudu. I<:CII} uorlb< tbe great doorway to Sultan Allauddin tho b Allauddto btcnsclf makes no aucb claim. ua

By' AitJUddto's umc the surrooodiogs were totally crum. bWIJ rutos Why would Allauddin want to raise an oro

. (tb H" d ate l'pliiiC poe .. ay o e- on u orlillgc colour) leadioa from ..,.hue to nowhere 1

The theory propounded by interested Muslims that,, iJ mU&UJD., to•tr tl • motivated lie. No muauin would ev~ lor 1 day aec<pl a JOb where be has to climb and uru:limb five llll)<l. day a ftt&bt or 36$ narrowing, curving steps i.o the dark -· of lbt IOIVCr. · He is bound 10 fall and die throu&b abm tlb1UII10D.

lt.laThe arched. aaoewsy of the edJoioi.ns so-cr.lled Kuwal·ul· m mol(juc os In no way dilferenl !rom the ornate orcbway•

of templuto Oujarat. The frieze patterns oo this building too oltoto .. , •• or .. .,~ .... p • b . •· rovmg I a.t Mushm conquerors trans· I'OI<d 610oaa 11 random 1 h · .

1 o eaae I •.or consc.ence In readyin&

ar .., ttmpla for use u mol(jues.

lrta!!:sto~ec 1"'b " made up of <JW:Uy 24 folds, are< and -·I ICrll&hOI• Tboa tbowa that tbe fi&ure 24 had a -.- l'fO:P•neoce and siaol1i<:aoc:e . apat~~rtt fot letha

14 rn tbc premises. The

'TI COIISicllotioo •1

ltabt are 27. Considerod alooa with tbe tills t._. ._ :•lou IIICnhoned eulier it leaves no doubt

ill A.rabic tile,::~ asuoDOm~eal obsorvatioo pole. ~arub MtAar' sicnifies ao uttooomtcal

-~~~- CUJ>lTil> TO AUlD< MUJLIJoO ttfotAH M\oN"'"' ...

o,.....lion) Tower. Tbal wa• bow il wu dcacribcd to S41tan ( ~-•d"• - -• tater referred to In covn eorraponden<c. ln Kulu ..... 1••...,.. dd bo (tlmc the name orSvltan Kutub\l ID u.cne to ~ ~·?":.~. -·--oat<cl with lbe K.utub Tower t...Uoa to the m!J.

""II'"""' - Mi teadlui userliOO tbllt Jtutubudclrn butlllbe Katob uat •

lroo stripJ bavc been used to keep the huac.~ulders_f&JI.dld tosctb« lo the eoo61~edoo of tbo tower. Somolar Jtnps haw bccD used io the none walla or ... , ... ForL ln my book TD} MtJ!ral was

0 Rojpul Polo.- I btvo already deall al_..,m• leo~th

wllh tb• o rlaln or the fort and proved that h 01;\Sted durma

M $1·- lim••· Therefore otll apparent that tbc. use or lfOD

pw u ·- 'ld' a· • strlpJ 10

keep together 11onu In buae but tngs wu a •nuu •· • Tbat dovico uaed in tho sCH>alled Kutub Minor lo Ddbl ...,v;cc. I" R" d 11 another proof or hs havlna been • pre-Mu• om 111 u ,...,.,. Jfo 24-petallolus Ia pulled up from ha eentrc it_ will form a tower or 1hat pattern. Lotlll pAttern is never Mushm.

Nlullr•ddln Tomb What Is believed to bo obe tomb of fakir Nizamuddin ll Ia

fact ao old temple wbieb wbell dama&ed durin& early Muolim assawll bc<amc the abode or Niz.amuddin who was bllried

tbtre after bts death. Around obe sbrioc can be noticed to numerable otber pavi

Uoos. walls. araves, basltOOI, towers. plinths etc w!W:h &0 to prove lbat it was oneo . a prutpcrous township wbicb waa stormed and captured. Muslim faklra happened to occupy such devastated sties. Tbcy were later buried where they arayed. Tbe burial ploeu of Muslim fakira arc, therefore. QOI ouaiool constructions but earlier captured ~ajpul buildings.

Rum•JU• Tomb The so-called Humayuo Tomb lo New Delhi was lbe focal

point of a vtat townsblp, described above. lt was lbe Lllkabm• Temple of that township. Even to this day it forms part of "hat is callod the Jaipur estate In New Delbi. What ll today known as the Anb-ki·Scnl formed the huge m&Siive dcfODJIYe structure aro11nd the -lied Humayun Tomb. Buma,yun UICd to llve there. Wbeo be fell dowo the II &ira of the ao-ca1lad !iter Mandai Ia Parana Qlla be wu earricd to t ilts eapnacd

~_. t:K01AN UISTO~IC:At. I

"" ""~c" od • mplo only tboul hair a mile "" 'ay , It..,

lh u •< cd •• Ia lb '- tbll be lay 111 11111i1 be do • Aod 01 .., .. the •a :;:' ... 6,

1, IN; •u bunecl i o tbe pa!.occ 10 \\~bleb he livtd~ont •a

Wba tl« bdkvedlo IN; Honnt yua Tomb ,. on fac t a apa I ..,.111,11,..1ecl Tctaplc of Oodd.., Lakshml 'lritb baa~i:•· &"-fDctOUJ t•teways. a row of ornameotaJ a~e.hway.s lt&dia ,'

- .... , housct. au ani room s and no as or baltic-' 0 1t, aoocx... . W . b 1 •utat.

II &rouod ''· Several ettero iC . o 11rs have pointtd cd wa o -•· I sl 'I . Out lb.l.l ttlcre b a cJosc on;.uttcetu~ m1 aruy betwetn tbe Hu.,.yun tomb a nd lh< TaJ ~bat '" Agra . In my book ToJ Alalral wtJJ 0 Rqj;wt Po/oct I have proved that th e TaJ Mabal , 'rom b<lnJ 10 original Muslim mausoleum ilia an corlic ' 1r " ' h . b li I Hladu Temple Pltlacc. l.lkcwuc w at •• c evcd to be the Rumayun tomb 11 also an Hindu temple palace.

Nolioe tbe numerous Shakcl Cham (David'$ Sta r) Hindu

tlll<ric deiiSft thll odom ill rop facade (l

To eaO 11 Humayuo's romb is a big hoax since Humayun Is DO! 11 1 11 ounecl 10 rbll builcliog. Acc:ordio! ro Abu! Foul Hllllltyuo lies buncd Ia Sirbind while accord •& 10 Farbbta Humayua 11 buried Ia Agra.

MO«<I'tr lhm is ao &f&VC at the ground level •• tbe ~we. ma~l o( the buUd••&· lo the first floor overhead there lu simple marble oe:notapb but Humayuo's name is not Inscribed 011 ir

C....tranly a F~ocb writer G. Le :Boo bas in his book tided TN Watld of AA<Ieal ladlo, published a photo or ma rble rootpnau found ID rhc building. He describe~ them OS Viabnu's footpnata. Tbatcoofirms our fiodiog that what is believed to IN; Hull!.lyun' o mousoltum ia 10 tact Lakshmi'a temple ainco IAUbmllt tbe spouse of Lord V!Jhou.

Yet Cuantoaham baa put up a fake archaeological nolle% al !hat baoldloa creclorinaua creation to some non-descript Bel* ....... • cblldta. ...USow tamale of Kumayun'a team ina hare!ll 1111 jOOO woiDCo H011r 00111d a Bcp Becum wbo h od no roof - U. locad durin& bcr owo Ufe1lme be tbe author of sucb 1

""' d- edikc 1 Alld •by would abc adorn the buddial .,. 1M ....S ltuotlu llliUilc liao ot iorerlocked uiaoaJu ?

UC'DlAN JotOHUMtfritl c:aeDtTIU TO AIAlH WUIUWJ » Wby hu the build loa hundreds or rooao ia iu numuvu.

1.1oreyt 7 Why arc 1be roomt aad &he ttrracct chaUCftQ Wttb 1toc 11•,... of oldi .. rf folk If it wu bullt lot \he 111fct f V.by has U three de·rcosave waUa. •tatcly ptc••Y• &Dd aaaaa. outbouscJ clc. 1

The c.ntire templc·pelacc hu a hu*" buc.me.at 11ri'th a edho& IJigb cnougb co acc-ommodate a mouoctd tlc:;:~b,aot Tbc pusllla.ai· mous An:batolo&.Y depaumcat haa atver cared to clc:a:n, h&bt <Up aad explore IUCh dark fCCtliCI p:lore Ia bu.odrfdJ or bbtoric: monu.ments tbrouahout fndla.

JUiokrl

Tbc area in wb1ch tho Niz.aou.addio abrioc and Humayuo Tomb Are locactd is koowo at Xllokri, Tbia wo·rd 1ipi6.e. a Jocallty which got II• "ked" tbat Ia the ccotrol hon plllor UJ>rooccd. Obviously tho refcre.occ b to the day wbca the ocre.m,o. nial iron pillar, which accordloa to aocitot ctas:tom wu ootl·

.$CCTIItd in the centre or Hindu townahips, got Uprooled WbCD rhe towiUbip """' .rormc<l by the lovadlag Mo•loO> armies.

Humayun's s:oo Akbar waa DOl even 14 years old wbm hil f a ther die<!. Akbar waa fae<d with lbc ovuwbclmiog miabt of a oumbcr of very powerful catmles lodudiog bia owo auanlian Bchl3lll Khao and a awo111 adl'tr1&1J Htmu. Tbrouabout blo ~[c Ak.bar waacd iaccssant warfare 'lrith Indian priaceo. He was also faced with revohs by bis owu oobte:me.o and kinsmco .aU bis life. Vloecat Smub bao obocrvc<l io hi• book At&or r/N •Greor Mogul that Akbar had ooc revolt or tbc otbor olwayo oa hand. Jt ia absurd to think lhll 13-ycar-old Akbar would ever raise 11 stupcn.dout toooumoot for bis tattler ill the midsl or ~neeuaol wars.

Some ebroolclero have diohoncatly alaimed tbtt it wu Akbar's foster mother, a cblldlell ovidO"' or Humayun wbo 'built lhe moaumcal for bet butbllld. Th11 ciaUD mull be tubjeeted to a close cross:..eumiaalioo. A tbUdlw widow or a dcccued mooueb, Illiterate and keeping bcnetr witbio tba i mpeomable ooofinct or a batqa, one amoaJ a lftmiaaloc ol 5.000 used to IN; loa atale of UlriiiiC f'C11111)' benoit. Sod~ '"omco cou idctccl rbc-l¥a for1uutc ,r !hey ,., '"" eq..,.

34

.. I ••• 1 ClOfllct to live io peace ucl ICCUrit• .,.. _,, • b • d ' •nd •

lhJCIIbl• Ml or oil for tbdr dally ... o. Even tbue P<tt~ _.. ... •etc bard to come by 10 th01< habuleat d t

• -If w&J so dupcrately sbon or funds that •Y~ ALbl.r 11• ooce wb<olotlllN bis tt<&JUr<r for R.~ IB!clauer did oat ba,. ....,. tbll paiU')' amc>~at. To coos1 er t Akbar or bia rao1rr motlltr .-11<4 • r&lahal m•usolculD for Rumayuo's dead body

11 ridoto>loutln tbo cxu·cme.

su•srJanc Tomb Sa(daJjt~ tomb 11 supposed to bave been bu1lt over,

••·-·o who""' the prime minister or the Nawab or Oudb. no~ . Tbit clatm 100 canoot otand close scruuny,

Fortrly hlltorlans arc divided on the point wbother lito JJ!III'Oicum ~·II bullllo 1753 or 1754. This aborp divergence h dur to the fact th•t both the groups are on a completely .,0111 trail That buildtag was extant numerous etnturiu bdorc Sa!dar1aoa'• death. Moreover it is not a bulldiaa which ca•ld bt coo11ructe.! whbio a year.

Just abo>< the ootrallc:e to the buildioa is a btautirul Rajpuc ,t1te woado• with a ourow'oruace balcony or the type wbich ..., bt ..., to tbm huadrcds ia ca.stlcs aad palapcs in Raj.uthao, Tbc square buddtog "~I· is completely or Raj put deai&e· Tbc eclt6ec It olto coeloscd by a protective wall, bavioa ba"ioas at coram aod watch cow<rs at intervals. All ~hue auribuceo pnm: that n W&5 a maosioo used as a resideocc.

N>othc1 polo! lA bt considored is that Safdarjana had b<cn duan«d and dbmlncd from acrvieo prior to bla death. Who .,II build a palatial tomb for all unemployed nobleman ? Why of all placu doet bia palatial moaurunt exist In Delhi If be •aa prillle attOIItcr tn Oudb ? Jf bis dead body can bo"t of ouca amapi8CQ~t rutiDJ plaoc how mucb ma rc Javlah abould be thr Pllaoc io wblob Safdarjaaa ahould have stayed wbllc llhvc Wltae11 that pelac:e 7 No body cu ahow.

11 :=- 01llnll~ to be ..... Ditcl tbac Safdarjaaa'• soa or bclr :;'* ·Da .. -lliCtcd lbe 1D1plficut tomb for tbc dccufCd. ... : W ':.:. 0,"' ~be • >ery allloeot pc110o. He •llould

0\llor Pllocea or bia -· in Oelbi 10 be rkb

3l

coou.1h to orde-r 1 pelaee for • dud body But we. •rc sbowo no palAce bdooaiaa 10 Sa!darj.ana or hh aon. How h '' thea tbal ooe who did not bave IDY palac. to Hvo hl trbUc alive a.ot oor, •• ,r by mJJJC.. on hh death ?

More.ver there •• oo arave u Juch to the bau:mmc. Thuc aro only two moundt or loou: rc.d .. \trlck powder wblc:h acu blowo away and 'ttl'hlcb the. arobacoloay dcptrlment keeps rcplrnisbioa fraudulently 10 ma1nt1in a prctt"ce or the buriAL Tbe: otbcr ruo\lnd It tuppOKd 10 be for Sardur,ana•a w1fe. Out which wife l Sln•c l1e had 111 horcnt fili i or oonlort, And then If there arc two ara.ve cnoundaln I he bascmCot bow oomc tbcrc lt oll),y one n~arblc ceoot~tph on tho 1lrtl ftoor 7 liven tlun ceoo\~tPh hat no u1unc Inscribed or~ h ThM marblo too \VAl pilfered from llllotbl:r lilo\llu mootloo ftllcly !•belled •• Abdur Rablm Kban Kbamft tomb 1 SafdarJID8 wa1 buncd ftl 1';1parahat 1o Uttar Pr•desb. Therefore bit tomb In Deihl Is an hou.

So.Coltd Sb« Moodal Wbatlt called Sbcr MaadoJ IMide Pur.ana Qda is • •m•ll

circular tower Wllh a few DlUTOW rooms.. Tbt very word .. Mandai .. lbOWJ lb•t II WII the cnatjoa or lht R•Jpuls. Sbc.r Shah appropriated It chrouah conquell But only because bla ornuc allac:bcsto h blundctinc Wttte-m .eholan auribule this s.m.U isollltc.d. uu.ocatcd tower to Sbcr Sbab Indian blltorians have. not been able IO act rid or that mytb. In lbo tasc or Sbcr Maod•l mora 1mportancc tbould auscb ro tbo wor<l 'Mandai' than co 'Sber' btcauso It is coo pun)' 1 "ructurc for any ruler co bo111t about. Sceondty, the fanatic 1nedlacval Musllm rulon would oeVC)t cboo~C" a Sanskrit nL\MO' IC) describe lbeir own original construchon. Ttur<lly. the very term •Mand:tla' sign,nu Ira round 1hapc lndlcat1n8 that those who dotlaned and order· ed tbls acnocturc were rho,. nurtured In chc San1krit ltadltlon and cbac It Ia tho cruncaced tow.r or an cntwhllc p>laee.

Tu&blaqabd Tuahlaqabad b a maniv:, battlemeoted w•lled roW1Uh1p.

in. Dclhl lruldc it cao be tceo burnt ond ru10ecl teuomcou. uoderarouod pusaau. tow••• and butooos razed to tbt around. The 1\oablah made tbOJ captured toWl!.lhlp rbdr bead· quatten. 8c1DI a1toe1ated with their ume for ~oturld

INDIAN lflSTOl<tC.U. ka..,. _ }1. ~-

.,. 111111~taly Mli<'" aod ti'Cblcolo&tcal •i&o·boa '"'':'Jtl<,adoo&l> asocr• tllattbe townsbop "llS founded by ..Ss '"' bll<l .. II ouJbl toM tnhtod tbot cooquor~rs do not co U.. ToJ

1 , ' "'ld but co toed 11 o ver and ••plott exlstins ., ~·

1~ 104 anw DV1 • Cl,lb , nst•a• Moreo\'6 demoyers ere not butlden. •c

onv m•" "fid . h b r " 10" tbc rood In a "notter roru e eR!I. ts t e tom o Ghlasuddin ,... -..11 11 1 curiou.s pyranudal suucture. Towards

Turt ... q ' " • n •· d · 11' • c:ao thll $ott: «mall OJt-bes anllit by llny orutmcat 1 IJ'<"'" . b "d' d • • ill.stS-J.'!f\l\IQ.I tbat thlJ 011 tog wa.s convene JDto 1 tOCJb

~ was 001 on&i:lally buflt for the purpose: It 00~ fDfiii<.J pon of tbe cxtcosl\e TaJblaqabod townshtp tbougb it 0.,...

ilaodJ apart as a truocartd monum.:~nt Thts tom~ too is aur. roulliled by a blfb blttlemcntod wall. ,Inside are some pavittoas, and 10 undcraround passage, allleadtng 10 the conclusion tbat thr tom!> ~•• 1 supcr·lmposition.

Tbe fonifiahotu oarby toowa as AdUabad and Naito Kot IlK abo ····••t Hi,du roru laid ,.'LIIO by Muslim manudtrs.

r ...... ~iod• Nw tile spens atadiUID iafroot or Delb i Gate is an old

fornfied towosblp known 8J tho Ferouhah Kotla. From It• 0..,.. It bu beco wrongly w um•d that Ferouhah Tusbloq buill~ for bis o• ·o eutle.. But •• Arbok pillar is firmly plun. ed oo ou urpn storey. Fuouhab was mown for bis rer"'loUt IWUrt He could not tokrue aoytbi~ H indu. History bas n<Oldtd that bt uoed to bum people alive for tbe crime or idolo -anhip To belle>< tbas <Jdla roler would 011 bis o•a hout In Atbot ptiJar, Willi Hio<b rtliJiOUS edicts iO$CTibed OD II, OD h11 owo palo<e Is blgbl) ollotica1 Femzsbah could never bn• 1011c to lletp •• peoce under iL lo fact tbe chipped oft' tip of tb< r<llat sbows tbat to bil fanatic fury Ferouhab must ba .. tried 10 pan out tile pillar. But obvic"•'• It would bave cko-1"'led tb< •llole castle and l.rt 1 ppina bote io its <t!lllll Qt..i.,..,,, be bid to put up wub tba :..-•hen pntar to• .. n•l ....,., ... P"'- •htdJ be f0<10d 6t <OOOJb to ~te tor btt ..,.;.. daoct clal!ftl tb>lt doJ1 Of IIISI&bihtw "'YOit and i-DI •ufut_ 1•

~1·;:•1-.t or his rei II> bu bcoo wrincn by Sba,..•· • •Jcoplwu, wlf-appolotcd cbrooiclu ,.bo coora·

~« 1hat h waJ hita:raodratbn who wu 1be coaumpora, of Fcrouhah. At all rumour~mooacra arc wont to do. the ooly authotltlu he fcians 10 quoto for tbc fanciful eod colourc.d account that he hat vrrium art. sncb t toe:k·phraKJ at .. My father told me" Of "on the autborhy or w.:ll mown b!llotlano I tay " Ia tlut <broolcle b< oostal&ically dtterabel bow FtroZJbab uprooted two Albokao pallan found a a real duuDCe •~Y from O.thi, ud took olltbe trooblc to tntopen U.cm ott tbe woy 10 O.lbi ...nptoylac buodrerb or caru and tbotuandJ of loboor<B. Whot the object "'" lo bauliagca beat hen Pillar to be hoisted oa Jus own east1e ia Oclb1 God alone koow1. Obvioully tbot ae<;ouol ia an aucmpt to cover up the raa tbat Ftrouhoh bod 10 cboooo u hu nsld•- on urllcr bulldloa ~ bich >ported tbc Ashok plllor oa it. It II dear. thcro:J'or<, that either K•111 ' lhok bimS<If oricloolly built the castlecuphemll ticalty catted Ferouhab Kotlo, or thAt IOIDC rubscqueat Koho· trrya kica proud or Atbok, bad lhll pillar brouaht aod bobted "'"' bts ..., canlc. Later whco Fuonbob roted to O.thl M ehoS< tba 'Ollie for his own res•deaec pe<haps filldlll& it Ia muob bctttr >hope tbao othert Ill tbOM rurbultot day1. Hts cbronleter Afif flodiag it d ifficult to uptaio &Wlly tbe faa 11>11

Fero:uhah 11\·od lo a usurped mans•o• tDVct>ted lbe myth that it was Fero:uhab blmsetr "bo bad the pillar broucbt and hoisted.

Rojpol Gloriel Pla&larired

My diJco•cnes also lead to tbt coochuloo tbat IIWiy a ume wbfl: desuoyit~~earlier !Ujput •-rd> Mmhm rulcn bid tbe fornu:r's alories tacked to their o•n rtlps. Thu> it II powble tbat durlnJ Fcro:uhah's time some dtHiriptiOG by aa ntlltt Rajput rultr 11 10 bow he baultd tho Asbolcu plJIItf auy ban fallen 1010 the baodo or Fcrozsbob wnb tbc costlc aad Ill UCI· •uno. ThAt d<1<:raplioo ns pla&t~nud aod IIS<'cl as l'&f1 ol Feroub.ab'• o wa aclll....,..,.t. JaluQI!r 111Dilatl' cued the m,th O( tbe bell O( JUII'<e 10 cJonf) bl1 OWD f'<11"' •• bono-.d ! tOlD the acc:ounto Of AIWifl)OI' t f<I&Q, as o• ted bt tit< late S... H M. Etloot. TblJ lcado us '"a oew k•7 pnl ~pic to be bonoo in mtnd wbtle IIUdYt!ll tbe hlitOt)' or tbe Mwlta en. Tbe pnllttplt I& I hat Muollm rol<n •~re oD the hobll of rcatbrriaa

• INOIAI'I: IUh'OaiCA.l,. IUCA_

liCit

of <bur"""' uopopuler eod cruel rcaimu by bo"""· IC(DIIt0 .-euhtr RIJJ'III &lory .., U< r~·- "' 1 ... T•"' of P""' 1 non>ali<l wblIll ro~ tc<111110 llboul oorrcspondlog luxurious aod •P•cfqu dr'141 rulut " • ·•I I ? H d b. 1

t lht rclsainJ ....,.. ru cro a 15lorlonJ and r-Ja.-a or 11 p.o~ co pose 10 IIICOJO<Ivct I bat question lhe orcJuWiof:100 ~OIIId hav. Slruck Lb<m. The rigbl oolulioo il ::-:;::::callod IO!IIbs art old RIJPUI building• lalcr convc".

o6 ffllg orpulcb!CL

R .......... r...., ,uomer ,0111000 is 1b11 or rbe Rosbanara Tomb in Dtlbo.

r ... 1 curwry loot will convince one thAI it was a Rajput mansion coiDmaodured by Auranp.eb IO b~ry his dead tiller 1o lllanulicallyoatved plllen and wide open pavilion• devoid or 1nr domtt or mharcls, arc very rcvcoJjoa. lo lhit coboro-1100 Allrsopb's peculiar obaraclor mu.sl also be boroo In llotlld. He"" very p.onimDolous 111d b&rd·bearted. He Inter· ~ted bu rub<r, usurped lbe throne and treacherously m•dmd his brolh<n. His b<bsvoour towards the Hindus wu tbt -t crud. Suob a mooa~h could never have coostrucled a llm4u ll}ic lltuCICre II I tomb ror biJ liSter and, there( ore, tblltDoba0111tomb tJ a RIJPUI pavilion converted 1010 a IOIIb.

llllloaTovrim

IAdi&a or for<ian loorisu who vlsil historic aitcs around lht -ld 11111111y tal.t • needoa. hurried' glaoce at a fow well ~!.,tciud-IIICnu •ocb as tbe T&J Mabel in Aara, 1be 0... ~"::':':.) r-. io Oc\lu, St. P'aul's lo London or Noire *• .. r- JliiiiO be able to clauu rn polite compeuu•• .._, ca&uenauoa tbattbcy haveu't !aged behmd In

• .....,. "-••I fCPCrtoirc, n., .... ,~ada

7 IOIIIIIinllboJambo 11111 ....,. if tboy arc disbtd out some abouttba orlaln ur tbO$t monumcnl•·

41

Therefore ther att ._hat they dae:rvc. oamtlJ they ue. fedsome fic:111io~ou uuc.olype o.bnudabre-

Botll tbc liccoKd IU•dct aod oaHvc bbtOfiiM lrt lO blame for dllhloa OU$ uadhion•l unverifi(d tiel about bluoric monuments N11tive pn11tlct compch local biatorian' 10 adopt • -parcic:ular ''"nee. For 101taocc C'brhtlan c;ompUlalonJ prevent hl11orlona In London and PlrlJ rrom cklvlna Into or roveolloa the pR!·Cbrlililll or lain or Sl. Paul's or Notre Dome. '

Tbe AI'Hambroaod the 10 caUed C.rdovo ID""!IlCln Spain are. bdaa 10mnolcnll)' attributed to the Muslim Moon.

The Dome oo the Rock IJid AI Aqsa in Jerusalem •~ beio& pandcd u MuJIIm mosques •hen. tbe.y uc captured prc·bt.amic ~rmpi<J.

ID Russia tho Sh•h·i·>ied and a.oother palatial buoldmJ •~ being m1srepreseoc~ as majestic mausoleums or Mu.sl•m monar<:ha.

Alltbote are ;puriou.s, hearsay tlaims which mep the need for rcwrlllng, and a thorough r<ovision and ovcrhaulins or world history.

So when people seek my advice on "'hat co see at h11rorlc p)aces I tell 'hem atot to be eootent witb touunc bunted tJilts to select bauot.s ~ut to wander at lt1surc 10 bmoric Jurrouad;· iop aod aspire to look 1oto every nook aod c.oracr or bisulric sites from tho pinnacle on the bigh dome tO tbe netbcrDIOSI chambers and secret pusasu.

Usually one finds roost of the van expanse or btsroric build, i"8' locked ond barred ond yet ~be visitor docro·l smell a ral.

Tourlm or tho wotld rouy contribule • fuD.d aod aaitatc lo ICC\!~ cotry tc. berred cbamb<n ""d recesses For lnstaocetbc Taj Mabal is a s:ven·storytd bul\c)joa rompl••· tl also bas mui<Htorled lllloarell at Ill rour coroers, 1bo Vilbov lower (Kutub) In Dclbiis 6v .. storied ond yel eo try to tU lntoriot l1

denied. Thtl II ao I MUll to the livtDI and to tbe areat mio<lt wbi.>b ra1sc:d tbose atupendous edifices,

Historic cities all over I he world arc huodreds aod t11ous unds or yeota ancient aod ye1 the historic ediBocs 1n t.bcm arc

4! l)lt)IAH HISTOAIC:...L ~la,

~~••..s 10 1111'<"""'"' (alibi oucb •• IJ ..... ~ .,..... ""' Qt.~WIIOIY •

......_,_, iuoabt LD!O b•tcoroc &Jiea I have-~ FreeD 1111 · U-.1 ~ ........ .,. to ~ aomcl} (I) Evtry Muslom II tbe desec..d

,_ • HJad• m E•cry biiiOrtC cdtlico aod to..,.:•• d ... plllt"Q (3) ···~ uuol>tl!td to Mosl•m• b eapeured proper.ty • lo medl&na) lldi.,Y <"''l' Mlltlim destroyer bu b«n rrooocally landed 81 1 pal buol<kr (')AI all hlltorrc &Ires tbe conllrnetioo Ia Ill Rlod• ud ~ an Mut11111.

Tk IIlii< condoslons would apply mutatis mura.odit 11, .,s.6rtt aunl>o!td to ChrhtitJIJiy LD Europe. Neo.coa~11 Qnol- cap<m<d an pr .. cbMiao cdofi«s and declared tbc111 10

be Qnsuaa. f« taJ(accc tbc Vallc&D 10 RolDe aad the~qt o(UI< At<tbubol> Ill CaAtubury (Eo&) and) arc pre.Cbnlltao -blab...- Aad J<l wbo earu ro koow the troth or ,.bo dans tdJIL Tbd b !be IOrdod lltte of hU!ory all o•er tbe •orld

Romc, Pono, Varooul, Ujjayioi aliat Avaotl, Delhi and Asra arc &DIDCollbc ol4c11 cities of the world. Therefore tbo.,. •bo W'CIIkl ....... 10 ba ... aJompae or the 4QOO.year hlatork piiiOfUa of Dtlhl.,.y • lilt SulWI Gbarry, Shamli Talao a.od tilt ~JICCl moliao, ViJit Mandai, lk&umpuu, Hauz Kb.u. Srri fGn lllinJ oar AIAd .Uiaao aod tho vast ravaacd ar• •-.dllx «>aaJcd Katub (Viahou) co,.<r, HumayllO tomb, Anb l t S<n.i Alldor bbllll Kb&o Khaaa's tolDh, Safdarjaoa -.b. l.od. tomb<, fttozshab Kolll Niumoddio's tomb the .... _ Qob= • •

001-::: .._ liu.d abo-. Itt only a a<lect few, Delhi Ia

- lto-.!h Rid!"""' •hblc l rodlua of about 30 miles. Many -S ~~~ blotted OW of U lllc:oco, for insta~ the tent• --~~~~.:.S IPOfUIIleD parttdl"'tiaa ia the Atlao Gall)(l •s a ~ = 1 lt.r .. area of Siri Fon rwDI, Wb<o .._ 104 riot c-.J ed tbc am for burklias the Vl«l<Pl ofMn o.o.; 1 • b "-r hiJ <batalter and otber tdrfieea .. ~· 0 ....... -~~ •••• l d - nothtd) ..... - ,.... __ ,, Cluou< J &D 111&11-............. ~ ~!' Tbe few royal a.,.nmeota

JC *"" '*••~ ~!_tbt Yamuna river bavc a ' '_. .... a lllllllher of Hilldu

I ~ In tb- OliCJI ._, lba: .... IIJP t- -t \.orqcd DU.D\JOnJ ftaaktD.J tbc. .JO<alled Dt•a .... ltm l'lol a traee of them emu tocloy. 111ucforc the !led Fon Ia ~ tbac one ,ect tod.ay It • ,al.e sludow of t\& orlarul Huadv tplcndO<Jr. Mulhmlovadcro piW1dercd aod ra•aa<d •be fort duria& t.bclr (,()O.)oar·loaamuru!c aDd 1Curnccloc W"arf.arc...

rr socb was rho d .. ur.tlon loft ic:led oo tbc Red Fort alone oi)C ara)' vtsuah&e bow th.c: •-pn._wlio& metropolis of H1nd.Q Delhi mwt ba., b«a oylletrulti:alty deomarccl bJ MUilim muaudcn IDJtead or iodi<:bo~ and ~·UoryiDJ M...Um nalctl. coonlen aDd rcoerah for -'> ran.,. curRatluwmu ..,...,.... lowly siDJ rbc prana of MIUiim ar:bti<CUire.. Pcovlc doo't realize lhaJ: t'YR the mrriYlDI hiltO.f'ic:.tl ~amcot& whxb ate bclOJ bluodct~ca}y de.tcLibcd u Mtnhm tomb<, m-. roru, miaucu and &owen tb.tou.&bool Delhi and ~t lodio, are oil 01p1ured Hondo cd>&c.1. ioclud1n1 QIJb. bridl". eaoaiJ and mansionJ. I(,.,.. Aleuader Cwu>io&ham wllo auschievollaly nuck fallc Mwlim )&bel• oo them. Therefore the aomcs or ~nonumeoll ill Delhi mcotioaed above are all lakes foillcd by chbcr the Mu•lim ruler$ or b1rbc euoniaa Cunnioa· bam Vitirotl sbould therefore ...,.,. and lludY all b.i•toric r:nooomt1llf attr•buted to Mlalims u c:ap1uted Hiadu im.mOY· able properry

Lqal Actloa Tbe abo•• conehuloot ue so 6rm aod lmfuub'c that they

can 11and Judtclt1 aeruhoy. H<tcUader uc a few tOiUooea..

It w happened that aroood 1963-6-1 one ol m~ artid<s poblltbcd in some Gu}&rari papua claimtd that aU of Ahmedabad'• 1000 mosquea 'Acre 1000 eapturcd temples aDd rbc ma10 Bhadrokall temple wu !>cine mlsuacd by Mulllllll u their Jama Mujld,

Soo• rbert•Oer, u ehanee WOilld ba\C tl a rich hosiery 6rm (Mia K,C. Bro>.) demollshcd ,,. tltca4es old baiJdioa aad built a towcrroa lD&DliOD·

Since Mwhms arc tutored to find •••I'Y eac""' to pel< Ill a quarte.l •Jtb tbc Hoodus. Tbe Moslun tl'llll- of tile ....,.tied lama Mujod filed a suol io a Jncal court o( Ia• dciiWiditta that

... JNDJAJrrl IOSTOJUCAI,. lllt.Jf'Att.Ql

d ~ to dtmolish their maoJioo Which h I' C..lltoo ~ .. '- -.,.'")so t looe that ..as an insult to Alia• •d """""' tba - ,. ...

I • • ..,,., uohurd of and uotbtshed ~1 'n.i.t .,., q'l11 c -· . . . b I r "t:a, h to Allob, petbaP' oo bllildiog Y aws o any couarry ::=.., that ••ttJ baikfilll muJ1 be J horttr than rhe 1..,.1

_.. Y<l tile Musloml cvet)'Wbcte arc a law unto lbtlll. sd,.... lb<lr ourture ~raoostb<a> to ~ on a perpetual prcn.t oed i«P up • oootoouocll growl to terrify everybody and foree <tell' aoo·Musllm to dc<larc himself a Muslom that is bo,. hlam waa IPrtad.

Tbr J(.C. Bros. firm was worned. Its old owner approached hi• fricads Ollld relatiOOJ for odvioc. Some of them wbo Wero wdl·rud loformcd blm tbar rboy bad read an aniclo claimooa that evuy blirorle <di6cc oo Ahmedabad was a captured Hindu 1DIO$loo aod tbJrtlo<. so<lllcd Jama Masjid was tbc Bbadra .• laJltemplo dodJCitcd tO tbc guordiao deity or the biSloric IOWD•

tlup Ra1oapr aliu Asa.-al alias Kaloavari which on capture l>y Abmodsbab "" aamed as Abm<dabad,

Oa funbcr c6ort tbey ascettaiotd the wrir.r's name as P.N. 011 tad fouod out my addrw. The owner or the firm thee wrnt• a palb<tk lctl<r dttaibillg bb aosuisb and ahock at the lolaJ!J111 dcmaed tad r<qucstm& me to help him tide over tbc P<od•aJ~Cot by my bbtoriealatUmea.

I tmm<dlately "TTt< baek tellioa tbc old man that the matter •bleb bad cau~ed bim areal gloom wu to me on occa· llo;, for 1rur &Icc llnce I was Itching to prove my ftndins in a <oun or law that oo blatorie edifioo or township throughout rho WO.!d It ol Mullim orialn. Slnoe Muslims themselves had llleatbc taot,.ttve ladviltd tbe old defendant not to buck I• ~Ira to Mucllm bluff aad 'lluater ~ l was there, to help

"'tad,.. that hll new huilo.loJ won't be demolished.

''PI~" "''u..rtJj'~ lbe firm'a la"J<r drafted the dcfen~anll - 1: ,_ 141t.t l>laialllr Mualiml bad DO rialn to file rho auot

eat led ..;.,:, 1rhicb they claimed 10 be a mosque wat a ........ 8 d 111 laaplc aod tbcftfore it 1bould be turrtn·

•au.

J'ND.IAN NOMUMIN1& catDifeD 1'0 ALIIH MUSUWJ.

Tbo Aluuedabad Mu1llml 101 the sbock of lhdr hfe- Ne-.r io hittoty bad they ever aot aucb a thJDOIDJ fctort aDd rebuff

They held animated and aaitated coosultatleas witb mullahs, moulvil. arcbocolo&itll tad bb torlaru.

Thoy were all convloeed cbal lbo 10-<llll<d Jama Mujid wu a captured Hindu cemplo d"pltc tho &a· lear of a awblo plaque implanted to tho ochre atone wall by woly Cunnia&ham decl>r· ing In English thor lbe J•m• MI>Jod w .. bullion 1414 A.D. by Abmadsbah 1. Thus the Muallms cbematiV<> tellllzed 10 their chagrin that Cunnlnabom wu a liar who could cot be rellecl upon, IJitimll.oly lo areal frustr3lion tbo Muslims In Ahmed&· bad boot a hasty retreat and preclphouoly withdrew tbair ••It thereby coooedina. that they wore lnract conduc:tina ls1aml¢ ritt'l i~ an Hindu templt. Out lbat dou not perturb ahem bteaute abat has beeo Muslim practice: throug.boul historynamely to foroe captured peraoos to turn Muslims aad then rurtber (orce them to u.s.e thc1r enl~bile temples as mosques. Tbe Musllm1 withdrew the sull bccaUJC they were afraid that w from hclnJ able to dtmolisb K.C. Bros's mansion IIKy would have 10 surreader tho bllildina they were misusilla u a mosque when durina the hrarioa it turo.s ouc to be a captured temple.

A somilar Muslim lhrcal wns stalled around 1985 in New O.lhl. Residents or New Delhi South &teas ton P•rt II Wtre thr<ateotd by a Mutllm mob obattbey would seize rbe historic monument known as Masjld Moth and turn II Into a ranatlc blamlc pressure ceotre. The 1Qil4ted Hiadu residents approach· ed me. Thereupon I toured tho monumeot with their workerl. An-architect. a photoaraphcr aod a lawyer were D.lso lD o,.cn .. dance. I polnred out to them how every uetalltbtre proved tbe edifice 10 be 1 Hindu Mandlr Math •·•· o templ .. cum·monutery. A auit was later ftlcd aad ao iofu~~~:tioo w~s obtained resrraiaing Mu11lms from offoriaa prayers ioaide tbat butldlo&· I.at<r a aerutiny of tbe relevant revenue records revealed thor tbp name Masjid Motb was roil!ed on tbll mocumcctlo 1&80 Obviously rbat was Cunoinaham'a miSchief 1 bav8 had DWIY tucb coawltat~cy caset oo each ooc or wbtcb I ba¥C won buda dowft.

oll•cl•tllta•l•l tilfWIJ tb<r<~oro note that not 1 sin Llf .~ .. ~ b«<oll bY MUJhiDJ. Coo .. queotly •• :It

..,""" .,pi tolay daom to any such oao and must ~ Moo~• ott< lied. Tbe buoldiop themselves bear nuaoc c!!J<fl,.1r ........ ,ue~~u oct•JOlllll cootoura. 61iaree deco,.t'""' -y\JQO· li··- --·. 1 • ooo •

1- ocbr< ooloor lion< • ..,..ooea ll&os dlspla~·

kJI'" cSl' _...,. • 1 .. ..,

1 o( tb• roocoed kibla. Koraooe ov:rwntloa etc. <I '

·':": ll< odY1!ed to master this techoique o r idcotiryi:· ~otorit b•oldiop .. Hindu to rcsoSI raocttOUS ood fictitiou~ hlllllo doiCIIl

To tbo Muslim• 1 would like to ~y thBI tbolr Drat procll .. lrr~• on b1JID11lhould be~· t~aco their own Hindu li~eago aod rttumto H!pdul<m whoch '' now ready to welcome them bart ., IDII&·<JirtD&<d brethren. Muslimr who ore nol pre· po~rtd IO do tbat may thereby realize tbat they lack I he basic (41rtF aod hoouty to study history or to SJl$1k or write about Jt. Tboor •bo close tbclr eyes to their own history will ...... u, ICI'Oit tbe truth in other areas or history and palfo... aopcdll MtniiiD coocoetion or world history.

ACRA MO:SUMEI'IITS

nr TaJ'ol••ol to lamr or tbt currcnt btiicr tbt it wu Sbabj&ban wh

"'"lt tit< TIJ Mlh•l•• eooccde only two poiots end even lho: DOC'"'''""' •ubtt.uual ruervalioos :

_:ralv:::: ~~'.:,tbcr~ aro, two sepulcbral mounda in 1bo _

14,.., ""It< • T•J w~teb look like Muslim 1ombs ond

lllllo or COAlDiu ~~·~b ~Mum tat Mahal, one or tbe ;hbu• All.vCIOIICio41o

1 tbu poo:l ~lhu, and or Sbahjohan himself,

t.Oif. It Is ... u btnn ba • shall now point Out our rescrv•· -.do b .. c IIIIIICtlm.,' ~ m~oy ltl(b mounds arc fake, Sucb lullrLop "'"'• ao dud 0 nuod on I be tcrntces or historic ..._ ptJIOG could be bu • d b ~t ... lltb.u

00 • fie Y aoy chaooc. :::.t'-4 "IS lli1b17 do 'fdk burial date or Mumtn

• ~ lol lltr b.uial u tfu\ Wbethcr abe wu at all -.-:0::-Jcon ot :: ~ lll<lltioned u ~tween .......... aolcu I Suc:b neueaqs CYCD

tD " lilted to have be..; coos•

t toiOtAH MONUME'tiTS c-I!Ot"f80 tO Al.lEN ftoiiVSL1WJ

uuctt:d for bet hocly. ll hl&bly sutpiclout. Maow:ha. aa officer 4n the tcrvk:e of the P.a•t fod1a Company duuna -'t~raopb, titXJ_e. bu cecorded tbat Akbar"• tomb IJ empty. Who knowt 1be.o wbdbcf Mumtu•t tupposed tomb ts oot cQpty too lo tpite or aueb wciabt)' ~c.se.rvaaioat we are rndy to presume tbat ohc owo tomo• could be those of Mumto~ and Slabjahao.

2. The ->tl~tl po1nt 'n f&V'OUt of tbo tradition.at Taj leJ.C:G.d <COuld be cb•t Koranlo teats have bcc.n h11cribtd tJont tho out· side or tom.: \)f abo archn. Our wei&.hty reaervauo~ on th•s pctlat :.1 thAt IUOh I.Otc,tiptlonS CJtilt Ol\ tbe U.teriot o( I he ... dhni o :o Ko Zoj)do io !\)mer and on lhe $0•ca\lcd Kutub Minor in 0.\M. but theY aro known to bo • eaOlllull•&•· 1'bo

-etching;s on the TAj haV~ theteroro only suJpiciout value:. tbosc: ..arc meft ovcrwritin&• on 11. cmptured Hindu buitdiog.

Prooi'J in tupport of our cont<ntioo thollbe Taj Mabol lt •• aoeient liindu temvte--p:.lacc complu knowo :u Tc:jomalualaya

are a.s: uoder-(t) Shabjabon's own officoal court cbroolclt l1'hc B•cbhah

nouoa) rc<OICit oo pa&c 403 volumc I that Mumtn'• body ••· bumcd from a gra\e io Borhaopur (after 1 sia.·mc:mtb burial there) .,., brou&bt to Aara and iol<rrtd inside • maosroo or uolquc spteodour aappccl whb a dome. Tbat manilon tbco known u Rajo M•ruinab'a mansion was owned by Mansia&b's

graut!Jorl JAiJin&h. (2) In a lett« written by prrnee Auran111eb in 1652 A.D. to

•hi• rutin& father emperor Shahjahan, Aurangzcb rtportl carry· ina out s.>mo urgcnt. hasty repairs to tho oracl:cd dom• and •lcal<log aevco-noteycd building comp\n. Contrarrly tho modem ateh•eologlcol notice at lbc Taj eotroooc asserts that the Taj wu ready brand oow In 165.!. Oou the an:batelOJY ·department know hotter than pr\oce Auraoatcb t

{3) Thcre oro two palra of Sbabjtban-Mumtu aravcs, • •· a pair ucb In obc marble bucmcot and tbe marble ground ftoor "Wby '"'o sr•vu uch t Did each or th<m d•e a double dCJtb t Aod wby u tbc marble alab or Mum111'1 cenotaph lo tbc bAstmeat jUJI pl~oo wbote when tiS bump aad tbc olhc:t tbtoc o:ootapba bavollhpeo decoration. That "a JUJpfcoous det~ll

II'I'DlAt< lllrT1)111CA~ lflt d "'at

111 f~~<l tbtl Mumtaz'a iotmncntln Aara w

'"' fJI"I It' ~ J••P"' Mabtraj.l'a tcmpiC'palaO' D<mlplex .. •• ••""' "'v• t b • .., • ilclllt ............ ~. t ...,. h bao wb<>l< rei&• WliS supposed ,., be a &ollie ~ ;;~,;.ory, •bll aotldl CVCD a S<111P of ;>l~r aboutrb:

ru:d•• oftb< TIJ · Thus tbrrc an: no orden COIM1iq,00•

":":'be To~ •• c<>rrc•pnode~cc for ~~· pur<:~ or IC'!u:aitlon ~r'tb< ..,...11.., .,10, oo dts•J!• draWmC$. no bills or r<eclph,

and ao rJf;dtC account ,beets. (Sl 'fh< oamc Tal Mahal Itself aigolfies 1 royal resloeoec or

lbC btsl amana rc.tldcnces. By DO strct~h or imaslnalion OOUid

1 l'-''>'ard ever be dClignatcd as a palace unless a palnoc Itself

bu be<• convcriCd Into o grnvcYird• (6l Had Sbah;ahall r<IIIY beco the eonreiver of tho Taj he

aced aot bavc sperlally instructed Mulla Abdul Hamid not to tors<~ G>conoo••c or describing its construction In the official Cbroo~<lc bc,.usc the arandcur and ma,r-sty of t~e Taj u the bell aeblc>rmcot or a ruling monarch ooald never be loSI slallt or b

7 a paid coon cbro11icler. He should not aced a

•pr<ial , .. , • ..scr roe ... Ill M•lla Abdul Hamid's chronicle eoota1ns ocrious d*'e·

paacle " " tbt a!>scDcc of lte designer's oaooe, ao4 a ridicu· 14uly ~ rt utimate (*I lak.b rupees) of tho cost or tho Taj, •blb b tcOft'ed at b) sobsequeot scbolan.

((() E-.a otbtr estimAtes of the ~$1 vary from Ra. SO lakb&

to "' 9 crottt ad 17 lakb,. \9) Sbab,ahau's roiSJ! wu no golden reigo since it wu

marrod ~Y uooadloa wan aod revolts. epidemics aod famine.. (16) Sbahjahaa•s overbtarioc. conceited 1tingy and aelf

..atred oature ruled out any pouibility of bls wutina aoy IIIOD<J 00 1 ltotimeotal projetl amounting to throwing away _, "" • d«4 body.

Ill) Tbat bo could . ..s.nu,.,1

W<b not nco Ia Ius wildut dreams cooccivo 1M& .... lbc ..,:.:ous project is apparent from tbe fact -u., toil

08 ~1111':" teU us that he modo tbe

,.,..111 A..:;:crc taUODI Without &ivioa :bem aoy eu:. -•• UJ1 that be made RIJU a~~d

Maharajas pi)' • \a tat: parl or the C0\1. So CYC.'O tbe addhioa• and •llct'llhnn rtqulrc4 i.o coovt.thDI a pallco 1oto a comb were JOI done b) m1k101 labourt:rs 1011 for mttc mcalfC ratioM aocS by .mpotioa lco;'a Oft aubs.crvlcot G~left.

(tl} If il ttupcodOUI mooume.ot tlkc tbe T•l h buih rot • c:ooson there would bo • ocnmoalal butlal date and il wcnt\4 nos ao uarccorded. But oot ooly it t he burial date not mc:ot1oncli btU evon abc pc..aod durina wb•cb 1ht may have. bun burled in tho Taj! V4flet from lb monlbl 10 nia.c yeaf1 or

Muroca:t"J clta\ho (13) Mu01tn bnv•oa b<cn ronrrlcd 10 Shah]aban wbeD lh•

htttec w1u l l yens oiU sboWt that the w•• bi.s wnpttentb wife be:e-ause tu S habjabla"t tln'e ~;b\ldrcn and royal ebUdren a\ lhat used to be p14nic:tl much before 'bey cotcrcd I heir tu nJ. H1vins been th~ umpteenth ond ont amooc at \t ast S1000 wlvc:s there was no reaJOO wb) the 1houW be COcmtt morated i.n a dreamland mon\lmcnt.

(l~) Even by birth Mumtn bcona a commoner sbc did ant dcser"'-e a palatial monument .

(IS) Hi>tory milia no mcnuon or aoy apecbl out·Of·lbC' way auaduncot or romance bct..,eco Sbabsabaa \Dd MumJ.u. durin& tbm life umes uohkt 1b1t or Jabanair IU1d Nul)t ban. This sbow1 tb&l the aubte'lucnt ~tory of tbc~r IO\'c il 1 coaoocuon seeking to JUitify lhC " ' about !be bulldina or tbt Ta}

fot Mumtu's dud body. 116) Sbahj&ban Wit no paoron or.... Had be be .. ODC be

"ould no< bnvo hAd the hurt to d top tbc banda t>f those who are said to hov~ tolled to bu\ld (he monument for his wife, An prtlst, el peclolfy ono dlscoololotc on hll wife'• d•••h. would not Indulge Ia an orsy or maimm~ a kill rut oraflsmen. But tb• maimlns nory Is apparently true !)«aulc, .node to toil o101ci· teu ly oo mea arc raUoos JUt\ to uJurp an anctcnt 30d ~cnt:ratcd palace to bouse a corpse, spp~rcally iofurlatcd tbc workmen

who broke 10t0 revolt. J 17) The sublerraoun emerscncy .-11 from tbe Toj ID the

fort could ooty exiSt •• a pala«. A dead bodY do<s not aced uy CiQpe rou1c aod a subterranean one at tbac.

,0 e of tb< tao1ona that II tbe rear pou,11 lo Clll Tilt ulotco<

1 raJt« h oeou•l marble structure cooJlslo o f a nearly (191 EvcJ> : • l&ot ,.;1, wbicb could :101 be llD orlaonol

~room !DAib < P' ,..,.!> I -•

T•J .,.,111plex coota o... ourly 300 or even (,20\ Til< ...... • h ~- h

I '

111 eorridors, on 1 e ... scmcnt, 1 & upper ..,.,tt rooms a on f't\Ort and Ht miD)' IOW'H'J,

The ..,...ued m0$QUO on ooc Oank aod tho nondesCll t<rl'ln cophemlstically explained &Miy as a uselou

=~~d 11 the .,.st pavilions, auard rooms and waitina

Ulh c( tilt polaoc. (lll Tbe plume pavilioos in tbc Taj premi;cs could never

101111 JWt of 1 sombre tomb bot olways of a pal•c:e.

(2.)1 The wonlo Kalu aodBual (tower) are Sanskrit words. Tbt)' OIYJI4 0,,., bave (lltaed ea ori¥onal maUS<)Ieum uoleu Ill<) 11ock 1c tbr promiw before tbc buddiog wa< requositlonod lot ..,.,.....,. 11110 • tom).

(24) The decorauvo patterns are not only ento.ely oflodoao IIDII botl\10 of ll<red !loodu motifs like tho lotos , whicb 'nlfl4d' cbsrocteruu.,, aooordlna to Is lamic bolter,, would oc•cr atlDw IllY peace 10 tbesool of tbo oodivoduals lyins buried ut>4trocolh

125) The pllcrll1. ardlcs, suppotlioa brackets and cupolas ate ellllnly lD tbe lilndu atyle sucb as caa be seen all over 1\ojpolllll.

WI! Ukr <W1 otber IUlpicioua upec& or tbe raJ the period oiOODIInlt:llotl b vatllllllly Ill ltd IO be ) 0; 12, 13, 17 01 21 ,can. "biclt apoa Jlnn':a thattbe traditional versooo os a •• ...,__ "PrattAtlt &he above P<llods are all uue so nee - _,

110"' "''" <Oalple•~ I b a... w o( "'" w t on 10 years. Some others,

.. ~ •I ,..:,.c:· .::"' llnbbcd at dlffcrcot pcnods. These or.,...&Jiyo pate.;c. II~U~&th to the bellcr &bat the Taj wa$

tiT) E- To..,.,.,., tollt --IIOCIIloc all or the btai tnooy lbot he saw tbc c:oatmen·

ldooa wort wb•lc wcakcnona tb:

l tCDIAN MONU.MunS C"aEOn"'D TO AUDt MUSUIIU

a.so of tra.ditionaHsu stronatben• our ea.o bc.cau•c Tavetoior arrived on India onlr In 1641 l.o. 10 yura after Mumta•'• <Ieath. If blo Stltconcnt lo 10 be believed the Taj wu not hcaun C\'en aOer 10 years of Mumta&•t dcatb. His llltemeo\ belpa ut four·sq~Jarc to refute tbc lradiuoool theory. It bu all alooa been our «>>tention lbat Jao Sloab's bcredirary p1lace ,.... 1ake" ov<r from him and Mumtu buried In h &Omclimc all.tr bar dcoth. Sinee abo wao olrudy burled In the buildlna for II year• bcrorc TavorQ.iar arrived in India, herders 10 tho buildt.oa only •• Mumtu •s Tomb. and when durioa bis prea.eoce in India from 1641 to t668 aK&tfoldlna "'"' uloed and Komo\c -ctcbiogs wero carried ou1 be. rcrcrred 10 h •• "tbc eomlbeD• -cemeut and tbc cod of the buildioa work" durina bit preHDOe In todia. We therefore, fully accept Taven:aicr't record aod &lYe it a most honoured place in our lcstimooy.

(i8) Apparently tbe rcpona that Sbabjoh:w lcvitd larao :.mounts on Raju and Maharaju and the SCM:alled bulldma work draaaed on over 10, 12, 1'3, 17 end even 22 yea,. are all very true dc .. lb. We fully accept tbem. They fit on four square with our caae. Sine< Sbabjaban wu too shrewd to opeod ony• thing ou1 of hit own J9Cket and would 1- no opportunity or taxing and persecuting tho local people he made political ond economic capilli I eve a OUt Of tbo d .. th of h!J OWD wife. WbJle on the one head be compelled tbe Rajas eod Mahara;aa to pay for the alteratiODS IO the pallte, owned by 000 of their OWD

l<itb and kio, that it may be converted into a tomb, he made the labourcn and artisans toil on a meaarc ration. That lswby the work draaged on .. l a snail'• p1oe over a lang period.

(29) The designers oro votiously mentioned by Westetn acholars to be Europeans and are claimed by Muslima to be Muslims while the l mperlal library Manuscript aootalns all Hoodu names. Wbat greater proof Is ocedod of tbe uuer falllly of the traditional Taj tbcory.

(30) Apart from tho feet that the Imperial Lobrary Manutcript lilts all Hindu name1 there II one other very r<IDllrbbk detail wbioh refute~ the trodillonal claims aboul the drslpcll of the Taj he ins lORI< European I Or MJls\imo. It lboUid bo noted tbtl even a moo& the Westera tcholars there are two

I~DIAW HIJTDRtC.u. I 0.~~

, rau"" Ooc aurrbul•• the TaJ desla.o to Ocronlrno Vcr ,.. dl . A • oneoao.

ltalt.n Tltc 11tbtt croup ere I~ tl to ushn de Bourd

l"tcnchman. The coofusion •n the Mutlim camp or sc.;o•,u., 1

d ld d . "' '" ,, tqllallt ~~"' Tlte)' too are tV e 1010 th ree groupS 0 m•onlltM that l'!ssa Effendi waa n Turlc, aoothcr ~qu 1Dt1 p . s· n , vtbcmcnll) as~llthat be was a erstao. •nee after all P.u. rtrco.dt 1s a fictitious nAme plucked from nmoog those cora~

I • 1. d ~oo In l.bc wrrtcr' s cltues h s oauona ••Y rerulliDt vngue. Tbe thlld vcrr·00 iJ rb•c Ahmad Mcbodis was tbc urchhccc.

(31) far (rom CllUsiog blm aoy expenditure the Toj prove<~ robe the pro•crbtal hen laying golden •&as for Shahjahao. Tr&diuooal accoonl$ tell us chat the Toj had gcm·studdca matblc scrccot, gold railings ond silver doors. Even SbahJahan'• own or e•en his wife's p•locc did oot possess such fairy-t ole laarurcs wb.ift the two were a live. It is absurd to 6Uggest thnr them coSll} ocd fabulous fiuuru almost dropped from btavto o1 sooo u Mumrsz died. Bur the accounts of those lixturu nrc nevtrthtlen true. We accept them u such. They fully suppon our >~tW that Shabjaban, shrewd as be was, made capitJJ I evon our ofbi~ "'•fe's dea~h. He used tbnr sombre occasion as n lc\tr ro force llliiOJh our oJ bts ancestral palace. Mumru wa& buried Ia a stripped. cold palncc robbed or all its eosrty rrApp· inl', lorer ~u coolly remo•~d ro Sbabjaban'• ueanry. And it "'tr< aot mcrcly the trappi ngs, mentioned above, wbich ""'" rcmo1 od but also the RaJput Ptacock Throne which was kept amid" l.bole rupleodcat surrouadio&l. Because what cl&e ct«Pllh< P.ocock Throne could be kepr m on coclosurc cor· donc4 Gil' b) t <m·studdcd marble screens, and equipped with lll••• doart ood &old raihngs1 Tbe Peacock Throne which wac Clnt<d to Inn wu. tbtrttort, nor n Mo1ul hcirl~om bur a ••n •octto\ ilcrcd, lndlao Ksbotrlya throne which might even d&k b>tlo to IID >O(pal or the 4th Century A .D . or Vlk11JmJ· d\1)1 IOUO bcjan the Vikram s~mvar in S7 B.C.

0 21 The pttu where tho Toj II now situated was a bu•Y t.,. w•••h•p l no ... n .. th J •• T• 1 • m tngpura and Khawupura. The :.a!.~~ -:.• "'' ;the fotJI ceotre af thote townshipt. "Pura' ' In laDd. I 11 0> U I buw tOWnthop Inc! not jut~ l.R open plot of

l ttOIAl'f MONUMBtiTS Ca iDri'IO l O A.LIIM MUJLIMS

(l3) The unlvemUy cooccclcd fact that theTa) PfOI'Cfl7 wu taken over by Sbabjabao from Jahinp b • 1i1nlftunt de toll which clinchco tbo l11ue. The belief thll it wu an 01'C1' plot that Sbl bJaban rook and nor a ready palau Ia rooted In rbe auumptioo tbatl•• built tbe tomb. ·There 1$ no otbec proof for ot. That usumplioa b baselus.

()4) The TIJ palace has variauo other •ncuu outalde ill outer peripheral redttonc walla. TbOK were moeat for counkn ond ol.bcrs closely oooacctcd witb tbe palaeo.

(3S) The Taj bad • araod aardeo, II araveyard never bouts of luocious fruit a.nd ftaBOlDt 6ower tr«< sioot tbe idea of eojoyloc the fruit aod ftowcrt or a araveyard orchard it revoltIna. Tbe gardco could bave, therefore, only been tbe adjunct of a palace pure and olmple. Tbc trees, moreover, were tbOM b<:ariog Sanskrit names. and select sacred plmlt at tbatlike Kctaki, Jal, Jul, Champa, Maulaahree, Harshrlaaau and Bel.

(36J It Is on record that Babur died Ia hit prdcn pal ... at A1r1. There h no otb<r palatial building ia Aara exocpr the Taj or which tho gordeo wu to important an adjiUICt u to form an loS<porablo aod iodlspcnuble adjoctlye, Tbt prden palace In which Babur dltd four gmerallont before Sbabjahe, wu no olhtr thao the Tlj.

(37) Akbar oa his early visltt to Aara UJtd to lil Y In Khawasputi oad Joisinghpurs wbich dcarl7 allows tblt be ttaytd IJ\ the Tlj. He could not stay there permaaenrly lo •pita of iu maani6ccnco because its defeasl't"t St:ut(Uf'H bad ell ~ca mowed down in •ucc:csst-. usaullt And Akbar. deeply bated as be waa by all from hit own son dowowards. could not all'ord 10 ttay lo an unb:trricadcd place or pal>tt.

(38) Btrootr saystbat the oelhcr-chambtrt of theTa] '"" opened only oott a year aDd no aoo-Muslims nre aUo....S ioaide. That shows the blllb·buall tcerecy maintained abouttbo undergrouod noon of tbc Taj. It II • Pity tbal bodl -Go~crn~~~<:nl aod our scholars allow ao CIJC11'CStto opal up tbo undcraround cbamb<:n of rbc Ta), clear I be debris. prowlde liphDJ, remove rho lilhDII in slalrc:un ed roomo ud lei srudenll of bisrory aad cwa laymcn ba" a fm ""' oi!M pre•IJCS. The Go .. ro-1 c:u eata a baocllomo a~ul f-

"""'" tuncaJCAL ltsiAaCU .. >*to I<'')' ftlk lbc raa~hcr, lbe .. ,..,..~ It .. r ': OJCM«U will be all lhe wlter by lr! ~ .. _,_., .,:,~ auara6odl<» of tb11 araocl """•""" II tb< n.,.. 11 roc11 6nt·,.IC matcnal for ... flJtltnd ttawdC:~t c.•d be toEDC buntd UC&SUIC: dtcre -'"" """s:::. lb< c:;.,..,....c, acd all .-ton• of I be ;:::::.

10 ,.,. bj tbf'l'IDI op<ll 111 toaJcmeat to all ,.ho

CS1f ta uc I t»l nt Tarllb .. To) !>h i>JJ deed hu boca dettcted to be

,,..,., ("'l Tta Ttj pte•·•lt are 6ued •lib maPlvo, beavy,

a;o'ltd 4oc:l r4u ,. mod ttoiiiSdU oo oome ttdcs of tbo Taj which

~"'*' ~ tutlt wu a palace bcfcm be na coovcrled Ia to

.~ bt•=mW< ... po!Ats -kl be blou&hl up on favour or

- _...,1100 llol II>< ,e•t •lilt W< lllvc aaid above lbould - 10 '"'' C&t tilt tradltioDSI ICCDUOI ar Sbah)ohao u•q l!t Ta Mihal sbouiJ raal u one of tbc b•IIUI Ism d r) Aacl lbt pntktal of !be Ta1 bobble OUIOo II&!GilJ ~~~&ada of melliA<'II butary. We IDI) buc .,rcbbl) nr:a!11t.t •ord• of lbc wrc•• bbtoriao Sir B M ~ lo l~t pm.a 10 lair CJ&l>!·TOJUIDC !tully Of media•

rnlwo:ldo lw ,..., tptiJ ud polmcdly rcm.rked 1hatthe l:l!1M} of tbc Musluo perood '" India "it an •nterffied and llOl'lld<Dl h'""'.. Uofon••mh lbo fraud baa boon laid 10 *<r lllat""' I""'' ~lr lUi. Elliot 01bo l<oew tbAt 11 wu a ~ •u Olol' cbcl.!rd '"'' bclitlint tOme upcc11 of 11. Tho !Ud hit ltt<n 110 eouaa01m>te tlw l<ll<rltiona of ocbola,.. ::::=• aod f~>t<ro hkc Fcr.....,n. Vio«nl Smilb &lld

,,.. bodty duped I bopc that .acbolars. 11udentt

~ ~ If llti!OSD '"'"" II !cut oow 'il up and tbtnk ~ tlia1 t<p~eJtbtlt bcada lmnad •• tbe &and a of faoctful

:U"" ..,::~~L .. 111' or loJ~~a "''""' •• lod11o acbool4.

.._WII DlotiiUhOCtl 'Altice h h T nrW aa ll:< "'Jb I an I< aua ty lj - ......... .,..., .,.:

0 '1 .. "'"' \ f&~~C<od acd ml•u«4

-..c._, .. ~ Clllt =~ u&ll1.o • ! ""' of the Moaul P'Q.b n ut.omae.ically earrlt'•

aUt he ...... butl<hap ID lit tralo OUI or lbc faoclcd Mo,ul "' tb< Muslim yard 10 aeneral .,here thay lay U>urpcd. c:oa&acat• cd o.~~d dumpod 10 the name of varlou• wltans. emptton, eunuchs, rauzdars, polleD aocl •••o bhlltlos. ADd wbal all I bel< bualdmJtll< removed from the Clcdll ude or Mull1m rule io India tbelr whole history is reduocd to a ahamblcs.

Tbe new tlgbl lhrnwn on the o;lgin of the Taj Mahal abould. therefore, induco in our teach.,., professou. ocbolan aod "udcou of history and uoavc11itie• the need for a tborouab rc~carch in this fasc•natlna tuh)tCt uolt\1 we are reoolulcly rcJigned and sworn to perpetuate what olrcady appeart 10 be a bad joke aod an uncon.cionable load of falltboods from onder which Indian bi&tory cries out tO be reJcutd and relieved. Will our historians rise to tho occasion or tbe publie cry ow for tbdr tiJbl to be told tbe truth I Wbal pusu for lbt history of lbc Musil en pertod an lad a a today Is 99 per ceat or tbcllulf lbal Arabian Naghto IS mtde of.

Tbe agc-old araumcnt of believers io tbe oo-c:alled IndoSaracen•• a~hitcelure, that tbe Taj it tbc eulmill2tion of tbll ilylo, no longer bold• aood """ tho Taj itself is only a Rt)put palace converted 1nto 1 Mushm tomb .

Endorsing tho fiodloa that 1ho Taj Mahal far from bcioa a 17th Ceotury Muslim tomb. is a mueb ancient Kiodu polaoc. Dr fvl. Flagmelor. President of the AmcraCID Sodety ror Seandlaavlan and Ea51orn Studies, 40S9 Monroe Street Nonb· eall, Mlnaeopol!s. Minnetota, U.S.A , wrotc an bU letter dat<d Dococnbor 6 196S addreucd to the nu1hor : "We ba>'e looa bold in eont~mpt the absurd nouon thll Shahjahan bllill the Taj Mabel. Your scbolatly lnvestianuons hoVe boulertd our own theories. and you arc to be commcndtd for the clantY wuh " bieh you have presented th .. new and refrctbin& '""'"" or. turbulent chapter of lodtan bhtory ••• (On my visit to tbc TaJ) I •u ~~tuck by tbe fact that in •p•t• of cerlaln ,Mogul wp<rli;l&· hiles, thll wu NOT " Moaul bulld•aa. For enltlplc tb< tour lllllllrciS reminded me of p~tluru l bad seen of HtoJu •~hal..,. lure 1n Whll wa• then known &> RaJpUiaoa AI>O. tb• o<IQO"

liil 4uiao wu dcfinatcly of Hlodu o<•l••·"

" 1lt ,__. ,..~. "-'""""\. Tbrone sporited away by tho

__., Houuu ~-~ I . nr •-Sll.all .0 tru. is no ongcr on Ulltence. In .. ,..,.. Sidjt fur) the throne W8S dtS:nembcred aod liS

-..dlat• h~£~lssnarcbrd or givco away. Bns of tbll pl p/11< ~ ~ ld prrhapl be craccd among the royal Jod _.,.t ~ ~ 1 ""' if a proper search is undertaken lltlllrltoaiiS cs me any with tbe impression lbat tbc \ llit.m 10 1~ :Ul' mean on& The Peacock Throne) treasured TIILht-c-la"' ~ possessions there 1s the throne seiud and _, ~~ '% Sadir Shab. Butt be extant Takht·e·Taus is camt6 . sso'a "'itb oo peacock tllliY on tt, It gets its bbH\*100 ' ' · b f T - "'Ta•" lt.t Peacock) not rrom tbe b~rd ut rom a us aa ~ sout11tarl of a former Jranlan ruler wbo loved

10 .U.IooeiO tbt lady on tb.ll throne.

'"'*""Uy,lbr Ptaeock Throne also belonged to the same .... ~ famill •bleb ltlt owned tbe Taj. It was sacrilegious r. a WilLa MOardl to bave ordered a throne with anomal ~ lodltb< tbzOG< and the Toj e.oter into the unauthentic .....Uo(Sitab)&llla'u~ipjwt about the same time. The •+•• palace (DOW koo'lrll as the Taj) provided just the """lfPl ol tni!O& fCK !be tciotdlating throne.

A..-'ISoCslrl J- M .. )W

II lk toioht olthe crowded city of Agra IS a huge citadel •• ...,IIOJie •ans. IllS now called tbe maio mosque. But : '"'l !:::"''of lllltOoe Willis and Other indicatiOnS SUCh liS

..::: -ot pooot out that it could only bo an earlier ..., =: 1<1Dple of the royal deity, Usually principal .,.._ Moal 1 0' 01 India wrrc eaptured &lld converted into - 1\o -• IIIOI<IO<s l.t, lama Masjid.s in mediaeval

'111100 tablrt "" 0 h" • n b .. ,_ II" ~1, ays thar the mosque ¥ •r lahaa.t • d a ,.._....,. ra, IS a forgery. Row coul

• • "" I* late huu:~. ••tr butld a palaual .. , ,, ... A>as ., ... .:_-....... _

1A lliloo r 104" 0ne poiJ~ complu atop a ·-"'" \: ' 11 DOWO U filch pur Sikri.

1HOIAN MONUM.BHTS CIU5DITI!O '10 A\.IBM WUS:U.W.S ...

<:urr<nt lod!llo blttorlcal tcall o.od tourln htcratgrc profaun4t1 wert ~·• the royal 1own1hip wu built by Akb&r, thc tblld 1CDCrltton Mogul emperor who rulecl ovc.r I large: pa.rt or htdta from I >56 to 160$ A. 0 .

Since all ella at mediatval monumcnll tbrou&hout lndta evco tbouab or pr<·Muslim oriaio, bavc been blatantly cred•ted ro I hi& or that alien Musltm tu1cr It is oo wonder if the Fatch:~ pur Sikri royaltownsh•p also sull'cred tbe llmdatc. Butlbe"' ts volumooous evidence to provo that Fatchpur Sikn wos a Rajput township cncompautna all h s c>taot redst~nc moou· mcots, conwuotcd severe! centuries before Akbar Tbouab this would be a Ouing topic for a ~porate book yet In vll!'lf or tho amoynt of evidence ovAllablo a rapid 1urvey of tbat evidence sboutd aivo tho lay r<nder and reseacbcr alike enouah &rounds to scour out from his mind the traditional notion tbal Fatehpur Sikri was built by Akbar or for that matttr by any alien Muslim overlord. Tbc malo points of the cvideocc may be summed vp as under :

1. A number of Muslim chronicles ptrtainina to the rcicos cf rulers precc:diog Akbar allude to this towMbip as "Fatbpor.:", or u "Sskri" and even Ill "Fatbpore Sikri" •

2. A bistorieal book tilled "Akb~r" wriuen by Jwto<c JM. • Sbtlat and published by The l!h3ratly3 Vidy• Bba~ao, Bombay, carries fncillll page 82, a painton& ClolpUooed "Rnmayun'o 1roopo entering Fatbpore" Here 11 may bo remembered that Humayun was Akbar's father. The paiouna Is dear proof that FatbpQre (Sikri) t)tisted before Akbar.

0

3. Tho fttlcful bailie between Rona Sooga and Bab•r-tho rounder or the Mogul Jynasly lo lodi•-w•s fought atound F~tehpur Sikri "within siahl of the hillock" u Is meotlonod to BabtK"t Memoira Rona Sanaa had to come out of the walled township because the beli<alos Mogul fo=s were ravaa•oa tbe cou1)tfY·~•de, n11ss.-.erina innocent clvihans and poisonto& the water of tbc Anup Lake which was the township·• ma1a rn uvojr. The R•n• )lavina emerged out 10 give b.\111<. Bihar states that tbe ball!<: was rouaht wltblo view of the httloct .

4. Tbo ~non formed ore hkety to arpe that the <OJ,,.IDCol was rou&ht a few moles eway al Kaowoba. Buttbat is oot tile

.li INOIAtllllSTORICAL a-••eARCtt

,.holcrrulh Tilt Kuwaho bottle was only an iootial eoco • d d I b UOI<r belwctll Lbt1 ~ fotee>d ~o I . c oc m~ol or Ran a Sanaa•,

(ore.._ The uhun&te tcos.-c atl•on was oOUBbl around Ft~ b pur S11tro a few days la1er wilh the main body or the army~.~ b) 1be !Yna blll!torlf.

< Tbc maS5J\·c Will wbicb encloses lbe e11tirc townsbi io<ludin& the holloe~ and hund~tds of acres of plain &roua: aUII bean marl.s o( 'belllog. Gaping holes in the wlllts arc procf or Lblr'> troops having aimed tbror guns at Rau Slog• 1 defeoctl •

I Tbat Akblr himself hved io such a ruioed towoabip ;,. USiified 10 by a representative of the British crown who called oa Jab&OJII !000 afitr tbe.latteJ succeeded to the throne ofler hit father Akbar's death. Tbc caller has recorded that the m"'llllip WU on ruins. even ISSUmong that the township WIS

buill by Akbar, when we see oCs magoiliccnt monuments standmt rnfltt for Ill these centums in all their splendour, as tltou&b lbey were built only j";$lerday, it surpnues one's imagioato"" bow the towndup, prcsumrd to have been completed in ISU, could have beta 1n ruio$. withon 23 years when the EnJli>hmon VJsoltd Jab1ogor there. This piece of testimony =••<~ n elrar that Akbar .all along lived •n the Rajput townllup !bot bad got batlered wheo his grandfather stormed it only I lew decades rarloer.

1 Aootber Eoahshman, Ralph Fircb ~I sited Farebpur Sikri "'September IS&J. In the notes that be bas left or his visit he u."'ll41ra Aara .. nh Fatchpur Stlcn lvbieb shows chat be looked :!"'~ botb •• aocorottowrabops. Had Fatcbpur Sikri been a _._ .:..DI:w rownlblp completed around 1583 A D as Is falsely '"'rn~ aD MusJ h · ., dol h · om< tonoelu, he would have said ao and would

10 e •;• coFmpaoed the lwo, He alto Sllys that merchants used "'' to llthpur s c · d' Tbi k '•" 10 osplay thtor costly goods for Pk

•• 1 :~mar '110 lndleaiCI tba• the mercantile cooarcaatlo~

<~~<lent pranw;,: Had Fet b S • . lhor Fucb would e pur ••n been a now town· ., luat Dl•t wotho:~.er have comp•r~d .It with aoclcm Agraa .... ,, IOUIWied P<clllcally meDIIIUirna Patchput Sikri to b<> towa.

L Tloc Sull.flt II&IDC (An up) or tltc buce lake (now dry)

ff(DfAH MOtflt loU!'NU Ck8DI'BO 1'0 ALIDI" MUSUMI S9

ouuldo Potohpur Sikri abo provet !bet It wu bu•ll by tho Rojpuu In prc-Mu>llm 1lmc:s.

9, Tho f•ct that tbc Aaup Late butS! In I S8l compclhna Akbar tO Hn•ily d .. crt the IOwnthlp also IUIS<I.II tbat lhe l1k6 had long suffered from nealeet and laek of matnlena,.. fru a number or decadu (l.o. evcrsince llabar had nor mod Into aod uptu~d Fotehpur Sikri). Hid tbc lake been nowly conmuctcd

10 a wale r·roservolr for the FOiebpur Sikri 1ownsbop ot sboalcl not have bunl.

10. Tr~dlllonol Mualom atcounli variously aserobc tbo bealnnina or lbe conotructlon or Faith pur Sikri tO 1564, 1569, IS70 •nd IS71 A .D. ThOR dilferina version• tbemschu PfC'C

their falsity. 11. They further m11011on that the lo,.nsbip was completed

around 158). If tbst is to why did Akbar (in ally abandOIL ltln 158S 1 tbc real re .. oo waa that the lake bulil in ISS) made. It impOS5lble for Akbat 10 live In tho ancient Rojput t~wnsbop. Had Akbar 101 both 1be loke and towntblp coastructod and completed by 1 S83 then firstly tbe lake would not have bu!il ID

1583 A.D. and secondly Akbar would rather bavc &ot 1be lako rep~lred th•n 1otolly abandon a newly built polacx-eomplC10 But Akbar bad 10 leave becau1e he lacked I be koow-bow oven 10 repair the lake.

12, Jun wbef< the Elcpbt.nt Gale {Hatbipol) opens on the lake os a miniature cower with a aporatllna ualn:•se runo•n& around h. The tower bri&tles with scorel or llonc brackoll. Th•s Is • 1radltiooal H1ndu Oe<p-Stambha I •· lamp poot lnrront Of lompiOS and palaces. !'art ben lamps Ultd 10 be placed on chose brackets. Lookin1 resplendent tho lamp-post was called "Hir80lllayo (aoldeo)". Tbut same Sanslmt w~rd has now beeo defily traostormrd into Hiran-Mlnor to lit 1n with the forged Akbar-!eaeod, and the tower is 111d to mark lbo bunol spot of. per dcct or Akbar. Did Ak~r'l dtcr aprCII L

dying wilh for a Hindu lamp-poll with a spiralllna 11alreue u 1 memorial?

1:. Tbc bolts or two bugo elopbi.DIIIIouiluQI tba Hathlpol pie b<>or muto WJiltest to tbclr R~plll orl.ala, Tho IIDH .,._ pbants bave tbeor buds h•mmncd aWl). Their ,,...., ... 10

INDIAN 8UIOI\ICAL

···· ·~ form 10 uc1o 010U tbe eolruco eaactly u !bey d city palac< Ia a RtJpUI otate c:apitel, Kotab cveo n ° ~ "dtphoot pra .. ,. on Cbiuor and the Red Forts 1~";. Silllllt, Ddbi I !Jam fi'OWIIJ on all lclols. Moreover tbc el b Ira 1114 oU alooJ been a ~ymbol of royal aod cliyiae misbt ep tat baa pocy ia l:l . .odu mytbolou and history. lt is 1u., ~ ~ow~r 'lid fadlaa aalmal. Tboa provu tbat far from consrruP<,c"fto•n, Hlllupol pte of Fatebpur Sikri Akbar bad lhe •: "I lbe bebndecl and tbtir srac.IUII.Y arching trunks h• <pb1fllt

IIIIIDtftd ..... ,.. 14. Similar vandalism may be noticed inside 11130 F

por Sotri IDI.Diioos where peacock plumes oo walls :0. ~~ dalaclleclaway. • ......,

U. Tbo eutore township with Irs stables for houes (A sbala) aocl elepbaou (Gajubala) 10d intricaleiy omamsbva. HlDdv workiDIIIShip and motifs ;1 in the traditional R ·~Ill lfyle. IJPUI

. 16. Ewa ill names and associations arc almost cxolu I Hiada-._uc~~ u Paoobamahal, Jodl>abai's Mahal T: .,.ly :::t'· Borbal Mabal. Tbi• show, that alien Muslim ~obre:: u euy ~~ ::oae. ornately carved Hindu buildings with

.. aiCleucc. 17• Tbe ~eel Salim Ch •

Handa mublc templc iDJido ao~ty tomb. is ao _ornately carved caoed llllrblc pillar "hicb bu out. lnso~c h 16 an cxquiJilcly lOmb. It bas liJo a .... b 00 PIIICC to • acnuioe orfaioal

.- •1111 Ulllory pahlae. 11. Tbe -- r ,_.,_ • r··~ucc o a Mu1lim ~ k" •

- u llldf proof that the '- . a 1" tomb anywborc In -..hlp because mecll 1 M tloo llllrh an ancien I Indian ._ Ia tho modn orr:··~ utlim fakirs used to take rffi· lly ~ .,..t arc :O.~ooumc:nta, This may be observed !~ IOJDb't in Dc!lu d 11 Nlumuddin and Bakbriar ..,..... 10 tbat of Moiauddio Cbistl In

lt. Ia tbobat Ill& Pay au tba 'luadrtaalc ft.tllltocf by tb II d I d h l'oal'a 'IIYII Ptnoay there are e so·ca c Bu an ..,.. Pll oi'Stlaa Cbisu. Ch k b .acore• of other arave1

.... Had Akbe, bailt~ y )OWl , Witb it lin tbO toorafbtp could be baw

•

IHOIAN MONUMI:tn'l C&(D\TIID TO At.IOf MUI\.UR

allowed 1be maaoiGcer.t, buae, paved quadrooato 10 be turned lnto a aroveyard 1 Which monarch •outd c:vtr loko on tal&

.,avcyard •• his pillow-bead 7 o\ppatoolly tboso arovn .... or lbOI-C Muslim combatants wbo rell tberc. while ltorauaa lht. township in 8tbur's time, Of of fakirs ,bo rctlded in tho ruins aubsequently. It l1 olao doubtr..J wbolber Sbeokb Sal"" Cboali 11 all lies burled wberc be it suppose4 10 be becau10 bls crave appcan quite difl'orcol In 1bapo from the other trianfllllor mounds.

20. One vcraodab of that same huge quadrangle Ia also desiaoatcd u a mosque. Thls also proves that thil botcb·potcb or. mosquc:-cum·cravoyard-cum-royal quadra.o&Je pierced by totrcriaa majeJiic aateways was a makeoilo, improvised m.e of a captured Rajpultowosbip. E.W. Smi1b and otbcr Western bilforiaos bavc noted that tbe 00o¢liled .mosque b as many Hindu fcat•res in h• intricate workmanship. A c.lose exam11ll· tlon of tbc premiS<J shows !bat tbc hu&c qoadronale WlL> tbc kitchco·cum·dioina square of Rajput royalty before the to.,oship wu uptured by Babur.

ll. In tbe huge quadraoale Jnfroot of the Panch Mahala buae Cbaupa1 board bas been delineated on thepavecl redstone O.oor. Chaupat (Backaammoo) is ao u clusivtl)' Hondu ~Am• of hoary origio. It used to be tbe mall popular pll$tlme in mediaeval timet. Cbaupat it never played in Muslim bduscbolcls. Tbls board also proves that the township wu buill by tho Rajputs .

21. Tbc term "Sikri is of Saosktit oroaoo. In Sanskrit "Sikau" me.sos: •·sand". From tbi.s a native priodpalhy in tbe Ufldy Rajasthan! oract is !mown as Slkar Tbc dim1outi'c feminine form of Sikar il ' Sikri" , If Is common for people from Sikar to name 1 new towruhip as "Sikro' '· Thot 10 a JlOinJer to the facttbat the oriaioal rounders of Fatehpur Stkn may bavc been a Rajput clan from Sokar. Tbc suftlx "Pur" abo indicates a township, In Saaskrlt. The prcfia ':Fateh" ••anl6c• a ~aptured township. Therefore, the Muslim prc5a "Fateb" itself l.t prooftbll t Fatebpur Sikri is ao earlier Rajputtowoshlp captured by the invadina aheos,

23. In the quadraoalc to front of tbc Paocb Mabal to a ral:aoJ

~l INDIAN IOIS10klt'AL a, li$e_t.a C1,

IIC!IIl rtai(Ottll d<eortltd •11b I bU&O pylhOn·lfkt CUtVlo >tDat ""II, Tile tc.&l •u m .. ol for I be royal Hindu Ul a I 1\'<1. donor R~pur rul<. 6n rbc a!cll are iiiJCI'ibed epiSOd ro ;••• H•adu antbolon aucb as Gajeodra.llloksba.

01 rom

24. Oppaolfclbc anrotoser's seal oo tbc otbor trdo orr qllldrlll&l• is • acaoe •.at!!r-c:IO<k rucb as was invariably u he ID ttll tbetlare, rn all H.rndu ]{Jbatriya and llrabmln b Sed

111 SanoLrrl name is Obali·Palnl. omc._

2S. In rbe recorda of Al:bar's reign rhere b not cv r 1

b b F co a acrap o paper prov na t 11 1 c &lcbpur Sikri township comrololooed, de.~ianed, materials ordered mane was ever lobourcra or aoy day-to-day aecount kept. Had Akby pnl~ 10

o d td • h . ar really • .., IUOn • uge townslup to be constructed b . ro«~rd.l or at leur some camrtd bits should ha u~e prlu or

able lo lbc M.oaul record captured by tbo llrilitb~e en avail·

26. Cootomporary Jesurr• at Akbar's conrt hav rbar nor a IIOne-cuttor's cbi$el was ever beard or

0 r~r~ed ~~~e~l P•,l~ll<<n aod tbat, rbcrtforc, rbe city oc':: .~t) ld•DJ uaVt .,.en burl I OVtrDr&bt I$ if b m . • IDUII dreutd to tbo requrred size must ba~e ~src for wbrcb stoou from the drllaot quarries" Th co brought ready made o>eroi&ht without tbe sligb;en ,:.~:::.ole . ciry ~oul~ be buill ''the btoabt of seotimeaul no s oy matettallytag abour tbe fUI!rbl• talk of Akba 's fi

0 ~D~. Apparently takco in by tbo Jesuns could hardly f:uo:w~~oeg couuiers whose lanauage ootloa ro lhtrr mediaeval sim 'r I Iauer have made tbb naive ror ua now tbat noting is of ~ 10

ry aod belief io magic. But lbro~ab tho mediaeval tame 0:~~6nso .significance In sceina

ur catron of Indian hillorr.

27. Evco before tbe 6ttit' of Fatcbpur Sikri rowtubip .'0~51~ares on which tbe building A\bar, ilra recordtd . b. lS c revcd IO have been begun by fOf cb~d·bmb 10 p:.:tory ';hat be used to aend bis wiv<t Fatolopur Sokn at tbal .. ,fur ~okrl. 'tbia clearly shows rbar ;:.oo100s St for royal wo~e~;~o;: 0.' Akbar's reign bad srately pin""':) clear oodoCAI!oo tbatlbt ~to coo6oemeot. In spll• of

nrtred 11 rhe very be& . arebpur Silm palace com·

~~~~" fahdlcd IC(.ouatt'':~' :~.:~bar'~ reogn It is slyly ro)'al Ptt- In Sahm Chilli' ~.' wrvu used to give

1 cave" (slo), The very

63

uscrtoon thot Sallm Chl>tl livcd in • G&> .. b r.t.. . lh hve4 omldll the >C.Itly ru•n• 11 alt M'Otlim fa~ln did Sceondly 11

4u&bt to be real1tcd tbat Akbar·s wivcJ wcte not li3D¢S\CJ to &ive birth to tltttrt In cavu. Thirdly the os>cruoo that /lkb•r u~ to send hos whu for delovery to Salim Chi•tl I• 111ell euno-us bcuutc: St.lllll Cb11U was cerutln1y not a practiiiOI

-c:ertiOed mldwife. 28. Mcordrns to eurreM falsiliec! accouou Fatehpur Sokfl

wu uoder cooltructlon from aboul 1670 to I Sin. And yet that wos the prcclst period whon it was Akbar'~ capital How could A\bar tlvo In a r~wnsblp under construction 1

29. Hostory rccordl tb~t Akbu.t forever left the towruhlp In 1585 payina It only "ftying visit In t6(11. Thll a monarch .. bould sray 01 a plocc amidst huge pilet or build in& mllerlal for IS years and tben auddealy teavc tho brand ne01 towa•blp immediately a(ter ltl complc-tiOD i.s OD the Very face of ll absurd. It only proves tbat Akbar lived i.D • RaJpOt royal -pr.Jacc complex Slormed and captured by bis tnondfatber. He bod to leave It on ISSS beCause tbe lokc-bur11 tow>rds the end of I 583 made life In Fatcbpur Sikri unreoabl<.

30. Th~ aaploa boles so I be outer massive wallthll enclosct the hillock and the surrouoding pbia is vivid proot or rbe Ia \I battle rousbt there by B•b~r agaln11 Ran• Santa over rhree decades before Akbor u«ndtd the tbron•.

That in spite or oucb mossive evideaco. currenl hislorlcal ••~" and touritt literature should assert anachronistically thai Fnrehpur Sikri n pMenrly Hindu towMbip-wllJ eommluloned by Akbar, Is one of rho major and slarln& lf'\l&edies or blunder·

in& lodlao historocal rcscareb.

Acra Fort The other lmportut buildoog in A&N it tht reduone lort.

Since /lara ("") It a S•nskril name and rb~ cily wu a Oouri•h· sna capital or Raj put rule11 before the odvcnt or the Mu1h111" il had to bave a fort. That ron moreover is built In the Rlll'lll $lyle . The ar~bitecrurc 10 tbe $1ylisb Diwm·s·KhaS aad [)l,un• l-Am hall• not only bOll,. a cl01e ru<mbiM!ec to that of lite interior apartmonta In Amber loll (oear Jaopor) bur " aloo o(

M :~~-,----------------------~----~----~~--~-.--~-11<01 All lfrno lbc B od kro..L -

I u mudtp desrp. No Muslr tat.. or lbc r<Soutcrs ro burld h m ruler •• er b ~ H d •uc I COstly ~ ld t•

JD u a•mcs •ucb at "A S •ort Ira •• .,_ o.u· AI !be ~t mar rnsh Gate" ..... ~ •· u ~Rra n atuco or aod ... ._ ....,

bor~ tad tl~oiJ iD full regal Raj pur pr;,,,_"'"lbia... I ra. ~ ~~ r Is abturd to txpl•m th•• roa

a""'<Qill ~ away as Ale._ • ,,... oo of tbt valour or rh . .,.,. la r •'lllllor/y in tbt dcftoce of Cb . e POIIC<f Wbo dle:<-beartt<l ltarlfCI ~rc of torlrt r Rt rrro~ fort •g.io~t his a ~IIlii llllft) <enrunes ~fore Ak;::ur prrocts an.d tbo fort Tilly. "tba

r &SC<adtd tb b "as ~-At.ra forr is a 1.., f • 1 roue. ""''t

ro Akbar and •norhu ~~ s~:b O.lbr Red 1-"ort. To a . ~ builr lhty •rert bu,1r b ~_•baa rs Wrona. Wbe Jeribc, One lie doeuauotary t'Vidt Y Hrnd~ rultrs. Tbtre • 00'~r IIIey

bootr by Mogul <mptr:: t~n susr~rn tbe claim tb~~ a~ IUtben. lla,.. madt a Vkvo • ~ltevma thar cl . . ty "<re

8o us error or Juda:ntoL arm bJJtorian,

rb those forts ba. q~i. ~ an:bittcr e •roue llower emblems K:bu b.tlts ,, o( ure of tbe D iwan.;.Am · <>n tbeit- llreblaa•e lt-Jr rerra tbt Ollltmeora/ Hindu roa :nd tbe Diwaa.,. illloaq c-.st ~loeb roots and no domts or ll ap style. Tbey frawru on rma;es• !:'e••_a>s or both. the 7~~at<t<._ Elepbanr ton:. fearu . ' ustun monarchs IS. Smce blat~~

Th flllg tlephaorrmages. could never conuruct e elephanu at A

lbt:zD rOdt Ra" ~ra · fort bad ,.111 . u b.tvio& bt JPUI Prruca in full reaar T trapprogs and o ver d~Jtd R en ordered by Alb •a. o tllplaio rbcm away I'L IJPUI pr/occ • at" to COIUIIltmo '-"'ltor 11 qfrem . ~ bravery durin • l'lltc some lrtocbtry aod b ely ndrculour. In Akbv~ Akbar s sje&< or Wbca Atbq ravery ••re &afore 1;0

1 _dayS Uu!aoca or COZolll,adera b~~ aot «<ettd statues .r:~a~tror _was endemic. •<>~~ld Dol .._ COuld he do II for or b., o~n brave u~ ... -.. deprct d ,._ an entmy ' M ""uea Ja)'cbiAd b • u..: enemy · • oreover. be baa •P u a doo k ad acr up a likeoesa :; p'~B&I accoutremear.

Tl>t r «per-ad oot ;, ro)ltl rrtbvlraj he bad put b re " a110 IJIOibcr . &tyle. " a.cmo.,. !bar bt P••ce or evideoc P11a~ aJ Aara r. bad iOJral/ed 8 aold ~ ~aba~air e/aimr 10

Clllllkor 8rllllb :J'· 1bct clatm bu bee c 1' 0 ot JUstice in b la Morrao1. Tb• n ter~~~ed "lilly" b

~ ICCDIIDaJy , 1 IDCirculoua d<ralla

t~OIAJ4 MOtlUWl'NTS Ca 801Tf0 TO ALU!.N M\ISt.llU 6S

provodecl by Empcrot J~banJor about lbo cbiiJ.o have boc1l do ... counted to be misltAdlo& and intc.odc<l 10 ampan vwadt) to bll d>om h iJ abo potnlcd out thai Anaoapal. l be To.,.r Htodu kinl of D<lbr bad, io f..:t. io&l&lled a cbaoo of j iiJtidJ io hos palace at Oclbo. Soocc tbo Mosulr aod other M.ushm rulcn bmaycd a l!Ogular wcakocsJ for Jfll(liDR IICCOIIOIS of Jla)pol &Jones to tbc:1r O'ND retco.s. Jaluna:ir·• reference to the aofd cbOIO Of j ust it<: in Aara foriiJ an iGCideotal due tblllbc Red Foru at Delti oad Agra Cllilled even in Aoanspal"• time., '•· around 370 A.D.

Tbe arehtrecrurc of the royal opartmcou at Am~r clottly r ... mblcs lhal or lbc TaJ and tbc tWO Diwao ball& lD tbc Red Forts a1 0.11>1 aad Aara. All lhe above conslderotloos arc

' proof cnou&b that the Red Foruod tbc Taj Mall&l ot ...,,. arc Rajpt.U bu11t mooumc.ou.

Akbar"l Torab-SikaDira

Si• milu from Agra •owards Delhi. is Sokaodn. Akbar i• b<lrc..:d to lie buned Ia rhal mooumeot. Hiatorlans aay that the rnoaumeot was SibJider Lodi's pal"" before beiqued .. Akbar's sepulcbr:. This may be true so far as it lOti. INl even Sikaodcr Lodi did not build 11 ~ .... the lllOIIUtDCDI

b<trays many B todu sigos such es I he lotcrlocked triUJ&Ice by the dozeo on ru mosaic ftoor.

The iotcriGCked triangles as ao _,!eric si&o bavc ao place io Muslim tbeology. Oo rbe other hand devotees of aodclttas amongst H iodus bavt amooa tbtir accessories of -ship a small S<juarc copper sbecl on whicb arc embossed roww of oatcr• locked rriaogles.

Tbc conclusion that Akbar bas beco buried ia ao cntwbile palaoc makes rbt oriaio of otb<r tombs bi&bly ~ bocaAkbar was the migbtittt amoaa all Muslim rulen of lodla. If <ftn be was DOl provided aa origiaal tomb, bow coal4 odlcr Toll)t, Dicks aod Harrys amoaa Moaul rulers havo booa provided witb specrally coostructed rombt?

Vu>ccat Smrlb stares tbal the fuocral rilel of Akbar wnw performed I<Ctetly ond pcr(uactorlly. whicb apia pro-lbal ... w •• burled just when be lay raran, ilL

• ,. 66 ., INDIAN IllS too

~tc•L ""' Mcmo•n or Jahanslr make a sly refe~eoec '

" t>l<h •s••n n10lru the tomb's origin • to Akbar·,.., ~1om""' rhenllehts lk notorious for chcir ~spect. 11"-o "'dorm•. E><n In <Uch 11. chronicle rbe referon• rr>olou, •nd ,...,

·• to Akb • ''lis u ,,.f) ob1dy And <baky. Joh•ngor cl•ur" that 1 ., ''ou.t. bu•IJ•nt of h" fMher'J comb to 1 sec of "Ork re <otruu..., ~ lbac Wh<n cbc butldrog was complete he fou ~en and len It b~n,l<d wrllt •c On tospect•on, therefore ;,/ d Chac tbey h= bvllcllnr be '"'cably altered. ' or •red lb~1 •be

TlutiUICemcnl brl11le1 with anomalies 0 d • D IS I be,....

obvtous he. Tho work111pn avuoloble ro Mog 1 '"Ole oa aucb oD.,Cd ac the or jobs 4J co make 1 mess 0~ .'~:u ""• not 10 thcnt Moreovor such a project Is under I be c k 001fllltt<1 Villon of nprrr arcbneou end •ntineers. Then ~ostanc '"Per· bad tnll) buo1led Chey would have ~en bl &Oto, •f tbry uucs which was Jabangir't Uiual mode ~~ •ely. ''?Paled oa who roui<Jl his royol ire. Jabangir has q d punllhtng tbott f hi . uoce ma~y .

o 1 hlvlll8 101paJed people publicly 00 1 tnltaoc"

mrm~ln lie stle.ot abow any punishment I . talct, buc bu vue to "orkme.n wbo allegedl.l' mad tnvmg be<n mcced proJ«I e a mess of Akb~r's tomb

Tbe quostioo tbco ames why d 1 b • co b•s bavmg ordered o tomb fo ~~~ a ang~r at a lila)' c!Jim not f Tbt r<a•oa wos tbot he r b d or when be in fool did Mualtm oJllnJOo. Afcer Akb "''' e • co nllay ooncempanuy

•· ar was burted In s·•· -d l"l"'« wbtcb oarlier ~•d been 8 R . '""" cr Lodi'1 ADd oobkmeo ro•nced OU! J. b •JPUI Pn!ace. Muslim priuts IOt:~ou lliaoglrs, wbtob mfs~

0

3 ~011,' many signs, ti~e 101.,.

up auon tnconsruictcs and to ushm tomb, Boch to I.'Ovtr for bt• ckad f•cber a m b exbtbn his non-exiscenc solioltudo C&ll&rd lo his Mem~ira .:: 1~ monarcb, Jahangir incroduecd a for 1m father. And be •mtng tbal he ordered a special comb kll-lalc lirtts lod mo~~~·~.~~ot canard would be .o.xpocod by 11001ber ile that tbe work "'" trtod co cover it up with I'Ul1 •bout <>en ll.kbo • meo mode • mess of it. Such baoky o,!_laatr llluaUm sovo-,'r'o tomb 11 glaring proor lh• t I he combs ... - "" s arc all co H ,,...., Dluoumenll and mmendee~d or captured ~flU! to '""oeik Ja..::.•t .• 0118•oal Mus lim cooJtrucuoos.

Akb•ratomb ••• blllt false claim that he comm•f' ' -...u ' e n:ln <ace, of chat butldioa evoo lo

l toi01Atf MOMUMtNft CltDITtD TO ALIEN MUJt;HIH 67

Akbar'a Time h1stonaos resorted to tbelr utual t.Uptbod ·U'PitoiLion I bat Ak)>l\to be&an conteructton or bl' owo comb and left h unftoistlcd and later Jabaogir eomp1cred al. Tbey ., •• .., the simple f•ct tbll Jahns" ololmo 10 ha~ bulltt~. •nmb (rom rbt very foundation.

.Khurru Bogh- AII•tu:: •• ~

All•hobod pro•idcs anOiher ....... tMJOJICe or mlnalcen notion~ •boul Lhc auth.OJthip or onc1ent monumeoLL Th.t lwo importllnt mcdtacval mooumentt teen ln A\lahabad 4tc the socalled Khusro B•a• sod the fore ac the connuence.

Tbe two magoi6centarcbways, lo the town woll, oncleadfoa to tho Bnsb ond the other to the old town, are both of Hindu de1~an. They ha,·e the stooc·Oower cmb1enn, omamC.Atll bay~ wlndow• aod cupolas t uct\ us arc 1cc:n on the town waUJ of 141pur and other town> 1n Rltrutbln. Beyond the orcbway, io11de tho town, Jiu Rani Mlodi and Att• 1\.n~suya (now abbro.,ated tn vulgar parlo.ru:e to "Attar>uyo") locallh<t. II was tb.11 Rant (by whoso name chc "Maodl' CJCiml lnd her R•J• who lived In what If loday mlllalcenly behoved to be Khusru B•sh Thte was cbm p>lace wl\lcb 1•• demolllhed whco Muslim 3rn:ues stormed the towo. A fow apaumcntl wblcb escaped dcmolihon "ole bttr Ulcd as sepulchral <him• ~ ... Th10 will be app.>l• 1 from Chell ve1y odd 1110 IUid enciroly lliodu workmanship. One or cho up~umcnl> does oat contain aoy comb at all which how• that <all tbe ni•IIDS aput· meott were builc for otbor than <epulcbtlll purpa;e< lo another abambor lllllloory h .. been clumsol~· pilcd rtaht up to the CCII· ina. The .ume of a woman Tamboolon assoolatcd wuh one or the tombs is ogoin inmgulna since Thmbool (mcantns • "~etl leaf") is o Sonsknt word. 11. hugo wall coclosurc cordoo101 off those mliuable. &roc,sque and truncated mooumcnl• also '"'•m• uncalled for. If Khturu Baah were 10 be properl7 ,..,._ vaced ic would rewal plinths and other remain• or oa old Kth•crly• palaoo •

Anocber pertlncot quwion whtch nrisun !bot if lbMe...,. •poclolly built tombs why •~ che) 10 the Htndu a~y!. • SIIU aoother qut~uon 11 that tf lhase Itt< tomb< butll for lbo cla4

•

68 llfDIAN KI$'1'0-'ICAI. -·· ~t••c~

wbuo at< lhe eorr.poadlll$ palaccs of I be livina ond I \4ud,. Ptl-' 7 ru loa

41Wooh• Fon

Allahabad fort baJ allo beet> ""'oocJy auribult<llo Akbo Tllttt arc many clues co prove tbac Alla:.•bld (on .,. '· t«"<ral CCiliUntl before Akb:lr. A ribbon-like mea~ .~:~J ICIIIIop desoan runs tbrousb cbe ron wall a1 hoah ftood le 1e Thai desoao and cbe oroomeoml pauero or rhe wondows .:• · lookona lbe eonOueoce, cbe iatricaee carvinss on some or 1~; ..... chamber$ or lht ron, and lbe existence of the Ashok Pillar, I he Patalesbwar temple aod tbe Aksbayya Wat (lmmor. tal b~nynn Ute) Inside the fori is adequate proof or the ron havlns been buill mucb before the advent of the M usllms. When emperors like Harsha visited erayos I.e. Allahftbad for Jivina away all their wealtb to lbe poor, tbey s oaycd In tht fort. That, 1bcrofore. is a very anclcot monument or preMusllm times and Feraussoo did oot 1a1<e proper tare in attributtn~ its construction to Akbar. 01her hiSiorians quotiaJ Ius autboroly have all aooe wrong in cbiol<iog 1ha1 Akbar built the fOil TillS ll 0 lypicaJ IOSiaa<e O( hOW lndJIO mediaeval buoorocs bavwg beta based on c}tt slippery guess\lork of some bluaderooa aulbors, bave all become d isconed.

111m Chat• DtiiiOIItbed

Tberc It aJJotber a.spcct of aneicot Allahabad wbieb bas remained hidden from lbe public because historians bave failed 10 delctt f•eiJ It bu beto often wondered bow tbe holiell or the boly con,ftueore or the lbrec rivers at Allahabad bas DO

&ball for pilarimJ to batbe on evco !bough it bas been ao in· variable Hindu custom lo consJruct masnifitcnt abaiS even '" monor plaoca of poiJrimage. A popular myth it that since cbe • Oanan cbaoaes hs bed no gluts could be cooooruttcd. This Is a fllcilc n pl.anaUOil lo JUcb rases JbiiJ are cooSirucled II chc fartbtol limits 11 wbk:b tbe river !lows. Tbac is oor, 1herefore. a uuaraccory upl&naclon.

MOftoYa tbe c:oniJuCDCe is aurrouoded by very aoclclll • towoslupa Joke Ptali.,b&npur aod Arai, on lbe ocbn side or 1he tt•era. rac"'a All.ababad, A careful e•plonclon of chc area r<vtals that &batt ..,bocb taltltd alona 1bt backs were dcmolltb·

•

L/

YS CJ.ftOtTlO TO A\.l f.'H •n.I.SL.lMS

OCP"'" .,ol'UMfl' ad ono&tepUOD of "''that the aiHh<·)<at·r::s:d by Akbar .,uh

cd Tbc;•;~cvout pltarom• was rcr source of trouble In abOt.n.,a. I •cion and a\ • fH)tcnua to ttve. bat be •ncl trcpidauo•·::'~dotDcolt (or tbc polanm• Akbat &Jill other ordc.r co mot • urtct on tbe nver-front. . rea!on to

•"""td r<I~~~~·~::O::sbed 1be ahall· Tb::•g:;.:ve: l'.llsbabad Mu• uo r did uitt clabOtatc rav believe tbDt there 1 Varanas•· wbocb outriwlled tbo5C 0 of numerous golden

• l" coo wo.t made: up • ons "'ttc: town • s\ty me ·rul towc.ttn.a maost ·, rs und. bea.ull • • t.emplo sp1rct, p1tocc towc a bleat o-ppea.taace coocalntnl llut rod•Y Allahabad presents and Viclorlo.n or post-Vtetorlan IIOiblnC but •hocks, hovels I ot be> ror&oUeD tbBI Prayag dec:adeot briClk tencrncolt. It mu: n laces In India whie.h hU (AIIabobodl I• lho toolicll orhO y h~ wealthy rnerch•nls IUid

• d by powerful rnonarc • T • been v1s11e ( droe 1mme.morlal. o accom commoners ror aencratlons b r~l~ io Allahabad counllcss husc modate t'hcrn ther<: YtCrc Ul s aod gbats lJ was, there ... ..rois. oempld, monaltuleJb mao;•o~llah•bad ..:u raz<d IO the for< tb&l mort tb.ln any Ol er co y d dcmoli· '"'~nd. One or I'IC>SC buildi0£5 wboch par1:;. =~•d Khosru uon but '"" latu used osa ~pulcbrc, ~·I butlt by Boab •rca. The Olhcr Wll chc rorl wbocb w:u n~l Akbor but only oec:upot<l by bim in I 5&4.

The Memou> of Shabjaban make a llallntin& cl_ao~ of havil\jl dcmoyed 48 H•ndu temples •« Allahabad. And 11 tS ooc ol •II lnoprobablc lhol on faoouc vandalism be wu• ooly foliO"· iog lbe precedeD II of hiS falbcr, grandfather and Other preCtd•

In& Muslim rulers. Abmcdabod

Ahmedabod II another case in poont of how Rojput monu· meno~ bllve boeo a<crobed wholesale to Aucceed\og Mu\hm ·utcrs .

Bcrorc belna named uOer Ahmad Sbab I, Abm<dabod "-U ••""a a\ IUJ••Il•'· Karnavali and Asbaval. Its bi$1ory extends lo • •'<ry temole plll. Abmad Shah was a ''<ry fllDIIic and tyrann1cat ruler. Aa ,...._, tbe pracoee with Mushm anvadas Abm•d Sbab used captured Rajput lcmples and pal&c:t> u moaques and lombt. A ahmpsc or bos outokranl depredauona

INI)IAN IIIS10M.t C'At. llllt..

caa l'f hi~ 11'<1111 Mr. Ash~k Kurnr MaJUmdar'a lQ, '11mr S.•nr~ ,.hl<'h '1\U published In rho

011klc lhl

~.CIINI "'rh< lriO'IIn Maaavne (Orlhi) or i\ SP«•ol Oo;."' uausr 19,59 ,,, In rtllr ht al-Str'e<. "In 141~ A.D. Sultan Ahm •

0· ,ararorrololrJ ao ofli«r ro dorroy all HlnJu ad Shlb or •·• Lo0"1~rn. •od tbe rask ,..., exeeured wrrh

10111Plt~ 1 ,.... d 'l • 1\nl oar lhr Sullao biroulr ""'"' to S11Jdhapur 0

1 '1<11(~ fam~u· Ru•lramalutl•}• temple or Srddhnr•J 3Dd ~J broke lbo rnl•' • mo141u<. . The r<rpn of rhe nororoous bi~ot ,.,~nvcnrd It o.,.~. (1•5~ ~~ 15[1) was \'Cl iO come" The d uharnmad • wor "d he~ obvaoull)' s•anifirs rhat only Hinclu wonhlp was <!trot' an~ the "'m" bulldlnas were occupied and used drn..,,,d liS mO"\Utl,

In Jplle or rhc many naively mislenll •ns Ahm•d Shih's rcosn l\U:ribing rho se•erol uccounr& or in Ahmed•b•d ro hom, there ore unmistakable I mooumcn\J lh 11 c uu to P ar • rho .. buoiJongs ~·ere only approprintcd d ro-e uuercd b) hun.

00 not coos.

Tho rhockly popullled =rea or the aocrent walled AbmeJabaJ IS strll known IS ~Bhadra" Th I IO"o of •otd mUDJDJ •••usplttous•• lt w.ts g•ve~ jhn~ n:~ca .,!ln5kru ttt!DC'd •rtb l<mples All tbose rcmplcs have oow bero ,•usc .'! •oro m~oqu<$. Ala <ebb d uraoo otbtT oom m • rJ filii or mosquu more than ••r

parable town, At almost every re" h nd d tbcrc " • tomb or ~ mo u rt yards onoate RaJpUI •tyle. sque. Wbat os more, they oro ollou tbc

In Abm1d Shoh's 11 b 1 , bod ~as rofinores•mat me l e h . uslrm • population or Ahmeda· COostru~ttd mo•q•••s' ;• sucllot was rmp0$toblo thor tb• ruler ICC!too orbo• •ub rctsa o~ all over the rown for suob o small IIDJ tombt d I • Neuber could he have got the mosqurs

one on lbo Htpdu I lu•e lud obtdtoa lo•e temp c. tryle, One who would tO)' tcmnlu for Hindu liiCbueetuo. ''" 'Hid not dr<t·

,. '<OD\·crt them into Ulc !'C<>I'I< u Ab--~ Sb mosquu and loot and mllnaerc ..... ab did.

Apto ii bt b4J burl! rbt old Hnldu - o( .. mooqu~ be would oor bave allo•l:d

1'llc b Blw!ra 10 CODIIDUt. •lllnplc-ardlro cbe onaa!f

utoiAtl MOHVMfttll CJtt'01l1 I) TO AUrH NUl\..\w.J ,,

Hindu ttylc. II• lfchuccturc mty be eomp;aced with t.be H1ndu mooumcrUI Ill nutb)' Oitbho1 and Modbcra..

So-OIIIcd J••• M••Jtd 'lbe •••• n mO<qUC or Ahmcdobad l<oown ... J•ID M .. Jid

w"'1 the 10C1t.M Bhodmko.lt temple.. Tbat w.u. tbt: prCSJd•nJ dcUY or lbc cn.y. (;rom ita ponlCO to the (nncnDMl un.ctu.ary IIJ bl~bly ot1.o1c arcbltrctu~ b il•rinJ proof orit< catll<r tol• IJ Q HIOdU lcmplo. The al\lc or tbc aanctuary bU onr ~ hundred clo•ely >CI p\llllff u •re common on Hindu ,oddus tcmplcl.. Oenuine Mut~lim moJqueJ do not have oven o. aio&Jc f!Hl:ar slnco tbe-y hnmper ll\llu pr1lYC1l•

tn lhe 11fchu or tho sanctua.ry arc fbcd 11•one..f\owc:r emblem• AS the Muslims were wool to do in the eo.sc or a11 cap1urcd nnd converted mooumcntS. A ~rt or lhis buQ.e tcmpto bAs been used o• a aravcy•rd.

The CAtVIngs rcvul m•ny Hindu symboli 11\c fto,..rs, <b•rns. bells ood alcbes. The upper poruon of one of tbc twio qHICI Of I be sbliDC bU bccD chopped Olf 0> COUld bappeo ID the 6tsr OU>b of vocrory and coo><Qucot 1-oelUtot l\lry.

Ornamental "one> whlc:b feU oii tbe stormed ttmples cao be Ken tcattertd in the vic•nlty. One sucb oro.~mcnta\ slo~b is. wccl as s fillins co a wa.ll of tbc pubhc bvaloTY opp.>~il< the m<>~quc on tbc maio lborou&bforc koowo as rbt M•lllrmo Oondbi

Mar£.

Rupm•tl ol>ll Uboaumorl Mosqucs

Some so·~nlltd mo>qurs srlll "'rolo r.hc•r Hindu nuoa•toODI ond unm<J hkc rhe Rano Slprl mosque aod rbc Rupmoll mo1quc, Rani •nil Slpri and Rupmau ue ~II Saruk11t o1ma. Tbry only proo-e that Qonl S1p11'1 aod ltupmstl's pal.oc• ''"~ <OD!erted Into mosquu The aomc rslbc c::;uc '1\'hbAbllled&b&c!'o tnm101 monuments ~o the Bbadra arc&.

Aloocslde rbe mooumauo tb.lt arc bclllJ used •• m<>~qtan oDd tombt, arc a llliJilbcr or otbcn wbocb he ueaJ«Uooo olDlllloll bur.ed lG tbc acul . TllOK ru1AJ, idc.auc:a.l sn udutcctute wtda the othrn uodcr uK, •rc ocldruoaal proor tb&! In the \toaa..,W that foUowtd lbc Muolom rovatloa of the IO'IfD a rc• Huocla

JJIIOIAN HIITOAIC'AL "

71 ""·~ r<:maoned o<&I<Cled and abandoned, because lbey

!~~ damaged, "'''t&ed and deJecroted •• ro have ;:;::

J.a..afc .~~od u\CJC'""

su"•• T""'" . som oftbt moaumcotJ bave cowe.rs w1th D rare c.naiote J ~ 'o-••• Mrl or I hem. If a • is it or d imbt to •• upr 01 rommo<• ,. .... .- i • ' d Per

otoretoroooof rherowel1. gr P• us st?ne won ow Wilb borb haodl. hup •t hard repcareii!Y for • wbolo and lc~ ao his bol4 • .... •-·ee~ 8 11100ge feclong of rbc to .. <er shabng undoth ,,cCJr ... ~ .

1 . II

fcet AnY •·isiror who happens 10 be on t 10 twoo tower will•ho apcroea<C the same fe<liog. Tblr rare engonccnna &l<nonf<~ and I he e.quosllc griiiJ tbat arc seen on most of the so-called mediaeval mOI<IUd in Ahmedabad are all producu o r Hindu >r<hll<etur.tlsLIII, siDCe the so-called mosquCJ and tOmbs I re all pr••·iou>. Hindu buildings.

Siddupar aod Clumpaoer Siddhapur, an oncitut town in Gu1arat; bad a very famous

ud buse Hiodu sbriae known 11 tbe LINGAMAI:JALAYA. It wu destroyed at Ahmad Sbab's orders. Irs buge towtnoa arcbWiyt now 1tand jn naked 11olation. A few yards away tt the IIOCIUU)' or thll famous temple compl<x. But the $aJltiU· ary bu aow bun converted onto 1 mosque. This eon>crtion of a famout ancient ffindu temple, baa been 3d milled, tbousb Dilly llldirectly, by tbc Government of lndia's Arebieology Oeparomcnt by puuin& up a "protected monu me or" t ianhoatd there. Tbcstooc Dower emblems appearing In it s many niches obo pro>clhc fact that mosqou which have stone·Oowers Ia tbelr.ntc.bes, were earlier Kiadu monuments.

Oa•ptDtt oad Pa•acad

'~early 3S miles from Baroda In Gujaral it a town known II ..., naner. On 1 nurby bill is an ancient fort called

· llr)tb Chlm~antr an oy,.uay aut! torture knew oo boundt, This Is apparent frolll Mr. Atbu~ Kumar MuJumdar 1 remark quoted earlier. Su<b

rulert do not build bul only destroy. Moreover, MusHm1 d\d ool JO to Wl1derncJJCJand found citles. They c&phuc:cS aourltb-ina cnwnlhf1n, laid tbcm waste. manal:fcd people. turned 1e.mple:s into mosquct, and fo•ttcd their own o11me' on anc.ont IOWOJ• Tbal IJ hOW lbcar names 101 a.uoc:iatcd Wllh VAYIOUI

10wn&hips. Had Mohammad B•sd• founded Cbampana he -would no1 hiYe given it a Sanskrit name, nor would he. have found ooy people ro massacre.

1\ very huge shrine at tho rear of Chatnpancr Dlso bears cnoutb sran.s to make one conclude tbal it Wll o..o earHcr temple. Ornate paneiJ dislod&ed from the monument dunn& cbc icooc>c:lllUic fury running riot after capture, can be Scc.u sboved 10 11 random wbec aubsequent'y tbe bul1din1 was pu'- to asc as 1 mosque.

,... We sball next turn our IUlcntioo to the town of Ohar aruJ the neatby mountain fort koowa as Mandavpd or ~andu. They are in Central lodia. ibu •urvey of a crou•sociiOD of medlaevlll monuments. situated sevctal hundred miles from ooc aoolhtr In different parts or lndl1, is jui\ to •bow that the S3mc story has been repeated aJI over India. Monuments co-or trUCICd dUfiOJ different 'periods or liiodu rule, spread tbTOUJb· out Jodia, were, ancor Cllptu.rc, coovcucd to MUJiim UK. Tbc iov•ders and captors btlonaed ro different narionohtics, .....,., cultures and 11rata of ~lety. Some or them wore mere sl~vcs. footmtn Or freeboottrS who bappcaed tO cap«ure pariS or tbc eouotry and proclaim themlclvcl rulers. The diverse tlled

oncluded Mongol~ P•tbans, Abyuioians, l raoi3ns, Turks aad A robs.

Dbat Dbar is a Sanskrot namt. That clty was the capilli or a

nourishina emporc on ancieot rimu. As such u bod mao7 temple• and palaeet. Mou or tbesc oow sraod convened mto moaqucs. Even their outward appearance sboul<l suffice to convmcc anyone 1hat those monumcats ouatnactd aJ temples. .But what l1 morc, there is wriuen proof. Slone• cwbtdded in the toll aod tbose plastered over io tbc walls. btar S•n•krit -inacriprioos.

A arapbic GA~mplels that of a monument copbllllllllc:aiiJ

'7C lHDIAtl ltltl'O .• ICAt. ~es,.-.,

calkd tb< Ko!nll Moul• Mosque. A few ycoro back ,.h P."toOQI of tbll bu1ldoU cnombl<d they revoaltd 1100 ..

0 .....

,. 1t~ plld aft<rp.ll<i of Sanskrit dramas 1nseribtd 0 """'II bot aD" b<dl nlablisbed 1bat the monument ko

0 'be...

SARASWATI KANTB~HARANA •u inte.oded t~" uo.qut IJbrtf) or S.Oskrtt tneratutc. It wu UDiquc bcca_ ' I'<Utn~d ht<ratW< 1nscnbed oo stone tablell, lnllead ~It d<JJruelibl< PIJ'<'· Tb1s iostanee obould auflice 10 10<! oa 11udratt or butory, arebaeolo&Y and atchittcturc to <IOSt'7 eumJoe ell med.aeval monumenll which cl~im to be 10 ~ or m-un. One Is sure to diseovor that they were ••• ~ "'~ ""' ICQI

RIJpul temples and palaces.

Moo4ar&ldlt

A few mllcs '"'•Y lo thickly wooded country, lies tbe ooei. ent mounuro fortrua or Mandu or MandAvaadb. This " a SIUUI.rot name. U Is so anotcnt a Site that its o r lain cannot be utablisbtd "ith any dearee of certainty. Reins a am all locality aU rll cxllftl mooumenos should have alsoed sin<e prc·Mullim um~ to bn• b<co a useful fori and apilal. Lacer. donor Muthm oceupaoioo obe R&Jpuo palaces and temples were coo· •oroed colo lomb• and mo1Qut1. Its pillars, bracktll and 110 .. ftov.er emblem• bear mule Witness to tbc fact that a.ncitnt Hoodu bu1ld1DJS currently stand disauoud as t .robs and DIOIQU<I. Tbe Archaeology Department sisnboard on HO'hlDI Sbah • comb adm1ts tbar the building used 10 be a great Fllodo ahrloe where • areal anDuol fair used ro be held. b uscd to be • Sbtu Temple kno\lrll u Neclkanrhcswor Mabadevu.

•

. Tholotcrlprlon on another nearby monument odmitt tbal 0 fl&1oally a Shi>a temple, 11 was turned into a pleasure resort by Sbab Budap Kbao, Governor of Mandu under emptrol Albat Tbe~eo•o !ounces should be tnougb 10 sbow that othm nl i4<111ocal coru1rue1ion fa!Kiy ascrrbed to various Mu•llm ruln1, "ere buill by earlier RaJpUI rulora.

•

lo &ucb cases tbe urmostlhal b c:ooccdcd by hitlorrans aDd trtllacok>a•w or tbc old school. Is that the auceecd1nl MualiJD "'I<" O>a) have 11Jcd RaJput build1aa maoerral and shea. Tb<*' -nl.coaAS .. ould hue "' boll••• that lh< orlaioal RaJP"1

tempktl.4ld paltccl were pulled 6ow-o aod rcbuJU ltOOC by

stone and brtck b)' bfttt. Anyone ~ho ~' upcricocc or bu1ldift1 b.ou~t. or wb.o bu

t:ODJUittd Ci\'11 C081DCCfl, tbOU}4 knOW lha\ there t:aD 'be oodUtiJ so s•IIY and qu•"otk IU dcmoUthln& ma.u,ve: m.c4iK't'll tt.neturcs, and hapln& or aucmpt•Dl to ccbutld them ll the a.am.c. lit< with obe debrit ood rubble or the llcmol<Sll«l mooumonu. Sucb II lhtDI it lmpos51b1t, unrca.slblc o.od lmpncucablc~ The. only log1cal conclu•1on would be that ready ttmpln aod pa1atct wet c. u~W aa looobs 110d mosques whh sun~rftcie1 ill ten ... 11on ll~c lhrowln& awoy lbc irnaa< ond hucrlbiog ,.,.boo

tetter loa. A C:.tcllc araumcnt oncn put Corwl)rd in thi• connection ''

ahat the vch. tbc dome and the Umc. waac1e were ,ouoduc;e.d to todta only by the. Mu1Um mvaGers. And t.lncc rncdtat\111 tombs etnd mosque• have: tbe·sc c.ha.ratlcnitics d'lc bul\dlDI' mu~t bavc bcc.n com.auuioncd by tbe Mu:1.thn ruler ..

Several anomaHcs and contradictions coutd be: pointed out 10 the ror .. OtflJif&UmcnL Fu·il or a1111 must be ob\Cf\'Cd Lbat C\'c:ft coo«:dina (or arcumcot's 1aLc thac lho arcb. dome and hme concrete ¥were nc..-.ly mtfoduecd 'nto lndr:s. by MUihCD tnvadcrs bow do H1ndu features hkc uooc .. ftoVwer cmblcau, piU11rs ram•rY'"I ,nto four braek<l' 11 the t?p and. ornameou\ brackets near oho eelllna appear 10 so-called Mutllrn moou· mcou ~ 1r 1he Mwhms IDUoduced thetr own domn aod arches they would na.turelly ba.o.,c 1uppor1ln& (Olumo} and otbor reaourts In tbcir own 11yle. l'lll•rs and braokeOJ or tbe H1odu nylc 'upporting nrcbti and doou:l or Muslim cooccpuon 'lfat. 310blleoturnlly not (euiblc Moreover the uncornpromiiiDJ renaoiciiDl or MUIIImlnvadorl oould DOl hOYC cole rated ia.6dd Hlod~ ruturu In ..... d. reh&iOUS bulldiOS> Ilk< tombt and n)OiQUel, bad lhOse t.trUtturcs been erected b)' lhcm *dl no'"o'. Evon Mu<llm eo&loecrs (1r aoy Ullted) would oot bavc 1olerot· cd tbc .ncorporauon of Hiodu charaetcJiUtCI 10 bo,tdtap or Mu 1l1m conecpuoo.

The only cooctu1100 one bu to draw. tbtrcrorc. " thai lM medioc>~l mooumon11 orlaooall) Hin.lu bear .,..,. or M"*"•

11atcnoa.

~~~~---------------

" ..

76 INmANI~~~~L •to••~~q,

Htalbc:r tbc dome cor che minaret arc Muslim 1 rumar) tbnnc. tbc K.aba hu neither a dome nor 1

1 nc:c hlarn·, m•oarct

Aj..,

A ;mer u tbc conupt rorm o f the anc.tcat sa . k .A.•&fi·Meru. Its et.olral dc~·-palacc, now houstnt 1°1

rn en)' ollion baa been fabely claimed iD fawuina. naucrona ~~· .... , co ha•c b<en buhl by Akbar. ron[tJcl

Ajmcr wilb iiJ spacious and massive central pale mounoain fororus ofTaragadh, obe mO$QUc hnlf·way •:· lbt u-.ck.'eadona 10 the fort . rbe oober mosque inolde the ~~bt •portaoa owo fat soono lomp.posts bristling with brocket

11'

uomhtaklbtc future of an Hindu tcmple- th• , •-l on M I dd ' Chi 1 • . ' .o·ca led

1 ohnAu b'~

1 at . tomb, the Adhao·don·k•·Zopd• camouOaged

"I ra IC cttcrong, and tho Anno·Sagor toke ore all f M111ll R · · · T o P«· 01 •Jput orogon. hey have been falsely credited to ali M1111im monarcbt. en

:"'•t t~c Adbao·dln·ka·Zo;da Is the extant part of Vlshal· deo • ~~mcnary ~ been already utablisbed. The Taraaadh-e Sansknt namc- os • . fort of immemorial antiquity, u old as tbt Ajaya·Mcru townsbop. The rposque half-way up the mountaoa lrsd WI! I Hoodu temple prior to the capture of tho fort by tbc Mushms. Tho mosqiiKitln·lomb on top, ln tb~ fon was 1

~~Oip~e B.rah.miftl Still &bare ill t.be ao.oual ofl'uio&s by

1

usl!m polr.roms attbe shrine. Tho two ta.mp po;ts also teuify bat II wu a goddess ocmple. Bao&Jcs, a symbolic ofl'erina on Hondu wors~ip, a.re still offered at tbe altar during tho nnoual Muohm fcstoval. The Moinuddio Cbisti tomb lies amidst the rulna or tho fortoficauons at the foot ofTnraaadh As hos been obkrvtd carhor Mushm faki rs U$cd to occupy ~aptured nnd ruinrd Hindu munsrons. When tbc fakors docdtbey were burled 11 tbe ploct wberc the• I" d 1 cd

1 ' ove • a course of lome tbe sho anum·

mportancc u • shrine. Exctpt for the triangula r mound markloathc burial plac-e or St. Moiouddon Cblnl the enure =~~mrnl 1J pan o r 8 hugo Hindu maosion which CAme under

0; ~~~~~~~Spation throuah COllqucst and converalon and ~~~

01 .or t. Mornuddon Cbisti.

JtlHMT••plnla ),1 ....

Aoother Ionic kllo\Oon fa<t iJ tbat tbC£0 18010 arches, domes

11

aod lime conttt-lc were antrocluccd to \he bomdarub or l.be :,\u)li(Dt by llt\Ctcnt lod•ant miUcoiunu bcfo·rc Mutlam iovauoal of lod1a bcpo. Tbit lt toown from "'·era\ c.lu.cJ.. For tastucc at ,, nauntln&l)' aucttcd tO tbc baitory o' ldam 1b.a.t 'bc(Of« Meec;.~. wat stor(l'led and convcrccd into u blamic lbrioe. '' con• tatocd buac tc:mp\et boullna 360- (lad~ao) 1do\t.

Tbc: term Mecca derives rrom the S•askr1t word M..a.khJ L•. ac::rificial f\re wbicb tbc noclc:nl Htndul were knowo to worshiP• ThM firc-worsh•P was widely pteva.lcnt tn. tbc Middlc-Eatt, can be judged lroro tbe Panb who orlaJnate from lb~L rcg\on and are fire·~oratdppcn. J\oclont fire temp tot are known to c:abt io.. Baku. Oaahdad and otber places In tbc Cenorat Aol~n rcaioo

even today. The c:c..otral object or tstamio wonhip In Mtce4 is a:tiH the

Rindu Sbiva l.tOP· Tbe ancient Hindu rite or cucum·ambulat· ina sbnncs '' still ob1c~cd at M.ccca by all Mu!thm pilarim' tbnoab h don oot prevail in aay orbtt mosque..

All tbe countries from Sukkur 10 Sua. bear Sao..sknc oames ••'fra.o.am" mcaoiaa us;ahy or barren around"' Lttbc orialn or Iran. Nls.bapur tbc biotb·ptscc of poct·philosop!Kr Omar Kbayyam, iJ a Saosknt word. Tori<CSIAD (abbreviated "' "Turkey'') is Turaaa-Stban- und of Horses. Arabia il the abbreviatiOO or Att'lallhln WhiC.b io lUfD il. a cortUpl form or A.rya-Stban- I.Jond of JioJSCS (wbrcb it very much Jl), Atva· $I ban chaoalnJ into Arba~tban is not 11 all far·letcbed. "Va." in Sans\oll has lovnriably chaoaed mto "ba" lo Prat rit u uvachan" (prombc) is pronounced "81e:ban".

Afghonlsthan II also • Sans~rit word wbich it explaoncd by Afghans 11 tbcl•nd wblcb poovided the tra•mt link betwcu

India anrl Ccntrnl AtJa. Temples of Oanu h, ShiV& and other Hindu deitiu c:ao still

IK discovererllyloa on ruias Ia desolate areas of sevcoal C.ntnl Aolan countrlu The word "AliA" m .. ns "Mother" or

"Godden' io Sanslul~ ManoscTopl> ofNarada Smclti !lnd many otbtr anCientS....

ktit ltxl> b ... b<tO dua up from the sands or ...... MI-. All lbio porDII to the fael that tbOtllaods Of ytarl b<(Ote f.slaa ....

>IAI.,.{6>HC'-------------•

71 I,..OIAN IIISlOkiC.\t,.

~·~·~~ CftO born Slns~rll l•nguoge and Hindu eullurc held 1 the Mlddlc-Eut Hindus h•d built hu~ ••••Pies "'~ "'•r ~t.eco aod ma-uliOn.J all O\'t't Ctntral Asia. It 15 ~bt •mt"• ..- h I . trtror 001 carrcel to n y thol 1 e Mu<l ms tntroduccd the dom '·

I d . I . •· n ... c:o.ncrctc and ehc arc:b to o tl.. c wa.s JU.Sl the OPPGIIft or -. Tb< Muslim word Gumbaj for dome is SIMkrit KumbbaJ

1"-t B<wuSC Indian mediaeval bistory bat! brtn put In the.,

h I . • ••• ,aroo~ from abe very start. arc. aeo og~.sLJ, histouan1 :a-ad archrlrCI$ have all along presumed that lbc mediaeval m

I. · Th id ••u· mcntJ lfc tll of ~us 1m .. obng_n. at 1 ta and a~Joci4'ltlon nur.

1ured for the last SIK ro c1g t ccntunes 1as gro"'n 1n1o a mon . • fi d d'ffi "" wbicb many onuquanon• n tt r cult tO l hakc oil'. Thot

11 """'""'they sta rted woth wrong prc>umption~ ond prcmi~tt Tboy mull now unlearn that and begin lo nssocin1e the dbm." arch and lime con<rete as inher<ol and lndogeuous fralure• or Indian aoehhccrore.

Bljepar's Whl•pering Gallery

Tbelast omportaot mooumcn1 wbrcb I now propose 10 deal wtth specrfieally IS the Gol Gumbaz (The Wbrspcring Gallery) or BrJapor. Bijapur is a Sanslrrr1 n ame aod s•gnifies a very ancrtnt and nourishing city. II was caplured and rule~ ovtr by the Muslim Adil Shohi dynl.sty. What rs now tcrmtd u the Ool Oumbn was the ancient l>hiva >hrloe or tht Lrngayall (tbc lonl Hrndu Community) who arc greal Shaiva11s (wor· ahlrpcrs ofSbova). Around that shrine lie scauered and burred innumerable Hindu images. A few or the excavated ones bovc been oollrctrd in • lmall mustum in a nearby building.

The acoustoc &Jmmiclt buill·in In the dome which rtvorbcraIClthc aliahteal sound II limcr, was inlcnded 10 produce lho Nada·Br•hma, 1ba1 11 pbonetic ocs tasy, during the great Shlva· rlln aod other PUJII ofJ'cred to Shive. Shiva is !mown ror his Tandan Nr01ya (Cosmic Dance) wbicb ia accompanied by a peal CQiallc din of mridansas, d•m•rus, cyllibala, bells and • aomba or otbtr rnllrumenl<. IJ wu 10 rcverbcralc 1hoscsouad< t~t Htadu enzrnecn bad dcslsneollhc Gol Gumbu. For Ill OfolJnal Kpulchrt DO IDCb &rmmiek Is ever tho~gbl Of hcUUII

• WNI bu 1o rcalro peace und•nurbed. Moreo ver wbo dati

b1 k or such fe.nt.aJtlc a.tmmlckl, nc.vcr heard or 10 IIJ.am. \G !beD tombrc mood of a •orrow1D1 rcatm 1 Oo the 01hc:r ba.ftd tbuc are a area\ many cluu to behcvc, chat h wu a Sh,va temple because ehc entire tunouodiaa mrca bean uamtJtlb.b'o --sipl of tna .. tilfcdc.atruCCion aod dclOlauoa or Ht.Od~ abt~OCI.. Tbc ornamental "one drcss,oa or 1hc Gol Oumbn Htdr hu .. pporeotly been petled olf ... t.bat lhe wul or tho buhed monarch may ft"lt to peAce. Mr. 0.0. Josh•. aa areb1tect (rom ~· bat wrinco to the autbor lhat he spcc&ally \Ill& ted 1be ,.agpur. • b. · d d -o 1 Qumbal on bt..ariaa of &be IU[bor 1 1 eslS. an COG\'IOCC: bl~setr thatrhe Ool Oumbot ;, on raet a pre-Muslim HIDdU temple built to the onclent Shilpa Sbama speclflcalia"' ood It -not an original tomb.

The huge To) llavdl ond tbe "'"sive walla around B•japur town lltC all or pre-Muslim orr gin. The Ad II Sb•hs ouly captur.,d the place and ruled over it. They deslroyed a sood many buildings and built none : that is wby too tber~ are no palaces i n tbe1r oamu.

Malana Spacious lounaes. parlours and apart:meast in mtd:ae:Y&J

monumtou ace vaaucly iatroduced to lbe visitors u ··Ma.ct.rus.:' Under Ulitc:rar~. mediaeval tstam.1c rtoglmtt 10 lodia, wbc.n aU r.cademic instruc:uon was coo6o.ed 10 tbe nc:it&· tioo of the Kono. and tbat 100 10 an lnfinitc:lim.~;l )CCI100 or the Musllm popula11on, whll rulcn-drialc IUld dru1 ~ddlcu as they were-would ever build stupc9dous mooumcoiJ for Madai'UJ t.•. scmlnarlu ! So the very [&ct that i pacious •pan• mentJ in mediaeval monuments arc speciously and nebulou1ly palmed otr on aullible loy vositars, uod unsuspcclins ~eholan, as Medarsas is further proof lbat 1be mediacl>al Indian monU· mealS whicb contaon many rcoiUrct lncaplieable to hlamle wage are on f&ct pre·Muslim Raj~ul monuments. The n•me Madam llleka to lbasc buildiop bccousc they ....,. Vedic tcbools.

Bibliogrophy : I. History or l ndoa at Wriuco by IIJ 9wu HiJtortaus.. bl Str

H.M . l!lllot aod Prof. Dowsoo, Vol" I to 1. J '

50 I'<DIAN HIJTOII,ICAL II.GtAl <:it

~ Ablll Ful'• A~barnama, Vol._ I ro 3, Bibhorbeca 104q ..,ia

] TraDNCIIOOS ur lh• Arclllcoloaical Socrcty of Asn. + Tilt XI\ curury and Arlet-A Moarhly Rcvrcw, Cdltcd

1>y Jam"' "•••Ia. < Pucr \Iunday • Tra•ds.

6. Comm<nt.J.mll -. Tra•..U 111 ladtl by Ta\'unier i. Hmory or rbe SbabJ:alw> of Dihh by Prof. 8 P. Sakscna. 9. Tar•kb·•·Firozshashl by Slwn'-i·Sbiraz Alif.

I~ Rambles aed Recoll«tJooa of an lodi1o Oflici41, by lr. Col. w,a Sleemao. •

11. lmpcnal Apa of lhe Moauls, by Kesbav Cbandra Mazumdar.

1:!. Tankb·,.Daudi,

ll. ~··s lfaodbool: for Vislro"' ro Arra aod lu Nci&hbour-

1(, ...W..rnllrnya Doyaokosb, Vols. 1 to 2l.

Ignoble Akbar Believed Noble

la curr<~~llnd•ao halon<> I be oame of I be 6rh pcralioo Moaul emperor Auransub baJ become a byword for cnaelty, rreaebery, cu•le aod fanaticism But Akbar lbc areai·IIT&Od· facbc.r o( Aurana:zcb, was much wone R..a.corrcl WTilkD b)' flauercrt hove rcoded carefully to shroud Akbar'a miSdeeds tear 10 small brrs all evidence and s•cep Ill- bill under Jlkbor's ro)al bedchamber rue. " .. rolmd<d in IM chapter 10 pre><nl 10 lbe reader a umple or l.hat evidence Wbicb II 10 ~oluDIIOOUIU 10 be a fit subject for a scpararc book. far from bclna noble, therefore. Akbu should rank amoo1 tbc """" lyranls or •-orld bbiOI')' DOl to speak or llldia alollc. Aod 10 raak brm wub remort<ful and protU bco<fiCfon lrU Asbot r rhe hci&bl Q( ocadcmic ab1urdity.

£YC11 io 10 OSICDJJbly partikJI aa:oont of AJtbar I rcrJD, tilled ''Akbar,lbc Great Mogul", Vtnc:cor Smub cannol llclp observina oo pace 32 or bl• l>ook rhat "Akbar WDuld biiVc lauahed at rbe remorse fel bo A•bok for tbc IIIJ .c u cauoed b)' rbe cooqucsr of Kallop, 6nt: would have ullcrly coodciDJicd hrs areat j>redtcusor's decuioo to abstain from al f1UU1<:r •an of •acreuioo."

• Tbc Vtcw lbat Akbar's cooqUUIS were rettcodcd to &ehic\e

the arcat goal of Mldras rhc l<.s.cr 11a1es into a arut em puc Sm11h dhmlnes 11 jun "seorimenral rubbish." '

A perusal of aceoonl$ of Akbar'a retJn wrmeo b) COOle•

porar~cs like Abul Fazl, Nlumuddio and Badawu and by Western .. bolan like Vi-•• Smith Ia aou&h to oonvi- lbc Rader lbat sfa'#U) in tit mos' abjtet forms 8f't•-•" .. • Akbar and bls rciao wu full of atroclrieJ. lawlwncn rcprc.".oa aod rclcallco eoaqoosu of a tiod rarely p&raildeJ • h1110ry,

U<J>IAN UJSTO.ICAL ......... n ~

1 a co!'T<CI appraisal of Akbar's incllvldU41itu 1 To amn a d" cl h • I -..-n 10 rev1cw tbe rra 1t10nJ au t e. ataodard or

• ..,.~.~ b< ·or·-l~he farDtiY rrom wblch Akbu was d<JC)ended, bcbaUOUr ,

7 o( btl boOk Vil>c:enl Sm1tb obse ·vcs ' 'Akbar,.., Oe :".~ lodll· tl< had DOl a drop of lod•an blOOd iD hit

I (OIC~Tb t thO"" hoW sencraiiODS Of lodi•n stOdtnlt btvo mru.. 1 . • • • bo<a chcalc4 lftiO kUOIDI by rote and rcpcatm& •• tbtlf ,,01,..1

pen lbll Aktw wal 10 lodlao aod ODe Of lbt &t'Cat<St one It :I H• .. u oot •• lodian. AJ for the olbtr p.trl or tbc IDYib thal.b< wat a areal mao and ruler we propoae to pro ve In I bit ••. 1 that be wat oo• of I he mos1 detested by evco bit ntlltlt ~·". . _, gh b or \los and all Indians, •nd, lhotuorc, ou t to a rooked"

Jucb '" Indian blllori ... In cootlnuaUoo of 1bc above..quolcd remark Viocen1 Smith

'"Y' •hal Akbar wu a direcl dcscendanl io the 71b gonemtioo

00 his rather'• 11de from Tamc1lain, and on bis mothor't side from CbaQJI& Kba.o. Tblll Akbar was desaoded from two or the mOll croeJ maraud<TS known to bislory who mado lhe tallh quail duru>J lhdr lifo limes. Bu1 Indian hitlorical cats would almolt bavt Ul b<l1t>e thai Akbar belonged tO t family Of people u aalolly u SL Fraoc:is o( Alsui ud Abou ben Adhtm.

0o pop 294 or Vincent Smilb'a book it is slaltd that "loumpcruco wu the beltlliog sio of tbc Thnuroid royal family, u II "" of IIWIY other Muslim rulioa houses. Babur {wu) tJ>clepcol lopcr ... liumayun made himself alupid with oplum ..Akbar pcrmillod bitDStlf the practice or bolh victt ... AkbaJ'a two ~OUOJ<l oons died lo early manhood from chronic alooboUam. tJid their elder brother ""' saved from the aom• fill< by a moo a eonslilutioo, ool by vir1uc."

Akt..r't unc:le Kamr .. , aays Smitb. bahiluatly "disgracc4 bJIIIOCI( by iolht1101 on bia opponents the most fiendish lor· nua. DCM tp&noa •••• women and children." (Page IS).

H~}uo l.h.ro..pout blsllfc was ~s•atd to deadly combal 'P1DJI nu 0100 brotbus u •u IUidl with all Muslim rulera io lod11 He wu quilt a maUb for Kamran ao far as auoc:ilies

-• -racd Wllco caplurod, Kamran wa1 aubjcctcd 10 llf'lltonu~ Smull rtmaru (p, 20) "Humayuo fell hnlc too• -D for lua brotbor'l IUIJertDJJ, KaJDru WU pulled OUt Of b11

-83

• ~aA.a eeLrBYID )'K)IL.I eoNCJI\.&,. b1t kaoes. a lancet ... u

b 1 a man sat oo d lt weft I 'd down and ¥tl 'c. 1e100ft julcc an A

unt , It K,acoran.'t cyu. some. _ .. ner be was out on bo·~ (btUJt tGIO d IO()D tbC.f~' •

' bbcd into bit eyes. an " With t.~b • ua,dlhOD com-cu ride :away wi1h bil ctCOrt. uocle and Akbar'• own tta-ck to . bit o~m (ather and . , is extremely 101 dowo to 11 poulblc vi«$ 1

a_resuainc.d add~tioo to a . do -tb&t Akbar wu ooe of the u -•• rl u our hblotlct , <-becky to _.,c •

h mant ever bOrn. . I noblest u • . of Akbar's pby•ical cbara«cnSI ct

From tho dtl<fl~uon l4l it is clear tbal Akbar' s WliJ ~ aiven by Vinccnl Sm•lb (p. h.> b Is quite consist cot clhnoloa•· vgly, deformed personality w ;~ vicious romily. Smith aays. dll)' SiDCC he tx:Jongc:d 10 a YC f mOdCrnlC stature, perb.BpS •·Akbar (in middle lifo) wu d. mao 0 waisted and long armed.

. • b b oad·cheste norrow ' , .S'·~· In bel& t, r bO •d iDward• and wbeo waUdoa bo

I ••'" somcwhal w< . • b d HIS egs I fi I as if be wert lame. Rll ca -slightly dr:~!~~~e t~:w:r~t ~!·. ri&bl lboulder ... tbo nose was drooptd a It • b bOny promlocncc in the middle, aod Talb<f shOt!, Wll a bo I

. ' I cd ·r wilh anger. A small wan a u .,.ostrils d1 at ., 1 • ' th tbG balf tbe $1ZC of a pu ... CODRtcled the left nostril WI upper r b ' s coroplexion waa dark." ln spite of sucb ugly fcaturu, ,;,"~·~~~-appoiottd. ttlf·llyled sycophant cbro~clu of .~kbar'~ tdp. Abul Fazl, described by bis co~t.emporar•cs as a sham. tes:s l!altcrd', dots oot lire of user liDS that Akbar was tho

h .. ••handsomest man oo earl .

History is replete with lnslances of "kbar's extreme addle· tioa to sllona drloks and stupefying drugs. Be also used to take liberal bel plop of horrlfyina combinations of bolh, drup aod drlokJ. Akbar'a aoo Jabaoair ,r<COrds "My father whether In hls cups or saber momcoll alwa.ys called mo 'Shekbu Babu". This clctrl)' impliu that Akbar wu very ofteo drunk. Smltb ob&<rvcs (p. 82) thai allbougb paoegyrisu of Akbar mate oo m•ouoo or bit dluntco boull It ls certain !bat be kept up tbo family tradilion and ofleo draok more thao be could carry,

I

Aquavlva, a Jcsuh al Akbar'a tour!, aaya 1hat Altb&r "wul to such eaccsus in drioklna lbal ho ... Oli<!D feU ulecp (wlllle taltioalo •isium), tbG rraJOa beloa thai be made 100 midi -. oo.mctlmca or arrack, an 0111ancly beady pUIII wiM, ud

•• I !(DIAl' IUSTOilfCAt II. ~ .,. ... ..,

GJid..cDel of pose. a aim•1Jr P"'pamtion of opjum. ddt.nC'd ~i:&<d by .. ~ .. admi:o.lu~s of spocts" , H11 bad <xa111 410Q bt 11., of inebfiiY ,.., folloW<:d only too faithfully :

1• ••

:h:~ns who 1 ualncd manhood. On page 244 it " rn.nll:nb,, tblll wbco Akblr nad druok more than wos soocl ror him~

r{ _ •• variout tDtd freak$. He specially fanco<d 1 pe Ollll<" • b d k . \'tl)

l>ddy todd>'· I>J an 'lrernliLYe e ~·· co ~~ e a '!"ctd ••fuLJo, o1 op!WII Ae followed tbe praeroce of bas family for .,.., ~liS in consumlnJ both mona dnok and vari'O<ls Pit. p&riiiODS or opoom JOmelhneJ to cxctss. Any oumbtr or'""' pusa;eseould be quol<cl but Ibis should suffice to 000,10~ tbe ,,,der, of A khat's very vicious ba~iiS . II need no1 be '"eslcd that a coosoknllt Ill at ease wllb an ever mounliog !010;11•

abl< bord<ll or sin alone £Cells csoape 10 drugged &lupcfaclion.

AU bulorilliJ uaanimouJiy testify to Akbar's t~ark illito. ,..1. Fill- Jahla&ir bu recorded that Akbar could neitbtr ~ aor ,."rile but u£0d to pose as tbougb he was very learacc1. 11 I> oot 10 mucb a que&tion of Alr.bor's pos1og •• of otben• humouriD( blm Into 1be behef thai all !hat he said or d1d wu tbe outeome of profound WISdom. Wbnt else could they do wbtt~~ foeed wllb a cruel aod unscrupulous, oll·powcrful monuch !

Albar'sl•f• iJ a aood cumple of a Sanskrit adage whicb A)'S

' 'outb, Wuhb, Pover and lntcmpcranec bob t rDJI) Cia b<IDJ rUIO

Wbat lh<n wbco all eombioe.

On pare J I Smith saya " Abut Fatl never liru or repeal in; tb11 A\bar duuna hot urly years rcruained " behind a vt•l". What he meaos tbcreby ia that Akh11 used to speod mo>l of h•t<m< iatbe harem ... On page 81 Snutb 1oforms us tbal Aqu•"·"· 'the aood (Jc.uu) father had boldly dared I~ r<pto'• tbc <mpcror ahatPiy for h11 hceo11ous relations witb • olllCII .. Akbar bhubtasly .. euscd himself." Abu I Fazl dcscr•"' "'' AUw'a hatcm U)a, "HI1 Maje&ty ha~ mode a large enol<>"''" wub t!oe buildlnplnslde wbae he reposes. Tbough thcro ••• marc than S.OOO womu (ln the h~rcm) he hao given to each

as Od aat.I1N~ )1081..1

10_... A " Tbis optr1meOI portiOO lo or eoun< I a ac ·ate aparttl)t:DI• . of Akbaf't \imes wbero S.OOO lie :.'au•• tbeto I• oo build••& odatcd in ,.para to apartments.

d h 0 \)C:CI1 JCCOt'Dn\ .,omen eoul av

1 1 odllcd by Blochmaon .

00 pap 276 or Aln·c-~~barl~: ·,,y hu utabli•b•d a wine Abut Fultollatbo reader, Hb . {" .. oflb• realln wbo coiiCC'I· •hep oeor tbopalacc .... The p<OSil<:Ounlcd 10 large wu their cd at tbo sboP eould ~ly be 10 be takeo bOU>C by tbe aumber .... n c pocloa a.arls ~i« wlotcd to have 1l vira•n. courtitrs. Jr a.oy well ~own ~~ 'I pc•miuioo. 1n tbe: aamo tbey •bould ftnt have llis Ma)d y d drunkenD<SS and igaor· way l:ooys proilhuled the~lv~ anMoj<tiY bimoelf call<cl some aooe>non led to bloodshed .... :d asked them WltO H~D or tbc prioclpol proshi~I!L~ VIROINITY 1" OJ!l'RIVI!D TH BM OF be who were these •o-Clllled

A pcr1iocnl qu<lloon wodiu_ldd whole armY of prostitutes ·, ,_ 1 WbcrtCrom a 1 1 rrnw u - , cal like a ,warm of OCU!"

sad4<nly dcsceod ' " Akbar ~c ~ ID • r tilutes were none The: answer 11 tbat these ClfU·IDCfC:ISIDI p 05 d ' \

· bose )lomcs .,., . •• Y otber than decent H'lldU women w . raodcd and plundctcd ood after tbeir menfolk wore Clthor ma,.a<Tod or eonvctled were helplessly len to fend ror r::'•m; Jd..., and were c~pOJ<cl 10 tbe mere)' of stx·hungry ogu

courtien. O..pile an uclu.ive bmm or over S,OOO womeo, and all the

vir&io "proslitutes" of tbe rClllm whose virtioity, as Abul Fazl tells uJ was at Akbar's exclusive royal command and could aot be violared withuul speelal permission by anY eont11<r, th• honour or che whitt of noblemen and court leu was it,. If olways subJCCIIO Akbar'& ,.. Y pleasure. In Vol. Ill of Aitbaroama, odllcd by Sir Jodunllh Sartor, Abul Fazl says " Whenever Bccams or tbe wives of nobles, or other women of chaste (sic) ehlracter, desire to be presented, tbey 6nl notify lbelf • i•h 10 tbe ><rVtnll o r !he sera&Jio and walt for a reply. Fro m thence lbey send tbcir ~Utst to the oftic:en of tbe palace, after wbiCb those who arc eliaiblo (•Jc) are permitted 10 eater tbo llarem. Some womon of rant obt1io permist1on to tcmaao there for a wbolc IIIODih."

llemomberina I hat Ablll Ful has tho reputation or bolo& a

•

J6 ll<OIAH Hlft'oiiCJII. ~~

•&~g•dr.u ft&Jtc:rcr••, tbc above pUSIBe t.s a clur ad thlt Al~r ~ 10 compel "IYCI O( eour11era &ud • .::;11 .... 1.,_11.u .,.,., be felt sufliei<Dtly anraeted, to remain .,,

1h"""'

b I •• bo, baR'• atlwt for a moot at o 1 me,

This c<tnclus•on IS (urrber ICinforced by a peru.at ( 0 lbt oa~ulons or I be Ileal)' or Raotbambborc. The first CObd't

' " b h II 110ft .. , Ullcd b)' \'roecot Smrlb, W&l I 81 I • c I e(s or Bundi ( .. h. a• ned tbc (oM) be acmpr from thai Cullom, degrading 1 JU1rur of .-odlng a clola (bride) IO the royal harem. • T~~ sloO'I\ lbt Akbar bad made II 8 petn1Ct0UI CUllOm 10 dcmaOd cbocc ,.0 mcn from the household of vaoqullbcd f<Xs. Tbus •U •~~mea 10 temtonct conquered by Akbar, whether coauo00c"' or of nobk or royal det«ot, were at Akbar'l ~exual mercy.

Oo pale • 7 Smoth referring 10 Akbar'a extreme weakness for " 'DmCO loiYI '&rly io JAnuary ISM A.lchar mo•ed 10 Oclb1 .... Wbllc be •u pa~>ing a Ions a road a mao standing 1n the balooo) or a roadside building diJc:b~rsed an a rrov. wbiob

IDJUred .,Lbar 10 tbesbouldc:r .... Akbar sums 10 have discouraa· cd aucmp" 10 uecnaro the assailant'• lt:eomplic:<a. He wu tileD <Dilled ID I tcbemc or mllf)'oDg ladleS beloog10g tO

~'b1 fam1hct, >od bad compelled ooe She1kh 10 divorc:< b11 •1te 111 b•• favour. Tbc auempted asstslloltloo .. was probably p<ampocd L) regnlmentll tbc royal oova11oo of lbc booour of

famli1<t AKBAR. througboul his life allowed himul( ample lalllude ID the QIAIIer Of WiVeS and CODCUbioct !"

loom tblt .. rd1d record il seems cl<ar that ain« Akbar bad 10 c)c oo B.alram Khao't wife, and married her soon after .BaiJam KbiD "'" murdered, Atbar mull have caused lbc "OlaU locfltalle <Od of Jus CUitvblle JUICdiln.

Oe ,Pel< 37 S1111th ducribes bow Akbar's commat~dcr A<!bam Kllao •f••r dcfcatioa Bu Babadur, tbe ruler or W .... •p4, >cut 10 Akb.r "D.Oth101 ca<cpl a few clepbanU. ,..,,.. for billlldf tbc womco and cbolt:etl arli<:lcs of tbe llpllll • Allllar left Aan oo April 27, IS61, and wub rorc:<d ...... ._ IWPfiscd Adhlm Khan JUtl to aer for hoauelr ollc •- of ... llallaclut't harem. Akbar'a harem wu tho• a. .. , -·••tlr ~ by bll04rcdt or ,.omen. The lol of

a IU.IIVWD ttOILII o()I'OII.& ,.,.... . .ould oot II&•• beco.

00100 010 only be lmaaoocd:d~ltb any deceot h•••a. obcoc ., tcb of Jmoaloatloo, poo•• and therefore Abul

;~:;~:~:~ only live lil<:..~:·:;:.1::':\th decent apanrndiU Fail' I uscrllOO tho I tb~Y of court nauery. accmt io be obe usual p1CCC • ent on pogo 163. wblch

Vlnceot smuh ref ell ~~ to~~~~~r ~~~ul, ' a couslo or IU}~ 111,0 poiott to Air. bar • nd '[be prblccl version o Bbaawaodas, was ocnt oo ao ern ~ dead Oil lbc way. Kls tbe u.c;dcot '"Y" tbll Jalmulr dr~P those pe1iiOUS dayl pre par· wodOW 00 loo&CI deSiriOI 10 JV:~?. fuocral p)ife. Akbar IOSI DO ed to buro benclf on bcr butb> ' d her and put11o& them time io ebaJin& those. wbo ~~:~::::~ptioo. is likely to reveal in pnJoo afier capture. A d ath and his w1dow d raa• that Jolmul wu deliberately done to e ged into Akbar's harem. b Akbar

I "Orunon's statcmtnl " at Oo page 185 Sm lb $1YI • d h is o ther coo·

bad coo6oed blmself IO one wife *?d doalnb~;med from olhcr aoru amoog the courlleu Is not d~teetly co Akb& 's lccbery sources" This addt a new dJmeosJOD to r . ttc.1 ""--····- .it uvcab bow womco were c::onside:rec! as mc~c c:ba .,...._ kba d bil courucra ID a to be fn:cly excban&cd amona A r an Tbt Ulte lambl continuous merry·ao-round or .... traffic. y were: be in a muuoo mark<:l bema freely pulled tbi> side ••d thai I·

weco ohc >codOJ aod I be cullom< commercial bagUoa.

Tben there was the noloriout ioslilutioo of Mccaa Baur oc:oordiog to which on 1he Now Ynr's day tbo women o f •!I Hlndo hou .. bolds had to be paraded before Akbar for biJ choosing, Any number of tbueliokerung tales or every coacel~· able fotlD o( lechery CID be found l11 the acc:ounll of Akbar I

rclao.

Allbar't Crodty

111 cruelty Akbu abould rank amODII tbc pciiUI udiou or bouory.

VotK<:nt Smith .. )'1 (p, 20) that io privately uecuuoa Kamran'aaon (namely Akbar's own oousin) at Gwalior to IS6S "Akb•r oet an cvlt •••mpte, Imitated on a lara• ocate by b11 dciCelldaoll SbabJaban aod Auranazeb." Tbc atrocltte~ per·

, 1 hoD ood Aurangub were. lhereforo 0

pct!Sied bf Shl'i• , bit ,..u.wom ~radolloo• hooded d....': lbl11 .,... 1Dll0~11 01~, 10~101 Akbar. II cnuld nor ""• •·

llolr u..mou• .J b h d V«Q bJI I uae If we behev~ that umanuy s e us ntedlo. • thonn'" ~ oeourb ways over a number or genera1;00 "'~' """~ ~bo : •• rwo or rbrec genera~oo' removed fro~ lb<JI .U. d A raa~•b must be many umes more CTUar"s SttlllltSS.

• • L •• 6 I «6 the day o!ler the bailie or ranipa, Oo n"Ytmuo • .v •

b H mu was brouJbl before Akbar. wounded and se1111• "' eo e k i h · · "Akbar smorc }lemu on rbe nee w t h1s scimilar" :b. Akbar wu lheo just about 14 years ~r. age. Ev.n f!OID I bat }OUDJIIe he &Jorified in I he ~ward~y ~llhng of help. Jets aad p106trale enemies ; sucb was bts upbnogmg.

"Ocr lh< b:~Ue of Paoipat Akbar's victorious forces "marcbtd $1taiabr ro Dclbi, wbich opened its pies to Akbar, •bo mad< his <otry io "~'• A&ra also passed inro his posses"""· ... accordance with tbc &butly cusrom or the times, • rower wu bQnr .,1tb tbt beadJ oltbc alain. lmmtosc trtasures _.. takeo With tbe family or Hemu, whose aged fatber woa ntcUied." (II 30 of Smith's book).

Ia &appreuio& Kbao Zaman's revolt his confidant Wok-ld Niralt "wu lorturcd for five successive days on lbt QCQ!hoa IIOUJld. Eacb day lle was trussed up in a wooden fiUIC U4 piKed befo~ one of the elcpb~nts. Tbe elephaat ..,..., kim ia blltruak aod sqUeezed hiiU and Oung bim from - lldc 10 lbt other ... .Abut Fut rclaJes this borrid b&rbaruy •illloua • word or CCDsurc " (p. S8).

Allot llac..,._ oi'CIIitror, aaya Smith (p. 64) "ALbat,

~by ... oblt1U1e ~aiatanco oncocd 10 bit annt, •-' wor w llldaou llld Iowa willa mcrcdcu seventy .... Tile :::.. ~ 1 ,._,., m••ac:rc which resulted in tbe dc11b ·-..... --~ ..

·-•'sthll ... , or Atbu ia Petb&JII pre-led .,

•

0~8L8 AICIAR BII:LIIYbU I'IOIJLI • • d' remark.. that in Cbhtor "The anperOt a

lbe areal hiltorlao To • ld by !he mosl lllltcrale alroelucs." ,.-ooccdiogs were mllaC

p Akbar doftatod and captured I be In No•cmbet 1572 "_!l•n Sb b be ordered bl> opponents I o

Ahmedabad ruler Munuar • be u-.uopled ro dealb by clepbaJlll.

ba 'lllary commandanl was barbarously puolsh· Ha.mza o. a m1 , • cd by Akbar by the ucisloo of his tonau• ID JS7J.

. . lation of Akb~r wb.o had M•sud Hussa1n MIIU, 1 ncar "' H:J o1bcr

risco Ia rovoll, bad his eyes sewn up ~~:..::~.·=~~ tbe skins of 300 supporters were dnawn up before . f ll!m I$$CJ bop and doas drawn over !hell faces. So~e ~ t wcre'executed whh various iogeo•ou.s tortures. ~~ ~~ dltJU$UD& to ftnd a mao lillc Akbar uoeliooiog such ba~borl!lcs wbleh he inhcrhcd from biJ Tartar ancestors," aays Smuh.

When tho Miru was dofealtd in the baltlo o( Ahmedabad, Sepl. 2, 1 S7 J, "3 pyramid was built with 1hc beadJ of abc rebels. more •ban 2,000 10 number." (p. 86).

Wben the ruler or Bengal, Oaud Kbao, was defeated "followlna the barbtrous custom of 1hc times (Akbar's com· mander Muoim Khan) musacrtd his prisoners, whose btads were sulllcitoUy numerous 10 furnish eight sky high minartts" (Akbamoma iii, 180). When Dnud ove1comc with thirst asked for water "tbey filled b1s slipper whb Willet and brought It to bim."

These inSiancu should suffice 10 convince 1:te reader that Akba-r'a wbole rclao Is a continuous tale of hornd cruelllC$ Smith's account or Akbar's ~i&o contaios numerous 10stancta of Akbar's perfidy, On P•ae S7 be says "Ao e11raord1nary loeidtol which occumd In April while lbe royal camp wu 11 Tbanesar, the famous Hiodu place of pll&rimare to the oortb or Delhi, liuotl'l a ather uoplcawu liJbt upon Akbar's cbataclor.

"The Sauyasins •sscmblcd at the holy tank "'etc d•~i,Jetl into two Pltlieo, caUcd tbe Kurs aod PUris. The leader ol' tbc Iauer eompl11ned 10 the Kioa thAt llle ICun had UOJU&el) octupird lhe occuaiOUitd 1111ioa pluc of tbe 1'11111 "ho 11rrc

fO INDIAN lti$TOIICAl •ot.,Cit

rbu• debarred from coll<ettna rhe paar•m•' alma... Tb asltd 10 dectt!e•b• ISSUC by morral combat, They we ey """ up on c1th<r .,d< with their arms drawn. In rbe 6'~ dra,.. et~sucd rho combaranrt ustd swords, bow• and nrr~ 1 rber 11ontt. "Akbar s«ln& rhar rhc Purls were ournu!llbere~ 1•d I be 111nal ro some of hi• more nvage followers to b 1 ''"' •uht parry" Tbi• wu somerlliog woroe rbao the ~ P r~e fable o( rhe r•o quarrcllina ears approacbioa a monk coep , dr••dc bclw«n them a lump of cheese. In rbis fi&bt be;~ 10

rbe rwo Hindu Saoyasio seers Akbar saw ro ir rhot borb ., ten uJtim•rely annihrlarcd by hos own fierce soldiers. ' 'The cbr ".e <l<r uncruoully adds:rbar (Akbar) was highly dellghred wirb ':r rporr ·• remarks Smnb. 1

Ar rbe balll< of lbldigbat when Akbar's forces were rao&ed aplnsr Ran• Prar~p's It was mainly a fighr b<twcen Rajpu1 •Dd Rajpur h<cause Akbar by his demoralizing arroehies had terrj. fied a number or Rojpur chiefs lnro submission, ond tbrou&h tlr<m soushrro subdue rb.e proudesr of the clan, Rana Prarap. Ar • rrme ,.ben rbe sides were locked :n baltic aod it was not easy to disrinaubb berwctn Rajpurs allied wirb Akbar, and rbose ~pposrna him, Badauni frgbring on Akbar's side, a.kc<l Akbar s commander wbere ro shoot so that be may bir only rbc <o~y. The commander replied It did pot mauer, be could mtrt~ly •haorln the midst or rb o Rajpul armies ond whoever wukillcd,ll ..,., a gain ro Islam. With that assurance, says Bad.tunt, be bod oo dlfficulty and he starred shoouog wirh aay 1.baodoo ~<Cure ro rhc b<hef that no precaurioos were llt<ZSSiry .

Mrer rho capruro of Chilror, uys Col. Tod "Akbar deflliled every monument that bad been spared by the e~rlicr conqucrora. Akbar .-a• lona r&Dkcd wirb Sbihabuddin, Allauddin and orMr amtrumenrs of drltruction aad with evc.v JUSt claim and like I~ bt ., '

consrruet<d a mtmbar (pulpit or reading desk In a m..squc) for the Koran from rbedelty orl!klioga (the hercdirary ~od of tho RaJpUU)". Tbia give a tho lie to ahb assiduoualy OStCJed view rbat Akbar wu tolerant towards rbe Hlodua aod.

ra)ICC1ed tbelr deltie&.

"Ia or abour A.D. 1603 Akbar wbo was us:d ro rcrirc to

91 IONOBI.I ,-XIA& lt~VEO t108U

tl happened IO emerge earlier bl• room In rho artornoon (or re ld nol ftnd uy or tbe scr• lhiiD wat Cl pccted ond ot Rtttbco,uhtonc: and c..-oucb he •aw •

Wh b came near t c I b v•nrs. on e • 1 Jeep close to the roya couc · baplen ramplisbrer' coded up d n • d bhn to be thrown from lbo Enras<d ar rbc •itb• Akbar or esc . d ·eces·•

d be woo ola)bcd inro a tbousao pl • tower en • · b

• bstfVts u Akbar's poh.cy • 1'

On poses r4~ and 146 Srnl:~r~uou• and perliduous. At tbc resard to tb.e Portuau~s~ wn, wel'G approaching bls court In very rnomcot wb~ o:uu~onn:~~:oo be b.ad organized an army responoc ro rhe froeodly tovl Tbc Oesu•t) fathers were disro uprurc tbe Euro~an pon;·rbe du licity of Akbar wbo pregusted or rbedcl~ar ·~.~e~ie:dsbip ~bile actually orderina tcndtd a e11rc: 11

hostillliu: ' to Auausr !600 when Akbar' s foroes bcsic~cd Asiraarb fort

bur bod oo bope or victory, says Vincent Smtrh (p. ~01) Akbar "raolved ro rely on tbo•e arrl ofJorriguc and guole •• wh1ch ~· ucclled .. .. He. rberefore, ioviled Klog Mir~o Baba~ur (of Aw· prb) to come out ror an hue.rview. s:weanoa on b1s O'tfn royal head rhat rbc vislror would h< allowed to return ro peace. Miran Bahndur aeeordloaly c•m• out wearing a scarf io a way slgulfylng •ubmiuion .... Akb~r sitting motionless as a ster.uc .... At Miran Babadur did reverence thrice aod was advaocoog, a. Moahul officer cauabr bim by tile bead aod rbrew him down forc•na bim to perform complcre proJirarioo ... a ceremony on which Akbar laid much 51ress. He was held io custody aod asked ro sen.d an order in wrnlng to rbe fori commandant to surrender. The Inner refused to surrender nod senr bls 60n to uk for rbc k10g's release. The youth, asked whether bls farbu Wll willln& 10 1urrcoder the rort, &AYe a Spirilcd rcrort On wbicb be was ilabbcd. The fori commander, iarormcd tllat bl• son bad h<cn done to death, addressio1 the ganisoo 10 de(CAd rhc (Oil ro the I:&JI man, llraDJUiatcd bimSCif with II scarr. This ln11ancc will provo rbat notbloa wu roo mean ror Akbar aad rhllt tria perfidy could 11oop to abysmal doprbt.

Lull for weollh, womco. territory aod power was tile chlet' mo11ve for Akbor's eooljU<JU. lo tbo Raotllambbore uaryh~vc ~eeo rbar rbc vaoqutlbod w.ro alwaya COID.,.u.d 10

,

91 INDIAN ltiSfDIUC• "L.,

der their women to Akbar. l n connection Witb ' "'"" _ apiottlln llahadur we have already obse 1\~~. c:emp~u... d b. ,_ r.eos n... .Utler"J I"" for women ma e •m overlhe Adham kha..., Conlfd marcllct. aile he way from Agra, co make him ~· 0 ~ alllht wom<D from 8u Bahadur't harem I bat the loit~ mltlpptopriatcd for bimaelf. .. ~

w,1h toprd 10 Akbar's campaign against Boodelkbaod' llq Dota••atl, Smtih wails (pp. S0-51) "Akbar's auack ~ pr;aca1 era characl<t so noble W;~S mere asar"sion, wholly ' protokcd aod cle¥oid or all justification other than tbe lust~ c:otlqUCII aocl pluoder .... AI!bar'a annexations were cbe r ~ 4! ordinary t togly ambillon supported by adequate power.~ anact. de¥oid of monl j usli6catioo, on the ex cell col aovora. I llldll or lla.oi Ourpvali wu made on the principles wbiob dd<rmlocd lbe subsequent ennexations of Kashmir, Abmtd. napr a.od olber t inldoms. Akbar fell no scruples abou1 u,. ililtinc a war aDd oooe he bad beau a a quarrel be hit hard without mercy .... His procecdinas were much the umo ., lboso ofolber able, ambitious tiogs,"

Oacribin& AUar's wantoo auack against 'Rana Pratap oe Newu, Slllitb remarts (p. 107) " It it not necessary 10 adduc. &lly putlcallr loeldenlu supplying a motive for the attack oo 11» Roo. Tbe campaip of I S76 was intended to destroy 111< ~· ud c:nllb bally bit prctauioos to Sl&od outside or the "'JI!Fe. .Tbe CJDptror desired lhe death of the Rana and the abaorptioo of his territory."

~ Wldmt&lldiog of I he struggle between Rana Pratap to _1__:~ fboeld by itJclf be eoou&b for aoy JUdiciouJ obserVcf ~ Allbet as a rank aaaraodlur. Since tbe two woro dmls e:.:::pu- ID~ were opposed to each other iD 1111i1J of adiadaioa ltoclatt or b11tory cannot cacapc 1he respcnuliiJIIIIiae.IJ1Ua - of theJD .. representing tbe forect or of ... 11111 .,; _and reptas~oo, Since Rana Prllap waa a soa ••b .... folio IIIIa aplast uaprovo~ed aaaression ic auto-

., &I tllat Au., L -

-· ll••lllter aoc1 0111 muss "" cbaraed with weatoo !llll .,, u.,. Alld 0~ Cri- Ia attackia1 principality aner ' au., b•a• ._. ~ turlouJiy cnouab Indian bistOTY II

.......... 1""""" NP-tiiiJ hi8l &I-

~HA .. t!I!LI.VED t«)M.I:l

tol<oo .. e A • Coined on lodi•O b\~tory b tllal

0 of tbc sinisccr Octtoos d by hi> found•n& of a "'orld

00 oo<JneU il prove n of truth bar~• angelic I . • 1s is a complete perve::nto

Ak Ued p io·e·ltabt. Tb • bAd reached auch a p11Ch ord:,~ bauabllness and •"'!':~~oioa obe"ancc to mullah~ Ak b could ool tolerale P". ~ Akbar u~erted that be wu lba~ ~esl• In tbe nome. of reha•o';;oral and spirilual authority •

~.;~1y bim•••r-.:::;'!~~~ ;:pic pay respects to ~o! :~b:;l d lbal on oo • . tbereforc, a ncpuo

an o Altbar'a inmlcnce was. ' ale to bimself unbridled pet50 • u cmPI to appropn d o -li•loo, aod an a lbc destinies or men ao wome . •• • . ed power over and unroscra•D m !led his subjecls to grcel each otber

To tbaleod Akbar Akl,"" .. which ioterprcccd ooe way moaol wilb tbc term •'Alla~u • ar re subtle seoae inlendcd by Akbar,

n bUt lO ha-C mo "Ood Is &rt~~kbat bimself is A.llah." meant that . 127) "The usc of tbe ombiguo~ p~rase

Smith el<pla•n• (p. cbe most extreme triticum•• kb • ••ve eotour co cb 'AIIabu A ar .,... . hal lbe innovation aroused mu uo·

l!veo Abul Fatal a~mtts ~c (Akbar) ,.nowcd bimsclf the fancy eosy feelinf. Atumes b b d bridged lbe gulf between the thal1D bis own penon P a

nfi • .. fioile and the I otle.

F tber Mooserralo dncribtDI! bis mission's failure wruce tn • ( 148) " It may be suspected that Jalaluddtn

aadnen) of heart i.; to summon the Cbristtao priesta, DOl by (Akbar was mov . · d••l 0 TO any divine iospiration, but by a eelt1lio cunosltY or a ~ g l)I!VISE SOMETHING NEW FOR THE D ESTRUCTION OJ-

SOULS I" Oo paac 125 Smith describes bow !be Bible lbc Je~w1s bad

prcsenlcd to Akbar "he returned to them at o mueb Iacer date.··

Smitb observes on paac 153 " The truth is lbal A kbar's pre• tended 'rchgtoa' coosisll essentially io 1bc assertion or hts pet· sonal supremacy over lbloas spnitual ~~ well as thtn~ comporal . Tbe four dearee~ of dovolloo 10 His MaJeSty conlllle~ of readioen 10 sacrifice pr<'pcrty, lift. honour a.nd reb· aJoa." (p. 154).

' ' Notwhhat&lldill& the fine phraau about aoocnl lolcnacc

INDIAN HISTollC~~ a{Sa ~ ~ whl<b O«UPY"' !usc a'""~ lo lhc wriJina• ~r Abu! Fau

1 IN oAyonl' ol A~bar many acts of fien:e oniOicrtocc .... "! .,.,01cuuc:d." (p. 1$9)

AbO<ol A~ba.r'J pololic.JI. sb&m rdi&Joo, ~mot~ rcmarlo (p I60) •·ne whole scheme was the ou1como or ruliculou1 vooiJy

• mruutrOUI lfOWib of unrtStntinc:d autocracy. •• '

\a\itr, a Juuol 11 Akhar's oout1, s!ves o lyplcal IO>It~~<e or Akbor't pet6dy io makins people drLOk water in Whlcb bot feel bad bcco washed. X.vi.cr wriles, uys Smilb (p, 18~) Akbar poocd "at a Prophet, wishing it lo be uodcrsto()(l tha; hr worlct miracles tbrough healing the sick by meant or lbc w&ltr ln which be washes his f<et." A footnote on I he unoe paa• quotes a conlemporary cbrooicler. lladaunl, 10 soy lhaJ thiJ 1pcclal 1ype or humilfatloo was reserved by Akbar only for HondUJ. Sayt Badauoo u;r o1her lbao Riodut came. nod wished 10 become ditc:oples a1 any sacrifice, His Maje.sry reprovrcl tbcm "

Womea Ia abjecl misc.ry and sheer despcralioo subjected 10 npc, pluodcr and lorturc used to approadl A~bar as a tau rcsonlllyiDJ!hcll children at IUs feel ao~ begins for mrrcy. Rcpra&loo ia 1evcral forms being daily roulinr, as observed a.bovt, !here alwa)J used 10 be a crowd of women and children al Akbar'• courl gale. Bul wily nobles interprclcd lbir 10 lbc JnuotJ 11 <\khar's cou" as their co;nina 10 seck Akbar's blesstop u a h•sb priest "Bicssioga" they ccrutinly sougb1, but not •• the ac"'" 10 which il bs been cunningly lnle•prclcd. The women and choldren aou&Jlllome relief from hellish toriUre and tyrauoy lei loose on them.

Akbar's having married many Rajput women is onen !rolled ou1 •• a atorlfied inslan"" of his Jpirit of to-ea I led cooci1111ion a.od tolerance Thit iJ addio& iosult to injury aod puuina • premium oo lc<lhery. It has been amply illuslratcd above lbll Akbar C0111idercd bit entire rulm as a huge harem, and !bat be -ab• the women of all be vanquished, through coercion and compui\IOD Thai was ODe or bls devic:u to mokc the humili· lliOil or bll \'ictortu compfelc. Dragiog Hindu wom•n tniO

th<or hatcma had bccG a pemoctout uadilioo wub all iovadert. Akbar, roc ocural re .. oos bad I penchant fur il. To parade

9S t&..tiJVeO tfORL.I] . . hy

• ot<JOU'·Ii "~.,_-. D , rc tbo. bei~hl of pc:rvus • 1 ahcre•O •

hal v1nue -'· vadd lodaaa tus\OfY• • it •• ~ spcCd ca\ubu)' thot per f bit bo aschold tO b~pocntY ao ,v~ a s1oatc woman o

d At bar ever I Do Htodu 1

manl•lc co • d In aecoU.OII of

JldJ• T•~ boo6 ,mpertlncruly repeiltC icio\d .. J,uya"'

A blind ~::•Jbll be bad aboloJbed •• ·~~.i,.': Muslim rulers Akbor's rei& was exuaclcd by Indo ad I be vast maJOroly" ' oo

x Tbb IIX who forme d I nee ta . b , l:liodu subjcCil, M Jlim country, an s from I ~'rut \ell I hill todia Wal 2 U fTe:t3not- allowed a Yilt

thbo ~~~;; o~ of ucoerotily one~la~~o from that of tbe ruler's 1 e · 0 dilferent ' f uch suffer• (l'l:l'otitY tOI praetace through their nose or s . th;Y (!he people) '""'' pa; no! hi ns bul religious blackma•l and

Tbis therefore. wa I his helpless subjects. .aac:c. • 1 d by lhe ru cr on <obbetY pcrpclto e . abolish« of !be Jiziya extracted It

Akbar far from beong an r !be Rantbambborc treaty on clause n · di

witb all vengeance: :m lion from tbc Jiziya for !be Bun stipulated for_ spcc•al tllio/wilb !be visil of a Jain monk lti.ra· .,uler. Asaln to co1111«1 !hal be again uk<d for exempuoo vijaya Suri (p. 120) we hearth I people were compelled otr and

b 1. ·yo. Tbal proves • 0 of I e ~to I mplion from tbe Jiziya. Moreover eve 4D to ask for s~•:c ::=t an occaJiona\ visitor across the court 1f Ak:•;d";;ab~Y In Jbetbouab• thai tbe visitor's requeSI for tbres o farpom !be JWya had been sanctioned, we bave by uemptoon . h · ftnv now loami enough of Akbar's ways to ~loeve I at '' was¥ ,. •bing but an cmply auuroacc from a WilY bosl.

• World's MDst Ha!td Prrsoo

Farfrom the angel lhnl he Is being "'presented IO b• In Indian history Akbar wa. perhaps !he world's mot! haled person, Such wulhc rcsetllment thai everybody fcltlhat numerous pcuono from hi• owo aon Jabangir downwards altemplcd to murder Akbar.

Smhb d .. ttlbet on paac 220 "Tbrouabout 1he year 1602 tbe 1>rioce tSallm) con!Jnuocl to hold court at AJIAbobad aad 10 01ainulin royal &laic •• kina of !he provioc:et wbJch be bad uaurpcd, He empballted his el11m to royalty by smk.laa bolb

•

96 INDIAN l!J$Tl)ll CA~ ....

,old ud copper money, spccim<nt or wbi~ be b d ' dero >c:od ro hrJ farber. He sent h~ 1~11 1bei"""Mobemmod, 10 Kebul, at bit <nvoy lo negotiate 'r't~•or Door On I'll" 2l7 Smirh tells us "Jabanair'• rtbcflion ·r' "'~"-• • mull ha•e rcsult<d in hlf paronl'a durb." In·, ~ au..,._.r,l paJ< 2J2 dealina wirb Akbor's dtarh it Is stared .. ,~:•oro 00 rbar Stllm ardently dtsir<d his farber's domise. ·• J <tr~l•

A fooroote on page 191 nys "As early as 1591 wb was sull'ering for a lime from stomach-ache ;nd

00 Akb1r

exprCJSOd suspicion lhot his eldesr son bad PDiso co~lo, ht PrraceSthm, wbo beca me rired or waiting ror tbe cro:e .bl111. to obrarn Portuguese supper! in brs intended figbr

0 ~'"'llb<4 throne." or tbr

On page 276 Smirb reUs I be rtader, "Akbar usually b rebelhaa somewhere or tho orber on his bands and lb ld 1

record<d ourbroaks or disorder in the provinces, sum~ ~~ dealt wilb by the Faujdart, must have been hloumerable." ' Y

Among Akbar's own supporters who revolted agairur hi one by one we.ro Bairam !<ban, Kban Zaman, Asaf Khan, Sbl~ Mansur (the Finance Mrnist<r) and all th< Mir2.11s that ;1 blood rtJIIoODS of the royal family, '

Akbat's Murders

On page 250 ~mith tells US of bislorian Wheeler's aJS<ItrOO

that Akbar kepi a paid official whose duty it was to polsoo people wbo incurred Akbar's falal displeasure- Accordina ro tome blnorlans Akbar dltd of polsoa pills be mistakenly rook bu1 had lnrended for Man Singh.

IJI a footnot< on page 249 Smith lists ponons who wore Jccr<rly n.«ul<d or poitoned by Akbar :

I Secrttuecution of Kamran'a son at Gwalior, 1 S65.

1. The bl&bly suspicious deatba of Maltbdum-i-Mulk and Sberkb Abclur Nab! a fret their rtturo from Mecca. Tbe Jkbaln&alo e.xprenly states that rbe Liller was put to dutb by Abril raJ in punuaoct or Akbar' a ordera.

3. Tbc cquallv llltnicious dtarh c;f Masum Faraoabudl.

97 AI' ut&.IIVEU NOftt.lS

'""oaLt AC8 • I Mulk and anotbcr by rbdr EJ<eeullon of Mit Muru.u

~··roundctins' I IO dcalh all Mullas ep•n•r whOm ~ one Akbar seo

S One bY (U d uno rl, 285)• d d ,uspiciooo • • • ld like 10 •Jd rbe rnur er

he M be obo•• 11•1 rbc tulbo~ w~~c wid!IW A.kb>r cbued, a.s 'Toll rn Kh••· and of Jatmu ',w b best as arpcars from the

of Ba r• dttcd "' Akbats • I bren mur

ho~ Oil ( rheil dcOlhJ, circumstance> o • ' shments (p 250) as •·sentences

Smith dOJCrtbeS ~kbarTahpum odes of e~ccuuon looluded-1, ktnd 0 m b h d' 0 of(otl) eppal on& • - b elephants, oruc:iflsoon, e ea tn.,

P,,...,,.,, uamphna r -ftalties mutilatior. and ""brpp-'"' d rhcr>- As mrnor r--· N cis ol ba•&••rr •• 0

• ·e commonly ordered. o rccor inC or ~et1 ~~~,:~ ;~~ina I wc:re kept. Perwns acdog at pr-ed•nSS CJ ro follow Koranic rules, Akbar cncou~ged judges thOU&hl ~: 'ThO hOrrors or an eX<CUIIOD around are rrinl by ordeal._ or the copies of the Akbarnama at realistlc•ll~ depocred rn one South Kensington.

-Akb;~:::~::~ a contemporary or Akbar says " Akbar ~a! th po<urious an<l retentiv~ of money." On page 263 Smotb

" ·~'The emptror regarded bimstlf as the betr or all brs subj;:,;, •n<l ruthlessly scoz.d the entire properly of ~vory deceased whooe ramfly bad to make a (rub alar!, COnlto&<nt OD the toodwill or 1be emperor. (P. 252) Akba~ was a b.ard b<ad~ man of business, not a stntim":"tal pholan.tbroposr,. ~?d bos wbolc policy wBS directed prfnctpaJiy tO the ICQUJIIlrOn Of power sod riches. All the arrangements about Jaairs, braodios (borscs) etc. were lltvlscd Cor the one purpose namely, the cohancomenl of rbll power. &lOry, and richeS of tbc crown."

Tbouab A\bar's mother died just over a year btforc Akbar I •- al\tr Akbar bad made all bis eouquesu and boarded immelllt weahb Lbrouah usury aDd rtpreuion, y<t h< coold not rososr the rcmpralioo of Goutia& btr dyiDa w11ob. Dacribroa tbls oo paac 230 Smorb uys ''lb< detcucd lcfl in bu bouse a J.rcc treasure ao<l a will dhccttna that il abollld be divlcltd IJDODI ber male dcsc:endanta. Akbar ... wu too fond or IIIOIICJ 10 whbslaod rhc temptation or aoouloa her wealth, the wbole or

,.bic:b be ·~rropr~trd without

will.'

INDIAN TflSt'Oiltet.~ ll ~4~

regard to rbc terms ot tbt

lodia' l pe"'.ued history has ~II a long striven bard 10 d lodta's alrca rulctl bcdeclrcd wlch glories borrowed fro <J>I<j

""ilrm JoJho rulcll' descnplioos. A rnoarkable iosta I'll Pr<,., . f Akb ' . nee or tu.:b 1 parr " (ouod r'l accounts o ar s rergn. Ia imitar or .. ~11 lJ ufd c>f King Viknlmaditya a myth assiduously fois:: 00 mrdracval lodlan b.Jstory rs that Akbar bad a similar 811,

1Y

Clf moe Ltlcnrcd man called tbe nine gems or h rs courr . Tb Akb.tr did oat conlider the~ . anything beu~r than a aroup ;~ rdrotJ. rs tcco ro a cbaractmsuc remark of brs (p. 2S8) ;0 whicb be say""S "It"" the grace of God that I found oo capable IDlDIII« orbtr,.i.5c people would bave coosidered that my meuureo bad been devised by them."

'NIIIf G..,.' A Myth

EYtll otbel'l>ist all these much publicised men were mea of oo ..,nh. Todar Mal, v.-as associated wilb devising a pemici· OUJ system of "serewrog" money out of people, to exuact " b.Jcb they bad tO be ftogged and to remit wbicb they bad ro ••ll tbelr wives and children. Abul Fazl bad tbe reputauon of bcloJ a "sb4Didess llatterer" a.nd was got murdered by tbe CfO'I>'D priMe Salrm bimwr. faiti, who died a premature dcatb, trU a medioc:rt poet boosted up In a court where sycopbaot l!an cry llourubrd a t it.t woru. About him Smith remarh lP 301·:102) .. Bioc:bmaon beld that after Amir Kbusro or Delhi, Mubammadcn India bas seen no sreater poet than Faizl, . . Adantbng.the j u11iee of Biocbmaon'• verdict, I can only saY that the other poeu of M.ubammaden Iodia must be wonb very lrnle ' Bnbal dr«< ro a battle He wu supposed to bave bcCO ,,.co ,. Jaarr wbrcb be never enjoyed. The much utolled wit. bumo11r and repanec ascribed to him sre in fact tbe work of 10111e wac who used BorbaJ'a name and court auociatioos as a flcuuouts,.lkiog bollC. Sbab Mansur, the so-ca lled Finance Mrlllmr. wu rxccutecl at Akbar'• order by Abu I Fazl b•maclf, So from bc1••n•na to cod it 11 tucb a 1ickcoing ule that these tDucb nuntecl D•oc &etns' turn out 10 be: hapless lod•vrdu~ ceutln up Ia tbo roferoaiiD&l:bioc or a corrupt and reP""''" l dDIIDII IratJoo .

UAI OfLI~eD HOOUI t Ot<Ol'Lf A

• wanda< once stabbed birru:clf in dllaust b<Qusc R•J• Bho§. f his aituollon in which be bad soven many

<>f rho utter mr~<~<Y 0 d cousin• in Akbor's servoce only to . en folic sons nn . or tus wom ' treatment, In reru m. Man Smgh """'once

....,eive despiuble d k Aktiar and subsequently was to be 1 d b" 4 0 over run • . 11 rbroll e ~~Akbar himself hlppencd to uke the porson pr '

potJO.n<d b Ja at Singh drunk biroseif to deat)r. M.an SrDJb s 'by mtJtokc- II m<d to J~~chonsrr. woo rn oil probabrhty

let Mon Boo, m• • eel b 5'5 d e In one edition of Jabangimama rt II stat t at 111urdcrc d •~no thr ee days' ond died, while in another she I' 1be f~•;: ha~~ commillcd suicide by taking poi.son. It is known Sill< do• '• fasting is nor eoougb to krll a woman, and tboll~rce I . . r I

reo\·er Jabangirnama uself IS ootonoUJ as a uuuc_ o tCJ. mo h msclf is knowo to ha•• been a very C<Ucl aod Johonsrr ' . ( ., · h • · monarch who poiSoned hrs ather, got .,ul)a ~~cos scherorog fi rst husband. Sher Afghan, murdered, and 9ould look upoo wrtb pleu urc at the sight of a moo being Hayed alive.

Ou waotb. a young painter, a t Akbar•s COU$1 stabbed him· self 10 death. All snch suicidu by Hindus bJVe been reprt!enrcd Ia contemporary Mushm records, as having been eomuritted ia a fi t or madness. This dcscrrp<ion is litet'lllly trw: in anotbcc sense namely that coodiuons in Mogul courts were so intolcr· able that the Hondus driven 10 lle$J>Cralioll by tile loss of t~cir culture. honour, propeny, women. sanCtity of tbcir homes, ~nd reliaron were dn vco 10 mow 3Jid death. Todarmal, io sptte or ht> bavroa sold b11 conscrenc< .o Akbar, in devmog" system to fleece tbe subjects, bad all h11 private altlU, to wbrch u an orthodo• Hindu be w:u very mucb attached , n:movrd togttber

'With the Idols he woubipped. To a n orthodox f-l indu in those day1, when idols were not 10 be touched, even by persons In the oamc bouscbold without a batb sod holy attire, summary removal of all idols by MuJhm •~oooclasts ..,.,., a mon•f•taa sa~nleae. And yet such acu wcr" cncouraaed by Akbar e• en woth rcg.1rd to persons like Todarmal who had mortgaged a nd loa~ all rhcir ~onour in Akbar'• service. Ia dirgun Todarm•l. therefore, rulaned and left for Dananl,.

Pn r•l aad a ....... l.'l,...tre4

Oo PIIC 5~ Sm.itb says " Akbu then cnarcbrd to Prayaa llld

·--

100 INDIAN HIJI'fORIC\L RU~!

·-t'lt 00 10 s.nmo. •bleb """e plundered because ......,le

• t •• .- .... ., lrtrc: rub enousl> to cl- ...... a• ...

Tlo"uplalos wby Prayaj hu no river ah•t• and 'll<l<n t>uold••Jt. All thot Prat•a (AIIohabad) hu today is Ytcto . 1

t>unaalowl of prooti1lng advooatet. But for lbcm Allaha~~ I"'"""" 1 bkaL appcAuocc. AI an aocieot boly plott, it...;:: llOI t-o 11re:utd thai Pra)lll had aceJienl, lo..-erio& river &h on hot h 01du of the Oans• ond Yli.IIluna along witb ita 11108~;• liccnt fort. Tbc d,molitlon or Ptayag's ma~ooficeot gbau out: nvallln~ 1bose at 8.\oaras, and maoy maostoos and numerou, tcmpleJ, must be laid tquarely at the door or Akbar. Contc~ry '" popular bellrf the ramou& Kasbi Vishwanntb temple II ll.tnaru was finl desrcrated by Akbar when he wreattd , cugrOJtce on 111 peoplo. lo fact no quesllon of even vengeance .,,... The ltld••n people are traditionally koowo for lh<ir .. trcme dcvolloo to royalty llod Akbar's Yi$11 been barmtm 11 could not have oco:asloned ony other feelings amongst lhrwu residents co;eepl those of the deepest rever<nce. Btll from tbe very r•ct l.btt thcy sll.mmed their doors against Akbar It b tlur tbal his <ntry lnlo Banaras must bavc be :o occasion. cd by lccberou• and rapacious motoves.

SLa•urla hs Worstl'orms

We ha'e alrrady S«n lbal Akbar iOiisted on complete proslrlboa ~y oil and \undry before him- He made people drint l.bc "atcr in wbieh he wtoah<d his reel. He also made people dnol. water oo wbtcb he bad bre>tbed. Ralph Fitch, a coolem· porar) Eaahsh trl•eller h•s recorded that William leedcJ, ao EnJillb )eftllu II Akbar's eourl was "given n house a nd five ainu.' Oa .. 1' 141 Smith saya "Aquaviva (I he Jesuit) had oblaootd llltn austeoanee throuaboul btl stay at court While lcaVIaa. lhcrerore, the only boon ha ask<d was to take witb bim • fliDil) or Ruuiu llavu, father, mother, IWO 1001 and cerU.in dtpclldeot• wbcl had been amoos Mohomroadeo• so lona as 10 bo CliNnlanl In name onW.'' Tbls •bo""s that Akbar held llllhiiDinble lit ... of Vatiolll ... IIOIIIlihu.

Oo P"P l~V SmUll averatbal " Ia the years 1581·82 a larac 811111bct of Sbelkbt &lid Fakin , apparently thoao wbo rcsl1ttd • -uoo, were <ailed, mOilly 10 Kandahar, a nd cxcbaoacd

10\

ttl.l!VIO tl()l o.8

•oto01•1 •u•• 0 •• " Smltb also dCf<'rlbet . enslave.... . bu

ror J>On<" "!:~:::~.!':,";:nyinJ •h;n r;:.~,f:"~o :.':.~d<•' ~r, " "" h•~"' 11 wu ai&O • comm

-'ld<d eaa••· 0 be •laves. :o "' aft« a battle, lh'-'- Akbar prac-... uoocro bod of slaverY. w '"" r• .., subtle IXICI of braodiol ..... ry

,\nothct vc .. , otrneot, wu wbioh eauted srcal r<S4 ' II rorehcod. Thus whmoe•e•

ol~ed • b I Dower mark on ' . 11 '-~•me subservient to bo<l< "'1 automauca Y .,.._ .__ d-

ocd a braodcd botJC lm wjle.rcvcr found were .,..n ~bar. AlllhO bOrt•~ in ~cbr:r~c follnd himself between tb~ cd Thus o mao owntO& . bed to be free of Akbar'

· II be "''' b' h devil and the d«P .. a. u to let the borte lo01e on w oc totclasctbe onlY WAY open IV ee and beast orbllrdcn in those --•c be lost the ooly coovey~o d the borsc the forehead mule ~ ADd if be rctaon< --• • perilous d•Y'· d or his having been redu<= 10 per wat a. c:onAhlnl remln er . pctual ..,rrdom bY a crud ttlck..

Horrible f amlnOI • s rule led 10 ramioes of uo-Akbar'a lawlen a~~LrniP5";;~;6 Delhi was devastated and t.he

__ ..,. ottd horror· 0 • • d 'th his P'"""'0 (p '288) Bedauo• wtt.ocsse "'' mortality wu cnormou~.. . . wo . kiod and the appearance of

WO eyeS tbal men ate u oCif 0 k ;,mbhed sufferers .. u so hideous tbat one could scarcely '0: u o them .•• the whole country was a desctt and oo busbao s.:.;, remained 10 till the arouod .... Gujanu, one or the rocbut provto«a In India, and generally reputed to be ~most exe(Dpl from tbc risk of famine sutl'ered severely for lo.lt months on 1S7l-74. Pesliloncc as usual followed &tar11ntlon so that iobabiUoll rich and poor, fttd the country and were scallered _abroad. Abul Fazl wlth characteristic voguencss reconb tbat tn IS83 or I 5S4, as prices were high on account of tbe dryoeso or tbc year, l.bo means of subsisraoce or many people came to an end. If we may judge (saya Smitb) from tbe slovenly way in wbicb be lrtall l.he tremendous calamity of I S9S..98 wo may infer tbll tbc famine of I 58)..84 wu serious. h does not seem 10 be mcotloaed or even alluded to by otber cbroooclers .... "

"Tbe famloc which began in 1595 and luted three or four 1C&n until I 598 equalled in Ita borrora the accqsloo year and CliC<IIed lhe vlahalloo by reuon o f itt !OOJCr duration. Jaund ..

102 I

ci~'n •nd ~r•dcmk.s tP. :!\i)

II<DI41< ll13TOAICA~ l !st.,~

oc:euionnlly matred Akhr't rtiiD"

~m·th ot>~tr><S tbll wbct~ Akb3r died, in Aan ron IIOQc ud ItO ••••J> milhon otcrhng 1n c:uh. There wcro 111111~ I>Oar.b Ia "'other cttt<S. A_nd )<I ~kb3r does not ..... lo ~.

1 Ltn 10y fomtnc rd1d mcosures. Descnpu001 1 ...... d" . d 0 lbt -'"' ,,n b) Abul Fazl arc ttmrs.s< as more Oaucry

Atbat"• Morrlo;<~ Wtre BrouJ:bl About by BlockDtoiJ

11 hU bteo ,.Tongly and fal>cly uscrtcd and assumed th R

. . ~t A~baa"• mamages wuh 8JPUI pnnccsscs were broughc •bou "tlb the 'el) noble •lm Of bringing AbOUt COmmunal Untty IO~ htunony. This clotm c:~~n be debunked by asking lhc simple queshon whclher Albar cV<I olfercd h is own daugh~en and n••••• or tbten In marriage co Hindu chiefs nnd noble.

men! Secondly il il ~b•urd co suggest cbat the brave Rajpucs •ho

rrcf<rrcJ mm burning of their women rather I han lelchcm flllla lbt hindi or~· alien gentry given to ex creme drioklna. clnlwa& aod sa-orgies. felt proud in olferina their daughccr1 to Albar aad bu l.lnsmen '

Let UJ lhc lbe insta.n~ oftbe }3ipur royal farrnly "'bicb bad to suucodcc away of iB daughten 10 the Moaul ruleB.

A a oa:ounl of how I be Jaipur rulers "ere cocrctd 1o1o 1<11d1D1 lbetr dau,hceu to cbe Mogul harem '' found on rea<HliO 63 of Dr Asbirbadi Lal SrivaSiava·, book tilltil "Alb&r tbt Grtat". \'ol. 1.

The bane of Indian biltorical scholarship bu been cbc rductantt or loabllhy co draw the rigbl, logicul coocluslonl from alllnQWll facts. Dr. Srivaslava's occounc or Akbar's capo lUI< or lbc Jaipur rrin~J, i> a typical ioslancc.

The rul>tOI) of bow Akbar tcrroritled 1be roynl bouse of Jalpurto part .,.,lb lbeu bdO'cd dllugbcer fo r being locked up l>cWod • burqa In • tcnrun& \logul harem, hal been carefull• lanlo bill &ad OOCI'<DtcOII) '"'<P' under I be royal rug of AU!u'a bed dla•bcr.

111•111111 sa-c lopth.cc tbo: frogmcnll of that busbed •P _,

103

- -·· ........ 11> !<011.11 ro..a ..... "~ •

r Akbar'• commaadcro wbo orpnr· SborfuddiD "''' one o bar (old Jaiput) lbtn ruled b~ llaja

sed .... ral rords oplnil Am• I a lara• uibu<e Sbmudd~. w~ 8bortnll. Bc1idcs uuacu mal's oepbews Jaaaanath. llaJ tDII

able to .. prurc tbr<C or Bb:• I .. bollo&CI ud obviou.sly thr:; aod K.bJnJU· TbeY wore cp I an out·or-tbc·WIY place c:al tenCd witb tortu~ous dc&lh ~'Tbc Kacl>hwabl cbicr (Bbumol) S&~~~bbar· or. Snvurav uys bolptcu oonditioo sought the raced .,.doc< ion and beocc IO al h Akbar " ThiS clearly sbowa inlerc<Slion of &ad •n o~llaocc ~ t bel Jess . prince .. was made a tbatsurrc:odcriD& of ID ···:·~he r!tease or Bbarmal'l lhteO prc-c:onditlon 11Y Akbar or oephcws.

• wu 1urreodercd at Sambhu ud Accordingly lht prrncc~s was secured io CJ~<:bangc. ln

lbC release or the tbrec prrnccs be paid Obvi~ addihon • tarse 1um or mo_oeyb h•~,:~~~ ~piJodc bad to be osly 00 rbc Jaiput side lbts um " b ·•o~ over and wbllewasbed tl a marriage aod tbe tn otc "' • 1 11 d "bed tl dowry. Bot there paid bad 10 be eupbetntSI ca Y CSCII ;. no" reoroo wby scholatl of loday should feel compelled lO per·

petaatc lhc mytb.

Dr. Srivu~av bas rur1hcr $\lied lhll '"Aner a day's stay &l

Sambbar Akbar marched rapidly to Agra." Near RanlbalD· bbare.Bba.rmal's so.n.s, l"'Odsons and otber relatives were mlroduccd ro Akbar. These htrid details pul tbc whole epiSode ro· to bold rcl1er. It Is well koowo lbBI in 1be 161b Century a royal wedding was ao elaborate afTa11 luung for mootb.s. And yet Akbar bad no more lime to spare cban a day'• waystde halt for Ibis prcudo-marriage. And obvtoosly oooe of Bbarmal"s reiD· elves aucodcd lhe humilialin1 surrender or a royal prluces> honour 1ad ebasrily as is apporent from lhc fa<l 1bat Bbonnai'J soas, graadson• and olhcr rctaclves " 'ere introduced 10 Akbar •• Raatbambborc.

It was th•s IDJtial matllll &rip whicb enabled tbe MosuJ> to force Jllpur to part wub h> other daughtcn oo dem&J)d Iller.

As ~ &I Bbarmal bad been fOR>Cd to cede bn daup1cr to Akbar lbe ~ller ptll hts commaoder Sbufuddio oo aoolb«

JIM tN'I>IAN 111"0-fC . -'!.., ., • .,,., bllockmallin& liii»>OD namely the reduction or tb

0~111 of Meou. 1 "''

AR mauoal coo~<>:'1ions ,.;cb. other ~•iPul rullna boo, wcno tbt rnull or s1milar eotrc1on. H1s1ory ir l'<pJ ~

I d h . elc ""~ •••- or many 1 help ess aug ter or sos~er btioa _ .. away under the •-cry oooc of rclO<:Iant and helpless pa ~ pardla.DJ by Moo S1ogb and olber bcoc:bmcn of Aktoe""" 1i1C abducllool aod kidnopp!ngs have been glorified io hrl, ~

aJ . llOr) Akblr's noble, 1ntcr-commun mamagcs brought •bou -the lofty 11m ofbnogiog about peace, harmony and uotl).'

11'~ Dodf ollodloa Unlnrslllu

In view of the above observations it is I he duty of lodl WJIYeltilics to scrap all refere~ccs. to Akba~·s great au. r,0111 ~ oducatiooal textbooks. and r.ostrtute chatrs to briol ouc ~ bomd trutb about Akbar's tyrannical regrmc. From Smit~·' account it lulcat that A.kbar deserves to be ranked •lib 1~ world's most bated rulers.

IJfbllotropAy:

I. Atblr the Grut Mogul by Vincent Smitb.

l. Akbar tbe Grut, Vol. I, by Dr. Asbirbarll Lal Srovau1,.

l Akbar b1 J.M. Sbelat.

4. Atblroama by Abu! Fazl, Bibliotbeca Indica Jtri<L

S. Comrncotarillf,.

6. Annals of !Uja.stban by Col. Todd.

1. l odla's H11tory Aa Written by Its Own HistOr1aot, ~ and Doi!IOo, Vols. 1 to 8. '

•

Misplaced Faith in Mediaeval Chronicles

•

. dian hlstor,c•t rcsearc:h has ~eo lhc Aoothet blunder of In b put in mediaeval cbronlclel.

11tisploccd faith tllat boo I ce;attcri<~ with very little grain or Tbc:S4- chronicles arc most y llous era in which the r~w truth. Tbe mediaeval~~· -~:~:. ~~yal court bad to indulge in literate peop1c conn~c:.tt wa ensure the safety or tbelr own abject ftattery of the.r patrons to M d' eva! chronicles must, persoos. ramlllu and property. c 11 A b 'an Nights than therefore bo regarded •• supp1cmttU\ to ra 1 • . . ~ as histori'es. Whatever bls;torir:al m.atcrial tbey mlg~t coo:aiO it only iocidcotal, and would have to be: gleaned Wllb ~:e Ul· moo caut1on after firm eonoboratioo by indepcod~t. cYI ence. SU<h trutll would be u dillicult to 6ad as a needle, tn •o hay·

•'lcl<-Waroiass or th11 kind have been uttered by discerniD& and

ae:riow bjnoriao.J c\'Cn before but ba\fc oot been heeded. For inslltnu tbe late Sit H.M. Elliot aays in the Prerace to hts eight volume critical study o( mediaeval chronicles that the History o[ tbe Muslim era io Jodin , is an ulmpudc:ot and interntcd ~~:· .

In hi~ addre!i to tho All lndl3 Histoty Co.ngress session held al Allahabad, In 1938, Dr. Surendraoatb Sen, o secrionnl president. simtlatly observed :

"Here ! decrn >t ncceuary to sound a note ofwamios. There h • leadency rn oertaln quartors to treat everttbiog written In ~cr:ioo u a prtm&') sou roc of hiatory. Notbiog c3o he mote nd•cutout, •. Thc tbroo.iclers wcsc ma1oly iott1t1ttd m the court and tbe mlhtary &rlltocracy. Some or them deltbcratcly sou&bt abe P.troo•&< o r tbc ruhna sultan aod the prioctpol noblca.

106 INOIAN HlSl'OillCAL ·~~~.~.Cit

n. \fDlhtl WTiftra _.ere uldom free from rdiaiout b' IUde tbem todolftre11110 the cultUJC or the Hiodu., n,• .. llo., .... clclade4 mllbeliun doomed to <l<rnal pcrd r • Iliad,. I"'J tllal "' 'I"'" of tbt.. dcftcll the Poniao ch'

100:"·11 II o • b b • I . JOOIClQ I

-"'"' to tonotG« I ~ ISIOn<:a WOtU of India,'' Ill I

Ot S.N S<a thea w<ot oo to quote Dr. Tcssitori tb Jut•u tcbo1u co saf that "Tbc history o( mt4iaevai 1 ; . lrtat boca"' rat oompllcd oblrfty from the "'orkt or Mush.," h!' b" ••• •he up<tKottbc Ra)put prioocs In an unfavouoablc':~or;. talllnJ tbrm tofiol<l doas, hudllroO.i rebel•. etc. Buron &bt, .. rrH:odl) ftclloa lbc Mobammeden bistorian1 n•vc 0

8 ou,ch h •• • ro uiL

JlbiOCO 10 I c omponaot role whocb RaJ pUt princtt pia• " 1 tmpan1 campa•gos ... :•a .,cu n

Th< obove In tSIIICIS should be enouab to hi hli ht b!1 filhop of tbt modlaeval Muslim cbrooiclert : O~c ~as:~.~ :::.;71< tbnr chroaoclt1 DOl OUt Of 3 literary urac 10 Jeavc fort " OICCUOI> of ccntrtnporory happcoinp for polleroty but

rnca~:.~:::~.::,j,.:--.,"! ;n• mainly interested In Oan· anr.uoc~ ....... t lll<ot Ol~t • view to curry favour for .. rr. wttlo a .,..

11114 01 dno'tlback was that they wrote

rdlrio<t wt.Q e ... ~edt apum I be local culture, people aod '"-' apmu the: · • 1• ~~ •bda a tnlt '"'t ~- ompanoa lly, veracity aod

"" o,...., .t>ould -··· .. """"' ........ ~--·· MIIIAif IWO ,-tUilUII ft.tto . """• bttCDI t.bcaueha Oil media n OUt m~1acnl bbtoriu .....,. ....... , cu:lwhd nal Mlllliru cbrooiclet aocl .latweiU • ~btr aa.-.,.. a)· r:us for tDJI4occ works on -.., loc tloe blti<IIJ ollh Yff the prcfocc that our malo ~JI"'-'m• •• Akbataa"..:~'::;~r llll;»nair or Akbar lo tho :;'""~I?Oihoa 1o ba>c been ! wub to ppln1 ou1 thal u:_.• ' Jabu.IIJuma br Jaha •nth:u b)' tbc rulers 1bcm· r..; r~ "'iiiCD lllbc mtt..,.:~• :r So-callrd I<COUnll of -..)IIIIo

1 ~ llaciUu.bo..,. bo .:.:: IW<fl by lheor under·

.. 1 b, 14da Al>clul tlatoi4 UDI Of lbe rclan of • llior Pl•mary ObJCICC .-.. 10 ,:,•• 1'011 Ptovorkations

Jlkl I fat1e ICDIJC O( tbe

I ~ ol tloc IWdaa Kaoo.r eo..-. Allat.abad.

107

•10

~••tatretc trown wuhb out of aU propot1icm, arscl jOVCf(l ' I""-·' 10

aJOSt over tbc rulcfl' many m """""

Wbilc. tbttefore. mcchaeval Mushm cbrontcld ao4 rulcr1•

mo1rs ouJht co have been baodlc4 wilb lbe utmost auttcm

"", dtf:fdioo I lind that our hiJiorics have &ooc all outlo 10" .. dE ord ' t~e.lr rdiaoc:c on 1hesc lUtpte·touJ r~r t. very w .nucn :bct<in oecdato :.e properly wellhtd and verified before beina

1~ptcd. lt wiH bo round that sometimes tbe~e records proVldc adm1rablc material ror adverse Inferences. At times, the UIC't·

don• in them need 10 be talcen With I pinch of tah, somelimcs th<Y give us o <lue 10 the glorlu or previous Rajput rulm. while rn other tlmea the events dealt with in them need to be carehliiY turned and examined with a pair or tonas.

Bcoouse or th< ondiscrcct ond blind reliAnce hitherto plaocd in mediaeval M uallm ebronltlet :and rulers' mc.tnoirs m.aoy myths ba..., become embedded ia Indian hi.,ory. A proper reappraisal will JbOW that thc.rc is absolutely DO C.VIdenct of tbe kind aa will stand io o court of law 10 pron that Akbar buill uy of tbe foru, town>. palaces and can• Is ascribed to bim. or I hat Sbabjaban buill tbe TaJ Mabal or the Delhi Red Fort. l.lto rumours Jlarc•og as oral c::aoatdl all tbne as~C-rtiooJ oripoa«· ing as written yarns have become sacrosao<l behcfs tbrouah ftpetition, lf h1110riao.J take tbC troublt or CQlDJ tO tbe VCf)' root or these mucb vaunted cla1ms tbey w1ll fiod tb.Jt the ctajm' a.re bas.e1ess.

Ia support or the above contcntioo I than present bcfotc you a p•ooramic survey or all important Muslim c.hronlckrs and !he. much quoted records leO by tbem, to •how whY diiC<rn· ing bistoriaot bnvo repeoted1y pointed oul lbo utter uorclia· b>lity of these men aod their workt and bow l.o spite or tbooe c.rvclllts tbc app1c:cort or lndlan mcdiatval history conuoun 10 move mrrrity lbrnuah our achoolJ, coHcsc:s a.nd rt$tarc.h la.sutu· tiont Ullmlodful or Ill rots• ood Insecure wbccb.

l.c1 Ul Ilk< Alberuol, lo biJ euc aa in lbat of others lhroU&t.OUI mediaeval blslory, we are told that tbe ICCOIIIIII that AlbeNnl hu Jcf1 arc tho ooly eourco or oar taoelcdae ol lito ctcau be bu deal\ wnb - Aod 1000 after •• ate cold &Me Alberoni bad ICODI rcauJ ror truth. ID this --- Or.

JOI IWOIAN' ltl.st'OatCA• . ·-"'a, E4'onlld c Sacb•u the ... n taown scbol&r·bisto<

n. d ... --"lllllon< tndiboo> (a ••I us. we arc rc ueed to a rioaJc -.. .,.

..

o( IG(onlllli~tb.c author's {I_.. Alberuoi' s) work'. wb::"" trtOie Kin& Mabmud (of Ohnnl) had beco dead on I ~ • wreks At 1 cauliOUI politklan be owaited the issu/ :,~"' contnl (bet'lffl:n tbc two bclra Mahmud and Maaud) and hr., Masud had been finaly otlablisbcd on the throne or his ra7t.. ~ be II OOOC b~oed to dodicotc tO him tbe greatest WOrk O(bt; t1(etbe C11111J11 JIASUJ!Jr.:>U tr he bad be~n alfected by any Ice!. ill& o( lio«re ptitude 10 the dead kiDB be (ought to bo pnlaod bim aod dedicated 10 him bis work• Ia lf&lof: -ry). Be bas not done 10, and the terms in ...,i<b be spub or Mabamd tbrouahout his book are not such as 1 OI&D

woald ... wbeo spukins or I deceased beocfactor. He ODIJ mcotions bim u Amir Mahmud (wbile the P'"face of Oritatal authors used to auajn tbe beiaht or absurdity in the coun o1 Moaul emperors or Delhi). Tbe manner io wbicb t he aut bot mentloos the dead king is cold in the extreme, t he words or pr&IIC . .. measre aod still'. lie says or Mabmud 'He Ullnly tuiDed lbe p~pcril)' of the country (India), aod perform«! tboae wonderful nploits by wbkb the H iodus b=me like atoms or dust scanercd io all dir«lions, like. tale or old ill tile mouth oftbe people'-·· Tbat It was not at aU aa•iost th< -' priaciples of Albcruai to write such dodkstioos 10 pnnca is sbowlt by two otbcr publications of his with dcdin· ._. wbiCb <abibit tbe customary Byzaotynism or the tlmo Ill lbt preface or tbe CAronolo,y of Anc/CII NarlonJ (traotloted aod ck. by EA!ward C. Sachau, London 1869), he tliOh wltb abuodaot praise the priace of Hyrcania or 1urjan, Sboms Almuli, 01ho ""' 'dwarf by the aide of giant Mahmud. Tho otudled charoe~U or tbe oeaJeci of Mabmud comes out mo,. ..-oo&)y if we eo111pare tho unmerited praise which AlbeNOI lnUba upoo IUo soa aod sueceaaor. Tbo P'"faoe ofhll C••'" Jl .... ou II a forn&O of biab•souodin& words io booOUI of ~ Maw6, wbo ...., 1 drunkard, and lost io less thaD •

I. l'hlau to 'Aiberuoi'o lodla' b t l odia reprint, J96S. ~ad hY S. ChaDd A Co., 'New Dclbi, edit ed by Or

rd C. Sacbau, Prormor in tho Uolvenity or Bttlia.

109 ' ,,. M(Ot~tYAL. CHROrUC;LU

.. ...rn ,_.Jfll .. !$ ...... ~~ d ,. • ood

bit iathcr'l sword ao po ;cy pt dcc:<ooiuiD a>OJI or ~ba~l " He(Mosud) bu oooferrcd upoO me

31 ycJ.ts AlberUn ,. d me uodcr lbC obl•pti.on or CYC1'•

lob. h distln<t•on and P1"':" 1 this we lind that Alberunl did not I II . d ., AI aJOlDI rd "0 Jll'tiDI a.rautn e huoi because, io Dr. Sachau•a wo ' . ur bOO'' Molllllud 0 ,. oJ his lifo from 101? to 1030, earned •••hor durin& tho 13 yea to tho centre or Mabmud's roolm. did from bi~ nnl1vc c;ounu~r the ldug and h1J lcadioa men .. He b.att not enjoy tl:c ro "ou~t or cncouragmeot nor any bope or royat •• ofllciallnduocn•• b in all tl>is take• place whh tbe

A t" d lui c ao &• • rc:wan.l ••·• d T"ere is 00 more comp\aaot or the umc

. a o ' Masu • " • tb 1 scccn•o • runi ilallalce and enttauoo about c: ro~a 111d lli rul«· ,\lbe h"m Witb • s-llin& h'art aod overtlow•n& - 3~·ded to 1 •••• , . ta''Otlt • • I • 1 the praise: or his bcnera.ctor .•.• words h< prot 11m •

II I would like to quote another hllle p~..-ge lo:odcDIO y d c S•chau's preface In which he observes

(rom ~'·Ed:;-;. co~slruCtioo or ghats at holy b:lthing places "Sp<akmls o ' I t• i• they (the Hlndut) bavo auoined • very Atbcruo oays n "' • 11 ) h h r arc so thai our people (the Mus ms w en I ey blgbhd<Rrec

0°nder

01 them Wid are uoable 10 construct any·

~tcm, w - • 'l. L oo thin,. h r.c h1C m •

~ •• Sacbau oliO says that 1\lberuoi ''do,.s not auack lslem, !WI be auacks cbe Arabs. Iollis work on chrooolo&Y he rt~ro-

ll tbe ancitlll Muslims witb having de•ttoyed the OOC1C111

~•i~zatioos of Erao .• " Or. Sachau adds "To Mahmud the Hlndus were infidels, to be despatched to bell as they refuted

to be plun~cred."

From the exw,cts quote-d cbove we arrivo at cbo following. ~onc;lu!llo1)S :

1. That Albcruni'a asstrtions nerd 10 be uamioed with the utmost caut1on and disc:ernmcot btcause bo wrote witb an. ttumus agamll Indians. and chat his praise or deou.ociatton varit4 in dhcct 1)toportion to the favoura be recc•ved (rom Olbm,

2 Secondly, be ho> made il clur lbol the ln•aders who ~.,. d•zed by tbe mere river gbacs io lodla could har<lly build ..~thin& wonh the name thellllCIYl:s. Tblt was but natural si~~te alltbclr cneraica were dissiraled In loot, drlokia• oriJCI.

IJO INDIAN HUToatCAL .._,

IDNN<I'<J ...., d<nruttion or allldlol_ul~ '-tds ..... ... 111M or AutanJZd> And ,, .. DOl dim<uh to .....,. ·~ .. !bat .... ,.,.or tbe build loa art presuppos., u,,..... 1\~ IOJ!I'IJCiion a.cd pcncvcrioa atudy. Those became I.,;,. 1~1110e, lodra dutollJI~e 1.000 years o( Muslim iovurons batb ~bit Ia Muslrma and Hindus. It is, therefore. el•ar tbat the

0 or lbo

h ld hd • ····~~~· mate maalery tbatt • n tans • Dlln1ned Ia tbe

011 SCI"""" or bUilding Wll$ o( I he prt-MuJiim era. lOd

J. Thirdly,..., cao doduoc from Afbcruni's statemooe lba lbe la•·adcrs destroyed olieh•l was 800d and beauei(uf not Ool 1 11 lodta aad Erao but wb.erev<r I hey went. All ••lk o( 1~ llfulfrm rulers of.'odia. thoreror_e. ~vin1 promared ••tlo

111 1u formJ. and buJII mooumcors m bnct a.ad stone is bastJttt.

4, Fourthly, wllat Afberuao ascribes to Mab.mud Gbazo, camc:ly the reduction of the Hindus lo particles or duu and acaueriaa them away continued, 01 lenst 'till the end of AOriQit<b'J rule, and f<JJCned l,hercarter c;>nfy because Of the d..-deooe o( Muslim power IO a Sllle of harmlessness.

That FirdcuJttoo (tbouab be bas no1 wriuea oa lodia) ., .. •• oo •~Y benet tbao Afberunl In the m~uer nr veraetty bt· awe be "" 114"1Y~ to \\ nte praises or dc.ouoc:ia:tio:ns dtPtQd.. m1 on tho Uutme~t be reeeh·ed fr~m the rulers, iJ clear (rot~ Dr. Sa.:bau'a appnisaJ or him. Dr. Sachau says in the ume Jft(acctpaJe viii)' lmmortaf Firdausr had to fty ill diaauiseto .. Ide tbo doom or beina trampled 10 death by elephaou Attra.c:ted by the rutn& fortune of I he young emperor, be stCIDI

to hate repaored 10 bit court only a yeor nfier entbrooitatioo ,_,_A.D. 998, But When be finished his Sbahnama, and fouod hlDIHI( dluppooated in Wa hopea for reward, be Hung at him Ill• ltmou. oat.ro, ••d fled Into peace less f'Xlle (A.D. 1010) .... Malomud "'ho boarded up per hap• more worldly treasura lhan tl'ert ewr bD&tdod up, dJd not kaow how to honour a pori .S..taod fOt IJII.IIIOtUitty." Stnce Mutlrm ruk followed liM Nabmud Gbua.l PIIIC111 lhroupout, Firdausi's iDJIUCO 11 dear rerutauoo or ro)'al Mutltm pauonaae aad encouraaemeat 10 the aru lllld Jenera. Whatever patronaae wu ut<oded ·~ to t,copha~t• aad to ~ vulau krod or dan:c aod "'"'"', eccompaottoa dnoksaa orliea.

• Ill

' VA\. Ct4...0tfiQ.U t4 NI:DIA~o~

,v.ca.o fAI111 I h he invariabty tdcrt to MIS: t II lJ .-cH knowo t •; HIOdU counters ancl

IU (M Badamu:.anc:c. or the ~ulhm oaomountina to uy that ClfCU ,1 abU.StVC l t f tbc mere mott <~lie cnv 11 ••

rukrf in '"':o ,c')tlndrel went to b~l).~ oil di~rnina furopun "111• dOM~ A~ul FILl we ftod I t Oallcrert. Mr. H.

Ccn>ID& to d him •• the doycnF ~- Alo •·Akbon con-1ll,toriaoJ ~~~~ "'' troutlntcd Aht~l :hat.''Ab~l Fnl hu (ar

Dtoc:b~~::hcn be IO)'I'b1n;!;o;::~a=riu:rs or ftaucry and crv~~ firms . en ;:acc-uJcd 'I

10 the rcpuuu1on o '

too orten be trncnl or fact• damag.oa.k bly ia hit aucmpl to .rltful •.~·::ul Fnl aucccc.dcd . rem-;:.: mokin& them believe roastc:.r: ,.. • almost all h•ttonaa.s one or •he 3ll·<lmo baodWI••••a monarch like Akbar w:u that a a.ocade.sa•P'

ts of b•story. . have aone on record to at<" CoatcmporaricS Hl<c Bakdadun~·~":ay toto Akbar'• favout

I F •I bad war c ' • . aa'f that Abu a f 0 , ntal Works-Ill< Aon·•·

a·brothcca lodica Collccuon ~ f r~~ the originol J>crsiun I. A'kbari by Abul Flltl trAooslctclcul~a. Mndrns, l od edition

b H Olochmono. M. :• 0 Col M A Pb.O., F.A.S.B., ,i,;,;d by D.~. ~hll~,~~~:ic s~~icty ~r Bengal, I Park published by I • boy finl edition S Prefaee to I 0

• • b I F••i treet. • d J•h•na" knew A u -

2.. Thll contem~rary C<)Url!C" :i" in the bioaraphy or Abol to be a bypoorlle II meouonc ( tbc Altbarnama. The Fazl appended to tbe Ill ·~fume ~ Jab•n&ir were apinst bioJraphcr uys "The eou.j"~!rt"~y tbc latter to Abu I Fnl Abul Fatf. An une•~eete . •

10 chorac hom wttb

pvc bim an excel!••• OpPOrtUnll~ found 40 wrners busy duplicity. Oo cnterroa tbc hoilise ~uran Ordcrlns them to ln copying commantoulc' o~ t~em to • the emperor, ond foUO\V hi~ at oocc, r• ~00 • d "What Abu I Fnl lc3cb .. ahowing hrm.thc copres e •h••, ho pracliecs ;0 tbe hou·e.'' me Is very d1fferent rom w a ry estr•ngc~ The: Incident ia uid to have prod .. oced a tcmpon mcnt between Akbar and Abul 1-azl.

3. on paae t78 or .•he 1!' . volubome o~Ck1b~~~t"':.~~!."':.~~ quotu Badauolt oprnton • ut u ( fficfoUJ "Abut Ful when once In r.vour of tbc .emperor 0. II aa he"'"' and aimc ~tvioa .. opcaJy raubten~ :_n~:;• .iJ lludylna His MajeSiy a whnns, a naucrer Y

1 bounda) took every opportunity or revlllna ln1

the :a. ahamcful way lhl\1 sect whose labours and cnot ves a~ b<en 10 little apprcclat<d.

I U INQI.AH Honoa IC4La~

I>) ,..Mit ltlntf)', tod lbJI ftom lbat vantage • Clo .,.,.be&IU)bocl.l'· Jabonair rbe <ro•o Prioce h!"'••• to.~ II} .,,11001 uoda obe overb<ariog autboriry '~'<lr '~>~~orca. (o.od bll pctorioo so Intolerable as 10 be com

0

1 """' Fld abou• ob< .....,IOJdOO of Abu! r&xl .1 P< l«t lob~~;

We bJ•·e Abu! Fnl's own coof«sion ro sbow I bar timc-te:rver 10d opporcun1tl. tn Bfocbmann'a be Wi-t, rbo first edition be has quoted Abu I Fad's own r prcfoce ro ALbomama in which Abu! Ful UyJ "As fortuo:::•ks fro111 awn me (l.t. when be failed In bit first atre I nor e.,, Albat'• aueotioa) I almost beeamc selhh ancl :;.'.,.'.• Oll<b """'or learniog had made my braoo drllDk Wioh • llcd lbe otelulioo .... lbe adVICC of my father Wotb d iiJkulty :e e Idea Of from ourbrula of folly." PI me btU -· FoorcO!es in Akbamama describe Abu! FazJ wbo uied ro coo.some abour 22 seers of food eve a~ • aJurroa oerrainly ougbr oor robe one of tb& atrribures or ry oy. Thio nih 1nd Kho1ar. a

100''C b1sro.

TbJl Akbar bimsclf r.aarded Abu! Fazl as no m ba d rrr · oretbJaa d d.,.,.~a an. a camp • . ower " . proved by the fact thor br

' ••• II el<!_an cyelod or _rllsc a finger on Abul Fui'o uuuonatoon. ...d be been tbc JUt! and •rear rut •• .,.,. heeD wro ·• d • o- er "''' ..,

• . • .. Y "'' e lo beheve be should have arrai--' Jtlua&~r "''b the cbarge. •-·

Abul Fazl's :;tand strareay wos ro birch bl A \i>!t'• 1 > W3&on 10

0,.,; IVO SO u IO (or&e 1 life·lona link for ensuring blo

Ada lftllfll/' prosperuy and eom.m•nding authority 11 court ' ~· •ntaodioa of this role or Abu I Fazl is osscnrlal for

1 rome. appraisal of hiS Akbarnamo,

h lbould be elcorly d d .. )ld 1

uo cnroo that Akbarnama wu a

111~o, 1~0:. ~;·~::• tl>ot Abul Ful Uted 10 fulfil his rcmportl IUarouc&l ,..

1.,..

1 urate to reprd It u aoyrhiog more. Ao)

-dtolll This "•. therefore, happens 10 conrato is ooly li:-:::-:-::-~Q[ll&o:: 01 "'by •o liS teeming pages we 6od all 1. Ia Abul Ful'1 b,oar.

lho Altoon.o..& the pby appended 10 lbe lSI volume ol ru ... Ia llil~~~a~>o bi~&Japher says "Jabangir op<oly .... ••nlcr, '-'a.~~ •abrl he brouabt abouo Abul fall'•

..... • cncrn)'. ••

•

.. tt>tAIVAI.. otaONlCLU II)

eto '"'"'' ... oilS,._. b un .-pc a coherent and deullocl . 16y-aOI tbtOSI uodc.t t e ,·. is Hu:olct withOUt lbc Pnocc. or lrrcw kbir't re•JO· Lb "' .,ccou»l or~ bjCCt l.o writing tbc Aa a.roama WU ~omark· Hi• very n k h cb eould be uc<Dded iorenotaably ~ .,;mselt • ru w 1

• W b h a.sti&tt. to d' d It il II sort or Penelope. c . t at , .. uolll be Of Ale~"~. ~~n~lomcratc or bc~crogeoOUI loformatioo whY It is • ,uno~~.. ~ b'nes 10 ~IDJJ)erctn\ rates and metallur·

bamlana 1urn11 1 D ft,orn s rocesses to ba.tlf "onlp. Jtcal P . u lbc Alcha.ma.m.a a.ad its author bu rc1ouh·

fallure ro •1" t':.conecprioos about Akbar's retan and bb cd ao abe. w.rr~ot :bul Ful•s owo testimony Akbar' wu 1.0

per_>0•11111• 1

:drunkard' aod 1 sovereigrs who Irs spire of opaum addac ' we~dcd wives maintaiDed. a harem of over ha:via& 0 "merous ~000 wotaeo.•

1 o page 69 of tbcln Vol. M Akbamama Abul f ad reveals • "Whenever Hit Majesty takes wine, opium or Ku1ma~ (~bo

Jane< he calls Sabr•s I.e a drug par eaccllenec <;<>Dlltotng obc qulnteJSencc of ull orbcr d rugs) rbe servants on e~"!'IO place before him the sraods ." Al<bar'a Cllrcm~ addocllon ro drinb, drup and women could only result tn Clltrtmr cruelly and oyranny rowords his helpleu aubjecu conrro:r• oo tl>c claimsabouc bis exemplary jusrice. fairplay, lmpartoa lily, aeaerosiry and nobiliry. Obviously be was anorh<t Nero.

~- 0o 1»1• S7 ot rhc ltl vol. or Akbaruma uanJiated by Mr. Bloehmano Abul FuJ records rbao Akbar "docs oot driuk much bur pays aueorlnn to these (Abdar Khaaal mattec:s.'' By now, being well familiar with Abul Ful's uller unrelia· bolily ..., coo construe the above as "nlmpeotbable cvldcncc of 1\kbar's calremc addiction t.o drink. In the taller part or the above quo red sentence Abu I fazl emphasizes the aueo· don rhoo Aobar used ro bC$tOw on his liquor cellar. Mort· over we musr here recoil lbe fact rhal Akbar's desccodaoiJ and •-slon borb being ioveocrate boozers be could not be 111)1 dill'ercor from them especially when we have the above reinforcing testimony from his own chrooicler Abul l'azl.

3. Ia Aln-15 d .. llna whh "The Imperial Harem' Abul Faz.l rolls lhe reodcr " Hos Majesty has mark a lArac eaclosure :"b line buildlna• toside, where be reposes, Tboup there

re moro rban 5.000 women be bas given ro each a &eJ>Arale apor1111nor. Surprislnaly enough Abul Ful fails ro meolloo

11, tNDtAN •nnoaoc.,L ·~

Ia •ddiltOO tho womenfolk or AL bar's •ubJuls &od ,.. "'"'also oomp<llcd to op<nd up co a montb In bia 00•n. • •·.e the ""Old or JabanJtr 10 prove I bat Akb&r barcoa.• Y" t Pll . . • 1f'la .,. L tfhttfiiC- ffc. couf6 nd1hcr rc.ad oor wntt a word. At • '• ... •'"·I F,..d waaiJ bls readers to believe thbt lbra '''"'' fo~ ~... d L j • t\lfro., wbo lc4 1 rut life and wbo •.•a•a~ " rnsetr on lnoessaoo ~·'' fartoo ruonlna"' .. rtb paoroo." hke Roon Pratop, ,.., 1 ,.,;·

ibal ~Lbll u.<d to pert'orm moroclu and tbot Akb&r .,11 ~ ,.quailed composer' or mualc and a first rate iovcotOt Jaouq><rablepdccu. devfe<1 and p.....,sses. From tbe •bo or _..s.c.Of)' ann'butcs It should not toke lotcUisent 'I.Dd .:.~ IICO<GllOCIIDstoriuJ or e>CD la)lll<D 80)' lime ID gause tb&t tbc

wba< 1bil b.uJe blrtm ,.,., locmt..t. II should have boca atiP«Ol bu~dinJ eomple• where 1 tnigbcy emperor·! s.OW ~were lodJed In royal comfort. But tbCJe iJ DO Juch bulld1og elliot, whleb proves that theae haplcu "O<Dcn must blve been herded togecber lo abject misery Ia """clbin& n•embling a c.attle shed owaitiag tbe pleasure or Hn \tt)ett)''s IIJCivioua urg<J,

I Oo I'll• 47 oftheln Vol. or Akbarnoma Abul Fat! UJS "o1>eacvcr bepms or tbe wives ot noble& or Otber womeo alcb&stt cbaracter, duire to be pr<IColed, lbey finl ~ tbctr .,,.., 10 the servuu nf the " '"&lio. and w;ait (or t RPIJ. From dteocc lbcy " od their requtst to lbe officen or tbe Pliler, trocr ,.bleb tbose ehaible are perm itt«! to eot<r tiJe bamD, Some V.Omeo of rank ObtJiiO pcrmissioo tO rc~D&U~tbcrc for a wbolc month .," From wbac we lloow orrcm,•••• nature it illmpauible to believe chat women or rlllk IJid <Illite, decent women aod wives or noblemen Would be110 be victiiDJ of Akb&r's !cabery. This leadr to :::.:"d •alt. ooe cooclus,on namely not content wilb bis

n~JJI Wil'tl aod cvc.r S,OOO coosons Akbar ntvef ::;:t_..,.. wlva of b11 eourclen ond subjeett from his l!mpaar a:,::~~,_ Sucb llcentioos behaviour backed by ...,. ... wit ~ d m1l11.ary mlaht perhaps uplains the "'-' ..... ,'"' - lbe RIJPUI airls married •• tbc a.,. .._ S:: 10 ••saouy or co auieidc, the insanity or Tck-lo...::. tbc voluntary retiremenc of Rlt)O

2, lliloa EllBtiwa af 4k ' llaa lid ~llato "'P<rbuman and angelic quail· I* I &I) 16, 11 It , 1 '!':-«" arc described 10 /!.IDS

' ' • ""· 37, 38 eta.

•

.. l iS •"'"L Cl<ll<»<te&.d .Slll t!< OllDI I

- J'1ID r l d U IO mueh ICIDI 0 _....... k d up ao<! P1 e

• olf ar• all- c jol>ICCUnty for Abut Fatl -~kbar. aod cn>urc d boW billorianl have been

• MIDI)I,It ,. at I JoJS tO undc:fS':: clailns tbaC A 'kbar wu areal ~o t•ll and unWmrrant d of cvldcnce 10 support such

.. ~·· •• by li ablolutcly aot • Jbre cod mediaeval Muallm wbc:D lhcte 11 thoia who have r l "mt

c:oi.CIJJSIOn• A ' mntrs koow that the stc reolype. c PI :hrooicles :.nd ru1cfl bmflt sera is. sunk well I and , constructed obsttb<Y du& cooalsd ~n favour of olmO.I all Musltm monarc.bs road• ba¥fl b«:D rna ~ n of whom there was no dtartb. wb•le trbO II"' servile chronicle 11 sadiots and etuel tyrants wbo

~· tbtt tbey "'ere 1 • st tc is toown cs and other dopieabte cumes eptn ,odUIJCCI io ~~~~:::s;:'spite of cbis fawa1ag chroniclers bave woO)(.Q aod chi h rcs- cdve p:uron DlO.O&rchs were are-at dimed tlll.l t .,. ,... cl 1

• id buildota, Ia yen of Jlrclens, CODOOISSeUrS 00

laveoron,lnttep ' the most Ood-feoriog ucl kind·hearced promorc.rs or art an ... iodividuals oo cauh.

We shall now examine the laboogirooma wb,cb. purports co be

10 account or bit reian written by Jabang" bomaelf. The

Po<tbumous p1 pe11 of Sir H.M. Ellloc on cbc J3~a~atraalDll , edited by Prot John OoW10n are an cxcc11cat cmocal atudy

:,.,. so<alled chron1cle. From !h• beginning co end Sir R.M. Elliot's obsernttons underlloo tbe face tbac Jabaoalr'£ mcmoiB ... roll or falscboodl.

111 tb< wry outset Sir H.M. l!lliot debunks Jabanair's claim to have written tbe memoirs uodcr Ius own b aod1 because as tbe ~bolar-b1SConao observes, Jabaogir was oot a m:ao who <OUid undcrcakc tbc laborlou• tosk of wridng a blstoucal com· P<lldium. Contconporary accounls SJ)cak or lobuoslr having li«o many a time In a state of eoma because of excessive drug ood drink addicclon.

1• :trF to. ~~· Memoli$ or .Jahaogir (Posthumous Papers o r cduo~''..S" .~.M. Elliot edu..t by l,'rof. John Oowson). The ,,_, Y1 The b"tory of tbc re'sa or Jabanair depends under b~:~;:ly , upon tbo memoirs wrlnen by bJmselr or "' thit Johao~:;o!;~111 :i:' been perhaps coo basolly usum· be w., hardly tho mae 0 ouemOII$ Wtlb btS OWl) baod, for Dllouollabour." 0 10 have Iaten upon birnself aucb

116 INDIA!< ltltTO•t<:J.~.

··--' . ~--' , .._,~ A~l Jt~J&'q-lr J O~OD 10r CAI&&t.tali arod qiiOOith<S of CI'O"llj<WtlS 10 IIJirODOmi<ol u: tl>t \\Joo 1111111 bl>loriaM b&\'0 ob<en'ed very pertJoeo1t .. ,.rea lb, '""

1,_. lh '7 ........ .

_. 1.~.< 1 ;nrc ,., s "<port an an <mperor•1 ••rratloo. ""'lt

T1oc cwm' o( Jahaasir U> have otUtaU• I 1 bell or bit ra!><t 11 "P" (~r aeybody to riD& oad dtmood ju~~ll<t 10 H M EIIIC!I lw dJSliU.SCd &$ "silly... Kit, S•

wmiDUtJihe mu<h •auoted twchelnstitutos wboch 101 tO Jlb&D&if, formed tbt basi• or his r<&omc S' ilccor4, Elliot .. )l tbll those bave bceo meebAniCIIlly rcpe&;ed

1~ ll.M alta MCISII111 tuler (llcb pledging to root out ran" _ y "'.1"

~ •vrrup1 rampaot prc>lously. Thus betweon tbcmselve.s thcae chro 1 '~• aod me moors provide uau;ring evidence of tbo niabcm:~" '"ent ood deplb or corrop11on tbat prevaoltd under All rul ab from Kolllboddio to B1badursbab ZaroT. tn

JlbJDflfJ c.J&im,• to bnc built seraij. sunk "'tile IDif

I ill the Pl•f- to Jllwlgim.ma the editor u~-. "S' H , 1 tqects ~·s ,·e:rs:ioo u baviog bee:n writtc,: by 81~iic,

ntbtr lhlo an emperor tbe preteoded lCCUrat) aDd IIIUUIItDUS Wllb which the V>JUe or &Old, SiJvt and rcriout , • .,.Ia" II> to, and tbt oboondioa uaaaerauon dfspiAJtd •a caomcrotJn& sums • ..must be nonked with the 6elio"' 0( Euooutd Pl&lamaomr."

:. ~odcro Uoivtt~ HiJ'!'ry Vol. vii, paae 206 r<OOrds "lo .~b."}nlo tbt idly cbaoo of justice wbicb the emperor tell• Aclr biStcacd r~m tb~ palace at Agra to I llone plll.ll a ad ;,:~ub'l!,"~· tt does not llppeor that it w•• ever sl\Jikco, Tbc ' u never meant for anyobioa but pa,.dc, tO =CI~Cc ~IS 0 mreCltD,itation or whut wal attributed Kllutra'• !'lub ~ hot Y h1nose emperors, Yu 1\1'1, Ml• tllln thJt •·Raj •pArr. Vol. Ill P•~• ~6S Orienta l l!dhfoo lltlb1" 1 hll · '

1 nongpal hod •l•cady dono obo umc 11

rut.noo Pitt~· ,• ear nldcnce or the bobil or Muslim lit<Jr RIJPUI P<od hctnltl>es With tht recorded JIOrid of '"Cn ha\t. 'llte «:'e.UUr\ Thertrore. c\·en tbouah Muslim •octo i-011...,1

1••oe•ny duoroycd all Rajput rt<Ordl ~nlodo "' '.!""' •a Muslfm chrooi<lco and rulcn' ,..JIOII f\lltra to

10 .....,nstruct tht hf"o' y o( p<tYIOCII

J. Sir H M Ell I1IC <>ltOI lalwllif, IOC"t Cotnmc.al On the fiflh IMIUult of

•

,.tr&.ACIO tAITUIN MLDIARVAt. C'UAOJ'illCLU I 1l

~ otbef ame-o1he-t for wayCantt it cyually tootf.cd •1

by "';';i".ii. Elliot 01 JOSI another yam unwonby or~ So r< an bll prtdtc:CSSOro hld b«o Ia the babot of -baer ~·rc<Ordln& 11millf empty aod llnl'oundtd cloim• 10 obtor

ctcdll sabanaor's d•lm' that he reprded evttybtdftl'll>llt pro.

tl'/ un•lotable 1nd soerooan<t Is rdutcd by Sir H M Elliot r cihDJ tho cloSJIC Instance or Mobobbal Khan. I molllary 1 mmandcr of Jah•nair. While tbotltadcr·ooldlcr wu 6,toolna ~:Kabul on the frontiers of Jabtoair'a kingdom b11 f•mlly wu unceremoniously ous,cd rrom h1 mansion so makt room fot Printt PMW<Ol This also lncldcotally provet bow detpe11• tdy obnll or occommodaolon tbo Moabuu uatd to be aod thorcforc tbc hollownus or the rraditlonol doom of rbcor bavioa beta areal and intrepid builders. These obtcrvatloos ot tbc Brioitlt schoton redutc the verltny and rcliablhty or tbc Jah••a•m•m• almost to 1 dphcr.

Lcr us l'OW turn our aucolioo to Badshabo:ima or tbc: -t or the reosn or Shtb)lhiD wrlll<n It bls ........ b)' MuJ11 Abdol Htmtd or Labore.. It mull 6r<t be Jtaled bert tb&t c'ltt SLoce Abul Fnl len behind bot Akbatnama aub>equ'"'t Moshul rulen were tn duperato seanlh of similat cluoniclera .,00 w11h their •icbcmlc pens could llllko bose, crud and tyran· naJ rc·"lmu appe:tr rc.splcodcnt, ri&blcO&n 111d "nctoU'J t\S had b<eo s~eufully demonstrated by Abul f•zl That Sh•hJOh•• fo~nd a tolerable prototype io Multo Abdul lbmod' un be

Commenting on the tbord losututc of lohlDQtr whkh ohilm• that all bcln to property were !Wilted oonrettcred cu)oyment of the deceased's property, Su H M •. Elliot O~f\'CI "The descent tO bcln ll a IUtiC rt\)<tiU~n ot Tlmur's lMtitute (Davy aod Wbllo, Joslitutco n(Tomur. p. 373) but bow little it wu adhered to may be <c<n I>)• ttfct· eoee to th~ biltory of llb•nair'• arand$011 1\.uf'loptb, wbo ll&in obolisbet the SIIUC CUstOm or CODfllcaiiDi the <\lila or dtccased aubjeeu. wbicb be u.ys, wu coost.an~y ptatt< .. td by bls predec:usor ( Mirot ul Al1m).

2. In tb<; Postbumouo Papers ottbclatt ~ir H,M. Elhot dealloa ""'h tbc chroolt:los of SbabJiblD • m,o. be q'\!"'" M'ulla Abdul Hamid to NY tbat tbe cmpao< <SbdJ!' ':! desired so-c to write tile lllltol) or llll rwop •• 1

II< INDIAN IIISToaiCAL

·~~ ,.... rrom the f•c• tbat lh• Iauer bas IUcce<ded in 1 oDIQ tbtt><locrtbal Sbal\iahao built tbe Taj Mahat •• ~111•a •• Fon al Otl~• ud Otdcr<d I he Peamct Tbroot, withou:bt kce~ ••• 10, rr<><>f wba~-vcr. HIS me"' aucnioo of 1 ~Vc. _,.,0)1., and coolt<lcmpt in favour of Shabjaban •: lro,. rt[lldtd bv J<neralloOS of orberwise ditceroing lllld d:• ~·• billnrbn•" ~osp<l uulb. llbhna

Tbat Sb\bJihaO bad no scroplu •• ordenng m.U.bciln. aX(IDDIJ 1> be omneo 11 apparent from !be fact lbattbr<e aflcr Jabansrr's dco!b SbabJaban order<d a fake Jabang· )ea" , U"l''ama' 10 be wnrtcn as e subsucuto Jo be forced upon o.ll couttiera •net olrJc1111 who were askc<l to surrender copies o( Jahanafr's orJpnal ••rs•oo. TbiS wa• done hocau~ Jahaogir's venioo COO·

• Udl<d "'' aod dtsparaa••& rcmorks about Shabjaban Iince tbt laUq bad aU along proved 10 be DOl only a problem child and I Q)'Wifd ton bul also 11ra1t0r by raisin& the ba.n.nct O( r y 1 qaJnll bh rtoJDIDJ falbor. Given Ibis rae! dots h ••od ~ ~ ura~ tbll the account or SbabJaban's own reigo written It

b" t.JdlDJ by Malia Abdul Ham•d caonor bur be sham.

Suillbt_Tanlr.b·I•F"ItOZSblhl purport!O& to be an ICC:OUDI of Aft:l• fl~cu Sbab Tugblak's re•gn wriuen by Sbams•I·Shltot

1 un que aatODJihe mediaoval Muslim cbroolcles for lis I!Utnle dhrcprd o! •II canoot or billorical wriring, a ad reck·

ll)lt or Abut Ful' .L Hamld"oth . 1 n~baroama. Alluding 10 Abdul 1o point ou~':/.' ofSbahJ&ban's roign Sir H.M. Ia quick ••Jbor'•

11 le h.• lft.llesl objeQiion 10 tbe work is rho

·~·· Jodi• : :.::~ " or lbal aduherated kind lnrroduted H .. .,,,, 11 ~r ••raJ b~ ·~~ .. ~rotfters Abut Ful aod Fai,i. (Abu! FazJ's). .,......, and fubome u bit master

I lrr li M. Ellil>t ill h!l p bu duuaidol of lah .. 1

, ,.t mou1 Papors dealiog wllb tbc autbor or Ma·luJr·i:J 1 h ,.,~ quo1<.1 Kam11•• Khan rllo lo ~. 10 lluorutna b~ ~~II,'.' 10 say that be wu induce~ ,.... llo llll4o tbo bllm tbaa J

1abao Jn the !bird year of h"

~·,ltpllllboa •twa 1 abaoaJr bad dooe 10 Sbahth!';.' ••ued 111c .... ,.~uroci•a h111 "' v•t• terllll for 1'1). 0 revolt ... ,.... hn rarb«

.. C

!O fA)TH l>l M"ED1AfJYAI.. CttaOtfiCl.tJ

'"''"" 119

uocoo.oerl1 for lroth.' The author tell• u1 that he wu onty 1'" cars ol<l wh<n Sutton Firoz tro.Mplaoted tbe two 1\Jhont\ ll J pillafS, and t»t tb'- IUibor'S &randfalher w&l of tbe "o,nen'• • .e. This amounct to a eonfess,on that bis record1np Su ta •- "M • .L. · , based on mere beanay. '1 tBtw;t ,n.orms me"' aay1 the orclbor tbO.t Sultan Fcro1. dua two inigat!on canals, one oacb ou· S'od (

001 the JumnG and the utleJ, • th•t tbc Sultan foundtd

'vortl!OWnS, buill paJ""u and laid out vcrdwll ptd<IIS by : score. These assertions are like. the. onu we make w•t1c

01~ratioJ !airy tale• to ebildr<n 10 lulhna them to altep Had lbete nurncrous bland statements been true the autbor could bavt quoled bener sources !han merely a'"rlbing tbelnforma· don 10 bil f~tber. Rumour-moogctl always a""ribe such iofor·

r:a,Uon tO somebody. All rhOS< canals. suals, forts, palaces and row01 wb1cb a

fcrouhab, Sher Shah or Akbar claims 10 have conmucted abted cen1uries before bim. A more dlllacnl ~•d •nttlllgent Jludy sbould convince aoy dispassion are and disccmlog r«der 1batlbe very r~isoo d'etre wb1cb brought 1b<1e alien invadeiS p[essin& and burtho& dowo oo the (.ndiarl sub-continent was CAploitauon. plondcr and massacre. Tbc. Tarith·l·Ftrozsbab1 and fulubal•e·Firozsba.hi contain enou&h proof of tbia.

As an in11ance or mediaeval l'o'ritcu' wanton di$rcgllrd Cor 1ru1b I wish 10 bold up to their aneotion tb< very 11dc "Fu1uba1 t·flrouhabl", "Futu.hal" ll&nf6u vic1oncs of Ftto~ abab bul rbe surprising fact is 1ba1 in all the four ma1or cam· palll"s or his rci8" be suffered crusb•n& defeaiS-tWO in bis upcdhioos aaato.st Lakhnauti in Bonsai, and two againlt Thauo. The accouol conlatns absurd staltmeoiJ de~crlbio& bow tho Suhan's "VIctonous" ann•<S conlinutd "' fall b&Ck •bile the "dertared" eoemy followed lh<m in bot pursu11.

Lei UJ now get back 10 examioln& Shams·i·Sb.itu Afir's Tatlkb·l·f'irouhubi o lillie mere c losely. Throughout 1b11

I. Sir K.M. Ellior's Posrbumous Papttl dcalinl wub lllo -r;utb ... F~to<sbabl or Sbams-i-Sb"~ A6f, u cdlltd b7

rof. John Oowson.

. uo IHOIAH HISTO.Ic

"L .Ill cbriiiiiCk tbt author ha< contraditlcd himsctr "'-c~ OD« •• UKrtl that tbrouaboot the 40 Y<•rs kvtrat ''""'-' "'"' ~1'lt "'l"lcd co npl<te pea~. prospcru :r Foront.a~·, tot b1a1 lht au1bor dt.lt'rtbe:s coodilion.s 0: Dd hapPIOth

•Ita (oodpttOt •ere not avbbble ev,:n at two acute dl'"'" ucl tJJmnJ people hod to resort to boilonc ole! b ru.,.., a..., ••• thll•atcr auoup on tbe abscocc of a b' •de and dtlol ' more aubJl.lnt•af. nyt mg belttr 104

OaliPI •it~ the two A1hobn pillar$ said uaa;plaorcd by Sullon Firoztb.ab the auth to ho•c bteo

h r ood I or tells us' .. aut onty o « IU.torianl" lha.t the $tone 1 on the lltclu wuh wbtob rbc hefty Bbccm (the mi 111 P ltors WGre the tbc l'lndavat) Ul<d to teod COllie. Tbis Is :al brother ""'••& Ull<r uan:llabllhy or the Tarlkh-i-Firo b h. . ther proof or the •autborulco" He recklessly aoc:ribcs zsh' a '· tis ourbor and bll b'· • b IS IDfOrtlllltion .. •at '' and th<n to "aood hiJto • . .. • oocc ra

ablunltry or dubbiaa rb As!Ml;:o$ • wuhout rcalisioa the •••ts c a P•lla" to be Bbetma·,

n. aut loot alto ..... "'. too r Ud IOWA> .. bc•i•& b«n foun g ,,, or a•rdcnt, palaccJ, rona lila all or a nd4u I<IJ theca ded by Sol lAD Firouhab, and ·- .......... table <lue 10 .~ OUI or I be baa. Uowiuioaly he h_r • Jt that tbt Sultau lnln• I e bascleuness or h is claim wbeo riali to' llimsctr. A ntler ., ~ :~~d the stone pillars •• mcmolowat, Prden•. f'Oil<U and~ JIOI to bavc founded Stores of Pf••...S 'toftdet· pill•ra

10 be ;:,ns about~ not need mtssappro·

Tbc memonal. autbot oftbo Tarih . F'

<lor to tbe•o-called Qulb M~· orozshahi sives us ft diaarmJPI ........,. "" Atbotan piU '""· lie .says that Sullau Flroz ""-lit ""' lbo otooe ";'

0 " memonal to hio:n<elr u Sultan'

.... t6caa1 "•t IO btn>sul( • ~ •• 1-o 11rJ.ya. fu'lt! .' • Th1J stetemeol ''

1, _ bt· """ tboui4 k Y tbc author or 1bc Tarlth·i· ""._, to k oow beuu th --:-:--....:....::.,:•boadd:: lo n ao u~~• not a~<rib< 1 .... .. UJ he d.. .._,"h tbc tradlttooal l ol&beT~ 1 ..... ll11e" of flit T Fuoz.~ab,. ._ 91 ol .. T arold.-~rtronhobl ~--" .... t~F"ftebc~. .

~--all' ••

.. ...

Ml.t\oA-e£0 PATf1t IN .. .IDIMVAL. CH.kOHICUJ tll

. tbat l(utub<tddtn bu•h the to.,cr, s-odly theauthol 1 ::~.ri~b-i-FiroZ$b•b• mdireetly confcMet that Allmaib 1~

. ppropuattd tho carhc.r RIJpul to"'u 10 tb.c. rnaanu ot ~\1~110 firot. Gtisappropr•a.t•oa the Atbokao pdbrs u bu O'fli"U

alcmon~d Tb•• cursory cuo:unauon of a c-ross.-u:cdoa or med1ac:vaJ

Muslin'l cbroo•cles and rutcra' mcmoin and or the mot;vtt hlth impelled their authort should •ufficc to coaviocc .. udcoll :r bi>tot)lthot lndlon hiltoric:al '""u which lave based ~bem

,eJves oo chclC unreliable chronicleS h11ve sro$.5\y erred i.n mate· rllll parlic:ulal'$. Tbc$c chronaciCI ba.olDI been written witb uttenor motivu, ony 111Storic:r•l material they migbt con11l'io ,, onlY ineideoral. 1bey were written by d me·tcrvtn for a~c· a.rindioa,. t\S such these chronicle• were. ntvct Intended cvcn by their very ou1hors to be taken s.criously They were mctto\ ooty to fu161 a conlempOrary purpose namely humourin& tbe SO\'tt· CI&D llOd winning ravourJ. Or where tbe cbrooicle1i purport to b•« been wrineo by tho rulcra thcmsclvu or at their biddoag they ••n: intended to compel tbe subj<CU aad offic11ls to mt<haoically repeat the officool vcr1ioa to drowo tbc dreadful upcricoccs. mc.monu and mtSCfiCS of d&umlll tyranny io pf!K:ial bluff and bluster. Posterity hu erred 10 ovcr-lookiaa this primary ObJCCIIVC wbteh Impelled the writing of the;< fake cbrooiclcs. Uowarrooted reltanee hovlos beeo placed oo these couoterfeat chronu:les and memoirs h Is uo wond¢r that our mediacwl historical tells contain unsuspected blunders.

tt l! not o:ny coateotioo that medl8cval Muslim cbronlclu and rotors' memorrs be cooderuued out or hand, As contemporary writings they cao ba or great help ln recoomue~ing mcdlncv~l biSioty. AI srrcssed abovo thoy may be ut<M for adverl<' mfctcnccs if for oolhrn& else. B••n fake documenu maoy • time t>r<Mdt .-.tuablo c lues. What is in Leaded 10 be conveyed 11

th•t lhty ••• far from truthful records.

1 hope, lhcrcfor<, that VOIAfl<l Of truth ancl l!UdeOU and tcbolo~or medtaev•l lod•an btSIOfY \\1>Uid witb mcdculoUJ "-R *"d u1most cauttOD rc.Yae.w medilllcval Muslim c.brooadtt and rolon' mcmotra. At e~ry 11a1e tbc !W<l1ioDJ made tbemD G«<<to be sub)<Ctod to a cl<»e .cruuoy aod eareful -

J :2 Ill DIAl< tiiST'OlUCA L~.\o .., a.

.............. l)ncnpltOilO ll'JiltC~oOf or <bauvJniJil), ltlf,p

~ ud claorm "'"'' coc be ao:oo<JII<d uoleu OO«obo 11

''"

'""""""'"' , .. ck... ·••«~ by It_,""' to< f"'t..(I<D tblt riley m1kc IUlpieio.,.

'lP' dalal or I be ••nous rul<n bovina eovcm<d lb •• lltrto. .. the ~~&oil or lolly Pftor:iples. I he ndtrs bavioa :::.:··• ... .... 1,.., aoJ all ~r lbcm bov.os dus t:llmls and b•oh .,,., ,.,.., ....... ood rom. .. .. ~..

If mcdra .. al Muslrm cbroololcs and rulen' mt 1 • mona1 •••• 01udocd "rib 1bo •lall•nc:e aod dil!ecnc:c urscd h

6

••blorruhon of tbt tndidonal Implicit rell~ncc placed 1 ·~·· In lam '"rc. 11 "'oil be found n«c,..ry 10 rtwrite Indian ° 1 ·~· en! biiiOJy. mcdta•

h .... I mUICJ O( pktnnt SOTpti}t: tO me wb 1 tht \la,araJIItra Hnald (a datly published from p:") r~ad io It IU' I "'"" rcpon of a spcccb dclivc:rcd at 8 a::bao July fa~ b) 1 Mu•lrm bluory Professor K A N ' Y con. Uotwn~l1 ckbunktn1 MtdJ:-..,oJ Mt111i,; ~br~~~~~or Allso•h lll>ttmtWOrtb) S b 0011t l$ IDO&l I'">~ of. uc 1 tulonal appraisol from a Muolrm

'"'" lbc dotbard Aliprb tradition Is Clbc:Doc:ttaoa • l"'re:

Olbtr M .. lrm acodcmb bad ._ iloodl) aoJ ""Iter emula1e Prof. N•zamo'a

omtrlt CUI of lbt bolts r h laJina.c tutottttl a.Qd ball

1 o I e1r tbauvtnisue

ouuock 0 lbc llllUbtnt or the TRUTH

Tbt bcv.' rtpou raa It uoder-80\IBAY, lulv 10. " PJ b

btUDtocalcnqu\- d•J )'C oblotory" a new technique or ' 6 " Y•na anro lhe Ill 1

ltoo• or billurw11 In I be 1

en lA make· up and mot iva· rwtM'CtOoubt•ebout ah: .:~ ••r. contcxu of lhe.ir limes~ hBt ~~~ .. I be I hh CCDtury •be :"••ty or mediaeval Indian 1\IJtory ""'" dtclraoor "

1 • Arab hlltDrinarapby tradition

Rcco.-·•ltlat Jcchn ~-1 Oc Coo.ho.., t;q~:d•dvocllid by Frtnch hill"· f( ...;,, P'Oic- of o\Ur.arh M ~• r.,catcbc,., the form« ~~-=1 .... ,.nculat r .. lt ~~ Uoivers11y, Mr K.A.

··- by tile .. ~ ·-- "" cbtosuct .. or court h• .. _. ·-lio b" . UIOII811phy lradrhOn

... (D pj\lfll U" l•tiiDIAI'VAlo CIIIOJ41Ct.lJ l'U

.,v.c Wbltc cbc 1\rlb binorilo ''d1td11otd wnt•o& the blJtory of

,_\(.r ao4lDttelld w~te the hittOf)' o( AD *lOt•• lbc lta.a.J:tD 1

0111n *'lnduJ&cd lD t10rlfitat10ft Of ktnp l.fld fi)'DUl.lt'l

'"1 dlcJI oC his moral oblipuon IO adhere to truth lnd tdti:::;_ ..• pror. N•uml obs.cr\t.t .

"Our usc.ssm<DIJ of Mubommad Bon Tugbluct. Atb&r lad Auril.Dpteb-tbree most intercstrna yet tno~t complex pa10Dalitlt1 or mtdioevallodoa-wlll remain parllll and pcrCill>ctory

1<1! lb< Interplay of psycholoalcal ractoll in tbe apPfOltb or ~~Jtorla:nJ is carefully iovcsciaattd'._ Pror. Niza.mi ootct io "/Jitm~l< Culrurt" on Enalish qwartcrly pubUJbed fJODI Hydera. bod by tbc lslanlit Culture Board.

S•y• Prof. NiZJ~ml, a psycqohillorlnn alone can analy;u, connadic.1ot)' situations and motivation• to arrive a• the ''billotlc facl'', A tl•uic paser for a hillorian h to wbll nlcnt Akbar ..., gulded by considera1ions for Raj put ladics or his bartm in

1doptiog vcgctawm h1bils, wh\lc revclJina lo animal buots

eoJOrncd by tbe "Qubumamab".

HUtoriaas• aecourus cao't be properly fnterpntfd un1eu a

1 rcsdtr 6nt undemands tbem, their psycbolov. !heir predilcctrons and •bove all the duality of their minds, obsct"ts Prot NtuiDI· For instance, Abu AI-Ful. ooe or tbe m0$1 impOJUOI bbtorf:uu of m<diaevallndil aod aulbOt or the "Akbamamab" ttCOrdin&.thc ocblevemcnts of Muahal tmpcror Akbar, laments in a letter 1hnt "I have become a slave or dirbouru and di.oau."

Prof. Nizami analysu that whenever Abu Fazl round bis itael!mcnu of a situation runoln& In a diiTercnt cbannel from ~·emperor's, he very ortislically hid himself in • pletbor• or bl;b sounding words or quietly lei out boa v•cwa on abstract and pbilosopbic:al lanaungc.

. "Wbere~rr bia ftorid nyle l>talo• 10 so:tr bi&ber, wbcrcv<r hll philosophic ideat become more obltrusc, be (fl.ll) is always rae;,, lOme psyebolog!Clll lituatlon ...

• be A<w11011 of lraoi>o bistoriana, not <I Prof. N'll&IDI, cauol

';!"'dtd U tOmprtMDIJVe Ot liUiy telltttJve Of lhcif lioacs. "' 1 Y ~ieat<d l.bcir worh to ruloDI mooorchJ I.Dd coaokler-

12• INDIAN lfiSti)"IC ·~~,

a1 any rtfmnce to commoa mao or hlo PIOblcrn 101710 tbe an of hittory wnt•na. • " dflo"-

The PedlaD Rcoaluuc:e afier 1he I lib ccotury · 1k AfJtorf o/IAuar" ioto " 771• lrl11o.y of •h• ~,:;~ towoardt !be br&IDOIDJ or lbc JJtb ""ntury, bfscorjoof l iJd ,..,. wnuco lo Peniao in all countries from Jodi& 1 ""•b ~t.oor. l'nlt NWimo's coDCiusioDJ aro abo home ~ "•• arcoonla of Brollsh hil!onaos. • • 1 by . "MubammJ~s. unlike .t.bc Brahm111J, alw~ya bav. •bowa

a lildll aod aph!Ude fOI wrtUO& Of PIOfcned blllories, 10 lb ....,. Muslim dynu1y In Asia bas found .ill chronicler," , ,::. ~~ent Brhisb blllorlao, Vlnccnl Smilb observed lo his "fltllto,. ,~, Jl~ l'trlod" tint published io 1920 •• thc~eoo~d '"" of tbe "Oxford Hh(ory of India."

Vetil arllcr, Sir Heory Ellio1 commenlioc aboul lJx Wabammadao period In bit Hlsrory of India as told hy Ill """ BIINrllllV ctlllclttd lotlancco of "fabricated cataloauc of msou. atcipco aod c.brooolo&Jcal tables of Moabul Dynasty." (P'D)

Prof. Nitamo's appraisal !bat M uslim cbroniclea belor t)'COpl>aot DO!iop of coun atooau arc n ot wholly reliable I• ....... to , ., u ,, ·-· Sui ll docs DOl ao far enoucb. ll b .. IJ a ..... aeocral aummation. I n I bat it still Slicks 10 •he t)'pioal mmtallty or a 1-!uollm lndiao or appear ina to b6 vc.ry lortllnpt aod impanlal withoul coocediog aoytb.oos concrete.

Ha abolll4 """• add<d cbac lbo~ chro nicles have ml~rcprc• -..1 OljiCllrad Hindu edilicu and townahipS as baVioa bccD lllioool bJ iltolod.., Mlllldlll : !bey bave cam011ftased the hcdi· - IIJDIIilla of tbc rolioc IW.mie Junia, !hey have i UD& ,..laoa 0( - 1. d'-lulo flki11 at areal Sufi uiniJ, and paioced .._ llon01 ...S • ttl) or hlamlC rule u eoricllmeol of Hindu 1 II 1L 11oo failaft oo Nluml't pan 10 identifY specific dlllll• :•: ltq coa ohllauviai51lc Musl1m writlnas illuJira_tet

- • F l ll ..rillttned Muslima even wbro appu noa !.t, ~ 1 llill-a.., from tbo naked and horrid !N lb ...... a ...., 11&111 •

• , 1

w:~••slnaloe _,. callli0111 wbeo !heY com< 8 ' 1 J a II lla """-a by Muallm and CbrllliiD ..

.. IU

.. tot£0lAIVAIJ CltkOHICU'S efO f~ITtll

"" ""' ch 111010 faolba were tprud lb.rou&b fcnu ~tal· ~~<""" .. bO ntiY cbey bavo de;uoyed lot of hiStory

Vfr d ConJe<luc . 00d fraU · ed lh< reraaioder. ood diJIOII • ople or Europe and Amenca and of

p.iab' chlol<ina pcAfabonlotan to Algeria mull •••lite lhll t.tulliiD oealmts frOID re-CbcilliaO and ple-Mollamed bl>toty bat

tbcif owD real p b batte bc.e.O ourtU~ 00 a ra\t hU\OfY .-.• suppreued and' ·~ ub·ugacora. That ruacory mu>l bo b<~':..,ltd bY chOir ranat~~ :.O~ed aod p re·Cbrl•ll•n hlllory or co....- d d !be pre--•"'• • ..... rcpodiate' an ti.tDOldial Vedic; unity mUll bo tc¥1..., buro•••'Y • P

1\fJth of the Indo-Saracenic Theory of Architecture

~oOikf bJuodor Of lodiao blltOtical r<"otCb b th ,......l>tliof lo tb< wtr<Uot of so-called lodo.Sorocenic e llll•· ....... aad tho formulation or • so-called theory b3 mdonu. lh<ftl ••

00

M already ot»crved by uo all mediaeval mooumenu · 1 .IOitht TaJ M.abal, Humoyuo's Tomb Akb>r'l To-b ondc ••· -- -H-• " I • Mi , ' • '" an the ""~'"'"' "". "" Gar .,. pre-Mustim RaJ put build in s. OGI) Saraoco~ .. cltmccl Ia lOme or them Is confined IO s T~c .....,,_..,,.home •upcrliclal tamp<rin&- It u lik Araboc ....U..r ..,.body d~t'a m<Uiwue IJid ereb. < so'!'ebody O&alC • 11- Ia cbat cue Ju.st u tbo c: '

01 one • own

.... b lire ..... , ...... or the meoa~=";~.··.~~OI be credited ooll<l'lbtp tbrootb coaqaen ud etehin • mere fact or ailularly lk Cljlll>f> ud I • g OCt I OWII Dillie O.n it, -b ....... bo d•i- to :aprr•torJ or. mtdlatval monu-

moaumcot·bu!ldtrt Tbo ID!t~ or lk 11141~ ruto

cd IQ lire IDIIplaotd btlld' that .,: Tlf~lleCIUre tbtOty it rOOI• ... u...,. bulh by t!tlt or that M •J .r.tahal and other moou· •lnad! PfO>cd that •he Toj Mihal Dlhm ruler. Sinoe we have q- alltcd u lll)put polo aDd Olber tombs and mostl'""' thc lallt).SIIIcnuc lhe:• •:d tcmpleo in pre-Muslim

II .. •aal-c tbc ry o l!chlt<cture has no basis. ........_. ,. term "lad s :."::'' ''.,.,e., moau...,., b II "'r araunlc Arcbitccture -.-u. •c... SatiCaiJ.. u t a "Jodo.. I .a.""* So tbe V<ry sty e by " non· '"w -...o. dl.u lbt IDODUmtot D&IDe of tbc theory amphet

.._ ~· ... ltAJPon, ll•botnya :,y~te ~ cotircly in I be 41 •-"""" - - ,.,,, ....,.. • !bat It admilled

a..;, --. ~ IIQually but It by ~arooeoJ •alo •- • ' - r , ......., <mont• merely a

.. -u! lt'o0-SAttAC111'11C 'litCOR.Y 12?

tlft1'0'" of c..,tdcn«- And we ha"e alteady cittd O\'c:rwbtlmiuJ

cP'1cf d c.ao produce much more to suo~e tb.at e:vuy oa.e c..,d~ 10

0u

01cntt a i)tcd to pre-Muslim limes

.,( t1o0t< IDO

1 tb"'•l •hcory hu no1 ooly adulleratccl lndbo bi>-

1b :U~~aJ alsO iofcctcd archatcctura\ to:at boolcty Hc'GCt it ,.,... be tborousbly debunked rut. prescol ••d future llccd..~ (OtS ~night desp;~.lr o f thi.t t.a.s1c: Of d i50WOIOI aod jelUSOa.·

ardut:as.tc coocept or 1b.cir prorcssaoo. We would like t.o !Wllre ;ol • lb.SI the tas~ is not as overwhelming and formidable 11

tb<l•" All th>t needs to be do ne b 10 delete tho word 1cloa~~ • 1 b L ·

nic' ' frorn arChltCClUrO text OOd Whttc.vcr lodaaD

.. saracc . I f I b' ed' c'lal architecture s rc errc<l to. l et t \at Brt: &ltclurc be -en,.. 11 d

10 and susdle<l as purely lodiao mediaeval architecture

reoerr• · I s ' \ k l b • . b 1

Jitlle 5uperfitll arocen1e t n cr ng sue :.s. eograv1D;t ;~~ at rondom ln><rtioDI as ad hoc Ollln.gs of stones dislodged

he• the buildings were stormed or dellbtr~I<IY bammcrtd

~own ;0 icoooelostic fury •

seve-ra1 otber (harp considc:rutioos too bdp us prick and «8ote the tndo-Saraccnoe Architecture Tbcor) bubble.

1. Taimorloog, AI Brruni and other atieos bavc coofcssed a rcerioa of wonder at seeing Indian river gbats and roagni6· ecot, towcrioz.. massive sculp\U(C· lcnpticit 10 lh~l wonder was a cco!euion of tbeor loabolity to buold anytboog approaching •I·

2. Mastery in seulpture presoppcses cerrain bi£bly developed skills carefully nurtured and practised over o number of acneratio05. tnvadioa Well Asian hordes consisted of ollherate, uocultuJtd, uoooutb desperados unskilled lo any human artt

mcpl fighting • l. Hlgh $culptural talent presupposes n ccrraio refinement

oftcmpcroment. T ho invaders perpetrating unheard or b3CbUI· II« were onnoccnt of any rc6n<tn<OI boslll.'llly CS1<0ttal for

bdog &nod, aniatic buolders-

4. Had 1he invaders been really great buildtrt tbey ball lbeor own undy strctebu 10 buold on. Tbcy oeod no• ba•c locurred tbc odium and r isks or ~qrdJiOD to coplo~ O(btr

r...cr..

I :I Hod tlo< oouol<N be<4 f<,llgrat builders they "OUid

_,K •'"''"'e4 the Htadd &l)k of butldma. DOt • H-.J lbt' bed- gruc builders in tbc'r owa riahl tbc

~DOC have CDtrtb cufltd tbc•r so-catJed 0\f./O PIUtrQ Y "" aod 4o:mC oo the lodta.n t(Ylc of archuccturc as n f1t or lr.ad••aJ• aJh~pj Tbc dome .tad arcb a•vlc:t ln lndta • -"t.-11•1.0 Thcy•-cre "ot iatrodti«d to Jodla by oliecu An,Y~Il •bo bno.r h1t 0,..n .lti!h aod dome would 1p10 ftcto brloa th'l Cftllrc u-odtr-sttuctuJc with H roo because the dome 1 , ,, th . d •• • att,_ prt-tuppolt a certa•:a un cT-t lrutture The dome and th ... ~ Cl'uld ool h., .• been d<><lopcd Just in the air by Saoooen • Had on•r rully de,.loped o >pc<lal type or oreh aod do.'' they • o•ld how: had a special bu~diog style entirely their ••'~ lmm th< foUlldatioo 11pwlld.

1 AD) t~tailatlty chat aJlU between West Asian monu· axotJ and ladl&n au~ from the f1ct that Tatmurlaoa aod g tbtn drowt: lodt.tD uaftsCDeft It sword·pOiot 10 tbcar owo UIA,. laodt to bodd tombs aod mosq••• olmilar 10 Htodu boolthop tO lodta Taumrrlati& coofma 10 tbit '" bls memotrs I••IDboocrarb>l

• lllw llccll ~I..,..Uy usened tbal b<eati1C mo<t or the ttafl•J:DtC v.uc H1odut OJ lodi1n.s monuments ordered by Mlli•IDI IIIPP<D to be teplcto wltb lad tao mourt and ttalti. ntals lb<cr c: "''"" 'Ric Btilllh rulen or lodla aot their thllllllltl ~ulft wult the bdp or Hiodu aod Muslim lobourert dd nafllmcn and )'t t tb.etr chutC!hct do uot contain a Jinole mQU( of 41am 01 filOdUitm.

0

h 9 l'lopollrnh of 1h• lod.,.Soraccnlc lhcory of architecture ;.;:,Y ~~aued :<ttaln b!eoo•eoient ques1lono. lu order 10 .,...,,,. :;.,m~:d~~ tbeor) \hey lllao auened that Mu•llm .. __ .. t: modllitVIJ monuments o nly laid down .... ...,.. tpc,.;:t,lc;aUoot ltav n :1 b laboumt to tr&lll 1\e 1 I . to I c IWect wdl or Htndu .a.l(a h u ooo,' dQJrn •ttb thcu oroale p&ttctnJ •nd F.-.tr luu"' .. "'

1 '"'11Y foraotten that thtl Ia tmpoulblt.

·•- • ...... tills for •hom H d ~.a~aacl ..... • tbtm Jn u moll(;, orn•mroto· lnJI 1e oi'O<Iallr :~ 1 would Dc>er perm1t IIDY Hindu ......., ....u, the- buoldtDJJ. S..:oodly, oo anlft or

,.,If bo ..... a... wilb l•r••• do~•

.. yne utOO·IAaACIHIC ntrORY .,9

... "'Of b brOid p.auero of a new cdi6.oo. He will WOtk out the

oo11: c: 10

tbc last dtttU. Th•rdly, wbeo thc:rc are tbou.Mads ctC-1' 00 rcn •nd craflsmcn working oo a bul.ldu:.g 1f tbe &tal\s of:~~ to them the. whnlc proj«J wl\t cad up in noth;n1 but .,e ( t,~n beCo\USC tbC thOU~d' Of WOrkmen WUl aU be Of "'" ... v d • • lf'crcAJ b)Ckgroun I. SlritO, lftlJllC aUatnmtDU a ad temper&· do

1 lk.Sl.des. workers were always a mbed srou-p of Riodu1

..... . h b b ld • d Mutliml. Aod oot tna ut c _aos wou tnult ,r tbcy """ ::n (0 fill i.o minor dcllil\ or dctiiG u per \heir: individll.11

prcdilc.ctions . An architect has to give tbc workmen a destan co:mplc:ted tb• loll dclail. Allowing Individual workmen 10 ftll In

~· ;olls of desi&n and pnucrn aoeording to I heir own 101hims and r:ncles is just not done. lt b impracticable. That myth was ·avelltcd bY Western aeholar• unable to cxplaio wby allegodly ~uJiim monumc.nts followed an e-otircly Hiadu plan and

dcoign. 10. 11 oced not be streueJ that h is tbe IIUID who payo the

piper that calls the tuoe. Tb11 shows that lbe ornate, Riodu type or structuru could not have be-en commiasioned by Mus· tim<. Had they eommistiooed them they would bavc iosisad oo the buildings beioa cotirely io their own style.

If, Had the mediae9al buildioa• beeo or MIUiim IUtbDI· >blp their trine p11Uerns ... d deeoratloos would oat h•'• ,bown signs or uunperiog •• ore seen in the so-<:alled Kutub Minmr t\nd surrouod1ng structurea.

12. In foci even the tombs and moS(jue• •• l!ul Aila art. caofltr lndlon tcmpln ood polncu because 11 bas olready been poovrd that Indian rule once extended upto Arabia. Tbe Soor· Sidul Kulptural drawloa io 1he »called Taimurlaoa Tomb at Simattand is proof tba1 Toimurlaog wa.s burled io ao erstoNbllc lodlao palace b<.eausc Soor-Sadul is tbe Sanskrit term Soorya Sbudul meanooa the suo and tbe tiaer-wbieb is euelly • bat

the sculpture depieiS.

ll. !WIIbc alien rulera really buolt aoy moouiDCliU tb.ey would not have built ooly tombs and mosqua wllho\11 bu.odrcdt of eorrrspoodioa palaeet.

1!0 1""0f4N UISJoa I(·~ IIIII

I' Tbr ~~.,dm had come 10 ••Pioil •od 4

1ao aoc 10 1oiland build lord 11 .,_1 r "-•

I$. ncir r<ISnt WCr< run or turmoil ••d ,ocau:nl otrc.osare and defe.na~vc campuilDS • unrest ceu'td 'b nd re,'Ofl5· T~cy, thcrcforo, did not ha~e· :~!ernceulcwatror~ •• ..,.,m,.,ion hugo buildings. limo Ood "'~

16. lodfa•, aficn rultrJ d1d not have the 18 .....,...,. 10 orda liUprodous butld10gs. Alllh bulous Wtahb lbcy ptbacd by plunder bad lo be coosla 1 • ""to lib 111&1 la<Ddmxlr, clamourooa noblemen aod I be ol Y doled oul"' L. IDrQ.II" o( .. mm •• .tddtll~n 10 1be finioa oul of 11

1«111•••

Al:bar'• u ... orcr once dtd DOl have e•·cn lb cos { e•P<duloo\ II u menlloncd by Vioceol Slllllb DOd 0 c !~ lry Jum or Rl ustav. r. ~brrbadl Lit Su.

17. The Moshm invaders betn of . 11\c MibJM. Pcnions Turks A lb KcliV<fse n•tionolllle. Ab -·'·1 • • m s, szaks U·• •· y...., IIAI. aod ar dii'Cflr lira r, · ' ...,._, 111<1 OOiall di•P-l•• tbc same via rad rolll punces to slaves, could 'OJ bu£0 mooumc'ht._.lll~~;,• .~~·same pencbonl in order· Cl<oat< Br.Wu ll)lo Tb r mosques and all ro lbo b.t•c- baih by lhu < ICI thai all buildings supposed Ia

b.tpptUto b< oJcnual bclero&eoou. &roup over • mdlrnnlom pro•u beyond d b

aarpcd Wndu buil<llllp. ou 1 lba1 lhey arc all

I~ If dotlo£ Ibm IIOO. -lclb.t'<dcvcloprdaapcci )<., rule io India lbo Mu•llm• • it mr~eadrngl)l aile sed 1:

1 rondocu for Hindu archhoclur<, b.tbrt with lbcm and ' •• would bavc by now become • .... Mu&limt, bunt::.;'; lbtt 20th Century We would bavc loalpla a.od hom.. But ,.b mosques "'d home• like Hindu ::!"" a..p.. OOIUIIDI e~l "' nouoe It quile dlll'ercal. No - 1hc pluub ro P••••cJc

0 ;. "~ale Hindu 1rai1 or mo11r

51 adosotoollhc HIOdu llylc Thll 11 further proof rbDIIh<y

...:::. &14 IOIIII>I '' tbe Ht .d «cro...,, wbll opprar to b< 11'Pr•Pnalcd 10 w.:llu tl)lc arc ia fact earlier Hiodu

It, Tbe I .....

' 'U ¥ .........,1 lb.tl Mu&l n 1 1o1 It":.,._,....... Olbc.'m' , ckmolithed old H10du

aa au..~ 1 butldlnas from 1be umc ~ oco .. r up b I • many d loa•callllc•

.. .,vnt or ttUI tf'fl)()oSAaM:aNtC Tl.I:EO&_Y Ul

whJ.Cb propoocDLI o( &be lodO·Sa.rate:QIC. tbcory af arcblltclu.re

flo.d it bJ;td to upla•n. Ltf us presume tbDt tbe so-uHe<l Kutab M'oar b 1 Hin.du

b ' !dinS If • MutHm conqueror 1ptco.d1 tO dhman,te 1t aod "' 111 m11torlal to erect .-.notber bui1dina be would chhtr bave

us• r ' b blOW up tbc tower tom Ut nse or aond up workmen 1n an ~~onding proccstion to 1he top to dislodge evecy atone and ...,..ruiiY brlna It down all the way. Then be would bavclo urnber 1be.m and lay them out in out ro .... , pile upon pile.

~bfs wiU be nolhiDI bul quixotic bcalusc it woll lovolve 1 bu&< ,.,astc or t.fl'ort, lilbe aod money~ Most ot tbe d"loc1&cd t.toncs .,rould e.hip off ln the di.smaotling prcxcss and turn out 10 be ustless for aub.sequtnt use Wbeo the court IUU«ure 11 diJ.. mantled tbe whole rouodallon will have 10 b.- <Jus up £or A

building wuh a new detign . Since the Kutub Minar lt a rouod struclurc 11t stones would be useless for t1 iq.uorc o r rectangulor IJrueturc. Tbnt meons lhot by dismnnllm& • t<ulub·Minar liS s1otte!i can be uacd only 10 re·erect the •amc tO\\Ier over aa,aio1

And wbo would be so 11upid as I.O disaunllc a buac IOW<I and rc-ertCl il Slone by Slone and boulder by boulder once apia foe some dubooua sali1rae1ioo. And cvco ir surh a one iJ re<r<CICd 1bo crcdil ror the struCiuR' would bavo 10 be a<vco ooly 10 lbo ongioal builders ror lbcir desi••··· I be build••• and culliOS aod ra~biooio& lbe ll~Dt$ 10 lhe rtqUUed spmfitlhODJ. Morcovu even 1bc bypolbo•>C&I rebuitdins or 1hc Ku1ub ~Hoar from lhO dCbfiS or lhc pR'ViOUS, dosmaolled IOMr WOUld be OD

impo»ibilily because most or I he 510001 dumajled and chtpped oil' in the procus or dhmontling would ' not rail inlo pillet .. bororc. II Ia common cxptricn•o thai in tho •••• or • aboprronl tbuumd up with wooden planka unless the plank$ ore carefully numbered lbcy do DOl rail iDIO alae<.

20. One VCI y lmporlanl coosldcralion is tbot while lodia bu h1d a very claboralc and mulcrly SbilpubDJUa Lt a sac nee of arcbhcCiurc, aMitnl and mcdi-~tval MtaUm \\arid bu had DOibUt& oonupondina 1o h.

1 ~oy community claimins arcbii<Ciural skill mull b••• bls••

IC~ ~~ descrtblna IIIUCIUral rorms ond llfeo&lb Of mat<lil iJ ~~ '" COnllruollon Ancien I aod mediaeval! odi• bad lbcte.

•~nvadloa Muslims hod none,

J)l ti'DlAH tiiSTQRIC.\ 1. -~._CI

o,..;11 aatep (uttb<r we may say tbat iu""di tlllllfJ ,..,. smdomonaotly flllf<ratc DOl to talk of":o t.f"'lon Go! rloN>ratc .,.,u, they powe.,.d. Y h•abc1

tr tbcr<fort. lh<tc lis close limilarily b<twcon lDed lftdou monumcon •nd those In Muslim cou >irott or W 1•cv~ tbc contlu11on 11 clear that I bose monumontJ were crcc~'~ "'" the t>rlr ollndlao •rchltcctt, cnsloeou aud workmen, loihh

Aa:.,unlt of MohAmmad Ohotoi'• ond Taomurlll!l•'tl • n\''' 1QOJcoof<l •• much whw tbcy atotc tba t Ioken ahock b · bclut> aaJ vaod:ur of lodlan palae<s, lempl<o aod river ~tbc Ill< o lw•o.c: b.;rt>.Juc iovade" u&ed to •pore lolled ,.0 •

111 '•tnta

eoJ l«bbl><oam fr0111 mw massacru only to drrvo them n~ roinlr• \\'ttl Asain l~nds IO bavt tombs ond 0101 " Ito t 1111\11 blc "' Indian monumcnll. qu.,

II· a•uu, lh<rc(Ofc, !reverse the currcot ro~ccp1, and" onttra~ tfllltn•t .. d of Muslim nrobitccl, aod <Cginens havr/ llriiJU<d •nd buill medioeval lndlao buildings it wao I ndian~ •I•• bijili Wtll Atlan monuments.

21, 1\n~:bel point to f\c nottd Is that all :xtaot lnd1an llltdia:nl m OliiiCIIII ba•t bcen built a<cording to the lod11n 5b lpa but•• •reci&ahoas <>co 1f they appur •upcrficially so be-~· aoC IIIOJIIIJ<S. Vt.,toro to lodiJn moaumcnu ha\C ltuour ~<" I . I . era uttUllel o tulonaa comr: •o auociart wry 01101111' tb< oqoan rcctanaulor 0< OCiagon•l building oh11pc• ••rP<d ...,,b • ..,., w th · tu"'~ 1111 • ~""P>rab'c charac:lcriatln of Muollm bttrn/or b~::i.~'~ Thll 11 perhaps a unique irutnnce in ~~~rid •'< 111 m •i c:atoon of record• and mete £rafting ohcp· can m••lu":~:• 10''~' hulldonas and orchu r id or Hindu im•a« 1D tatCC1IID~r ~~~~~~t Wt()fld tnctudtng ltudent'l of arehiltelurc ,......._ burldrn&> arc burlt cnhrrly to Htnllu lllaJ ,::::_ ~~ k·•<>lo, tbat they \O Cre commiuooned os ~ a._. tnJ. ~OfJ

lt '"'• •ldtt•h<o t~ ho .,. -11m 1 bftrd 11 t •• qmc motrfa and st~l<l • ..,.. doa 001 •

10 coorcmrorary Muahm tomM and •• Utdtli&ol 1011 =~ ~"turb or bother the hillorical,

"r .. """'If , ·- 1 doam• or ao-nllcd ••peru - IO•IIools dUIIDI with the topic aboutd

.. ...... ~~~~ ,.,.e tNOO'$AI ACII><tC t'USOIY I))

d 10 brina bomc to tbc reader the false honom e<JP. II iJ bf.r.:C.nic Atcbotectutc Tbcory. rtb< Ind.,.

0 e INTilLUOBNT TOURIST'S OUIOI! TO TR I! lo Ttl t!AT IS BIJAPUR tbe authorS. Padm.a'*) OMctvcl

OI.ORY1 0

evidence at 81)apur (which is the city with the "1'bet0 11 ~.1 ""' Gallery ood many so-called Muslim tombs, fiJilO"' Wt

1 jof any foreign inOucncc but very &trona evidence

~»ot'!0'5 • c. dillon odoptioa nsclf to the Muslim requirements. of Hlc~U If: 1 detail In the oplcodid buildings II 8\japur tbat Thet• 1~0

•plolned u tbc lo&lcal "qucnoc of India's livina <tn'Ot ..;,, To uoderatand tbc buildinr.s of the M1Uiim (?) !JUoldiDSto'

0 ,•udcnt must first turn to I be Hindu ViJtynaaor

S•J•pur • I • d • • " (faillOUS <'!pita I of 1 med1acva Htn u cmptre).

lo the ICARNATAK OARS HAN volume prucotcd to ao. n.·MioiJter. Mr. Dlwakar il Is stated about the Wbispcrin& UallctY that "To ihc north is an octagoMI cbamber whicb lt<mJto Mvo not been used ot all."

It has already been oi>Jerved In coonectioo with the Ta1 M•b•l that tho ooiD80n II a purely Hindu •bapc. Moreover tbellllused chamber ia an indication that tho use or the Wbtspcrlos Oaltcry as a MIUiim tomb was 111 aftcrtbouabt rn wbicb oo.,. could be found for every chamber of the ear her Rtodu t.oildica.

In the boot TI!MPLES, CHURCHES AND MOSQUES by Mr. Yakub Haann rl Is stated oo page 16S that "A prcullor style known IS Saracenio was invented ... Mutlim architecture or •oc couotry dilfers from the Muslim architecture or ano1ber."

1h· falac claims in the above sentences bec<tme apparent ou trill~• I study. If Mr. Yakub Haaaa clasm' IIIII a oc,. S..raccole style was developed be abould produce she ne<essary ~, .. , of iht rtyle. Secondly tbc •dml»ioa ''·•' 1\h<lim

rlectute or one country dilfen from thot ar anot~er " .:lc.tr rtOO{ tb" t~e Mud lm invaders used car Iter indta<uous butld · ~~ .. sbtoll)bs and mosques and staked a fahc claom to h.sve

11 1 em tbcmsclvu .

tile ~~ho ~ndia Soclcty'e journal titled ARTS AND LETTERS elo Akb-. tbc Maatcr Buildof ooatuiDJ • cbaraclcrllttC

I~ I >I Dt AI< IITsr O ~~~

&re'rll« II t }' ' Tbc lar,e I rombs 11 "-Jh' Oao " "-'<' ' art i

plao OJ ra•bef rol~p>llll, lh CCftlr•liOmb cbambc C 1<lif1r II 1011oded b~ an a~adc, ~ plan wbrcb bas ancient 1r !'<••• '"· or I«<J.. ,,

n 1 tralrn« again undcrlrnu how all studenrs ton t b4 bluo, have been mistokloa ancient Hiod:r bn:ha, .. •~ toe mlstrol Mu.llm crcacloos merely bc.cause 5 Uildlnar ltl:IM b&\"C bt•D sraftcd lo tbcm. Omc Mbtlhn

Ia rbe anldt VISHNUDHVAJA ... REVIEW, Vol. XLI 1!9.1~4. of tbc ~car 1962 of tbe Bhudarkar Orfenrot Rt 1'1' hnttlilt. the author "rrtes "Profeuor K. Chaltopad~'•b Rcsetrd. D~rCQtor, Ssoskrat Uoweuity. Va.ranasi. mfor )a'•·

lblt Mabm~d G.t.mi rook tbe models oi the Ddbl ~~ ... ~'i"' a ltd Klltub M10.1r) witb bun to Gh8Z111 for a similar , ""

h . • ••• •• truclloo l err. He carrred away Hrndu ma•oDJ from Mllbuoo

\

ro buold b11 mo"'ues and palacea a! Ghaznl ond the Hood~ arthor<ers built tbc rlofared maoars ar Gba.zn.l likcrhc Q~lb ~laoar ...

Sbri V S.. Beadre 1 aored bll!orillD observed in rhc paper fba, be read at lht lndoall Hisrory Congren, Calcuua se11ino, ltJS rbat "Akub Bb1irav Kalpa"- Sanskrit manustnpr sna c!<UiJed drmensiODI and c•eo tbe qualitln aod tho = Olllle Vlrn>ut k.illdS Of llronabolds and detailS of I~

001 of"'-"'· to,.ers and doors bave been defined a ad """""'> •oousb these appear Iota fly perf eel wltb what islefr ~ctcorlo llie ruooed forts." (Paper rlrled "Urgent Need for T '114~ ~f Lltcra!ll"' on Soleoce ood Technology or Oldeo 1":;..' )piobllobcd lo rho Ruporel College Publicorloos, ••• •

l)o&pu, ron · 1 L fanlte·-. llll4" '•"'Uc I p<rfeer example of ancoeot Hlodu ,. 'Ia....., y ,.. curreor texta fal'"ly clatm rh•r rhe ..,._ no..,.,.., A<LI Slab of B•J•pur erccred the fO<t r.o ~ 6a.. alfonlhc d&tm can be uposcd by J<;veral clues. ,, 1 • ~- L r 0 ...._ y._, -oor "" contrrucred in ooc )CA ·

::,--......... le 11411 Sbatb, Sbolapur, an aoclellt clry. ect"'.:;: or..,lrl 111101111 Thirdly there ore J<:V«11

I .,._ 11 l llcal~ta~plee one bat been turo<d ,. ._,bar Sb••• rcmplo. wb1oh bit

13S ,..,.,.uCJ>'II: ntliOJ.Y

of n!lll~v· -•"' b the Muslim conquerors' ICD1IOClallic:

d•"'''"d y <" bldiY =n'· nc.crin& ,kill of anc-ient l ndla '' tc.&b-

'Th• eofiJ\IIIII1l010 ""f' 1 atioo specoolist Sir William Wollco•

bY I Vlorld !amout. ~~:ollowoog Lhc gooiaJ of your counr~y, ~~bcfolloWin&,WOid:.:scribed tbe physical facU they were Will• ~ur llocl401 WtiiCrl nOI in &ptdtu:st language, bUt f8Cl$ wcte

.bout in rho Pur3 E can•l which went southwards, iftC 010 \'Cry . tbc.rc- "U the sa · e a river Ukc Bhagiratbt, or remained a .betlrc! ''hal ~~::;,ban&•• was originally a CJinal. They wert c>a>l hke rbe raul parallel to each other, They were IJl>CII out ond dul 13ccrJ jull about the dostancc apart that ,poccd aport ••~ ~ cd. I remember quue "'ell when I beaan aotll thould be p ac fcanBJls for rhc irrigation of the collolry.

a system o , · • 10 looc our d find everywhere that a $0-CIIIed dcad·nvcr

IStODISht 10 I d .. 1\\li w~• ju>l where a canal should be p ace · 00 (he tMP f ba

the eyes o f historians to the acr I I Tbl~ shn~~~i;~~·ron•clcs l l~e the Tarlkb·I·Firoz Shnhi r~at

olalml ~:'~"' rulen dug canals •ro falte. The canals they P.ornl ~::~,..old caoals dua before the Muslim invas•ons by J:~rndu 11)1ers. AI barhanao hordes sweeping across lodl8 they dr~ not "'" t\Cn ordJOary elementary cducarion nol 10 talk or hr&bly tt•'tlopcd skilb and rechnic•l knowbow,

About Indian eaperuse in tONO·plaoning Mr. V.R. Ayar •n lh> b<lok TOWN·PLAN NING IN ANCIENT DECCAN quotes rbt rillllous rown planner Mr. Patrick Geddes IO say about Cooiecvornm " Here 11 nor simply a city m~dc mo numental by lrtltte!llples and 110b and varied by rnnumerablc mioo r ones ; ..bar reJoim me Is to 6nd tbc renlizalion of ln cxceptio04lly .. tll·aro•:><d and comprehensive town·plan ; and this upon a t<alt of spadous disnlry ; com booed with Individual ~nd arri .. "' fnedorn 10 which 1 cannot oamc any equally •urviviog Plrllld .... "

0. If l!Urotlons and arcbacologins will simil1rly •tudy Old lbotbey wliJ find in II the (Ommon ancient Indian plllDJ)lO~

l<~h••q•e or lay•aa down a oeorral uial road and plllOO!D& ' 141•1 relldenrlal lanes around It to form asecurity-cocooo • • , ... , ... b •

•• Y • peripheral wall. lo the cast or Old Delhr

•

I )(I INDIAN HIJTO.IO..

~"lt ..... Ckadllt CI>CI"~ u 1he u oal road wi1b lbe kio&'• lool fort) It aae ••d and I be . l<mp~e or his btr<di .. ~~ hloc 'lilodl ~~· all<> !be prol<ehve detly Of !he IOWOJhl <II), ,.,...., 1~10 tho Fal<hr Jro Mosque}-o1 IJ'Ic Olher, lrou:.;-~ Old Delhi wu bu•• · ctnwms before lbe Moahul

0 -~~,

S~ab13ban. The nouoo I hot '' was Sbahjahan wba r::'''r Old Oellli i• billeloss. The same holds <rue or oil >no! D4td rd towosb•p• wblcb Jtill e• isl and thousands which &"lodnt "'•I~

, . V '111M rd and bum! down 10 India's deadly >rruggtc Whb " 1-r

M\11 Ita ,ovadcn

Coruidenlion> hko cbos< ci1<d • bo•·e }bould be enouab 1o rr"'e lilt dloJjC&Iny ood myUucaJ character of 1be IOocalfd lado-Suactoic Tbeorr or Atcbrtecture. No medlaew1 t sa,.. ClmiC atdlll<cture <JJSIJ U> IndiO IJld .even >broad, All h~toric batldmp •• ....ctllrd Mushm countfles (rom Arshanu

110 10 Ataerao .,, or pro-Mu,llm ori(in. Muslim captors only &cra~l· ed 1he Koron oo I be oaterior and plooced real or fake c.not~11 llllldt. For 1011ancet when o fancied arove In Sbab·l·rlad 111011.,..., io Rosm, wu dua up ot did no1 reveal any bu11 .. rtllll1111. Simlltrly Tamtrla•o's aravc ias.de a b~s• pa~ae, fa Samarcud if nplortd il hlely co be a hoax.

Rae an a few CUI llld drY hints 10 debunk tbe claoau o( Cacxd Moll!m buddto ...

I. If !be WI~ Uied II uf OCbrt COlour iC is DOL •o 1111101< lonkfio1.

l II tile boildlua has •tmmmical ftalures such as paiu ol lo"tn or paiu of Uaircaau 11 Is not lslam1c. •

J. A ""'kl"" ""''"""& to be a mosque or n comb muol oev" be llllllci-~~otc)td.

'-lido:...,._ h Q ..., ""=;! or 1 t ibla (prayer oicbc) are no1 accun·

• __ ._,. 1° Cbo IC.aba 11 Is no1 a Mushm a~ruclure.

s If •• , ... ~ ll····-• I ..._ ibrtae hiJ a ~ -;::kttl.atOr)' ruUJC ..._ _.... ol pcrombuW.oo u Ia a caplured '"'"

6. ,..,,,

........ ::_lwtrlaa ID~ oc:taaooal feature Is oon·Uiamoc -do-~" 11 Cbelr base o 4 10 6 loc•

,. ll7 ·SA&ACOIIC Tt-1-l!OILY

rue tt~ 00 bl ,...,., I pllnlh atrlp. That "ao unmt~llka e

ocii&O•• ofllO"', atur<· · d 1 d bosKd J{iod" ,c 1 vo dcsiaaJ intct•be • 10 • • • em

th dtCOt4 I I £d16Cd • • . '" wallJ &IC nc.vcr Mut 1m. .

1. 01 painted on dozen steps must never be mtsundcr· Towcr.t ~jrh ovcrll~\ Muczzin·s shouting towctf, A mucJ.xio

i. , 10od tobo• ~u:o climb and uncllmb hundreds or narrow. who ll ,.q~"e "" 1 fivc lime• • d•y to •ound tho P'fr•r dar~. w~ndon& p wreck in no lime. He will ru•so

II will be • ocrvous "' job ond run away.

Jsucb ~ , b'cb bu 8 butll-lo drum bouse (aliu musl• 9 /. bo•ldmJ "' 1

• • • I It never or Muahm oogto. bOU~ ilb a dome iS seldom of Islamic Ofi&JO• o. ,. budd IDS w tb 1

10 buflding 1hould ool have s encrally more •.• II· An Ullm Uns•mmelrical mloarels are ao IslamiC ooe mtnarec. ~

~u~. Q'M( 'ld' ' wilh more tban one dome and one ' a prayer

lj, Bu• )••Be never Muollm be<ausc lbey cannol be all aligbed o1cbe ar . 10 the Kaba althc some umc.

ll. Domes and buildings wi1b decorative liont , l~ger&, and olber animals and tolus patterns are never IslamiC.

14. Buildiog1 witb three, five or sim•lar symmelfically placed · domes 1te cever fslamtc. IS. A buoldios •ilb irrelevaol, frivol0\1$ lsllliDic overwull.og

iu usurped prc· lslamic edifice.

16. A building •ludded with graves Is captured property. 11. Buildings in ruins splattered with Isla moe wriclogs. or

araves ore ulso captured un-lslam•o properly. 18. P•loutllomht or dead potentates wi1hou1 corrcspondlng

man11ons , re olher people's capcured properly. 19. KorAn•c 01 other hlamlc in5Cripli.ons Interspersed wilb

••·blarnte deeoralions arc a sure sl&n of Islamic UJurpa· l!OO or Chat odofiec,

;~,An •dlfitc Uld 10 ben mosque or mausoleum must never

1 ll.lvo ovcqa~,e, surplus, unaecouo1able accommodauon 1 " mo~quc and a non·mosque 1r ol idcotlcal 1ilc aod ibAape 1111

1D!)&q11f. tbould be deemed co be an bo~•

I l~ tWOIAN fiiSTOtlf"'A ~~ -u..~

!: .4 bvJJiPI ••1ft oo mtnarcl or Wtlb tnore thaa ooe: C.Sft flt""C' N • 1e:outne mosque. talaflrct

-'l \ Muthrn mawoleum muse never hAve ony mio \ llreta.. ., ~• Islamic ceiling must hnvo no cboin bonalna ~ ~ cooe&\'f tnr «nl~- Such chains nrc 0 fc;uur; rom tht

Tcmrl<> to hiPS Wlltr-drippma p11Cbers. c or s~,. "-! Aa:oumc 1unm1el.1 u soeiated with hutoroe cdoficoo.,.

.,.htomoe feature. "' !6. H~ortc unac.tura .,.-;th Vcd1c:, Hmdu, Saa.slcru

0 ..... (Jucb 81 GolconJa foil or T&J Mahol 1•. TcJomabtta ) mutt ne>er be deemed to be Muslim. >•

21 StrvcluftS wnb unmtnoing~ frivolous names s:ucb n& G \ Gumbn arc oev<r Muslim.

0

.lS IU\'Iled 11rvctuns must always be Identified to be of oaa. M 111l1m or; ,.a.

29 Gram oasldc pabtial buildinv, woth no name£ insaibc<l mWJ be deemed to be C.U.s.

lO Buil4oop 11itb ,...,., cbannds, cascade• etc. are never Mwllm.

Rcadean wbo meditato oo tho above suidellocs will soon be able to d11<0\Cr that not a single building or town..bip around the world ucrobed Islam was founded or buolt by Musl1m1 Islam ODiy ma10pproprutcd other peoples' properly

I' the Mogul School of Painting Myllt o

I there IS aoyth lnJ like l spe<W MOJUlatylc Tb< ~><'"' 11'1

, d d What is kMwn as the Moaul UfttOUD e_ •

ol P'1"""' 1• otbang but the umc age-old R&JPUI style ..,JaoOI of paootonJ ''dll The Moaul co uti and for that m~tter

1 contlouc • · k d I b o( p.,oun •II mcdtacval a hen rulcrt in lndta ree e w t tb< eourt~~~~n~ orgies, sexual revelty, eunuchs, plottios and ,.Oomy, rders and musoares, nod destrucuve and coootCI'Fiu~ns. ":;~en 0 first studard "udent would find It dcmoh~~~n to '1onceotratc on bis stu diU to such an atmosphere • tmpO>II • . such an aunospberc profound and noble artl To aSS<rl th>t to .

•-• of draw on& and paiotin& wbteb need peace, pros-like,..,_ . d · d t . 1 •10• and unalc-mtndcd cvouoo an concentra ton. penty, car• • · 1 d tt«lvcd any special 6Jiip and patrooage ts no unwarran c eooclusion.

Fino oru cao ocvcr prosper In an atmosphere surcharged wnb bate, torlutc and massacres whieh were tbc hallmarks of Mushm rule to India. The few artists wbo eked out a precartoos bvehbood by practlsiog painuoa and sculpture coottooed ., '"'"'"' art lor wbicb 'Mogul An' is a bluodcrioa m•saomer.

blarn tS I be very antithesis or all an since the Koran forbids all dtcoratloo u well as the skctcbios of any livlns being. 'Tb&t is why there arc no 6talues io Islam. Muslims do not k4n bow the" Allah looks like or bow their own prophet Mobamed looked like. Muslims arc disallowed from sccioa tbc r .. or any .. OIDlD ~usc or the feminine burqa A doctor called ID to attend • Muslim womao pat tent bad to fccllho J'Clbc of the OUIIIretcbcd band but Will DOl allowed a &hmpse oltbe "•~ fact, Can aoyar1 grow or tbnve in sueb condttioos.

•

-~~~·· 6

,1 ·th of the Development of )tusic in

· } Mediaeval Muslim Courts

W1u . trll< or paiotia& al~ holds aood for lllllJIC. ~ 1 ~ musiciAD assocltl<d witb tbc eourt of any m..ti:aoval

oolr ':r in todla, is TaDJeo. But the credit for his auaiooli<D rd ...

401 bdooa ro Akbar Dl all. TaliiCn was already a

~~·~saod 1ccompllsbed muticlao before be had 10 be Jllf'UD·

de=:, 10

Akbar by Taosco'a cratwbilc Rajput p3Lron. As o'b~ abO«, lbc aunospbc~ in mcdiuval Muillm ruler•' cootu rccl<ed wirb all vicious auribures in which no profound .,u could ftourisb. Far from 6.oc aru 6ourUhin& they bceamc dcg&dcd to abyssmal dcptha. We ootioc io the Ramayana aod lb< Mahabbarata aod io accounts of sub$C<Iuent K.>buriya roltn thai daociDs. paiorioa, mtlsic, po<try and sculprurc were coo,;idered as accomplisbmcots aod refinements bdittios e\'tD JfCJt nmors aod scholars. But io our owo timO. we lind parC!lts rclucraotto seod lbcir owo dauptcn to music and jWD• nca cbsscs. This peat transformation, degtada!loo and detb· roocmcol or the 6nc arts from their high sacred pedestal to tbt•<"Pf'!SCDI rclc&atioo to a statut or bate and suspicion came about boauJC or tbe prost itution of those llrts, their misuse and wociatlon with drinkina ~orgies, se.ual revelries IUid amorous IOa&tdunoa mediaeval Muslim rule in India.

H' I u ory must, therefore, not only renounce the oonon that ~· JD• al\s received aoy cocouraaemeot during meaoaeval ..:; ';'rule but reverse tt aod usert instead that tb< tine ilrlo oboe ~=~ed to • lowly status of hate a nd ign0111i0y durinB

It ~~~ay abo t... · lid othtt . mcotoooed here tblllbe lllVCDtoutl of Jtnllged n~cn• pat m~a~caJ tostrumeats hke tbe So tar credJted to Musltm

IOG&Je IJ all part or !bat prusure pro~.,..oda • h . h

1 U l~'lll~>; IIUTOatc •ta.,. ••a. G'IU a eDDCUm tt,ed 10 lfON 0\-c:r aU a tre-e c(.....,..., )10 t~f1 ••til DOSt.I)Jk l ffi>UGIS of m~OOI , .. ~ ....

a ~·L ne s~tl.l for IDJ:Ia.tt« de: llOir, tu,.., rr= 1>0 \ HI co·m • Sapu·••• · aiiDlfl'"'r .~,., '" ..... .a M1'C At such u iJ • very a.oc.1w t:u. •ourult~t

'~Glatt 1 ....,: II Cl ODd> rtmOIC &Oiiqult) tlat ,. ..

111 r..rc:t"• pmocl. We bur ol 11 onl) ••• ... bet ~ 1111 (•em lhr o:moteot ume&. To •> tba;'

1 tuu,. ., na......, &Q' tpc<isl eocoungemeol ia lb ,1dau •ucb ••

mr:3 ofmc4:ana1 'tasbm courts 11 maliooat 'tD.,uoc,.

Tl>c c ti!C Ill• " I uadotiQD of lndill tmcraeo 1 S.~t~ucd• nm "'" ot )tars pzior to blam. 11 c:laQic:~m Ilia .., Itt cui• oMit 10 Sanskril. The teachiaa lr>dUlon It ~;~~~ a ... ~~~~ I ·-· lu IUD ...... WOV<D oround lord Kru~~ cr Sbh'a ozlh< Tyl"cally ladoaa s<&~oos such ~s tbc sprin 10 •

ttc a:c,_. Alltbl! las aocoantellon wub lsl•m. Yet~~ aw::t MutlUIU praetitt 21111 pursue music tbt) do so ID IPIIc or bca1J !ol..r.an. n.u h lbey ITO all or BllldU descent .,bo 'l<otc -~ ot ~arorucd ro 11m1 \lwllm. Cbau.,nom bl\c ftoat«J bo•- C!)111t lltr bo~J JOmt luoea or a•n11na ll~le or mw· eal ~ 10 Allur Kbusro or Abdur Rabtm Khan Kbana.

•

•

Myth About the Mogul Garden Art

\loaul Gard<11S Jpphed 10 lh< rorden or O<lbt's Tb< '"':' Bbavan Is a rni~aolll<r. We b•ve already obl;<n~

Rosb:P;~dineval monumeo•s in lnd••· be they tombs or rnoatlllt rlier RaJput paloces and temples. As sucb the a•oqu": "ftr•:auern<d prdens around them represent the Rajput rn<tdn .. lt"le .tnd not the Mogul. Histories tell us thai Arabia Jill eo ' II · d d · · d sod wbicb or< now de.erll were ,. . \'tgt latc out irrt· 80

1 d 'Iandt durioa rho curly Christian era when those Lands

:~ still under todoon Kshauiya rule. Soon lhetca!ter bow.-.cr, whca tbe era of ali<n onv~sioas and destrw:tton started tci<ntilic methods of aancullure l nd wate. works fclll.oto nc&· I«L SubJ<Ct to plunder ond durruction and iruccuJity of hfe and limb all eovollnd life and pursuots ground to a hall. People bad to Bee ro rbe forem lor protection. Histones tell us that before tbe Sl#rl of Mu"im invasions or lndi! tbtre US<d 10 be. broad weii·DWDtaincd 400·milc hi&hway, a lmost liD arc:ade with talllbady uu.s plonred oo either side of it, from Labore to Aara T_b• iovadcrs ruthlessly cut down those bugc trees for camp and kttcb<o 6r<J and never cared 10 maintain the great bigbway. As • r<~h l~at areal blgbway wrvives only in name. This is only • typitAionsrancc or how Indian civilization and prosperity JOI wrecked nod ruined durina rho millennium of Muslim rule in ~ndio b<lltlolna with Mohammad Kasim. Indians were driven ;•~ their majettic maniiooJ 10 leek shelter in wild forests and b:tu~.~ououy They wcro ruthlessly ferreted ou1 or oeir

)' • ' e rodents and replil••· h is th.u long period or i 100 us of dntructooa and .

rQiiy rtsponllblc t DOD·producrove hobemalton whicb IS •hJCb rd or rbe present aoaemoc c<:ooomy or India

uses to Ptck up eco . b nomoc ealth despole ~•aorout

I .... ll'tUIAH IHSTOkJCAI,. •• .. .. ~" eii'Oift """""'• 1100 )<111 of bl«doo, miscbier ••d Qplo;

111 oi.U ....,.,... Qnnot be made 8ood "'"~ a row Fi••·Y:": ...... Aomot a«aunts tell us lhalth<r< Ul<>d to be lusb i>rd

4 pr01JICTOUS. otdlards in Siud. Afgb.:oistao, Persia •e~ ~ortltla be(t'te tbole reaion• were reduced to arid wasres :)' «aturlea or Muslim turbulence. Those lands boa Sled of Verdant 6elds and buulo(ulgardens In lhe pre. Muslim <ra wben lodlnn J..ohatrlyll nJied in I hOle tcSJOnl OS hu been <Xplaincd t i,._ "bt'.ft- en thh bbok.

hl\uioa! att undtruke.o to ravase and not to pJaor a:ardeal Sapoleoa md Hitltr "bo tnvaded. Rut~G. did ~or. lay •a; prd«LJ tbr:rc. Willaaybody plao ao IDVISIOO of Bnta10 jou

10 tuilm oo•adct laid prdens golorc In lndoa IS n dcspicablt, motlmed hlamfc fal.,hood perpetuattd by gullible Brilisb tocl><olan-

Prrbapsla lbe 1970's Sennlor Moynihan was American ambusa~or in N•w Deihl. HI• wife <>nee drove 10 Dbolpur 1uoc1<d by •• crtrwbllt 6tf holder of I hal naJivo state, Sine< lll\&dtt Blbu r•'-rt 10 aome aordeo around Dbolpur as "My prcl<n'· Mn. Moyn•ban "'ho was perhaps browsioa throu1b ltbvr'a Mcmo<Ta (IJ pan of btr tlfOrl IO know IOtntlhina of lodoa'o !IJttOf)) lit: previous nl&bl, faocotd I hal the &arden thai siJc ,.., trampjatabout, thrtc milts from Dholpur city, was the -planted b~ B>hu• She aledully •nnounced that at a plta· aaat dhcov<rv. Equally lsoorant newamnq fluhed 1be 0ewr. lloth of tbem weoelgnoranl or lhe r ••• I hal when B•bJH referred toll u "my 11rden" wbac he meaoc wu the &arden cdstioa in tllo l<rtllot) cortvJ<d by hom, u Napoleon would refer to ••*- -...n b)' bom durona hot MOJCow cam~aiea or at Hiller ""'""'niar ~tahnarad would reftr IO &ardeot lberc as ..........

....,., JDaDOtru mcnttoo emplo)'tog labour ro miJOfiiD

.. '"'*"' ta htci>pw S.kn ole. Tba1 ooly meant tidyioa up

.,-~ ... doD;..

14S UL OAJ..DI!.rl A,R.T

..,urrtt< "00

,. (1Sl6-IS30 AD). '"'" ,. Jodi• ooiY (or rout Yt:~1 wars aptnst toca_l

81'"" Jo•...S •• be had to wage. coos! lanoloa aod plaotiDJ lavader I' ne'lcr thllllr. o P

·-•1 •• b be co• u - M•~ r tul<l1• . 0 is I typiC&! tOSI&DU 0 ••"'"''· niban'f b•••Y ~onul.o~·""biSiory from a lbitd-pcn o.o

W"' M•:.,. dtbbliDII In 1t~:~ boslory with wrona co.o~lu· bOif wcst~r h••• s•ddletl n p<>IOI of voew )iODS.

•

''> thiral Golden Periods Under Alien Rule

Our b11tottel nostalsrc3lll describe sorno period~, such ,1 iloc n:iJII c! ShabJ&han, during the II~ year !" etch or allen mil: litf1n•••J 11nb Mobammad Kastm, os golden aae\' "Jbh u I""'' pr:<VCI$100 or lrutb. A period duronll whreb sona <A lllt so~,...,. murdtn:d, musacred and ruthlessly perucuted, 111ar propr:() cooDaterl \\Jtbout rime or reason. jUSiree was rdcptcd ta w •iums 11f n:hgaous fanaucs, revolts. fanuott o.1 ..:fatt u:e mdrmiC, uo "ub no JUSU6cauon br rerard· c.ll:miAI a =null! sood penod. How can an era ro wbteh .tJ lbr ut~es of I couatry, ~bo form n \ '3$1 majorrt)' of th klrJaa a~ of 111 ai&Ca mooarc:b, att regarded 31 second d.w at zcts ud CCliJtm~ed to a tbrrd rote existence throuab .....,llll!cn~~<e, b< rcaarded even :u a tolernblc age ? The wlrolltpcnod ~~ 1100 )un man br regarded u a harrowrn1 ... A nfwl LO ltcOSnrl< th11 truth amounts to equaung cruel ...., Wlllll:lod aa.1 coll&htened natrve rulers, persccuuon ""b ....._, IIW-.:res •lib 611al proteotton, famine wllh obun· ...... '"'"n' 'lritb rrcbu, xan:lcy with prospeuty, rape ond .... .W. 'I>ODoar aod ardet, c:oofiscauons with srcurrty of :..:.::•:. 1114 ••llliolll f&Dallclsm with fre<dom of wonhrp. .. Ia -:..":,1111. lhcntorc, aot only be aurtably amended ....._ ~ '"' •ta <oodratoos will have to be tborou· - •

21 .. '-IJ ltttncd.

{' Correct Appraisal . 'pies tor a J{c) PrulCI . Mediaeval Hist or y

of (ndtan bould coovioc:e tb~ reader tbt

tsc:us~roo bcretofore ~ are ieces of flaucry aod no o·;:d••···' \luslim cb;::;c~~st b:cu efulh sorted for coo• ''~us tustorlc.al records. no enormous amount of fnl>ebood. s< 111,., eviden« from

5, H M Elliot W11J of tbc same

~rmP" ,, h'storran '' . . t.. tb 7nattb< grc~t ' r bls very succinct remnr In e

lnioo m•Y be ,.,uged rom . l atudy or metliaeV"Jl Muslim ·~ I t•hl·Volume cuuc.o . ' . rttf.t« 10 h •• p • f tb~ Muslim c r3 10 India, IS 1)1)

~Ides, tbat ab• bastory o " ebrD nd lorerested fraud. 11!1Pudeot • b qucot students and ~bolars of bi~tory

Uofortunat ly IU ~ atteDIIOD 10 lhe import or Si r H.\1. have oot pltd eoou& . !!Uot's profound observataoo

It . irooic•l that Srr H M Elliot bimse~r perbap. \\U unf tbc far·rcachio& rmr • o( brs 6od1og He and others

:,;:~,~ who •ere coovin r the fraud" ~tall dtd not t-.11) fathom its deptb ' Colly they were u kcn n by

:cl•lm.s or slippery asseruons tbal mtdiae•·al monum ott ~·etc built by .then Mushm rulen, taints, nobleO'IeD ann the like. Sir AM Elliot him~>elr was unwittingly cheated tnto bcllevlna lh•t tbc Innumerable mcdraeval tombs and mosque~ ' ' !< &eoulne original conmuctroos while they are in ro~ct urlicr Rajput palaces, mansions nnd :emples wbicb 11 crc •ppropriated for own use by conquering Muslims.

This OCCtnitates tbe formulation Of principles for 1 C

a~~tet larcrpretatroo of mcdtaeval writings. Tbcse key prio~r· p..,ue &auoJer ·

I. ClatQU in Died 1 M llltaa raeva uahm chronicles tbat a ccna

1n ...,_ ;~ab or for that matter any ooblem.an or C:Om·

tOyed temple> and buth mosquea·• only mean tbac

~-·- ,,.ooos """"" .......... bd Ob•"' tomb oar Gwaloor were oot built after

ood Ill< ~10 H'.110

,;1 os maY elooc:ly uamioe thuc buoldlop. cbclr dc•'-~d fl~d lbiC 11\ the ftk< or Mualim cooqueSIJ lbcar '111'>' ~oud In bauorod ruin> •• fakirs alwayo do. Wben tbcy ,.ioul,,. wo burled In their "Iivia& quarters." That Is wby all 4"d •~•bY,' mentioned above all look like ornate 10m pies aod ~~~<••"' h • r . . I • b • ~0 In ru.lnJ even 11 t e tame o ora&IRI occ:upalto.n y htVIDJ """"-be Musllm aaiou. p1ueot oo c:obcteat p1u. 1

4_ Tbat bue;.t \U 10 1n01bcr key principle for I be eorrcc:c

..,denUod•oa or modlttYal Muslim cbrooiclet, namely tbat tbe tocnb< ol rulen W<e Humayuo, Altbtr, Sber Sbab (&I Sataru~~

10 JIJ"Ur), tbe Lodo Tombs (on D<lbi), tombs of prin«s like

K~u<ru (ot Allahabad, Kbwru Daab). aod tombo of noblmeo likc-S.1(dar)aoa and Abdurrahim Kb•o K.baoao in Delht were tbc p.>ll.., and maooiooo in which they loved while alive. lotO<C "'""tcly we moy oay thll tbosc ondivfdualo died In the very bulldiol' in wbi<b they lie buried or arc auppoted to have been bumd. Tbose palaces and mansloot were captured from tllrlicr ltaJPil1 rvlcra .. Th1l Ia wby 1be.y arc :so spacious, mas.s1ve. and orutc In the Hindu Jtyle. It is historically and ocademiCIIIy obsord to .. , .. d thoto buildiop as prodocu or lndo-Sar-nic ln:bittC"ture. h must be realized tbat I hey •·ere capturtd ud «a~pitd R•Jput paiJo~. maosioo> and temples. Tbul So hod no •..u a a.plurecl R•Jput palate io which Akbar d•td and nt buried. The oame bold• sood of what~< tno,.. ao Homayull'l ToODb aod or tbe other mtdiaenl tombs lhtOUJhout JodJa ood lb<Oid, broadly speakln&o

$. Claim in Mediat.v41 cb.rooictcs about tovadlna allfttl Mu.s}lm rulers havina rounded ch1c4 arc tiiiWtlrt.lnltd Jn medtacwl Muslim parlance .. rounditJI1

' cillu meant o•crtly rtehdstc.oloa catller ciltH. Tbis .should be- clearly uodmtood. Tbuo Abme~abad wu oot founded by "hmad•bah but just cooqucrecl by b1m aod cbrlttcn~ lo h:h on ftlrt'l« a:upp1ao1ioJ tbee&rller .,.,. ~• Ril)oapr olial Karnavali Tooikb·I·FUOl· ab.abJ naively &tala tba.t wbilc.- FCfOI.Sh.ill wat poated to acnb *' Oetb.i 10 the con1u1 (Of tbe thrvoe aflct lbc CJUiiU ndct bad diCfl, • 100 wJl bot a 10 bim. a6Cl iD oommciiDOnhoe bt (oucJ. td • lown.sblp Ju•t wbcrc be .,... C'a.mpana.. Slacc 1M _.., n•me we.s falth Moh,.mmad tbc towaslllp •u oa.e«d r:-.ltba·

ISO • II<OIAII BlSTOalCAL ilUU.IIat

bad. S~¢b pucnle damiJ bave mlaled hillorlons. Whnt ..,., 1 . I • G foci done was thftt an ex•ll ntt anc1cnc township wna n•m•d .nu tbc o••··born. If thiJ I~ not clearly uoduatood and ralle

cl.ttna made b~ cbroniclcn are co be acccpctd AI liccnUy lfllt tbco Allahabad .. o~ld bavc to ~>• rcganled u h•vlnc bc<u f<'U11dcd b) Allah Himsdf(or rather Hcnclf b«ouse "Allah" ~~a S;o.utktll ltrm for a Goddess)

6. Whal we bavc said above should help us to formulate ADt'lhcr ~ey rriociplc io understanding mtdiOtval Muslim chrooidu. Tbc pflnciplc 1S lhoc not a sinnlc <Alent mtdiaeval t-ridt•· canal, tomb. p31ate, fort, mosque. manoion or townsbip co •b'cb the tourist goes oul of historical turlooity It buolt by ahrn Muslim Invaders. All m<dlftt\11 monurrcnts utnnt in JocUa art only on •nfioitcsirool part of . Its enormous arobitt<• tural " 'ttllh wbicb got destroyed in a millennium of icoooclutio and all-destructive tovasloo• and vandalism. Tbe e~tant moou· m<11u a.od canals cta1med to ba•c been buill by allen rulers or oobilit)' arc urher lndtao creations.

A very gnpbic illusuation or the ratsn~· of ~uob elaims I• found ID cbronicleo rclatiog to Sbcr . Sba~ s .r••a•· He was a mere landlord who led .a •·ery brclle l,•f• rctgnma as •. mona~eh forleos than balf a dCIUil yura. Wtld c:laillll ~f bu bavlO& buUt mao} for1mse5 and numerous l~ogtby h•abW~~~~ .'::;. been duboncstly made by sycophant wncero. They ba hllcl)' DO CTIID Of ltlllh. Alltbe fgrl$,.and bi&bw&yl OltDIIODcd

ex,.ted ror e<oturles before Sher Shali h nrom our I a011 1 s on wbicb we rue

7. Ao IDOidcnta • u I • o r an alien MualliD lovestigatloos Ia that wherever Lh:.~~~oc be must be decmed ruler or oobleroao attaches to a ~ bat earlier Ra)put moou• to be tbe datroyer a'ld captor o t Tbus wben a r-•• i!ll<ril'" ment than Ill ori&i.nator ~r bullderi auttlt tbot 1\kbar bum I uoo at a de•alllted llt< m Kaahm r. J bel um at Verin•J II ~~~:oro uouod tbo aourec of th~ :•;:: from bultdlns It, Akb.l• tbOilld be undontood to one.an t a H' odu temple of Vounoa II

cleiliO)Cd !be LOCtCnt maamflccnt \,why we t<< onlY t~~IOJ tbc .....,.,J wurcc of tb.e rov<r. Tbll • and Hood u oroaJCI II the sue. "aofdCO

I refet to some 8. McJIICVII wo111clet luJII y

>IYfli!C<'~ OOIJ>Eif I'UIOD' Ul "

mediaeval history. These claims ore potently f1bc. l'<"ods "! enods could there be when 99 per cent of lndllnl Wbat sol

100

:.ted by tho ruling o.lien JUnto 1 Taking a concrete were ~e~; .,.y point out tbat Sbabjabnn'a reogn is claimed to 10111~. olden period" or (!!dian history but I bave sbowo 10 be~~ TAl MAHAL WAS A RAJP UT PALACE tbat Sbab· mby ' ,.,80 was full of !be most bornd c:ruellles for ll vue Ja•n• · I b ·orily of his subjects. Whea such ton ate crue ty was etog m~pcuatcd 1 galnsl most of tbe population could it be called a :;ldon period ? The entire 3.lieo rule in Ind ia for over a mille· ooium until the British tool< over was a harrowing oigbtmarisb per1od io which rap<. rapine, levy of cruel and despotic cues. mtoslauahter and rouocUo& up of Indians to be sold as slaves abroad were '<~ery common occurrences.

9. Many current concepts of mediaeval hostory need to be completely rev!;r5Cd. For Instance, it bas been. repeatedly elaomed !bat c~tant Indian mediaeval monuments were built at tbo orders of alien rulers by alien arcbtteets and craftsmen. Hero h must be remembered tbot the existence of thousands of psluoal mansfoos was itself one of the strongest pulls wbich allrt<l<d the predatory pnentloos of alien Muslim invaders. Secondly, just as the Western style- of architecture is currently In vogue all over tho wc;rld similarly during mediaeval times h wl.lthc Indian style of architecture wboch was followed tbrou· &bout the world. Tbis explains lbe simtlarny of Msc AJiao IOd lndoan mediaeval • monuments. Hence tbe cootmry principle ~• arrive II is that lnst<ad of alien Muslim design era and arci. liDS boviog built med 'n II d ' archli~IJ d I eva o tao mooum<nts, It was Indian mooum an workmen Who fashioned mediaeval W<al Asiao

cots. Mohammad Ob-. • d actually eon~< d znt ao Taimurlaog have lf&odeur tod"i;" co Ibis. Tbey have aaid that stunoed by tbe IO'Ocrt l ad river e~ut)\ of ID<han tcmplet, P-'accs, IDIOIIODI leads, they •••d ~ at4 wblcb had no parallds io their bome: Potratlha 111Us c>-aearcaate skilled Indian worlcera boro,.., ""t POl massacres nod d • h ,.... • b., DIJ lotOIS lb< Jodi • fiVC I Ole GrtUIS II ... 'Ord·

tid IOII!bs IIDd nn border to West Allan couotrlu lo ::::U Tbit prove~~~ b~l~ ~and Wu lod;.n tcmplao aod oq lie limtlar to lnd'a at " 1 Atl4cl tombs aod

' • o palaces and temples c:on.-qcod

1~2

10 Mu•hm .... rrr.:tul• beCIUJC !bat \loU lbe very baste I tion Tbcrr(OTc the pnnetplc wo utablisb here i1 that for ~'tn· alo<o Mu1h111 arcb•ttcll and "'orkmm bnioa buill medaa'""' lodaallm<'OIIIIIrnr•, 11 •as lodiaJa who desianed. faahloacd: bllalt Well Aoaao mtdtacval monumco.._

10 Mott of the ley princtpl<J formulat<d in this cbaptu would bt found rel.-·anttn I prop<r understandiaa o f M ullun h"'"'> cvtn lo other couotrics For iastanct, the principle tbat maui;'< at~cl vaod tombs wore I be pala~...s of the vcry P<rsoos -.bo II< buriod in thcna, may well apply to Tnmcrtain's tomb In Samarllond '" tbc Sovi<l Union. 1>. drawing ot the rhina 1un and a rampant tiger decorotiog its walls reanforcts our finding•. What Ia more, tb< drawtng il known by its Sanskrit nome ··soor·Sadul' (Sooryo·Sbardul) meaning the "suo ond lbc llll<r' Th< cxbteoeo of ao "to6del" drawios and its Sansorit oam< prove that Tamerlatn was buned in ao earlier captured Htndu palace in wbtch he used to l ive.

II. Faile claim• tn r.>rdiaeval M uslim chronici<J somehm .. alford us a Jlimpsc of earllu Rajput rulers' archi,•u wbtch wcr< c:aptur<d tnd burot ~" lbe cooqu<riog alaeos. Tbus for 11111111« Su H..M Elltot )\as poanted out in biS crittC31 study of the Jahallauuma tbll JahaogiY'• fats< claim to bav< anstallcd a~:old chain of JUillce to b" palace at Agra was plo8larlt.Cd from aocounts or Anaogpal's r<Jgo. Such oo•talslc c\aams, rb<tcforo. far from applyine to India's •lien rulers, afford u• a &hrnpsc of account> or earlier Raj~ut rulers' r<tgot, destroyed by tbetr alleo succeasors.

I! C'lalml In m<dlacval Mw lim obrooicles sometimes lend tbtm~elvet to adverte lnrcrencea. A broad, sh•dcd blahway OOlliiOCttd Labore aod Agra, u d pcrb•, ; cxtcodecl rlaht upto Altocl< oo I be Indus lbt abadod trunk road cxlt ted from Ul!lt\ &aux .. moroal But duran& suce<Uive Mllloow ;~v~•lons the hlab· ony • &A almull cl .. lro)ed from lack or maintenance aod co::· tut buY) maraudloa ttaJI!c. Huac ttces lbat lined th< hiabway ........ aid< I"' bac' cd by the lnvadcu for cooluaa rood a lid .,..,..,, • otcr • boo tbc)o camped by t.bc roadside. lo aplte of • uch a cleot<ut CIDDd- oo lobe cla ima have b«o amplutcd iO

r

•

,.,,-nucAt. oOLD8~ •aa.•oos 1 Sl

mediaeval tbroniclcs or lovadina I lien rulers bavro, filii bu.tlt ahat and orhu arand 11unk roads

JJ. The claim• m1dc on bcholf of ruler after Muthl1l ruler bcllldona tct~••· mall P<»ll and oth<r amonallesat sborr mt<nat. alooa roadJtd<t are unfounded. They \Oerc Jifled from a 1.

r o.• ~- · d e r oa ooCO~?" 0 rcoJPUI Cwo.rrty an deftly implanted io MuJhll) chrontclca.

14. Scrawhna huge buildina fronts wlth Koranic l«tt b predominantly tlliterare realmes lithe ll!ediaoval alien rill ~ rrgim .. ao ract wcre ...... s ha<lf suspicious. II is a common ;:;. chological A•iom that only literate regimes would care 10 k m"'ribcd records. When highly Illiterate regimes scrawl M•;;. mo~sly acrobss huso w}:lal~. s

1urr:ccs It is a case of " tbe lady pr,_

telltng muo roo muc . n oact tho; < who stake false claims are over uo.lout to prove ownorsblp or oritio of the bu ld b I

. b • , • • I 10@ y ..:raw tn~ t ~~~ own antcrrptooos on captured butldlogo.

Even otherwue pJcntckert acrawl their names on the 1 b . Tb' Paces

t ey vosat. tS " a common human faalioa

Renee ~uslim antcrrplions on medtaevaJ Indian bu11dlnp "'ll lpP<anna to be tombs and mosque•, 111ust never he m1 ..

raken ro ol&oify lb< orlaioal builder bur only a captor. occupirr &Dd u~urper.

I' Vincent Smith has tutir.ed tbat Akbar, and conS<queDtly all 11

"" Mu•Um monarchs used to have an army of sculptora and IOS<Jibcrl IU their CO d mman to acrawl the aoscrlpttoos they waoted on captured buildings

mod/' Another Princtplc tp remember In JluJ~ln& Indian wort:;•~ history is that Muslim ch roniclu arc mo.st UoltUII• rcec d h c:..use tbcy were wrillco oot wltb the lntcrlliOD ro .... ,; • ronology or events b ut Just te> ftaller ro}al or other COn•· PAtrons. lienee lo lbctr op<rar!Ye portions the chronidn

~'• almott unad 1 <•ltd h u l<rot<d fa!J<bood• A few quoretfoas creuode, tb3o~ld Ill <IJ!m1 about M . IU Ce 10 CODVtnCO the rtld<r bow flit<'

O>cat> 10 1 d uthm r.ulcrs or noblemen havana buill moau•

D ll fla•e mttled &enct&hOOJ Of bittoriaru..

by ~:.::~;.!:~ vf AKBAR THE GRI!AT MOGUL wntt• 1 be ob•e,..... " Tho •a-coiled Jaltaopi MaiMI

1!4 C<DI<)I IDnOIUCIL 11ar,~1 111 e.. "'" Fen. • ..a Fur-= ,ally obotna, •Oillcl blt4l, t.. - o! P'-a at Cllimr or o...-... •

s.i4 dlee .... CID 1.0 po&DI Olll tlw IlK 10oCaJ1,U J~ S.i"o MaMI "' F&~Upw Sil:n ban a ~tra.l rt~cmbi•OGt

10 tile J.-,..,. .. U&l.

<:J:to f""Jia D)'l ~:-;., iDfompriQo • II my dupo&af CO. .,.,. r •lie ~Ued.soaoe IDIIIqllC encted by Akllat (1) u \llnl!A (Men&) (D RIJPGt.DI. &l)d II moy DOl be purdy \{aiJUD ID c.:p • Had Sill< Ill oaly beea <areful :0 take cote o( tl;e COCSIDOC mcd•artal Mcahm pr2~ or OUnJ COilqutred ltlllpla • aoooqaa be would lave arnved at rbc correct COIIChuioo lb&l lbt 10<1lled ·banda<>me m<>iqCJ: ,...., D<'cr built by Akhor blot 10 faa 11 il to emwllllc umplc wbicb came to be wed u a -.r .a ...,.,. Akbar .• 11m<.

Apia S-.1> u )r ''Tba JiW2D or ocnic:c portio11 or tho lla.& ~DC~~q;.c r> u Fattbpar Sitri, >Jth<m'Jb 11 profeuq to be copkd troD a model or J.ltcco. )e\ nb:ihits Hmdo construc:hoa tO tho pna.., &lid roo!J>J.

•At 1na ,w.c:.r m.._,, •• tm!lb) suCIS r.o t1e purdy r~ 'P &r.d CD>I:.d•n , DCftJ'Ihd:ss, !be IJVI'l"!plall baed OG tl:e pUCijlilli o( (cr;u chambm n>:::llod OIIC lfCU caoual r-. io pwdybdl&ll

--n.e tomb of Mobd. GJ;.aos 1.1 Gaalior ••• nobody ClDVId ...Wah U for AOftbUIJ but AD Iodil!l tDODUmtDL The bol= Is a "!"*"' meuutlD& 100 fL QD cub side, ••tb • bt:u b tower attac'bed b) u aa&lc to eadl corocr. The IID&lc tom dlu:btr, 43 f'- oqo.arc " mrrOUDded by a deep oc11odab ::: \:Cled b) cJLtraordtlllnly large ea..-a some of lbe "! ~ ~mDI &lid bucket cap1rals miJiu be loa& to a Boodu ttellf.;. (!'qt 316 ofSailib't boo .. ) Wlat Smith ud otbm m•::.,.bol' -=a a a.1e b - rnlai,.& tile face tb&J 1M -ued

011 woW. c:;u,.. _ 601 ., :aJtl.JJ1I .. n., his death bolr wu -llcr U.p.r< le luLl.

AbcM::t !!<: ~ SL ., Clulli aomb at Fa!cbp<lf s.: s,.;,t. kwm .a 111a bnAit or IlK ltl%tlt bur r .. ls to ar-: . G>OCt••W.. ~ ec oo-ca.tltd """" :a a lciDpie bcnlt bJ : .::. MaiL~ ~ .,....,. o( fudtpar s,Ut. Oo pap 32

•

·-•L -.oDI PWODS ISS .,.,"_ k s ... lh s&) l UJt II ourpriUJI& to tmd lllllDiJtakal>k H.

bOO 10 11u arc:llircttrm of IlK r.omb ol a - .,.....,.. (u~'.:.a sail> I. boll tbc wbok 11t1><to.1:c rn~eaa s.da ~ ld od 1101>ody cao muW:e IlK Hindo onp or lllc eol-illJ. b b .• ..,J """'or t • pore •

Tile r.a ... that !be boi< comt}atd at Farcbpcr S"okn tmd wou&b the Bulalld Darnza on OliC side aDd th< ro,aJ

:.. ao the orbcr wu 111< royal RaJJIUI ldtchen-GillZH!uuac baiL Tbe -'Jed Cl11st1 lOmb .,., lbc temple Of the falllily dal) 10

•bom lht Ro!put& taid G11cc before be&ianiag the COIDmUIUiy .,,~,, Jo loos ro•s and rbe ••raodab whieb sW><b coo•UWS ioto • mo~que •as the royal klrcbco.

' Abo•• IIC. r ... Prillcipln CD!Ied to help a COrrect ooder· s&al)dio& or lnd•lll mediaeval hisrory.

A dcme fOJ Of 111&0}' &.DOtrta)ics aod tbmrdiiJCS hu 1>ca. <llftlopll>& lodi.ao mcdi&.C'<al bmory. For i.Dstaacc fimly a COI:Id oor be apla.ined wby ahea )lfusliJn iDvadcrs tblll>Cierlac aalh=a a pian the HlOdos. on•nrmously feU for !be Hltld~ ~. to barld tbeu fllleied tom!M ud IDOSQ•t'l : aod """""''Y •b) tbcy b&•c lctl w obsoluttly oo record or IKuld••& Ill) IDOII!lmcou..

Tbc beaornu or tbe lbove prtACipks lhoald belp the ,...,,. dcml nudcut or lad~&~~ btsr.ory Ibid • ,..,. out or the ros o: eaoy

00011lllltt aad a.baurdiucs by makiog i1 dar to hJID or

1>cr ~ the bulldlo&J look Rtodu btc:awc they uc 10 C..ct PtoMIUitm H•lldu CODitrucuoru, and Meslim uchi'.et <OIItllu) oo 1ecord o( I heir COOJ !tll<tiOO becasue tboK SO<'aUed IOtllbJ aod roosq~ .,.,. D<>cr buill by lbecn but were Ot!ly adopted (or ~a Ilk.

>tAU.~·---------------

.61,.., No. 9

Alexander's Defeat Claimed to be Great Victory Over Porus

Unll~e the easy forays tbat lndla't inimical neighbou11 mab "'ith imp111111y in mocleto times ancient Ind ia's def<DC<S bciDa much 11rooaer, aureuors were 1<nt back staagering and reelloa.

Ooe sucb adventurer wbo aot the shock or his life aod died 1001> tbercaflcr on unkeriaa with India's borders .... Alcaaoder, the Great.

But to spite of Alexaod<r't discomfiture our bistorlcrStill detcri~ b11 mlsadvcntu:rc as a peat victory over lnd1a's iovJJ>o ciblc scioo, Porus. Tltis great tra•csty of the truth bas lll'lbcdclcd ltKlf 10 Indian hbtory bccau~e all tbc accounts that have CClme do10'o to ut of tbaL great encounter arc all the parliun GrrU: Aod it is •ell known that aurcuors sulferiag huml· JlatJoa dcfcalS shroud their revcnel ia the phraseology or ~tory. Tltis il what bu bappcood Ia tbe cue of Alcaaodet't lodla.o advcaLUrc.

Ala:aDckr the Grcat-u be is known-was born in 356 B.C. He wu the son of Pbihp n. Kin& of Macedonia, an~ Oly~~~p~a, tbe PriC~CCSs of Epirus. Philip was known for bu utcsmanthip lllld wisdom but Alexander's mother is •aid to haw boca ua.culwrod, Ullcdueated, uncouth, a torccre.u and • c~reomn.

AlllbllJOUI pl&o• for Wlllll& aggreulve wars and cxpandina thc borclcn- of tbo kingdom ftlled tho court atmosphere ID Mwwloll11 dunoa Aleuncler'a childhood. Macedonia look<fl fwWUII 1o be thc lcada or the Greek 11atu and win reno"n ID ... II,. .....

•

IS7 tJVC'"or:tt's oi1'!A T

' ramo us Greek philoJopher Wll appointed tutor Mlstotlc tbowben tbo tatter attained the ase of 14 But

to Alexander for wild adveolur" r.roued to bo tamed by Ale,_ndeb :~~~tlon 01 pbitosopbical advice. Rather 1ba.n tit ..,ademlc 10~0 aide of his tulnr, Ale.Jander preferred . to bear meekly by 1 from tuvellers, adventurcrt, sold1ers and lir$1 band aeeo~n :' ked to ta.tle life 10 tbe raw. Once during his an>t>s';"dors.

0rr~m the capilal, Alexander bad led the realm's f tber s ab><not h 'll ' b • ell a rebellion by the 1 Ill es. troops tO qu '

this time domestic trouble between Aleundcr t At obOut omios to a bead. Tbey decided to ~eparatc. Pbihp

porents wabs c ''c named Cleopatra. Olympia, the queen, lert took aoot er WI I' . k"

1 Alexander whose turbulent nature wu more a m lbc pa acet.•·r·s· left w'ith her 100. Cleopatra bore a son to 10 h1S n10 u... ' s · Ptlillp creatina a rival clAimant to the throne. omebmc later Philip was murdered and history bas suspected Alcaander of

potrlcidc. Alcundct's complicity in his father's murder docs not seem

improbable 1n view of his makina common cause W1tb b1s

molber. Havioa been koown to fbe troops aa the royal prince •nd

bcir apparent for a number of years, Alexander was bclpcd by t.bcm 10 arab the throne after his father 's dcatb. On comins to throne, Alexander bad bif cousin :md step bro ther murdered so lbot be may have no rival to throne.

Aleunder now laucbed on a carrier consolidation and Cl·

p&psion. Re first subdued the rebellioUJ hill tribes. He then 1&\led OUI tO the WCSI ltnd a nnexed tho tc8(0U IIOng the Danubo river. Ia tho meantime I he people of Thebes rose 1n revolt Alexander struck a t them with great agility and rued tbclr copitalto tbe around. This cstablisb<d hla n:putation as • warrior of promise. Tbe Alheniana and all other Greek com· muollles now m'de submbsion 10 Alc<ander a ad agreed to help h1m <onqucr lra o aod otber countries.

Tbut ... Utcd or lupporl Alexander ICl aboUIIn )34 B.C to :o~~or tbe world. With ftU ormy of 40,000 MacedonliLD•,

1 Yr ans, Tbraclaos and otber Greek commuOitl<> Ateuod•r "'1114 lo the call,

INDIAN IIUTOIUCAL 'bl"'ctt

Alcuoder first vistled Troy and worshipped h buoo l1f tho Trojan war, as an act o! faith and' d:v10~1t or tht tn& d1Y1nc bfn .. nss (or hll tnlcnded .,.,..,cr of- nhoo ... ~.

wnquut. HtA"DI of Aluander'a advent tho king of fran

for"" uld to be numerically superior, to nip Al••lll~e~~.· 1"&< IJnna In the bud, ••,en before be su~ed 10 ovcrru . •mbJ.

Tb Dnloa Alll llilnor e two arm1u met on lbe banks of Crao1cus • , ' •• B h . " " " .. eoa'J<meot wu .ou..,t. y sunset t c lran.ao army's t<sl,.

lance brok< and it ft<d.

AlcJ:aodcr was now m full oontrol of an routes lcadlae of Asia Minor. Ho declared the local Greek sottlemcDts 10°~ indcpcndtnl, appo.inted ~o\ICrnors over the other cooquerod resloos and proc:latmed b1msctr emperor. The newly anncatd reaion loll euily to Alexnnder because Its large Greet populo· lion and soldiery proved helpful.

A yur l>ter Aluonder annexed I be ltinJdom of Gord1um 1D Nonh PbryaJa. l.c&•od ba5 it that there he cut whb b11 IWOid the famod Gordian Knot tied on the chariot of Gordlus. the aneicnt Pbry,W, Kio&.

Simultaneously with his land expeditions Aleaander'a oayy bad moved Into the H ellespont, That armada bad helped him keep lD toucb •itb bll native country. But now aloee be Intend· ed to pro;>eed 10 dln5nl lands Aleunder ordered his oavy tn retum to ttl bue,

Soon aner Alexander. navy witbdrew from lbc Heii<JJ)<'DI tho ltaolan UV1 r<cclved ordcra (rom their king to prepare for an attack on Greoc:e. To call orr the thrcal to bit boroolaod Ale&aodor tbouabt or overrunning l.be Syrian COati. ·ro provide • laod oovcr 10 hla navy Kina Darius or lrao personally ieadloa 1 lara• ro,.., entered Syria. The 1wo armies met at lsul 10 3)3 B.C Greek hmonan• record that the franian army fted In dll&ffay leaYIDI tbe1r women·folk behind but Aluaoder sbow· e4 .,. .. , duvalry and rostra1nr. Dariua oll'ered 10 ~rt with half bit rul01 but OOihtDI shore of the whole would Slli>fY Al<undor.

He now bcs.qed Tyro. Tbe liete 1M •bole 0( Pboe!llcia wu uoaed. •

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159 ... , nnF•AT

•Lil'•,.o 0

Aleunder entered E&YP'· Tbe l!ayp-t.ater capuulaa •-:· their dehverc:r from rraatao rule

• ant ..,tlcoiDed him b Winter of )32·331 B.C In EiYPI II 1 bo spell! ' 0

• · B

"

tcaaader w dod Aluandria at thia 11010. ut aa lib havln& foun • . d b ' crcd1ted w • h n ory be moy bne totsle 11 name oo

oil•• happened 10 1 6JJ b J a.n earlier towns IP·

1 ... eutoro CO&SI or the Meduerranean ·as tM en I b 20

MO<ll h ' 1•1ahlf 0 0 Iran Itself. On Soptem er , der now act JJ ~~~·· d the tiarls river. As he traversed Mesopo-8 C 331 be crol&e 0 • · · . d ai1ead rho Iranian army led by anus eon· mis and IDOVe d Th 11 h ar Oosmil . A sharp eagagemeot followe • e

!looted lm ne . d I jy o•aio surrered dereat and Oanus escape 10

Iran •• otn • • b r Media. The bailie of Ooamil is aileroauvely known as t at o Erbll from~ town of tbal name 60 mlles away.

Alexander annexed tbc Babylonian region of tb: Persian empire and catering Persipolis, the capital of lran, ransaeke;:l tbat wealthy CIIY and lhe'b burol it down. It is sa1d that IbiS wos in reveoao for the burn1oa down or Oreek temples by an ••rl~r king, Xen<CS.

Dariu• fled to the north. But now a regular bunt ronowed. A kin& wu pursuing a king. Darius was overtaken. He was ucompanied by his cousin Besam and a few noblemen only. It was the summer of 330 B.C. As Alexander's men were about to move forward and a~resl Darius tho Iauer's compao1ons tbemsetv .. put him 10 death and handed over his body . to Aleuoder.

Theroaf1cr overrunning the hilly country on tbe Caspian Sea "?"'. Alexander moved towards Afghanistan. By oow h 't• Yl<lones had so •· b • be a demt G nc 10 ~IS ead. He now considered bimsel to <halteoaod .~ ~est"'viDg of worship aod unquestioned, un · royal costum m~~:r He adopted the rranian regaJta and Mll(edooiao ,;.;., 'r caused &reat re=tmcnt amongst bJS bad beauo In hateP',h· hey suspeetcd that their idohscd hero ·~ til) and was •e11• :-" to 'POrt lht I .. tng esrrmoged ~cause be UDplleit Obtdl<oce •a;lao royal COSiumc 10 court ond delllllnd ~rOUJh lhe raoka, Of ;:vc of iolcosc <liW~tsraotJoo sprc.ad Ollo!.ed lllbeo I he It my •••ndtr'• at my. Serioua diss..nsioos

waseocampe<J at Propthuia 10 Sman.

160 IN014N HtSTo

Tho cavalry eommander Pbtlotus -•c.~ klse..•a. cbaracd " •tb pl~ll•na Aftunde .•nd I OUD>ber or Otb almost decided to CJteatte tbem r • mUrder. Altun:" ""'• He viiuahud tlat su.:h a "OJ> ..;,0~;~ bel!.,- tounsela Pre" loo4 bon, and th<refo~ r<knt~ cad to further di• "'•foes

' "'· ~hafac .. lo the •pttoa of 32S B C A I

nd · • <nnder cr I InDUed I be wbo~ of Baetria. Simme ~- the HiDduku;b came to tho aurfaee. By then AI d rtna dtssen.,ooa •-· tbo ou bl b cxan cr had eha d rlll

' ll 'I auaht) potentate. A number of or nac •oto a arntaned wltb plottins against their fuhrer a my ollieera were

un. . • • nd PUI to death ~ntle 10 tbis region, Roxana tbc d •

ruler Oxtcx, wu taken caprlve ~nd ;uabrcr or rho local Alexander. ma • 10 ploy 'fll (o to

AI bli armios moved forwud towards rh I d P~tllao rrlbei borossed them by constant . ~ n us, Indian ·• d , >DJptnJ. Those w w e ourer <•<noes of India tbeo. 11 was 11 rh' 1 ere 1 d tb AI . . " I me, soyu •a•n • at exander tdonttfied sacred Mount Oceaa aod b tnd: of Dionysus oo it. 1

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Alexander waa now PDlSc.d oo the outskirts of the Indian aub-eontlnent beyond the lodus. lleyoocl tbe lddut iosode lodia II rrs nortllero lip lay three kingdoms. Kina Ambho ruled t~e rcai"n around Jbclum river. Talcshasbtl~ (Texola) was bot aopital. Po rut rulod o•er t.be territory bordenng on tbc Cltcnab. 1tbile another kin' rultd tbe Ahbisar rem tory around Kasbmor. Ktoa Ambbl l>cioJ at loggerheads witb Porw saw In AI ... •· dcr't ad•cnt an opportunity to scllle old ocorcs. '!'he Abbinrt • Jected to 111 on the fence by keeplD!!; both Porus ond Alcu nder guttllDI by 4Yowlaa friendship wltb ellhei. Poru1 wu. !~etc•

fore, left alone to race the invader wbo was actively helped by Ambbt

Tradrrlonal accouoll give oo dates. A bridge wa1 tmpro•••· cd o>cr the lodua and Alexander's armies croued over onro lod11 The tnudina force cncampc.d 16 milu ro tbc north or Allock. A lot of iocoolillcnciCJ, aoomalica and lacuooc coo be detected on o .... ~ I OC:OUD\l Iince thl:y lind It bard 10 uplafo away the m""b ..auntcd and idoliud Aluandor's uodoloJ I~ todoL Tbt)', t~ttcfon, prcreod to dcpiellltll Alenndor ou~: mapan•mJTY tbtcw •"'•Y hh """''lldts In lndra and rerum<

0

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.~•o'J OUfi!AT CI.AI)C.eo ,.uatl·" .... 161

••'•• tend. Jo abould not bo forsotten lhat be rcturn<d • boJD M I • • J eb sober mad, bfokco o tpmt. &Ore ) wouaded • a.d ••tb hta =~biY (qrce badly battered.

Ae<OidtoS 10 Plutarch Alcu.adcr't army ooomuaa or ll);OOO roormcn ond I S,OOO horse vastly ou111umbctcd ""' foru rJ>at Po<UI pul In tbe fie!d Ale.uoder was bclpc.d by Ambbr's rorccs mdd PttSIID recruu•.

Pa&e 53 t. Vol. 7 of !be MabaroJhUiyan Onyaokosb (= yc· lopacdia) says rho< Aloundcr's ood Ponu's U mlct met In 10 bead-on clu b on tbe b:>.okl of the Cbcnab. But Curtiu> write) that Alexander w aJ cnenmped on tbe other aide of tho Jbdum, "A division of Alexacdcr's army reached no island 1o the Jbelum. Tb• soldiers or Porus IW<>m lo tbe island. They laid slc&o 10 it and ~uocked rbe Greek advonoc guard. They ko11ed manY Greek soldiers. To escape death many jumped into tbc rh·er but were dro wned."

It is said that Aleu ndcr crossed the r iver Jllelum with bia army oo a dark oi&bl lo boa IS at a sharp bond about lilly mOts above Haraopur. Porua'• advaooc guard was led by bl$ soo. In the boule thll cosued be sot killed. It is uid that II •u • rainy day and Porus'a mt&b<y elepb:lnts aot boued dcwn. But oecounta left by Greek h!Stonaos if properly coosIIUed make it clear that Porus's elephant corps caused havoc tn tbe enemy ranks and roared Alexander'• mighty host.

Arriao records !bat "The lodion prince wounded Alcnoder ••d killed Ills horse Bucepbalu•."

Jus110 Uyl "As the bnllle began, Porus ordered a general auauh. To avood bloodshed Porus (generously) otTered to 6abt the Greek !coder on single combar . Alexander refused (rhe CAIIam off?r). In the engagement that followed, h11 hone, ; ••rally hu, alumped under htm. Thrown down on rhc banle· eld wllh a rbud Alcxonder was In tho dooser of l>cloa t or•

rouadtd by lbe enomy but was wbisked away by hli bod•· &uard."' '

Abotu <be terror rhar Porus't elephanll sprad 1a tbc ar.t :::'.~ Cun,o.s wrncs .. These aotmals •ospircd lfUI terrot Iaiii

~IOOlDI (lrumpcl ltkel ctoe> ftoJbt<ood 001 OlliJ IM

IU INDJAl'f HtnOIICA&. ·~-lA-C\i

Gtetl hm'ln •bo $btcd away but also tbtir ridcn. Tbttca IOdt d~rdu an tbcn ranks tb.a' these \t:lerans of ma lllcd

~~~ •Yo WIO<) ..,.. k>o~td aroun or a plac:e to "hocb they <OUid r<)'l•r fo< •bdlet Ale.un<l<r thereupooeommanded b01 bnpde c1 tilt 1tJiu.IY atmcd Atria.niaos a.od Thracians to 10 1n1o lottoo tl*•lllt Ill· elcpb.lot oorps. lrritated by Ibis""'"" tbe "OUod. od anunah c::barctd u1 rage upon the llttacken who wrrt '" coDACqUtocc uamplcd to death uuder tbe~r teet. Tb.e. most dt~mal of all ll&bt<""' of tbc ~byderms &ripp~ng the Orcek l<lld1etTwlth thdt ltvnks. boistlng Jbcm above theor heads and dclov01iiiJ th010 over Into tho bonds of their riders for bolna bel!r&ded. TluiJ the outcome wu doubtful, the Mac:edonlaOJ t-OtDcttmtJ puuulos and sometimes fteei.na from I be elcphetou. oo tbatthc srroule wu prolonged till lbc day wu far spent."

Dloilorultuti6cs thai "The huge elepb•nts had r..ormous ttrG)Jih &ad proved V<f'l useful. Tbcy stamped under fool m.uay Gre:e\ tOldacrt cruabiog their bones and coati or rnaal. lbfo tltpb.IDt< CIIU&bt I be saldotiS by their trunk< a ad dashed that oplou tbe lfOIIDd ia &rut fury. Tbey also aored tbe 10b11tO to dcatb W'llb their tusks."

AU tbac dctetoptooos sbow Lbat either tbe bailie took place ,. • drt 6tld or thtt noco lr ••• it did aot bog down Poroe's ckpbaot CC'I'O u " alle&ed.

Ia qoi1< of tloac dtocrlptoons or the rmor tbat Porus'o ""'"' &nDy tll"lltlt "'the Ot<ek burls I tis claimed by portlson Otae\ lctoUDtt tbll Porua tia.s 1ilr'Ounded ADd c;apturcd 111d hi• -y bad to\&rdown armt.

1\11 ~~~ " & taoard &nd a motiVatc4J rnytb ft olao borne : .br 1"'-'*<ltaent evco\1. Oreek blstoriana would wbnt u• to

•e:-w. tbat Altuader 'ltbo bad a record or numerous OJ3114•

':':.. m;:t._ ~1'?'>• &ad l>iln~lo, down whole ci1ics wu so ...........__ ... , nllfVU brave aDsWcr •ben aatcn priaooer aboul --. tt...S II. atiO&rcb lb. t a.1 d ' - oo.l• \0 b ' I n exaa <r JraCIOu&Jy IJI<td

# rtlets It termcrry bus add to h •

nxw;.-l!~:n-~ ~- bat 14ncd tbc "ETHIOPIC - nt ""' -.ort U IICICO ( ._ ·• •• ,. .... 0( AM!ts1et. He ot; _ UIU 0 the IIIC luv •1- 1 larpcalOOtiJ or~!~' ·to lbobottle or

·-· .. ....,. .... killed.

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"'LSX.-NDta'J o:UI!AT CLAtNm l6l

t~er ruliz.ed that 1f be were ro coctiauo D&htioa tat " ld be coaoplctdy Jllincd. He, tbercforc, requutcd PoruJ to ..-ou figbrloa. True to lodiao ,,.dillon Porut clid oot killtbe •t~eodered enemy. Arter this both siJOCd a treaty, Alcnodn ~ur I b • . lhCC bdped b1m D IDOCliOJ 01 CT tt-mtOfle;s to hJ.s .. Jcio&dom.

Tbc rea.son aiveo by Mr. Badae for Alena<!ct'o pllgbtlo that his soldiers were ane(-ttricke.n by tbc loss of thoul&ll.Clt or comrades in orms. They 1hrew lhrm weapoos ood UCJed lbeir reader IO ••• for peace. Mr. Badae addo tbac , ... kina lor pe,ee· Alexander said uPoru.s plcaae pardon me. 1 hayo r~llz.. ed your bravery and strengl~. Now 1 C<11111JH bear cbese agonies. Saddened In heart I am plaoomg to pur ao end to my life. [ do oot desire chat my toldle~ sbollld be ruined like mel om tbll culprit who hao thnutltiem la1o tbe jowo or death. Jt docs not bccomo a tina 10 tbrwt bio soldizn into tbejawa of~tb."

to spllc or sueb clear cvidt:occ borne: out by sobstqucat dc .. dOptJ)t:ou. b1Jtonans have been prooe to brand and di.smw the abo•·• p>Uaac u an iatcrpolltioa.. Evco ''""""0& for &rJU· mcJJI'I S8kc that the abo•o P"Uii< could 'be •• inlerpol.&looo • ·c ~ tbe qucslloo 11 to bow Alexa.odcr, "ho bad joiDCd battle wnb cbe avowed iotcnhOo of~ mak1og Porw'a bead roll like tbat af Dariuo, not only •l••rc_d PorU>'s life bu! ilio t<lcucd him from custody. return J hom bJ> '"'"" tiQidom and threw ia some other territory in •ood meMure ioro tbe busaro 11 a IOrt of a reward ? 'Tlll$ 11 as (aotaatJC as PYJD& that • deodly cobra which bad reared It• looud to srriu furiauiiY suddenly changed Into • chorrnln~ prlucoe who ":tithed Ia •miles presided over a prizc·fivlna ceremony.

The very rae I I hat Porul woo rrom A!cuoder some •ddJ. uonal territory instead or to11na hll owa .-bowa abat ~e:uo~r ool ooly sued for puce bul lh.al hi• rout was so comp ele I I be had to ecd' 60mt addiHo.osl lraC'Ia to PorUJ.. E"cn~~lat••n~

hi heJptd Ponra WID some 4Vwll1001 <:iJetl eceountt tbat 1 d~r ~llb bat pride tJo.mbl· ~tniro1y it is quhc clear tbiC A t.l!" ,. col •tr .. u.n<kr Pont. ~ c d I UT'W IJ 8 tUvJC. I u ~" mec..ly •&1« 0 . 10 1nd1.1 •oa so. 1a0t• .o.o~ 11 repJnllon f01 b•• fouuttoa 10

164 INDIAN lllSToaiQA L •uc,,c

1t"11ory for Porv~ II could be thai the <ld' N ~-lA•--' . • 1110 ... 1 I ""....,.w 10 Ambb.l the lmtg of Tuila who w ..

0 •nuory

llD4 the Abb•INin "'ho ba.d mauuaincd dlpiO!Dat P<nly ho.tolt tc ac.u•raht

Aluandn'• ml&ht •:u so col:upletcly ~rokcn y. oohd eranuc •all of anQcnt lndoa's defeoe" tba~l.,nn tbt battle woth Potu), O~k soldiers refused 10 G,bt a aftor lht c:aD well be omaaoned that when Poros alone could "~~oro. h combined m1ah1 of Alexander and Ambb1, 1bc former 0" tbc not lave Hen crossed tbc lndUJ if Ambbl't p>triol could JU~&mcnt b d •ot I be bcllcr of his onimos11y for f>oru:~rn •ad

E.no eflcr dc.:ldlns to return, if is dear thai Atexaodcr no1 allo,.-cd 10 retrace bis Steps lbrough lhe rcgooos he :: already cooqucred &Dd knew well.

The recorded (oct tlu\1 Abbisar «fused lo meet Aleundtr also po1DIJ to Alexander's defeat. Bad Ale>Alldcr aubdunl Poruo 's m1abt, u 11 claimed, Abhisar wl\o hod rc_maintAI atulral, would biYC prtcipllately rushed to Alexander to make peace aa.S re so fr~codsbip.

Alc.uad<r's forces croued tb~ Cb<Mb and tho Ravi whbout llD.Y op~iuoo. u tbc Orcclr: historians would ba e us bchcve Th a only sbow• that .tbole Porus bad barred h1s cmwhlie <D<IIIY AltuGdcr from rct.rtttiog into Ambbi'w norlbern ttlfl· lor, • •1 tbeacc Withdrawing tO the W~l or the lndu• Poru• ba.d m•coanlma""y agreed to assun bim >afc conduct lhrou&b ho\ own turnory if Alexander proceeded soUih

Till' W&l • •cry rarslabtcJ move on Porul'\ pari beCIIUIO had bo lei Alu:andor sa back tO Ambhl't rcgion aod ioto Afah&Di\lao Alruntlcr may have lroJicherou•iY regroup«! f•>ICCI far anot h<r atuu:k lU •ubscqucol Muslim iJIVadell rep••· tedly do~.

As •oon a• Alcundcr's armies c:rossed tbe R•••• lndla'l oc..oc>d hn• o~ dtfeace wr:nl 1nto octlon Poru• bad provided t~m a pcotcchve coftr throu&b bis owo terrllory. But he \ocw lhat Aleuadcr •ould never be able to SO uQSCitbed tbrou&h Olbtr pull or lad .. wbidl ...... tborouahly aotl •e•· lo~o\~7 auarded by ovr bra>< Kshatriyu, 1Gd !bat by tbe "':" be WCIDI ""t throup tbc; othct end bis back would be COIIIP •·

p."J Dl!.fiA T CLAtMt!O 'Lp.UOO

\6S

od f1 r trom !Kina a world-c4nqucror be would be tel)' brok<D

1 aury and dcttituuoo. This it cnc:tly what happen·

reduced to pemuat therefore ttlte note that far from bcona a ..o Bostory ' ' I d' h d "'' C1l ~ Porus mull be laudtd as a great o IIlii ero an deft> I o;bo stropped AlexandCI of all hiJ pride and proud stol<flllldD forced him tO return home I wizened and tobcled armY an prodlpl.

BetweeD lbC Ravo and tbe Beat Alexander's forces bad 10

fi h many fieroo eogngcments. In ancient timet Indian arm1eJ 18 1

so >l<tl that they did not tolerate any armed intrusion. ;::~Y cul'"n was n soldier. He did n~t allow mlJplaccd com· pusioo to gc~ the bcnor of his patrlousm. War-weary, wound· cd bomc·sick, Slorved and ticrctly opposed at every step b<~use tboy were armed intruders, Alexander's soldiers refused to figbt aay more when they reached tbe banks of the Beas. They hod enough or h. The engagement witb Poru.s was their raurtb and last bia banle in Asia. Its harrowing memories were too much for tbem.

Belos unwelcome 111 the territorits througb wbocb tbe1r patb of rttrtat lay Alnander's starv1ng soldiory indulgod 10 p1llagma dcfcncdeu civilian communitios. But this fact bas beeo twiSted io Gr ... k accounts as proof of tbc falst claim that Alexand<r turned south after tbc so·colled subjugatoon of Porus, to con· quer more territory and collect plundor.

Alexander relr<atcd through Sindb aod Makran. At every lltgo tbo ranks or his deplcltd bost were geniag thinner tbrougb skirmishes, sniping by Indians. starv~liOil and distal<.

During this retreat an Indian 1ribc callod the Mallois gave •atitr figbt •o Aleundcr's Oreel: hordes. In the many engage. mco11 tbai followed Alexander himself was wounded lo one baute be bo · d wu a ut to be hacked 10 p1eccs, Plultlrcb ltu :;. ed I bat "Ai<Xander was on the point of bt1aa cut to b' by the Malll. the most warlike tribe 10 lndJa F1adia• ~":.~~ •od his 1moll company much plied by !be dart• or the ... r...,.,aas he lca""d . b baDd b .... •nto t eor modst. They ari&Cked bun 10 11

'ld ·to- and fiabt Thcor •words and spears pu:tttd bit anaour ""•ndcd h1m. An enemy arrow was sbot at bJm wn!b aw:b

•

166

II<OJAN RISIOJIJCAL

•t~t••crt force that 11 made 111 way tlirougb his cuirass a ~ reatoJI of bls rib•. Alcunder feU down on bt's ~ ••••rod the

· •••es "ben cocmy toldtcr rushed to slay him wirh a sc11nir.r p ••

•ad Llmnacus placed tb!ms.,Jves before him, but 00~ ,.:,~~ and tbe other "'Oundcd ' led

Jq abc melee AJczandcr received a sevore blo• from bludgeon uron hts neck. His bodyguard c:ar11ed bim awan: llfcty uneon•a•ous.

Throughout its retreat the Greek borde eommlllcd untol~ •trodtiea, Wbc1 her drunk Wil h victory or reduced to dcnltu. 11on Alexander's Greek force reacted wi11> Intense cruelly, When refulcd help they fell upon peaceful rrsldrats whb •mmense savagery nod put all women an.d childrea ro the IWOrd.

Llke the Maills, MusiCJlnS. Ozicans and Sambu• (oil lndton tribes) COIJibiocd 10 infttcl anolhcr severe dcfeal on Aleuadrt's mlrudtna army. Wilb 1re31 difficulty and a badly drplrlcd foroe Al<nadrr re.ebcd lhe mouth of tbe Jndus. To a•o•d eDOounters 0J1 land IIOCC his COnfidence in the tnvincibilht Of h11 arJQJ had been badly shaken Alexander toyed wilh lhe idu of rctur01oa home by •ea. Re evrn 1en1 a scouuog par1y obnd. Bu1 be laclcd IU·,.orrby boatL Very rtlucranlly, lhcrcfor:, -'kuodcr droidod to proceed wut acro.:s Baluch,.lhao. In lhiJ r"'lon the Cirtck armies were bua$Sed by I be Oruas. As he aun: to llaJQ)IIan and Pa1ni the cxrremc: aummcr tcmperaturct IO\d UPOa his famlobcd Jln&glcrs. IUa ranu Wore (urlbcr drciIDatcd Weory and downca•l he crossed Mrdresia and reached Cat.....,la. There he W•• joined by tbr conringcnls under Craoret IDd • pan or bh oava.t force.. 'Thi• reunioa in It"' boutte tcnltOI) pur a lhtlc heart io thio barrlrd and bauercd an.t. b lbac cooqua~ territories lht Oovtroora tb1t ,. ..... .,.a ~ •PPOI.otcd bad eraaool%cd the local pc<>ple by IIMw ""-~ ...... ,_. Tba proptc " -: "0 ,. arm a ••••oil ...... lo Alet•·def t.ad 10 ~ tbc aovc.roan.

..,,_ · b ~ ..._ too""- I'Uited u • I"••• llUd aohlc ..... .. """- ...._ .._ ..._ lla-. 0( llac1ria "wu .. • . , ..... "''n I k M I ...._ At.UDdor had him

I

161 ••rAT C:UIWIJI II'S J)r;r

,t.DAIID bad blo oote and can ehop-b bis KrYOOit and tbco d<ath Aleunder bad muy

•hipped ~tor Basus wu put to cd H~ did ool b¢11te to aepcd off. orals brutally exccuc • Kalutbaoesc: fot baviaa J'<fSi~ s<" n IUtor Ariatotle's nephew in tbe Pentan regalia. cure bJJ o":ticisc Alexander for '":: :Is owo frleod Oytua. dared ro ~ ·n a rage ~lonoder I e • n was olso dooc IO On"" whil~ '.rusted lieutccant ~arm•••• wenc it burnt dD\1'0 J{is (atber s d Wherever btl army . ·•"drcn IO

b Alexan er. men and put ~u death yl • carried away tbc ~o of World History'' whole c tiCS, 12 of bis "Ohmpses • d ooncciled death. Onl ::eg:ru writes "Alex~nder w: vt~~o;:t of hlms<lf Jawabatl~imes very cruel ood vtolcnt, hl:s of I be moment be ~nd some Ood In fics of anger or ., d areat dcics with almost as • , . best fr iends aod dcscroye · ·ned sons or h•• •• • 1 " rtran tbelf inbabltan s. • If with two prin.,..... o t

Alexander bad helped ~IIDSC HIS geoerob too bad I& co ...... men of otber reatoos. amooa "v

,., wherever they went. La d Oo bJS way bo~ • h\ll' had bae ... rc • k out to

Rio ldvenluru~ • i"M dia a serious rcvolc br? e d!Jmis-h was camp•u•n e Maccdonians w'ltb

:is ,:'m,~. Ale.ander thrf•;~·=o~~: from ocher~·~~.::~;;; sal and raisin& an ,•r~~e revolt was quelled • Wicb great dtfficu ty

reach•·d Babylon in 323 B.C. d I d to move out or Ba~~CI11";; 1 wauchc u' of hialrt T"' ' dayt before le d a (etst II tbc boutc h bitter

AltX4ll<1

er happenrd !0 •:~:~sivc drmklna, to d;o~~t:r.. ted Medin lodulgcncc

10 e 'de 10 the lndiiO m 11,. --ra old.

L' b mbled P" thea Ollly •· ,= ruemorios of ~• u 'tb fcver. ll• wat days he 10411 bu to h,. being stricken WI b'ah<r After len C. A!exudcr

d d rOI<I I ' '23 B. Tbe rever prrSISte an JUliO 28 Ia • bonl to ,.,.. .. of speech and later,:::....... soa A<~"':.s .,;c. UJd died 1n a coma. A '7,"

1110aolu bolb A

Aleuoder bul within • •• tb baq btd iafut...., w.rc done to du ~ •ad h<pD w.U..: bls.....,..

Aleuodtt'o remuu,:._ lo ,.c tbc boc:::,....,.. be wu •bl:n be llloftd bl~ ~ .. •h• ladla'a "::• OIITOWtj • 1~'<~ ID<nl and lticd cot a ltb I wbhapcr .

. boCk • .... \!II081Ct101

161 INDIAN }IISTOAICA• ~ •tsllAJtClt

li<OiliiiA•a In lo4ra. lbdl> woundod wben bo ret ~... . ,. · rtated " Wo• be .!•<'<~ e•n .... ore <«<bmg bome. Hi• mt ht •rom

pr<ttatcJ. d>lmal PICtUre or complete disarray. HI~,/ •rtny t.bad'ort ~ UIQ' tb.c P4irus-Aiexander tocountcr to ry 03uu

l'l>to< •• tl>e uod•oput...S bcro. It is btgb umc that lh ""'4 '01 cl.wllo or Gre<L cbroaitlm ....,.. clo•cly crou-uamiO:,rc""•• eat tht truth about Aleunder's Indian camp.,ga. 0 find

Bti>/IOt•.P,r

1. I'Yol HArts Cbandro Seth'; Research Paper on tbe 10 rat! altht !tllthabad Scs11oo (1938) ,or the Jadiao IU• PIC, ("PIIt1<1l - tory

l Prot$. L. Bodbaokor'unicles on tbe top1c. 3. t,labarasbrriya Doyaokosb. 4. Etbtoprc Tu~ <'<1. by £.A.w. Badge.

S. GllmpJe>orworld History by Jawahorlol Nehru.

•

Adya Sbankaracbarya's Antiquity Under-Estimated by 1297 Years

Among tbe quesuoo morks or Indian hilloric:al chronology one of the most tmportant relatu to !be great philosopher Adyo Shn Shaokoracharyn. The groat Sbonkarocbarya is held In 001versGI rcvorencc throughout lndl~ beoauso his Advaita (non-duality) philosophy is con~ldercd to represent the quin. reiS<DCC or Indian metaphysical thought-

This great philosopher founded many pcethas (monastencs). Four of these have traditionally wtelded supreme reltgto-phtlosopblca1 authority to 1beir tc)p~.'Ctivc rtgtons. Those tour arc : The Badn Kedar Pectb in the nortb, the Dwarka Peeth ln the -est, }aglUlJiatbpuri io tbc cast and Shtingerl in tbe south. Tbe lifib a>O!Wtcry-11 Kanchtpur•m-wu presided over by tbe pat Sbankan~cbarya himself until his death.

Sbri Sbaobracbarya wa< sbort·hved. He hv...S only for 32 yea,._ But the crux of the questtOn IS, which 32 years 7 Old bA: lite rrom 788 to 820 A.D ••• has been IDIJD111tn...S by Wcsrem acholars whose word held unqucsuoocd sw•y durina BriiJJh rule Ia Iodin. and ,, coosldere•l saorounct even now ? Or cUd til< Sh•okaracborya live (rum .109 B.C 10 417 B.C. •• hal been held by a number or Indian scholnn.

The academic sto~es io the controversy are bJgb, An error maram of 1297 years io eitber vtew 11 a $Crious mauer wbkb cao throw !he whole cbronoloey or ancleot Indian history 0111 o( &ear because Sbankaraco•rya formt aa imporlaal Jand••rt ••lndian bittory. h. therelorc, bec4mu oeecuaey to review tbo Proor. adduced by either • •de.

The Kamakou Pectba 11 Kaocbtparam where tbA: Sbnb,. <basra finally octtled down afttr a pcnpotetoc motWic -·

170 n.~AN liiiTOiliC:..

~.._. . wu fOUJldcd by hom on d2 B c. h hu <'>\ of IOCIC«d•aa poatliT< cwr ~~- Tbe l4 uabrotea h~ ~ b I . P<CKIII IDCQ-'- .... ,.

10 I C lilt The Ibm! Ill lbe 114e Of --:"'t ll l4t San-IJDIIIII&D aad the 4th, Sbr1 Satyabodb h ~~~ Sltr, and 104 )UIJ rupec~,.cly, while the l2ad •1 .,..Y for 111 CbufAonaadafibaaa presoded ooly for four Y<ara n~bmboot, Sbro .-tUdr tbc 3MI pootrlf, Outsukbanaada, held 'au the P<r•Od '"' - _. IO bo ltacnrn boe&~~Jc "'bile bu n11111e & ure o~uy, dot. tbc periOd II 001 rccordrd. I I ID the lilt

I Tile .. n aae period of each or the 68 pootiiTa b

oJ5ot u Sbaobncbarya duriag the 2.,4<18 )ctfl from ~,0 btld to 1966 A.D .• "''<u OUI to 36 yean which iJ oot ao . l B C. fiaurc •b<o •• c:oiiSid<r rbar tb< 10cumbeor• were ,','::'"'~ bala who led cnmplary livcJ charnruizecl by cootie cc ' t<mperaacc, fruaality and purity. '""'·

A tbord vielli supported by one traditioa or lbe Shriaac11 monastcry •• that the arut Sbaolc.axac:ba.rya ~vrd on 44 B.C

We shall aow .,eogb rbe available evidence to derermoac the umc ,.ben tbe greor Sboakaracbarya lived.

1 A C.mbodoon onKTiprion mentiOIIJ 011e Sivuoau cJu. cnl>cd u a pupil of "Bhaa~wa.o Sbanb111." Sivuoma wu the l'fCCtplor or lndravarmao. ne lalltr is known to bave hwd aro11nd 118-887 A.D. TbiJ is oiled •• evidtllec that Shankar•· diarya h\td from 768 ro 822 A.D In rebuttal ofthia v1tw 11

mUM bo po1ntcd out tbll oo Si•uoma is II <ted among rbe arat SbGiuua'a dtleiptcs. Moreover s ... soma has obvooU>IY alluded to a wcaa.or Sbanlt.oracbarya, because ever tioec the Sbaola....tu.ry~ line wu founded abo prcsldin& pon111T ba~ alwa)O botn referred to w1tb the deepest rcvueocc.

2. A ..,rk calltd the SAU1•1DAR YA LAHAR! is attn'butcd to tbt Great SbaDb.flleharya. lu 7Sab verse It hchtv<d te atwdc to rbe Tamil Saont Tirujoana·S&mbbanda u "Dr•7

41

Slliiba .. S•Dec tbat IIIDI hved to the 7th Century A.D. ~ ara~ I bat a canury must bavo ctapocd bofore bh fotm< apr aU Dftr South IAdoa aod that, thcxcfore, tbc arcar Sblllu:~ dla:rya •bo rcfen to him mtnt hururlf bave loved '0 ~r.rlr Cqtur) . MID)' Ito•• oan be dct.cttd In lbil araum••1

• I, ... lbc *"""'P'- tbat about a century oad ootbooa more oor

·~K...,_Qt..aYA'I AtmQmTT >D1" sK~·

rY for • maa' t fame to aprcad throughout tbe c:onany I< o«<.. ted. second!) tbe usumpuon that tbe SAUND· It 00"~HARI 1J tbc &leal Sbanbrac:barya't composnioo 11

!<RY". biY doubtfuL In any case the whole or 1111 DOt com. '"~~~ him. 11 could be 1hattbe .,.ork is tbt creation or • f.t,sequenl Sbaokaracbarya •

II IJ uracd tbal all a<'COUOI> or Sbaal<aracbarya rtfcr IO ~-ri•l ,.,th Kumar• I Bbatta, the outhor of the pbiiOJOpb•·

biO-- •• p .,. " S' Bh I d catlr:act known At oorva ... lun3nsa. 1ncc aua t"\C .. ttarlier than 700 A. D., Sbankara, considerably younger t: bin> mull ba" loved m tbc 8th Ccowry. In rcbuUJ>I it

011 be pelatrd out tbal tbe two were no doub1 coniClllponl·

m .. but KumarO Bbaua b1mJCif is mutb more oacieot a per· ~••&• tbao botberlo swpcctcd. Therefore, instead or belitviDJ tbll be and tbe great Sbankaracharya lived ncar about tbe 8th Ccntary A.D. 1t seems mt-re certain rbar. both lived in the 6th

Century B.C.

4, The SOOTR.A BHASHY A of Sbankaracbarya is said to contain a refutAtion of the Pasupata doctrones from tbe PorJnas uslaned to the 4th Century A.D. 'Ibas IS cited as proof tbl Sbankara.cbarya lived in the 8tb Century A.D. Agaiost IbiS it may be uid tbat tbe datmg of the scvual Purnas Is Itself by no meata faultless. All Indian cbronolaay having been worpcd by Western scholars to suit their prc.conccivcd notion lllat tbt lodaan tiviliz.at ion IS not very old, tbc11 auigaiog the lolid Puranas to tbe 4tb Century A.D. is uself quesuonable.

S. The SOOTRA BHASH YA 11 also said to contain a qootation from Kamalaslla's commentary on tho TATTVA· SAMGRAiiA of Sbantarabbira. In reply it may be pointed out that the sard passaae may as ... n ba•e boen lift<d by ~•malaslla from Sbankaracbarya's SOOTRA BRASRYA IOltcad of bcoog VIet versa.

6· It Ia pointed our that Shaokaracharya. rcfUttJ the doctri· ~::.::Buddhist acbolat1-A$aJiga, Dlnaaga, NaaarjUDJ& aod •••I &bhoaba, These latter are auppoted to ba•'C hvcd DOl ••rt ao the Jrd C A D h .. e lived

1 cntury • .. lbcrefoR, Sh•nkara mutt

Ottdsro be 0 t.he 8th Century A.D. In refutation of tbiJ 11 porottd out that Shankaracbarya DO doubt rcfutto

!lt <6·- --------------

172 IHDtAH Hl.trQIUCA~ OlJf "•a•

l~r Sntanlto VtJO) .. anda aod Sboonyavada h ltWdbha tb<'vlhl lout he oe,.. mCDtiooa Auoaa, D~ OOia or N*llf]UOI b) 001110. n - p.trticular Bucldbiaho ~ .... or ,.~,. propouaJc4 IODJ before the ~ Buddbut ::' " "" d"'"'J*'D<'Itbctn duru•&thetr O" 'D times. Hence tbc d~1" r<btllled 1>7 Sbaou ro .,. m~~Cb mo~ aoeleot tho A on O •noap ,. NaprJuna. Moreovu it" Probable tba~ 1~ .. :11, ocbolan ll\'l:d earll<r lbu tbe Jrd Century A.O. 0 1 tee

, 7 s~~·llrara " U tdT 101 have li':d aflor Bbannbori, tbe amout ...,.nt nr poec. ne ~mer bavtot bcet1 atcribed 10 60()..

6~ A.D Sh•nkarachArya tr belteved lo bavc Uved In lh 8 h C<tltur)' A D. Bhartrihori no doubt lived <.lrlier lho.o Shan:ar~. ehaf) l bUt the clllm that Bh~rtrlhari l ived 10 t he 7tb Cent A. D. h •••elf quutlonoblo. ury

8. Those ISSt8Drn& Sbanlcara to tbe 8th Cent•ry A. 0 . quote ,.,. cbroooarams ro support. Ooe chroooaram findioa 1uppon from a b rtncb of tbe Shriogeri Peetba putJ the date of Sbaowa·• brnb at 788 A.D. aod death io 820 A.D. Tbe <brono,... ~cis ·

~..,..,.. .. , .. ,. ~ ~ • ~ ••n••i- ""'h'""'•u••:

Tbe npress•oo r.H""""" Jiv<J UJ tbe ligure 9883. Tbi• bas to be ,..._d llli<C tbe Sanskrit way or quoting the dl8ill Is the oppc~~te or ot.bera. Tbe year tbeo would be J889 or the Kali crt StD<e tbe KaJJ era b<aao in 310.2 8 C. It would mean that Shan bra was born in 3889 m.ima J 102- 787-788 A.D. Another cbroooaram wbich reads 'Otilat4oor fur01ahes tbc date or Sbaohra' a de11b 11 819-20 A.D.

In rcbunina tbe above cvldcoee we mUll conalder other dcllilt •hlcb "tiD to b .. c acaped enouah onentlo11. Tho very ><no •bicb aa•ct the you u fi<~~ adducu scm• more evi· daxltulo tbe day o(Sbaour~ 'l oirtb. It uy1 ,...i •nd onf• - •nm •bicb 'IIC&IIS Sbanb.ra wu born In the cydtc: )'ear Vobban .. I be \'aoaballba month on the lOth day or the luoar fOIUilpL T1011 •boD) da100m610 IJid undermioel tbc eiiC of lMio wiiO put Sbankartcbat)'ll io tbe 8tb Ceoaury A D ·

173 cttl'au·s AtfftQUITY

•• ....-~'-"._. . blrtb il admillecl by all >I' lie ) Cif of !;bankar•. • ewaoe the lunar date on loc<O•". tb~ (oor VabblY~l- ~;t admittc4 to be the Stb 10 be :;•:., borD iS a lto uo••~~:, ~ the bittb aootversMY da)'

b.dl h< d r tbc !Otb. . • o<taoa>i) •• ""cod tbrouabout lad••· ~!Wlura obit" b (ael rbal wbat IS bche .. d to

1 ;..s rrom t • 0 fact Till> aootDJ y .. r the oria•n•l Sbankaracborya IS l

be tb< l ear of~trlb o J8tb ••=•sor Abhioava Sb_!lnkara wa~ abe year ao "'h•c:J' t.bt S~ankara presidc4 over the Kamakou

Tbb Ahh!OOVI 1>010• (rom 788 A.D. 10 840 A.D. J><ctb• I <:Ommcorary ruled SUSH AMA on the

,l.unaBodba ~n:L;KA compoled by Sodasbiv Brobmcndr3 QURO.RATNb~ tb date o f Abhinov3 Shankora thus: ,.r,,. ro •b• " _

~ , • • ,~ ~ll (otl#lf.......W wcfirli .. fm llll '"

bo • tb< .... ·ctic year Vibbava, Vaisbakha mootb, l.l be wu 111 ro . , K I. lOth day or the briabt ro rtoiah t o r tbc year 3889 a' corre,_

poodm& to 78S A.D. Tbe PONYASHLOKA MANJARI by Sarvajna Sadashhft

8odla also eontirals Atma Bodha·s assertio n 1hus:

·- ,. •• ~ ••.0'14 fit . .. ,,.... R 14111r.tf ~fnlJ ,IJI(MlWJfi{j'ftf4q'1 • • •

Sine< all eotucmporarres bave been referri ng to tbe suceeedilll pontiffs pr<aidana over the Yllrious $)liri1ual seat> as S banb!lltharya,lbe identity o r 1be first Sbankarar:harya got mixed up wn.b Ius 38tb succeut>r on the Kamako li Peelba, Abbioava Shlohro. TbiJ mlx·up wa> occuio ned by a very close s im11u· lily belw<en the evcniS O( tbefr Jives.

A Adi Shaokort was born a t Kalatl in Malabar wbi lo bhiaa•• Sbao~art .,., ~oro at Chidambaram. Bu1 according

:~= tradnion Ado Sbaokar• os considered to be a nallve

1114 ' . b.lr• m They bo th travelled extensavely tlrrougbout ,~ KLik.:.O Adi Shankaracbarya, Abbinava S haakara also

P:.tlll ~~ ,.,'' ,••d PF<Iidcd for •ome time Over the Sa rvaJna "·- · • ,,., that be proeced d K · ....,.lrtya ea • 10 adu, eote~d l he ve •ad •as }teo oo more.

•

174

IN.c'-'N tuaroatc~c. The MADUA VP.EYA SHANKARA VI •P•I,Ioc.,

eoofu~ed the t"'o and auributed tb JAYA h•••b>tov~ .ShonLara to '-dl Sh•nhracbarya The let d•ora or Abbi

0,_1

• • fer died In I( • Abhonna Shanh ra docd 10 hit Slnd ••<ho "'bM"<vcr llrwt mlaooot hom wu careful Y:::.ln 840 A.o y., lllc·lp&ll of ooly 32 Y<l<l 10 Abhina,. Sb""th to 0><toho a Shaokara 11 koown to have lived for 32 )<Ira •ro "t>ce Ado by advaodna the )Car of Abhinava Shanker • T~lt "'"do., ) cars. Thua a branch of the Sbrioaerl Pecrh b:,. <a!h by 20 Shankara'o Ouharravqb (eorerioa rho cove ' • ·~•e\1•h•r Adl ••••i ~·~·1!'1 which correJpood• ro 820 A.D." 011

"" ••

In thla connection let uo refer to the l'UNYASHLfl l(A MANJAIU wbooh aTve~ the date or Abboonva Shankorn as,

fioarr""'""":. '\~~ ","sf• onit m~rtl.tam,. ~.-t'l• ~f'oor,'lrni: \Ill which means he doed In the cyclic year Siddbarthi, In I be month or Athftda on the New Moon Day corretpondlna to tbo Y"r 840 A D. -

AuumJoa the eulicr Shringeri reference to Adi Shankar~'• de•tb to b<- correct It could D'>t be that Adi Shoohra and h11 38tb tuccaaor on the Kamalroti Peetba doed within 20 ~cart of each other. Thrtcforc ob~iou•ly tbe carbcr "'fcrenoo of

a ShaoU.rachltya't dralh oo 820 A.D. •• to Abb•n••• Shaokart'a drath The )<lr 820 A.D. should on feet be 840 A 0 11 ••plaiDed above.

Thut tho•• "'ho &ltCM Adi Shaokara to have lived In the 8tb Century A.D. on foct confuse him with bb JRtb sueeessor Abhlnava Shankoro Tho confusion or laJer day schol~n "" lo fact antkiJIAied by Atmo Oodha wben he wrote h11 work Suobama In the nut quorter of the 17tb Contury, Horconorks l (1<1!"(!111 '\"o!'lt "'• .... . fliOII'Ili!T(t 'Rlfoit i!lf""' WfO ~m('l ~·· '"'" •• ~~.,.. ·~-... ~ nofti""fl! '""'"""'' ll'll'fl1!• rm~ qtl r.~ r .. ...rn•••• ~~ ~ ;.,, .n.•• .,.. n-•~,... (SUSHAMA 16)

A worL utled the MADHAVEI!YA SHANKARA VIJJ\V~ 171) &&IJ tb.ot Ar,10mb• (moobcr of 1.:.. Sb1nkaral p>< blltd lO 1 10ft IQ u a .. ;p Ctotlt u ccod.ol wbcn the SuQ, Mlrt :'. S.tum ,...r• 10 nahaut>n aad Jupiter In Kendra : ..,OIIf(• ~ ,.. .. , ... •" ... ·~ \""' "0

17) 'S Atn'IQUITY

.-tl&.Aa.t.C-'~"Y'" contrary to orieotal .or•s" of that verse" thA~Al'IKARA VIJAYA,

A pecullarfcatur~MADJ-4AVEEYA S · r Shmnkara's bonb icc: tbc author:. not rncouoo the yc~r o eras nor docs he

ro;:=.cr h< ..... d~. of tbc prevalent lnd•=:.e .. :~;.. These arc

:....rdlDI to'';;.~. tbe lunar dote o~:~alue of bis evidence. t»eDdon tbe m nc;id wblch YltlllC ' utoe Jnd•an asuono--

·ou• dil<rtP' J not round in any gen sen oao arc "''' sueh taeu .,oal birtb data. Ad' Sbankar3 maintained by th~

In tbe baroscope of f ~irth is stated to be 3058 ~ah, brfoacri Peerbo the dated: the Sth Lunar date of ~he broRbt

S • Samv>tSara. Suo ykh But the planetary dospo~luon tsw~r h of Vnisb3 a. · 1 h f 44 half or the moot o does not tally with those e t . er o ~h<D io tho horoscop either the horoscope Is wrong or t.h• a.c. or 788 A.D.d~·:~ Is incorrect. But the horoscope With .,., JOSS Ktll

1 u ~

1 with 509 B.C. We shall deal woth thls

·''~ht adjustmeo•,~!•ll;:scnt it may just be noted that the year I""' later. For D P . ed for Sbaolcaracharya's bortb b)• ~~ 8 c or 7~8 A. . assogo two ;lilfercnt ocbools arc both wrong. •

9. It is claimed that Shanlcaracharya's commcota~y to the 18th sootra of the 1st part of the 2od _chapter. mc~IIO~ two eitiet Sbr.ughna and Pataliputra of ancoeot lndoa. at putra lavina bteo destroyed by Roods in 756 A. D. he must bavc lived btforc tllat date. This argument i~ lllogocal because "'e olien refer evco to ooo-existcnt cities like Babylon a.nd Nineveh 10 various cootctts ..

10, lo the same commentary Shankaracbarya draws dttcntion to the lllng1CBiity of SlatcmeaiS like "Punarvarmao '"'<ceded •· barren woman's son." This is tnken by som: rawcbe,. to be an allusion to a contemporary king PunarYo(Dll.n relanlng in far-ofT Java Anotbcr king of the same Dime is mentioned by Hucntsaog aa baviog ruled over W<stern Mapl!ha Aod slooc Shaokara wrote his commentary to ~:w. Puoarvarmao of '-bpdba must have been Ia hos l"ooarva~ Hueo~taog 'IVas lo Mapdha during 637·638 A.O

mao must bavc atceoded the tbrooc about th~t hme

lol ~~~ ~: t~rtuoua au~ fadle an araumeot. A pblloJopher o ara oxpla•nloa a mctapbySlcal PDiot ~uld

,r~

I .. 1ndh·idual. Punan'armao could L. ......... 111fT'( 1ft) 1\1 - ut: .... ""

1-l ftlll'lt Jih Tom. Dtck or Harry. h 11 puerllc co

ool• I ""'""'" I( b - I "" 1' that Puaarvarm.an """'· c ~.~ • rea coo .. U')

10 ~ • n:n cf:tn •hy aot also try to fdcol ify the barrco ::::;:" ..J"b<r 100 (11 100 I(., all thzr< could be ooe.

tbc coG.ItltY I here •• pos1hH! evldcocc that the Maaadb.J 011 raryo( Adl Shaob""'baryo w11 Hall. Sodashov

nolU <OOrcm,f'O OURURA TI'IAMALIKA (21) in rtm~tklnc Brahmdldra d · \\fin; me.nucna Hala of I he Andbro )'nllst)' who rc1an .. 1 11

'"1111'""''2.6' Jt. '67J or Kah em CO{respoodiog whh 494-·481) ~d~OI • • a

8-C Ha.la v.ll a conccmpor~ry of Nara of the onaodm dynasty ar Kolhmll mcnuoncd ln the RAIATARANGINI.

II. Thc MADHAVEEYA SRANKA RA VIJ AYA men110n> AdJ Sbonhra to be 1 conremporary or Baoa, Mayoro and Oaadr (Sarsa 1$. 141) thus • • •·••Iii••'"" tfnTf"'!••'l I 1\11\n!l. ~~ '"~MWiflll)"1tf114Ctlt'

S•noc profeuon Weber. Bubier and Max Muller hold tbar Otodrll\ed rourc!s rbc end or the 6tb Centut) A.D. and Booa aDd MI>UfliO tbe betlnnrof o( the 7rb it ~ believed tbar Ado Sb~obn roo muu ha\e h\-td about chat lime.

Km 11 ~r~un be poroted out I bat the MADRA VEEVA 5H.\l'IKARA VUAYA octdJIO be el~ n a bi&bly unr¢li· able •or~ ""' It also makes Snkanrocbaf)-& (or tho l llh C<otul) A 0) &Od AhhmAvagupt• (oJ the !Orb Ccotury A.~.) conlrtnpe lriU of Adi Shenkan~ tbis ar:nouols to l umptng letFclhtr at cooumroranu of all people from Jesus Chn" 10 htr~bt~t'-1 Nehru T at wodt itself is a n :anaebrontt m liincc htnt&b ... ;autbor or luthort hvcd '" the eurly part or thl•

"'"tur II 10 1\Crrbed to Vfdyo~oya M"•dhovathoryB o r the l•th C«-n1ury II c1onot ~'more lh:~n twoccmurle•olct bcC:.t)Ul~ 11 "'t. t•o commrnllrl~ b)l Dindima and Advalto. l ekshm•· Tbt 1tlftr bclonp 10 the fi ru quarter of rho J9tb Century. It iu.l \tu:, C\1rlt1U ff"flioed l ad altered beyond reeosmtion by • aumbc-r lll ladt .. .,uals 11 a plaintd by Ve turl PrabhakiR Sastrl •• IW lrlod< to TAr Aoodl·to Potrlko (Madras), Sarurday, ~t.rp1.1ra Mata. Du.rmau SJmwa.tun, 193~

11 II b &tJ'U(d 1ha1 Shanbra·• precep1or wu Oov•nda· pad.l n., lance • pttccJ»or Gaudapa.da 't commenw1' on

177

btl.,."' Krtshna '• SAMKHYA KARIKA .,,, tr&ml•red ioto O>ioeiC perhaps in S70 A.D. Tbeserore Gtudapoc!., muot ba•e r~ect about ch11t umc and h11 araod-disciple Sbanu.r. muJJ ~ave hvcd about l'*-'O centuries lAter. Tbia araumecu is 001 tausJble A man's v.ork docs not become so ramow:-eapec.i. ~Jy In 1 acicot 1imu wnen there •ere oo prioUng presses aDd roodtrD publ!Cil)' med•a- and ltl ltaOtlatcd iJI far awa.t OOUD1• ri•• lilcc Cblna ommediorely. II eould be rhar a period or "'verot c::cnturiej clt.pscd between I be wriliog or tbc comme.o~.ary ~~~ 111 troll.llatioo In China. Thit provn rhot Gaudapada ooviodop•d• ond Adi Shankota Jived ccnturlu berore '10 A.D.

IJ An emperor TJivikrllmn menlfoned iq a Tamil wo~k CJIIcd KONGUOESA KALA is &aid to bt\0 becu COliVOTICd co Saivism by Sbankara A crpper.plale in~eriptjou a;,·es the dille ol Tr~vitrama I •• rhc 4th Century A.D. and rbat of Tri\i· t roma U ,., 6rh Century A:!S. It b araurd th., tbe Trhikrama coo...rtcd by Adl Sbanhra, wu rhe lattrr. In rd•r~li.a or \bis coalcnucon 1t moat be potnlcd ouc th11 Adi Sbanka.rJ. ••• oot interested ia Shaivaite S«tutaniJrn aod pro~otl)usatio.o.. He .... first lnd roremost a philosopher. Tbt Sb•nb~~thlLI)• refcrrtd to wJS. 1hcrefore, ooc nr his later succcsson. pcthap-. S.rcbi&1111oda Ohano, rb• ltd pontiff ~f the Kam•koh Peetbo.

Arrer havrog tbus poinred out rbc locunae, IUiomaUcs 1111d cootmdicllons tn 1hc ViHIOUS srod1t10 n s 11bou1 AdJ Shllnbrn't lime quoted abo\'0 we sholl now dlscu;s the evrden~ support· Ins rh• vicw that ~c livod rrom SOli co ~77 B.C.

Wt base our cue on the rounwfng:

(a) The records or the Dw1raka, Puri 1nJ K•nchopur•m Peethll,

(b) Tbe more ancient rndhloot or rh< Shrin&rrl PO<IIa. (e) The PUNYASHLOKA MANJARI o(Slrvajnallodbl

Tllr GURliRATNAMALIKA by Alml Bodba, ted (d) On «llain YCfS(S or Jina V•jaya, & lilA ccriptu« c .. 'tl.w

tainmg Y~luable duct to the t ime or ShJohrl

V.c thaU ditcuu lhe.c one. by one

171

m Klattnl 10 Adi Sb.tnkara and •PI'Urlnl In A eb~;:.ANKARA VUAYA isquottd by Alma Bndha

PltACHI usu• " A. ltr<adt: ID biJ -k S ""'"'

""" • .,... 1l1l'Ci.tiRr•.,,•~~~il:li ~ ~ ft«VtC4AIIIIif• I

m~r· I'Pfe11n•w""~ CW1fd'41'\ ~·: !iiliWc't~ t1

lo lb.< above., •• , . • Aoala' Ia 3, 'Shovadhi' is 9 'R~na' Is S •• • ans 2 Pulling tbtse down we get tbe 6auro

and · ... e~"' 100 • k d r 39S2. Rcvcn lnt It, betaUI< of tb< pecuhar Sans rll mo c o

I I lh. dl•ilJ. we have l593. Tb•s rcpments the yeara m.,l

00 •• ' • 0 C H lS9l of lht Kall era Tbe Kali era began '" 31 2 B. • cncc

Kall eo>rrtlponda to 3102 minus 2S93-S09 B.C Thai wa• tho

, .. , •• •b•ch Adl Sbankara wu boro. Amouc the otbu dcuilJ wt ba~ the eyct•c )'tar Naod~t"a,

\'aUllakb.t 1110111h aod Sunday "'b"'b was 1~e Sth. dar of tbo brotbl half of lbe moo lb. Tbe uomdan1 was Sa&tltanus and the COD.lteUauoo Punar'I'Uu. Wb.at i.-. ooteworlb~ 11 that Sbaol.ara'a bmb a.ooi\·CJUrY is cclcbra~<d all ovtr lndll euttly ~ w1tb lbt abo'tt data e'-ery yur. Thercfort. tbetc

:':.ould be ao doubl oslo 1bc outheotteity of tb • ytlr ofhb bltlb betn& ll» B.C.

From that date tbc Dwarka Pcetb.t bas an unbroktn line of .,.....ioo of ocarly 79 ponlltrs. tbo Pur• Peelha has hod. ~·•• 140 ochlryu aod tbc Kamokoll Peelba, 68. Tbe lr&douons prcocl'ocl b) tbctc tb,.,.Jicat centres caonot jusl be lanored

anti bcushed uhlc.

Tbcr< " aloo 1 oopper-plate insrnptlon of Kloa Sudh•n•• odd..-! 10 Adl Sba•kara himself. h Ia reptoduoed oo P11° l9 of VIMARSA. a -.ork wrilltG by o roetol head of the O..ru Peolba. Tbe lluc1iprioo 11 dated 266) of tbc Yudbh· thoro en •b•cll oon<Jpondt to 4n-.17 B.C.

Tbc cllroaoloa1 of th< Oovu.UW.. Ptttha or Jaranollb·

pgtl ..u.." lis that of o .... u.. E- SlinDJCl'• wbtcll bu lad a cboq..,.d bit tOry -~

c1 pc\lda' apbcanla hu a u•dition b)' wtucb Ad I SbaD 11m! aro=d 44 B.C. aod DOt to the ltb Century A.D.

APYA S....,..CA&ACfiAilYA'S AlmQI/tTY 17~

~ JUimakoli Ptctbl llntiJe or doaciplea IV<ettcliOJ CO I be balltarad>tt)'l pootilkate is recorded '" cite PUNYA·

;HLOKA MMIJARI, lhc OURURATNAMALIXA aod 10

SUSHAMA.

pUNYASHLOKA MANJARI consists of209 ve1,.. 00,_

It<! by Sarvajna Sadubiv Bndba, I be S4tb pootiff of the ~aroakoti Pc:<tba . He lived io tho 161b Ceolvry. ftc tcotifies tbit most of tbc verses are very old, banded dowo 1o succeed· lng pont.iffs through lbo ages. Tho~ verses lie vcultble QbjtUIIf)' notices o( thO pontlftcal IUCCcssion mentioniOJ the dalt, month, ycnr and place o r the demfte or each. Tbe venes ••ere Intended 10 be recited In memory of I be de paned pdotifl's • bile poyiog cbcm homo a e.

THE GURURATNAMALIKA cootaons g6 beautiful and tcr5e stanzas oompotod by Sada1hlva Brahmcndra, a di><tp!e oft be 5Stb poo1itr of tbc Kamakoti Ptetha- Paramasbivendra Saruwati. In thoK verst~ is recorded the ruccessioa to the: P<tlha from Adi Sbankara'• l imes.

SOSRAMA ,. a oommtnllry wriltto by Acma Bol lia on tbt GURURATNAMALIKA Alma Bndbo wuchc disetple of thdltb poolitroflht Kamokotl Ptttba, Adbyalma Prabsben· dra Saruwaci. He Is abo I be author of'. a loss on PUNY A· SHLOKA MANJARI . known 11 MAKARANDA. His tS 1

hlchJy rritical and historical senius whiob compels lhe reader'• admiration.

Historians have lsoored tbe race or a remarkable slmtlaricy ••tho records or the Kumakoti, Purl, Owa"'k• and lCUdall P<tlba1. Shrin&orl is tho only uoepllon. It would be .,..ry uoralr to imssine that the htlld.l or tbc forme.r four DC IOID.e

~lone date conspired ••&ether and faked those records just IO cnulu.d PG•rcrlrv abou~ tbeit antiquety. Far from ever eom•DJ loettber lbcao pontiffs known for Ibm plou., 11mple tod : 1"-Utrt livCJ would oevcr have colltchvely or ladhidually ~ OOpc,j IO I be YtDiality Of tlmperfnJ With I be <!aiel Of I heir ,.:-;:: fo•nder's life )ull (or the fUU O( It Wttbout lhc rtiiJOo

c OCt: or any material aaeo.

-~ hntorlan• have oommilltd tbom.-lvu co ccrttllll --.VUOIO&k:a •b•cb they doamautally U&ume are uo•Miillb&.

IW INDIAN IUSTolJC..

They rd.,.. ro admn dares "'hicb L ~ ' mrtJOO <~en rhou&J> l1lpPOrred b •~n. 10 <onru,. rb h •• ••• or rcvolurlooary cbu 'I Jlrona e>id<oct ~" " .. <~O<cprs are undtraoins amcodm::- E- •a<-old .;.• ~. lbctefort !hat rbc 17rh-181b c ••• : · ''."·~use pr.,,.:"~ lmmucablt and U.Da&Siilablt. ry bastorac:al tbtoric. ~~

Thc cbronoaram wbrth PUIS I be d $(19 B.c. II &Upponcd by Jma Vi'a ·~·or s_hanhra·· bi"b" lhOUj\b ft Js OU!lpokenlf bosriJe 10 ~ S~a~ Jar a ICtrpiU!< 1\tn Yudbrtrbh• cra which con-espond . ara . It "'""• tbe Yudhruhrra, 36 '/UN bcl'oro rh• K!r IO lbo COIOnlllon or minus 36• JIOl B.c. 1

"" hesao /,,. lUI

The Yudhl11hlno no or rb J . I r ' Ulo B.C. c l iDs corr<Jpondt ro 461 Kstr

The chrnnoa,.m acru II Blrtna. But '""' he aod ;by records the dare of Kumanl d.at~ hc:lflll.l.lln biDI tb . an~ara "ere contempornfrs the "'"' I bur • • rune 0 Sbankaro Tho chronoa,.01

'!Ri•n•ml!'f lP'ltNl •rw•;,•,.,_._ • ..w .. ''t v ' '\'"'. ~;y-. ,)lil .. fi'"t14lln. II ;rr-n .. ~ ... , ·t'Rifi;r. ' ' • ··~r- _...,tlrf<n•'"

II tbt ~b..>._e IIIII'U T . M .. rhll'' au, " T.. . llthl •~ 1, W:tra h 7 Poorna l> 0 c:4 "· ,.~, ''""' h ' . "t ~ t>«onrt: J(U~ or the y ~~ e figure 7702. Wlum rever "to

Rb m•nl!1 Wn SS1 B.C. ~ rhlra ... or the Join!. ,,,., aha ol Ia rhc birrh dare or l(umotll

"'k~· h" IIRrfiAT SHANI(AR .,.,~'11 .. )tlb..l Kum•ul A VfJAYA lhc. author Ch11·

or t.Ju~r.or: ''' ft'linu • .ca Ci\'ts u~•~Jdcr rhua SbJtnlrar• by.,. B.C. at Sh1nhr•9

• )eoir

"""""'· b -• io -.I.e.. lv lrt•c mer !.; 1lla um~hlln hu I Sib )CU tbll

Is 2 Sl ~ ~ .. ·, dtmi~ lilt. Ia.. 11<» foboJ -dmJroJl NA VIIA\A ~ J'tAI .... , ... ~"Or l 6 )4 lniDU• )fS7••77

p IIIJ lquO<nl '" llll o\til 01

·~··XAOACIIA.YA'J ANnQIJITY f8l AtJ'tA .><"'"

fi(E pUNY ASHLOKA MANJARI also pull rbe datb of "'""~ I• rho year 262S ltall or JI02·262S=477 B.C. In rhc ~ R>trauhl, on rbc II rb luoar dlle of the broebr half of rhc vmbabba monrb .

S:btok3r8 YlShcd Nepal dur.na the reiaa or Yrishadcwa v

1rma, who :~ccordia& co Nepaluc d)'o~nic b.iltory, reisac:t

(rorn l61S .Kall to 26S4 Kall. (Kora Vcnk•racbelam's Chron/1-I•IY II{ Ntpol Hurory. p. SS).

rhu dolo Is con6 rmed by t~o BRIHAT SHANKARA VIJA YA wrluen by Cbirsukhochorya, a very &obcr biogr.~pber e0111<mporary of Shonkora. Borh were close cbildbood aomponioo.t. to tbe 32nd chapter of lhat wodt tbe author says ulo rhc 10tb mootb or preenancy marked by all autp!doos sicus. rn tbe 263lsr )car of the Yudhisrb!ra era, lo tho auspicious )tar Naoduo on Sunday rhc Srb day or rbe bripr fottnlpr or lbe ~uspiciOtlS montb or Vais.~akha. wbeo tbe StUl wu ID Aries, tbe ~toon had advaoccd in the Puuarvuu t:Oo.srell.ttro.a, wbea Cancer was U«Dd&nt, at m1dday. at tbe bovr too•n at

Ahl>ljir, Jupr!er, Veou.s, Saruro, Mal> and Suo all bao1 in culrarioo, Men:ury bclns pofrled wrth rbc SW>, llory•rnb•

• !Sbanlcara't morber) cave birth to the atoriow Sb>nmulcha."

Yudbtstbrra ern 26J I corrt1poods 10 2593 Kali wbich it tht ume 1J ~9 B.C. The horOI(:Ope IJ <IJI (rom rbc above dara •ould be OJ follow' :

s.- 111< Nodu ba.-c tlcc:a o<>t...S btn

IHDIAH IIIITO,ICAI, tou. """'leo•

ooo boca mcaoioncd I bey hu,..,

c-ru••& 1h" ho~-pe wi1h 1bao maonlaoacd by lhc s• ,,., . .. rcclha we fineS bolb !don heal except for lOme ~·al> ce>nr<1oDot. Tbc horoteope Ia I be Sbrinac rl Pcc1ha dDCJ •• : ., .. ,. .... h rtanelary po~ilion• in <44 B c . .. h:<rlloll<d from crhcn filet- Therefore. white I he S.brinacri boroiCO()C •• tnor

or leu ICCUUie !be yu.r of SJwllr.Jn't binb which I hoy belle,: In 11< u D.C. it aol j u<hfie<l. Oo the olher hand lbo pllllllary l'()tilloat menllone<l by Cbnsukhacharya do Iaiiy whh lbo do,.. ptHIIIOO or piiOOIJ In 509 B.C.

NtprjiJna VOAI Ia alJisned lhc dale 1294 O.C. (p, 110 C HRONICLE OF NEP ... I. HISTORY) hcnoo 1hc bclltflbll ho .,., a foocrunncr of Shankar:& IJ eonce1.

Kum•rrl bovlos been abown 10 bavo been born In HI B.C. ra nsblly oonoiJcre<l a ocoior contemporary or Shanka<a He b abo coiled BbarlrlhaN or Bhatlriprapaneba He wu I be aoa of GO'IOda Bhaa•alpoda 1M (>«C<plor or Sbanbrl.

To 1booc •bo oootcod tbal pullioa Sbaahueharya d.,...o oo 1bc bib Cco1ury B.C . h almoot makona hom 1 conlemporary oll.ord Buddha, ol mu•• be poiotcd oul lhal Buddbl homKtr mu•t be ante-dated. Hat aodquily too hu been under-ellim.tl· e<l. Bul ....... lhc fUbJ<CI•maller or ouolhcr chapler. Lord Ouddba lmd from 188710 1&07 B.C.

Tho BRIH-'T SH.-.NK-'R-' VIJ-'YA a ivct lbe dateoo •tucll Sbooklra wu fUlly ordained on Sanyaaa at : 1hc second day or 11ie brrah• h•lr or lbc Phals·ooa month o r 1hc year 2640 Vudhltlhlra cro Thai C<orr.,(I<Jnds 10 49!1 B.C. lutlher corrob->rallnl lb< blub dale 509 B.C. II Ia lhcreforc qullc app~ronl thai .1\dl Sba.a.UJocharya woo boro In 509 B.C. ond died In 477 8 c •~>~••vaplry :

I Tbo Trad•llonal Ap of lbe Shanuucbarya aod •b• Malloo by A 'NallraJI Aoycr and S. Laklhmlnoruln•b· Satno.

l S.wodarya Laboto

' &ooua lboab11 by Ml ShaoUn.

•

,nAOACKAIYA' I AlfTIQI/In' 18) ,.ou J'}l/l

suobama by Alml 8odba. ~ pgoyasblokl Mao)llrl by Slrvajoa $1dl(lun Bodba.

6. Maclb••ccya Shankara Vojayo.

7 Rajallrana••• by Kolbua.

1' commeolal)' oa hbwaro Knthna'• SaM:Iryo ICtltlko by

Otudapoda.

9• Ounua10•mahka by Alma Bodha.

10• Makaranda by Adbyllma Prakatheodra Saruwotl.

11. Srlbol S bankaravljayo by CbiUukbacbal)'a.

12. Chrooolosy of Nepal Hlllory by Kola Veokalaebc!am.

roocoolo-Since Adya Sbankoro'l period noc<la 10 be 1111<dtltd by 1297 years II ia obvioua thai tho enlire ... narlo or Ids life chana•• and 1ba1 hla real llfe·llory Ia nol known. In OCJth • 1hua1ion I luggtll 11 o hypolheala for 11udy and further loYC>Il&lllon lhol ju11 u bo C1lobli1hed four spb:hual oulpotU tnlodla be •bo !ravelled •broad by 1blp and on fool 10 1bc "'" ond ctllblished hia 1plrhual hcrmiiA&e& 11 lht Kaba lo ~ (wbicb wu lhea 10 lolcrnolional Vedic 1hriDl) all be ,::,.la~J Ill Rome aad 11 C..oterbury lo l!nalaad aiocc all !bote 1M. ba>c been lroduoooa l Ccnlru of Vedic l.....,iDI u d .,,~lp. Tbc Shiv WOrlhop oacl Shankarad>arya tndltloe llCIO. lllrrc Placet bu boca dull wnll a l ao- lcatlb 110 aay

!laic Volume lolled- W ORLD VEDIC HERITAOE.

1•~·w---------------------~------------~------------r--------

Lord Buddha's Antiquity Underestimated by Over 1300 Years

In lbc Year or G MI« 1956 whcn lod•• celcbratcd Wllh grcat pliO tbe so-calJed l500th bulb anntYC!Sary Of Ont o( her MOst ramot~t soas Sllal)'S Munl Oautama 'the Buddha, the eelesllal tJmc-l«pct must b&'< lauthcd ·~ bis slecves and tbc sercnc •tato<l or "The Enltghteoed One' all tbc world over. must bavo broLen UIIO a broad. tolcrant smile at tbe underesllmalton or Tht Buddha'• &Dliquity by ovcr 1300 ycars by a not so eoligh

tcncd pouerity Modern lndia11 hiJtoriu and world billories have tended to

tcll radert that Lord Buddha was born around 544, 563 or 661 B C. u d died aflcr SO yeau.

Tlus ncms to bc yet aootbcr blunder in Indian bistoneal ruurtb bcc:a:us.c: lbc:R 1s very sttooa evidence to prove: tba llbe Buddba wu born an 1&87 B C. aod died in 1807 B.C. Tb•t mu n• Locd Buddha's antiqotty baJ b" n underestimated by o<e1 llOO JU"-

The quutlon then arises as to bow and why such a b•a mar1111 of trror ttept Into Indian historical chronology. The eaplanatlnn is tbat India bavina becn under British rule for ntllly 150 Y<•rt and tbo eotlrc Indian educational appAratus haYin1 b«.n domtoated by t~cm datea acceptable to them alone c:aCD< to be foilted on Indian hlftory wllly nllly. Tbe British •became to ntl< over India io the 18th and 19th Ccnturi<l bod ...,. prim111~ notions aboul the humt.n cteation. They tllooP• •• w., oa!y a r.,., thouuod years old. Cont<quently lMf pmu....Sihatthe lndia.o d v1lltalioo wu not more tban •-10 frtoe!Moauo!l Jean old Wttb that erampioa asaumption lloof ......... al1Ja4aao htiiOIIO&I <hronolOBY OUt or shape aod trdod 10 .,._ada aajor ••••• 11 aa 111ft a date u posaable.

-

r

tolD aUD.OIIA'S ANTIQIJnY IU

• Like doubrl•& Thomasea they Jirat c!oubttd ..,, ~lbloa ADd

th<O .. ~ the bc:oeftt or doubt tO aJIIUcr c!atea, They ba .. bowevcr. eotercd a very pathetic ccnfwloo lhat they them:

• , , 1 ... ore oot very su•• or their faodi.ogo. On paae 171. vol 1 of Th• Cornbrldg• H131ory of lndto MJ. f'.J . Raplan ~ays ·•Uufcrtuuately evco after all lbat bas been wrilten on rbe ,ubjtct or early Buddhist chronology we ure "'" unecnaln aa 10 tbe e•ael date of The Buddha's birth. The dltc 4R) B.C.• adopt<rl In tbitr bisrory must still be reprded as provisional." Ukcwise Mr. Vincent Smith obs<rvn on Po1&< 44 or the 191S edilioo of The Oxford Studt~~u' Hbtoty of Indio that ~The date of Buddbo'a duth is unecrtaio, but.,htrc is JOO<I reuoo (or btlievina tbat tbe event happened in or about 487 B.C., possibly four or 6ve yoars latcr.''

In view or this confusion h IS wor thwh ile ma .. ballioa aod sifting all av• ilabie cvideoce and finding out wbetb<r Lord Buddha's datu of birth and dearb, could be fixed with aoy c!ogreo or crrtainty. Such fi~arion is of areat amportonco for ladiao biSioricai chronolosy btcausc Lord Buddha forma an Important laadmarlc and maoy other .. ents can be dated with rcferciiC( to Him.

Jt would be: worthwhile noticing at tbe outsct bow Weate111 scholanbaveaarivod at their da tes about Lord Buddha. BocaiiSC. oftbeir pet aversioo ror dates recorded in the Indian Puraoaa and utronomit;al data, tbe Wostetn scbolara by-passed these completely, lostead !bey plumped ror rbe peJ or some proalmate Weatcrn rocords and hun& tboir alJumptions on it. In the case or l:.ofil Buddha, flouting alllodlan data, the Wostcnr acbolars took Alexander'• invasion a.s tbe ttartina point. Si111.-e they believed that contemporary Orcelc blatorlana were the moct reliable they tried to trace bact lad lao historical cbto-101Y to The Buddba's times from tbe dara rbey round bdp(ul 10 lite Oroet chronicles.

~!!"b Greek hiatorians mcntcoo threc •uocea.-c rulcn of COGtem 1 u ; Xaodrames, Saodrocottus and Saodroeyplld aa <lt t Porartcs Of Alexander, It muot first ba DOted bote that lnd~ •od Arabia ohroniolen are notorioua for mutllltltlf all lbeir ~:raonal and placo a ames out of RCOJOlt loa to IIIII

manoera of 1pcech. It Is, therefore, blahly diiiJenMII

~~---------------------

, .. .t:a• r-'l .,_ (t- ttar e>cW.tioou. Bat ~1 II. ,~ •MI Or 11a•t, •ll'olon lliaw ~ Tbq bcJc.o iloot

•lime-' .,_ lo ~ M.lll)'a. loa Predoca .. - )lo~~ ~ lllla D3onnl!ld•) aad •• -l • !nt:. f~ a aii iDI) (b T cd ~ tboaldCIOD~ Ia< rode: ... llXrC liO NlillU1I} bctll'ttll IlK GRo<k ~ lit'..:~ • s.a.!.a· &J . ~:UrL ..

Q,...'" c,,.,c~cs .» =<>t 111 -..etl>et it 11 Chaodnppu or 0r Gc;oca c- \~ dyasQ Mr. Kou V.al atad:d•• clr oa C'C ;>&~t ~ I HE AGE O F BlTDOHA. W::U'\0' '~0 J:J"-G >\.\I'TOOKA A:o;o YUGA PURANA u.: •n:s """'"' \.!d<olicatK>Dcl tl:..: ~lamya Chao<lncvPta u Oil. OM' c , .... .., oltja•Pt T\1ii!ed m~ echtc chroootol) « c.. - .... cl BUn: md'olfi:I tl:t d.&lt o( t..o.d l ld'k ..

c.~ : ct.-. beu lo.IJ. Kou '\"..,b!Kixbal A ) I D.>e 10 Qoo ~~ ~::~W!C the V'>'1r.n loatot) ot Bbara1 M. l1aa U.d. • a .!~<:>a c:l t: ..,,.,..,.. A.n•..:et'o b n· • - ;.-.:c • r-. I! c ~. " .. OpadtaJ"'pc.a o( die G:;ca ~ - ::.Jcwv o.o n-.;zo a c.

n, X ....... , ~ to b) lhe Gretk chrolllclen IS

<'hNt;o . ..... a-m ~ lhe las& AllodWa t;ac ol H ·~ H t wu swcrcc:d ~ b:s ::J:;n:a<a:.::>a.n:D7 ~ • .. , 0..::-a • 4.t fo~ of !he G:;n d)1IMI)'- nOs .......... ~~ • ..,.w by~~ S.:,dfocoCt11t He wu - 11111 t., S.. • .!-ap;ra.. " d rliu Sa-::r.>dRJ"pu w1>o .. 'C"i' ' ~ &< G: .. u :•Carme "' ~ Sac~~ •a ~ U:C. - lry tt.c fint Wlft o( Oand,.JI'J"L "fer lk ll;:kr .._. &o b)oau n "' '~"'"""- a.nd dcclale • !C 1<1 - ~ •..Ut Tdc to be lhe bell C«n.a& IO ~ ct ~ ...... a~ b) .... .makmal lf1Jid!.ubct· .. l.lro, cfN:rol., M • d ~ dot!:~ u 1lit r1111m t..a& ulhe .. cl AlnH hr 1 -=--, II a ·~e, ~I _,,.po-..., Grtdr -· - - lire ll:nc wrcill•< n ...-. o( "•• • ,

-· .... - .. ,..;o. lk ........ ....s.... All .... r a ...., 4eat ~ ca chs :a2 • • r• of J .... e, 5 ~ .. 01. M•••Nwrua wu. "Did .., • 116

1!7

1,~104 3Jl B.C. Traao& tbt n ,_. dJat:&a ~'-ell ~ lheiD- re.otlo lbc ..... or Oo•·.da~ (of .. c.p • .,.,..,) cr \facadha ua 326 B.C \lr Ka<a ~tah•vkaa .;.l""""u ce PI&• l ollw book tlo.• -r~ .....,...,,..,.of G-:~1Jpl.l ol \bpdh .. ll:c -··=...,..,., of Akna.1er t&&.bd ~itla an ·~e dues ol•·ncjau ~ !;.r;l(c:d .. •ll< .,....s &ad oc=lar lotcrawro ola.,..;., tr=a o1 Hmdwo. B::dj:U .I..Dd J~1e1. ••

p.,T&IIU are the ooly rco.able •ou:ce , ., t<COIB!'*l tllc lliocory or UCJUJ IDdu. Tb: cbrooolou alc:o.d llom 111tm ..., .... "'"' Ilk• lbd \"odlli~b<ra, tbc 'rlcccr wa, ~me 10 ~I• J!tctlh< ....s or tilt "falubh&rata War (lU, B.C.). 1iJ1 coro-11111ien date awl.s lbc btpaoi~& t:l 1 =a en caJl<d tire Yatmthita s.u lo tbe l "lh ) cu o1 his miD lDrd Kraaa dl:O. From ll:c ~ot of bis c!cat)o tloe Kat. Yep <tn) tJq;tG .tloat ..-u at 2- 27, ~0 p.r.-. o" :1ldl Febo&>J 31~ 8 C. ~ K....::.U lad lbUI loveJ for I !S JCCS.. lUI roc uo 1..«4 ~ wu bono lA J2Z7 B.C Y~!:kdrin palled IC""S) •

Xl"o B.C. Ycdhatbtra s rt ill, lbercCe<e U.:ed £iu fl ,.,..._. n. pouJ::J any or Yu<lk:un..-.. 01ru tJ:o btci• io1 ot GIXlia en lt>OtJll U tl:t Sapurfti or l..a:!;bta ttL 0· Bollia R!=S '"l1lo lbu fioclic& (piJU ~161> o( ViDIA..'I Mil· QLAAY, .ol Yi).

lUll. Y wdbtttlt.ta m d S.pt&nhJ aliu labtib au lrra•e .as been PfC\-al<Dt U> ~.DC>tOt loda 4!111 WTT< q,..,tcd m ""'"'' <>:::u Acu:ual allli&Oacs beltd ot1 tbcm •<t: CCG>piltd for ettt.t~tt n cr •met. Wctttro b41omm" 1UtfUG<IS tlw llle

HiU:a nd 110 cua 10 date ~·ou ... Lbudcn. ~ \:>)or:.o • bo kaows t.be HiDda peac:!unt (Ot asuoiOSJ a.td 1;1 '1«ood tutuap lbc7 obutTcd 10 Wid oru . .. ...,._. ec-4\o 0. W'dl U lh<ir COCIIpnbc"""" of <tU uri - Ul CLc......W.J be ICIIIICD»I1 Oft._ • - aJ OIIClO Upcl llit •ci:ra ~ tJ:c, " <T< fu IQ keep DJ a ~ ' """"' o( ~ en Zi~ There u.., j<ut.Jic:auoo, t.!lctcCocr, foe Ill< •aU:.~ lRIII;>ull fo r Alcvodcr'o .........., ua.,.co..,._ ~ P'1 &lid lbco lctuo1 tbC"Ir iaoq~MUOD ,... wild •

' "'' tl:c w .. kuass IDCtltoocC>J b) 111c G<ed: •• • ....,,..,q m PCIC!·IIatu~J ta.J.oao bJ11«J by aott to .:.C c 7 -

>tAM .. ~·----------------

• hi !NOlAN IU.!TORICIAL ll£sEA•al

Hav•na po•att<l our lbc uaet beaioning or lho l~e l di ft l d B dd • " ~. m• •• 1t..~J nn" lllrN ro x or u ha s rfrne whb refer.

ci'CI: 10 rbcK eru

L«d ll..,!:•h , • 21 bora in 1ho lksh•altu dynany. Tb (,,..n6fr, lbh,...h rc!£ned tl the beginning or the Krira Yuga• H•• S61h datendant11'll< Ouharaib. The S7rh wos Lord Ruma' 1be hero or lbt Rtmayana. The 86111 dosceodao1 Bribadbal; .... l.!lkd in 1he Mahabhtrata war. Thi• long hoe or des«nl ~ra.or.bal otf in1o man) ramnies aod •plil loto many prioeipafl. li<t amln~bo<lynastics known •• Pava, Malia and Lichchavf (rneanlngdc~«ndantt or llkshmaoa) lord Buddha was born •• the Ucbtbavl branc.b. Oautama wu bit gotra (1.• . religious • alltpu~Ce to a pl11iculn hous.o of priests). Tbis lioeagc Is rteanlal1n the Upodghatapada In the IV chap1er in Drab· auoda Porana, The fiJI name$ promioeot rulers or lhc lhhmu dynasty from 111 iooeptioo to lhe end or 1he Maha· ~barata war (lll& B C).

Accotd••• to tbt Mlltyl, Vayu, Vishnu, Brabmaoda and oilier Purana1 30 Kiogt followed in lbe lhbvaku dynasty from 313B to 1634 B.C.

O..Uwd Bubadbala, kollal io lbc Mababh~rara war by Abhjmon)ll, W&l SUCCeeded after rtiiOration of peace, by Bnhadhhana, The 2lrd descendant in tbeline, Bftcr the Mab3· bhmt• "'"• wat Shuddb04aom 1he l'lrbor or Lord Buddha. !!'<loiter, lr.o01oo " Prince Siddbartbt, wu the 2~1b dueen· n."t, """"•• •as tbc lan and 301b dosctndana in the line .._ cxl )0 k10p 111\td ro, 1 total or !SOl years (ViJhnu 'Purtna. .-.n V, Cbaplor 22). '

Now, lo flo the 11m d · · -of bia 0 UfiOI Wbacb be lived we muSt refer to tODianporarrn "'ho <JID be daled w11h c:trl&loty.

0. P"ll 10 of hla boot M '"lledAa -lllo r. Kota Vcnkallcbclam say1 ~J&Iaallot,.-rk ~'";'PG"I') or Kthtmajit, Blmbiaara and ~oea....,._ ~ 1

• 2ad tad tba 33rd kinas rcap<ctfY<Iy or

hHh•••""'-.. '* e'-a ~~.:::::: 1*" I hat Lord Buddha wat 72 yc.\tJ 04UTAM" 1lte IU~~~IOWot<l k•oa (P 70 or the book bJ ll:ru tdo ..... 1 1 .... A lo Tbt Keritaac or India aerlct.

'· ... octWoo).

•

..

.• , DOHA'S A}lnQUITY

t.()PJ> DII ddh died of dysentery after parllk•ng or food

lArd Bu d a 1_ a t Kusbinara In 1807 B.C. at the •a• "' bY• cvo-011ct Ctil

of SO. b 2lnd kiDS of 1be lksbvotu dyn;uty .. r~er tho Sakya, 1 " , (l l08 9 c ) became ahc ruler or rbe north· bbarata wa . .

r.Uba rtion or tbe Kosala kingdom IYlni otlbe f?ot or 1ho wostern po 4. 'o'n• t-lepal. Kapllavastu wa1 lu taptlll. Himalayu. 8 ~01 ' o

"Tbc Sakyas and Licbcbavis arc branches or the umc " 1 tbe l l<.sbval:us, says Mr. Bimafacharan Law o~

people .fe.b. book KSHATRIYA CLANS IN BUDDHIST !"'SC 17 0 IS

INOlA. Bhartla's Commentary 00 the AMARAKOSHA po10U out

S.Lya derives rrom 8 tree hown as Saka ncar t~at ahe name • wblch " king of the lksbvaku d) nasty lived.

B ddb.a was tbc 500 or Queen Maya and KingShuddhodana. u • 1 II' tb age of 19 mnd under· Slddbarta renounced prmce y .e at c

took eoanee ror six years under a Peepal ttee ncar Oty£ whor! he allaioed tbe Buddhabood. His son R~hula tu<Croded

to l be tbrooe. Ajatasbatru is iclcolified'in Buddhistic works u the ~on of

Queen Mallodevl and King Btmbisara whose upoto •••

Rcjogrlha. . . r b B ddh• ahcre b uoul1111tY About the contemporarou o I e u bel ween Buddbill litctlltute and modero billorlc>.

or I he Maaadha rulers found According to lhe ehronology • I wasLbc Ma&adha t~~ler

ln tbo Puraoas, Somadbllllias MtfJ~11 dyotsiY bad 22 Kinp • at the time of Mababharat• war. alcd by 6ve rulert or They ruled 1006 yun. Tbey were ~~cars Tbtn rolloWCAI the PradyotB dynoSIY who rule~, ror bO r~led for )60 years nr 10 King• or 1he Shlshunas ram• \ w rourcb on the SbisbUDII thtso 37 rulers the Jtar (/,t. 1 0 rory ofl.old Buddba't dyna~ly). Ksbemajll "'" the c~n••~= from 1892 to IISl&.C. raaber, Sbuddhodonm. ~sbcm•J•t,: Buddha ,..., bOra (IQ7 II wn durin& tbal perood that B' mblsara (ISn to 1114 B.C ) In the rc\an of tbe 3lnd ~'"'' E~li btcned Ooa (1.., n.. B.C.)' Prince Slddhorrbft bccai!IO Th~rmn ~U. 10 1811 B.C. Ill 8uddhal oOtr six y~art nf pe~anca

¥•~~·w----~--------~----------------------------------~;:~--~------------

190 I"DLUiliiJTOAICAL Ull.\~

tbc ~~~o oftbo 33rd Kma. Ajat&lhatru Ct8141o 1787 BC) Lord BI>Cidba dJ<d {180i). Thai &••n us s cobcrenl chroQoio · • o1 Lord Buddha'• M: CY

Born ................... . 1887 B.C. •• Rcnur~clation ............ I8S8 B.C. Peuoce .............. 18S8-18Sl 8 C. Death--· ..... - 1807 a.c.

It the Buddha is deemed tO b~ve lived In I he 41h Century B.C. u 1t oow presume<! then it tallows that bis contomporar.u K.shemajll, Bimbillt.t and Ajttasbatru otso lived durlos lhat period. Smcc: Btmbilara wu tbc 3lnd ruler from tbc date of tbe Mablbhanta war tbe total period of 2638 yca1s ()138 m>nus 500•2638) would mean that on an ,ave('llgc each ru ler's rticn lasted for 82 yemrs and si~ months. On I he ocher band if ""''>tdinl! to our calculation Bimb1!ara was the 32od rulor (rom tire Malabhar•ta war unull807 B.C. (31.38 111ious 1807~1331) Cl".b rukrtcigned on an aVtrago for 41 years wbicb is more ptauublc.

1'•-Hico, a Cbiouc Buddhist who toured India at tbc close or tbe ~th O:ncury A.D. bas recorded that tho imaae of ~fai~Y• Bodhiwv• was put up during. the reicn oJ K1ng P'cna of •be Chow dynatty. That event took place more chan thrte hundred ~earo ofter Lord ·Buddha 's demise. It I$ known tbst Kin& p•lo& rdantd from 750 10 719 B.C. (A RECORD Of BUODIDSTIC KINGDOMS BY FA·HIEN), translated by l~.~D<S Lcue. (Foocoolet 3, 4, ~. edition 1886). Tbu meons tht IIQCOrdona to Fa·Hlen ·a lnquiriCI The Buddbn was born not later tban tb.c I lib Century B.C. Hl1 lestimooy, tberefort, allo di<pr:t)><> the current belief that The Buddha ltved Ia tbc 61b Ccutury B C

Adi Sbankancbarya, the JtloAI Indian philosopher who is •ronaty pla.ccd by modern bi11ories 10 tbe Sib O:nlury A.D. wu born oo a Sunday on the Sth day of tbe l>riahl half of the -u. or va .. akba While S>gitlltiUI was " *ndaot, iu tbc C)'CIIC )ell bo ..... Nandaoa in the year 2S93 or the Kah)'U81· Tllat OOrt .. pOOdl 10 (Jt02 MlnUl 2S9~-S09) ll.C. This lhOWI bow ShanltaraCbarya abould In f&cl be plae<d '" the period In wltodl The Bucldba 11 behevcd to have lived, while Tho Budd~

•

191

01 bo plaocd much carllor bccauJO Shanbracborya rt(u•mu b · I b' ~ ouddhi•ti• mellp ys•C$ n ,. commeollry on •he Brahaa Sunil· Tbat Sbankaracbarya waJ born about 1300 YUI'I aftor t,ord Buddha '' quite plausible bccawc soon after Lord 1l ddb:t b1s doctrine nouri1hed in India. Then ., centums :,ed 1h0 bOld of h is philOSOphy on the public miod bepn 10

~c•r lhtn, and while in that decadent IIO&e Shaobracbarya·a vtsorous propa&"tion of the Va1dik doctrine obhtetated BuddhistiC metaphysics from the Indian mmd, one. for •II. So the revised date for Shankaracbarya •ho lends support to tbe view that LOrd Buddha lived in the 19th Century B.C. (lbe <laborate thesis whiob justifies our plac•ns Sh•nkarachacya to tho 61h Century B.C. bas been dealt wilb indopendeoOy)

RAJATARANGIN I (an ancient hl"ory of Kosbom rulm compiled by Kalbaoa in 1178 A.D.) "ates tbot a !Uhotnya kin& oamed Naaarjuna came from tho land of the Bodh,satva and did penance for si~ days in. Kashmir durin& Kan•ahk•'• reign. Aaain (in 1-277) RAJATARANGINI llatos thot the

11mc Naga1juna resided in Kashmir for lOme elmo and propa· &lied Buddblsm during tbo rule or Abhimonyu, succmor o(

Kanishka. Nagarjuna is Slated 10 be a K.shJtnya k•ng and lh<refo,.. must not be confounded whh any .Buhmin or Sudra of lho time,

Aceording to Kalbana be has narrated tile history of the tulm of Kashmir from his ov.o time (1148 AD) co•euoc • period or 2330 years earlier 1.~. fro(ll chc lime of Gon•nda Ill (1182 B.C.). Abhimanyu, the father or Gonaoda Ill, rUled fur 52 yean. That means Abhimaoyu's rule b·cgan io 23l04 Sl• 2382 years before Klllbana. Thai marked the end ol 1M 60-)<ar rule of his predcce$SOt, Kllnishka That pro'<s tb.t Kanishlla'a rule began in 1294 B.C. Which means th" Naaarjuna Bodblsatva vished ..Kashmir between 129~ and 12J4 B.C Since Tbo Buddha was born before Naprjuoa B<>dlus.atu could ~cb Buddhism, the dacet 1887-1801 B C lot The Buddha stand corroborated.

During tbe rei11o or Abbimanyu the 52nd ~Ina of Kasllmlr(1234·1182 B.C.) lho seholllr Cbaodraehary~ v"ltl'd Kllbnur to lckb and populariu Patanjali't trultk (M&b& BbaoiiJ&).

192 IHOIAtot HISI'oarcAL a-. ~ • .-cr .. Wbrlc thtre ( b4lldracbal)'ll bloacf( wrore a ara

111rnar lie

lliJo tbc oaarcmpor&~y of Pusbyamirra Suoaa CI 21S 10 1

;;• B.C 1. NaptJuna vraitOd Kashmir for Propaaaun

8 Buddhlt~

duron1 tbenme rime. Therefore, The Buddba mtat ha.eu\'td t>c!- ..... r J.

RAIATARANG IN( at aces tbar J 30 Y•ars before Loktdbuu 1 4 :>1cmponl)' of KaoiJbka {1294·12}4 B.C.), Lord BUddh~ lllllioed Niru1111

Accor<lioa 10 Westero Kbolau Kaorabka lived io 78 A.D. 1r Tho Buddha diad 150 )c.ars before Kanishka we gr1 228 B.c u I be dare of Lord Buddha's demise wbkb COnOiCIS wilb •83 B C blC4 by lbc Wcs1ora scholars lbrmselves for The Buddb•'• dtmltc. locidrorally lhlt also proves lballhc dalo for Kao11hb ad.,OC'td by lbc Westera ~bolars IS wrooa.

Hasbka, Ju•blca and Kan11hka could be brorhers or a rieur IU>rdared coorcmporuies. Tbe 6rh tlaau io the 81b Tarana• ohlllli or RAIATARANGINI clearly srar .. lhor tbey reigned COttlcropotancoraly.

Tbouah Abbimuyu SU«<edcd Kanishka be was no sou of tbclaucr. KaoisbJcc bctooacd 10 lbe Turusbka famJJy while Abllllll.lnyu bcloogc<~ roan Indian Ksbatriya famrly.

Abblmao)u '1\'as succ:ccded by biuo.o Gonaad~ Ill. S1oce 'IOOC<AOts ••• Ul,..lly named afrcr <mioom aocesrors i1 is clear tb&t Abbtman)u aan1cd ancr the Molulbborara hot.) bcloosed 10 rhc lilouanda d)'ntJty,

Tilt ID!crvol bct·vecn RAJATARANOINI't da" (114B ,; D.) alld lbc bc&looin1 or Kaobbka'a rei an u 2442 years. If ltaaiohla'a date, .. fiatd by the Wt1ktll scholars is Ioken 10 be 'II A D .. tbc date of kolhaaa't c:<>mposloe Ra}atarangioi will ~~~2S20 A.D wh1tb It ye1 ro come. Wb1cb me•ns

· " to bo born htocc, "bleb souods like Nm< -"loticat Pte<li<Uoo l ad oor b111ory.

Akoroat.~ .. ,, If >oe lal<e 78 A.D. as karJJsbka·, dorc a&

..... b) Wn~a., l<bolars, IOd Jl 48 A.D. I be date or tbo ~Al:RAI'IOINI "'llvca by k llbaoa u wJII mua that b11 ;!0~ • ._ lkalt "

1111 • lliaco,. or 1148 !l))out 7a 1 .... 1070

itA's ANTIQUITY tUOOI

""

10

• and lhe composhlon or lbe AAIATA· Be!w«n Kamsbka a suc:ceuioo of 86 mooln:bl. Tbo ·~

193

RJ'I'IOINI tbere ~·· le worb oul to 2190 yean Caavloa 111 pte period of~~·~· .:,. rule 10 eacb moolli'Cb). Ocduerlnr

era&• of over Y from it .,0 &cl an ·~ceo of rt20 years •,;. period of I070 years! d for if tbe WcSiera acbolars' vitws I. S uoaccoun ~: tcir den& "' •

ecepred bserv ,...,.. I of hi a book Mr . .Kota Veokai~U:bctam o CJ

On pa~c 37 ·elcd wilb tbcit presumprioot tbc w .. ,.,..,,., rbol since I t cooftl.k aditya or tbe Ill Coolury B.C, ud concluded r.bat y, rr~mCeotury A.D. never exiared. Amber, Solivabana or lite II od Sa!ivahaoo Sakas wore lbe same lbey llalcd lbar :!~~:~:~as. Since lbe Welt= acholut pot!· as A:r.es and Ka t baoa dyo&Jty from B.C. to A D. ro dared rbe Aodhra Suva II :d "Sa!ivabanaM as "Rail

b . rec:cnt dote, tbey ca < f "S II" I JUpport t. CJr b I "Sata" lea synooym o a • a Satavabana .. argulng I ~ be ell• lbe aulborhy or DOft!S

support of lbtir cootmtJ~~~I y KATHASARITSAOAR_. aad ond romancu like LILAH la • Saravabaoa wu no Olber lbao olbers. They allirm tbal a Salivsb3oa wbo lived io 78 A.D.

S and Sail toay be lynnllyma Philologically rbe names ala . IO""fll< AJ ror Dil-es lhcy II'USI r<maur r- her but as proper nam as Laksbm

1 and aqor

lance if on• wqman spells. llr ~~m:amo mcallioa, lbar I DO

as ucbmi, bolb co_nnou~a lwo and IDSJstiDa lbal tlu -ground for coofouodla& I e. • S•n•krit namcwblle lhe orber •lgniry bur one person. One IS

is Prakrit. r. dcd lbc Soh era boiOOJCd Salivahana ot78 A.D •• whc:,.o~~r kiDJ btiOOJCd ro dro

10 1be Paowar dyually wbl~ ( m 500 10

495 B.C. SabftlsaDa Satovnbaoo race and ruk I rVikratoodl!Jll wbo fouDt!ed lbe was the gnndson of7t~ t•:. 78 A.O. biJ arai"Ww Sail""":: Vimma C.l\1 in S~·S . . them IWIY frotD lba COUDif)'. U<rcated lhO SOkatl and d~= lJid COII4uer0d COI&Dir* l:.!f.:: p<rformed tbc bouo JO<fl (rom vaaquitllecf rukrL lrlo r.:rsia and received lribure Mapd~o wit• Oln•roJf u •••

b I ruled ovor l.o Mqodba l'lo• ,._ llndbra Sal ova O:n family btld ... , Blwlo,.. ID .. c•pllll, Tbe A d mota llltCDded from lba - --10 ll7 B.C. Tbdt 0

1' '-"''lr ____________ _

1 .. INOI.-.H JUno. IC'AL-~I

...... Oor••

.,SIC. Ia INI dya.uly Satavabao •-• • ru..., rrO<D .....

""" to

Srliraheaa bad bit Clpotal 11 Ujjtio (A . lad a ''1111

) oo Cc01,.1

M t.:rbhcamacbanar to 1uJ HISTORY SASSARIT LITlRAn·RI! (l 937 <d' f ) OF CLAssiCAL lllr ......_. •- "I I 100 WflltS 00 o.. .-=- 1 ... 1 odoa bas 11.1 wcll wrin• · • • """ 2 of hrana; ubobnlbll boiiOI)' and cbro l eo bostory aod lbc plwa f,.udl " 00 ogy. Puraoaa are not

It!~ Mt>ellcr condemned tcndcncoes of alllfi' lbc or•m.atoallon 1o run wild on tb W7"•m tc:holou lo od aouuaa. He stld ''Men who o b .. as of pr~ooclv. loUIOrian lot. Ntcbubr have ab~sstsd!<d tho I rue facully or on

•'-- ' •..a IDC r rom p i S$ • Clll ..,. hJtlc>rJ C>( I OiltOn whose 1'1 IDC JentcOC'C> ,_.__. ocba b •· o eratwe had oal• J'u•t '-·•o

..... "~rl.loa bow ' • ""• •lat So:.l>ubr had left uodooe e;,er fi lbougbt tbey could do ol Kalida'"- fablca or Hfr~~ a ter perusing some poems ANASDALAHARI orobe ADESA Jome vencs oflbe Gil A Ill<) pft "'•lb tbe .,:Y:;.•~rooetry O( the BRAGA VAT ol l11U>t • ~GoUlled hllloncal ega.<theau and Appoliniua Noc OCII) ~~a ... ..,..,Ill COltclOiO:uat or the lod'an nation. -.:1} lllllertala butlbc moot been drAwn fro., tbe most nticl baY< bra~ <mpiO)ed qucauooable and spuro..oua autbo'IMI11J>ItOol." • Wolboul the lout historocal

Mr. \' A Smllb obocrvea . INDIA.Ihcledotirm, lll2l) th~t t~e OXFORD HISTORY OF :=::""' ... Mop4ba ••• cleplct~•nr ~ll•&ed ioeideo11 or tho tOttll amo enuilcd "S•fll<l or Rb~bYtdly on lbe ancoeot poll· Ito C:, P<tltal't Ia th< Sib Caot ua {Modro Raksba•a) u ullll1 11-1• &o rely ro ury after Chro11 Bu1 i1 would .. ""'• work <of 1 r lllltltcr-o(. ~ b alief a.. - lll&ftl&ltl..a com • IIC1 atoric:al oarrn-

dra .. '"ld... POled some IC\'en teOIUrles

~~ ... ~ tbc" "-·ka- lltdr -- tebolo"' da ,., , , •• ('lOt ,.,::- of 1lO B.C fOr ~· or 78 A o, Cot ,.iod of 1101 ,._,. l Aahh 11 -. oatwo ~eratlooa lit ... Ji8a)- 0•:-:;: ....... Ollly l•oOUt IO 10 IDI<r\COIOI

n u Ilk :hlilo ndcn lttauu (49th ............ ) C:ID>e tOibC

195 LOIO IUODH.4S ,.,mQUtTY

h""'"' Tbol would mean 1bey ruled ror ao avera&e of u4

~••" •••h which os ablurd· Mr. A.V. Tbyapraja Aiyar io b is book INDIAN ARCHI·

TECTURE writu tbal a tomb io Athelll discovered rioeoallt ]las

30 inscription wbicb reads " H.cre lies lodian Sraii)IDI•

ch•<Y• rrom Bodb Gaya, • Sakya monk taken 10 Greece b)' his Greek pupols and the 1omb matka his death about 1.000 B.C." 1r Buddhist monks had gone to faraway Greec:o in 1,000 B c. the date or Kaolsbka must be at least 1100 B.C .. lilld that or Asboka, 1250 B.C. and I hal of Cbandragupta MauryR, 1300 tB.C. (vide A. Somayajulu's DATES IN ANCIENT HISTORY ·OF INDIA, pp. 11 2, 113). Tho Buddha must have lived over ·three centuries before C baodrosupto Mauryo~.

We may now sum up the nrioUJ theories about Lord

·Buddha's date :

1. Sir William Jones believes 1h~ date to be 1027 B.C oo the strength of the Cboocse, Tibelan aecouou, Abul Ful's writio£5 and the Dabostan Documeol (vide Joan's Works. Vol iv, pp. 17 & 42-46).

2. According to Max Mueller, 1he Chinese aeeouott '*""' 850 B.C. for ,..sboka. The inte;val between Buddhi Ntrvaoa and Ashoka's dealb is 371 years So The Buddha mUJI bavc died (850+ 371 = ) in 1221 B.C. (vide his RISTORYOF -'NCI· ENTSANSKRIT LITI!RATURI!. Allahabad edition PP• 141· 143 & pp 3·8 of the 18S9 edi1i0<1 or 1heaame book).

According 10 Mn·~ Muellor Ceylonese occounll ossian JIS B.C. for Asbokn 'Tbe Buddha nirvana would thet~ fall lo.315+

311 ~686 B.C. (i.e. In the 7th Ccnlury B.C.)

3. Dr. Flee I is of the oplnioo 1h11 The Buddha dled In 16JI B.C. slnee A>hoka lovtd arouod 1260 B.C. (oo lloe - of tllo RI\JATARANOINI), Fltcl oaya " We should lind lbal lbe RAJATARANGINI would pi- Aiboka somewlwc .-r t260 B.C. We abould prefeo ro tclcct tbo date &.C U.SO ud thea we obould s<l about •rranJIDJ 1bc •-loo o/lbe ...., of lndoa ouclf from the Puraau with B.C.. ll.SO (OtlM ~ XlmDtC doiC ~( -cuJon of Ashob U Ollt l(altiall ..... •,

m.<>·!f""------------

196 I}IDfAif HISTORICAl. fli!$1Aaclt

{Qoottd by M. Krishnamacbarya in lili HlSTORY OF CLA~ ~ICAL SANSKRIT LITBRATUIU! lo.troduction p, XCILG).

4. E.J. Rapte>o's yte for The Boddha's demi.se, 483 B.c ,., oo1y prcmsional even aoeordiog to his owo adminio~ (CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA, Vol!., p. 171).

5. VlliCCftt Smith did not undertake any original rueareh oo tbe po1nt but believes in that same date (OXFORD STU. DENTS' HISTORY OF INDIA).

6. RAJATARANGINI places Buddha's demise ISO years before Kanishka That gives \1$ 1294+ ISO= 1444 B.C.

1. loscr~ptlooalevideocc brought out by A.V. TbyusarllJo .o.,yar places the evcnt lo the 17tp Ceotury B.C.

S fa·Kieo surmises the eveot to have occurred nround1 1050 B.C

9. A.P. Siooen i.o hi1 ESOTERIC BUDDH1SM (VI1! tdi· uoo. 1903, p. I?S) wiaos 643 B.C for The Buddha's birth.

Tbe abo•• tbeor1es all conftict with one another end if ooe amoac them, uamtly that which alludes tct the 6th Cenrury B.C •• rules tbc t-t it is a mere accideor. Evco amona the ahme Gipt~e.ot lheoncatbe.6rh Century theory is the weakest.

Soma)'IJUlu Write. "All Jaios aod IIinuua qrec filar in S28 8 C. \'ardbamao Mlhavira diod and that Kumaril Bboua (U7 to 49) B.C.) wu vehemently atlackiog tho 1a•os oil over 16d.oa and ,.., followed by Shaokancharya (509·447 B.C.). Tbo intet•al of tnuc bttweoo Shankara and tho Buddha wns about 1~00 l'Un. Hence rho Buddha did not live In the 6th C<11tury B C The ~anty accounts kept by the inhabitants of Ceylon lle oo autboriry for fillnr; tbe date of The Buddb• aod ~.,. e&kulatiDI all elates In IJ>dian history on thet basis. The

J- ... tcqulrod lluddblsm •• the 7th Centur• A 0 hence tbc lpo- e&Jcodar II DO .... J 1 • '

lllo ""'dba .... .. ooJ u ~ autbomy for~[O· tbe date or ocllolan ..._. Y ~ ••formauoo The WHtem •- n.. ..::::', '::'ta':.'" -dille to the or whims and liMp of ...., ••• ah~ 10 1041.., ochoolt 11 limply a <DAllll Df ~=~":" lDd baaolau coojecturo•

n.. wllo ..._ n.. y OF INDIA, pp, 112.·114)

IIM4taa 1• the 6tb Cattury B.C.

. OHA.'S A~1·1QUI;TY

~0 suo 197

d w1tb Milinda. According to the Bh1ra11ya '"' Menao er I (D s· , fc' ·) ident~o, osored History Vol. I r. liCit\ art "'

Vidya Cbavan spo 10 tbc 2nd Century B.C Milinda livecl1n the Meoaodcr bOI;n~ Aecordio& to the MIU.N'DA PANIIA tbe 14th eent~ry Mill•d• nourished soo years ar.er the demise or v avaoa loo& d (2) soon after the reign of the latet Mauryao Tbe Buddba, ao d (l) probably before the accession of Pu•bya· kiD& Sa)lsuka, a.o mitra-aboul 187 B.C.

, • 0 three indications afforded by tbc MILINDA Compa~•n& tb Puranio evidence we fiod that. Cband,..gu~ll

<t>ANHA Wltb the d kin in 1584 B.C. The rei&D or the ·~o· MaurY• was crowoe g 14 ears That mean~ the l!lt k••a kings in the dyoo.&ty ldostedl 3220 By C , According to tbc Puraou

· · k • rci•n ende '" · ' 1 1 Sahsu a s o . • 807 B C Milinda ame SOO yeors • cr. The Buddha died tn I Miliodo'a time. Tbls surely is after That &i•CS us 1307 B.C. u d ·

0 the MIUNDA

r S I ka's reign as stale ' the close o a IIU rowntd kiog in 1218 8 C PANHA. Pushyamhr~ Sung• wa:tc; Mllillda (in 1307 8 C).

h'ICb aga•n was certaonly loos a , 'W • h logy II accurate This sbows bow Puraote c rono . 'ptioos ar< oflen coo·

Some names found ID Asbtbn r~=~t countries and rrom founded with the oames of ru ~ o 'oo of Indian ehroootog)' It the kaowo datu of the Iauer ,.,.all

attcmpttd. 'Ibul : d t'Ged with the follow••• f ore 1 eo I

The Vono n~~m<J o rulers of other eounrrl .. Ashoho lnscrlptlotU AnUyochu,.Tbeos II o(Syrla

Amliyoka PtulcmY PbiladelphOf or l!IJipt Tulamayil Aotlaon"' oonatut Amt•kinc

Maps . ) Maka Aleunder {ol l!P""' ' Ahkya Sudblc ed ly to tbc lootilll oyllabtet-Tbe above sinlll&riiY is co;:::,,, ~~K that tbO ''""' ~ tbc

Wbllc Alboka't oniCI•Piio:.:r<Mfed oo hiS~ tbe al;:'.a.<>'"'! rulers cocotaoocd by lu~bOiart ,.11b tbc oaiDd aa ., •• ..,. confUJed by Y.c>ttro dhJAat ua.l• Syria- ••:., _.. 1otenptoon• rul<cl

0~ota'• (roaucrs with maA!r o;_ _.. or t7SO mllct rrom I! pt ,.., at a diltaOCC ntt ialcf'otoinJ~ I)'

)lllt,(AI,ll--~-------

19J

~Um!OIUI,.... Dar I) JOOO miles .,.,.). So Aa111ro1.a ,.,. Jl!mau•• UDdW~) '•vao• pnDCe wlioa oo Afaha01,

110 '.,•

rW:! from 1~72 to 1<06 B C. Th. Saaakrit word Y•••• ab~u.; 1101 be ll!crrrcttd 10 a. can tbe Greeks in 147:·1416 •ht•

ta Alllltd, Gr .. k, u a ~orlc!..-erc UDkno"'n ..,d lite ••tt 100 Grcrk 01a1cs oa rhc c,U.o <>f modern Greece. \'1\a.::

m la4oan K\hatmll • ho ruled beyODd tLe Indus.

Rb)S Duods afler di!OCUSnng !he reliabiloty of the G't<\ t•norot~ and Duddhost cbronlclos, in bu hook BUDDHIST 1'101<\ ""'"'or rhe conclusion rhat they were u,eles. for Oxtoa lmtn<o<•lchrooolon.

Buttb< Purantc ~ccollllt has never been conltlldictcd. From 1bc l'llranu 1~07 B.C os the unambiguous date or Tbe Bool4ba'a deauoe.

To tn 6xoof IJ>Cleut Indian historical cbtono!oay from Mbena, Kind), loodoa or Tok)O dubbing or prcsumooa tbe IJ>daa l'lloaaa• oo be fraudJ os •t best a Yef) squin•~)cd .,.,.. olladoaa butory.

\ Tbiru\'tAUIA<banyu fonneriy bead of tbe dcparta>ent of mtbema~~e~, Go•'UIIa>eut Ans College, RaJabmundry, 'IIOok•Of oe tbe aurocomial ·:lata available of Buddba'a lofe ! .. mel} tbe Mooa'• pbsa ud week days mentoooed for - C\'QJII of The BlldJba'a hfc) bu also arnvrd 01 1.07 A C.*' •be daoe or Lord Buddha ·s death He S3)1 tn an artoclc Oil the lllbj<ct lhll on DO otbet year dil« the data SiVtn tally ,.otb Clllro« ta the <t>bem<rin e~<cpl in the )ear 1801 B.C. He lnOd S"Ul\ Kanno rtUao•s LIFE OF GAUOAMA Cor hos ~loltOOI

lla P 8'1&11dc1 "'~' ' ·Tbe epoch or Gaudama Is a point :.._'"'do lbo ••roou• """"" profcuin• BQddbllm do not •~toe ~. ·:;Ci~·=~= 8 • I -.. •rmc:tc 11tad StaCDa.e aa_nata plocc thai rwot tom-·-~--- ... Oriooa• ~ ' modclle 0( the 0.:. ..,.0~ury he fore rbe "-~ ... 6: lobelaaa. &1>4 a. a cousequcox:c the M.u:rflitl a.. .• p4,aq lbt neat ... " . .:! Jtundrcd )'c-1 ra , . .., ....... ~ ..... _ . FP iq b' t p ~ __, cluoaoloar by COOiplctely by•

• 411 1

• lloc -...pcioo rbat tbey .,..,.

ItA'S ANTIQUITY t,OIP at!DD

199

• codemoc cuu~dness. Tbe history of a o~u•~ ·•-

fi'IIUds ao:n cr be properly lnv«<.tl•·•d by suJpcettn& ""'" people can

11"" ond recorda ito thtor own land. Sooee tb11"

C)'Yn rradolloDJ h tau and tbcir dl'ICiplo ba•c a•tempted tQ .,bat 1\'oocrn ll<h

0 d up in 1 .,.titer ot aumerOUJ coolhtuoa

their rcJc:arc e• co dO.

dote 1 multiple d•tes hopdcssl)' dn~grccloa wub loS •J••D>' ~co 1 -dy been aho~~rn that l'llranoc chronotoay

ther ot olio r.. • ndi "' I ·-one aoo ount or ancient lodto. I u 11 gro,. Jiv<> • coli>rtnt •« mend tholr currently profuse. e.bronoloaJ ••Jhl. tbtrdor:d~~:, buth at 1887 B.C.. and Jcmue at ISG-7 uod put The 9 1 1 h tho~<> eveotl properly belona. 11te D.C. the datu to v :;,cof ancient Indian history doted durong other unportant • e h oo Tbe Buddbn mu$1 abo be Jokc

tbo coun< o11f ~~· t~~:;• bO>toricl <ooo:c they all falltn a homO• ,.,,. :.Joplc y ' • • h. .

_,·,vc of oneoent Indoan lltor)' JCDOU~ Ill"•

Bibllo~ropJ.,. '

I Tbe Cambndge Hostory of lodi• by EJ. ~-'P""'· . • H or Indo> by \ OIICODI A. 2. Tnc OaforJ Students ottory

Smitb. y d Amti}ob aad up 3. The A\)e or Buddha. Molooda ID

Purana by Xota Veukatacbclam.

4, lndluu Alltiqu.,~, Vol VJ d t9,l s. GouU\mD The Buddha b) Kenneth Sauo en, •

edition . b llii1\JII.I,chaoall "· Nobotroy• ClnGS on Buddhlll lndoa Y ......

•mba by Bh;lrau 7. Cammcntaty un the ... ...,.. ., _ tro .. I toy Fa·n•~• ..... R<eo<d or BuddbiSioC ..... ,. Oilll

lated b) Jomes ler&•·

9 RIJliMID&onl by KalboDJI. 10. Buddb!JI lndoa by Rb)J Ouo.U..

::!0() INDI~N IIISfO~ICA~ ••si..\IIOIJ

11 Ult "' Oaudama by Bishop Blgaodet. 1!. r:soltn< Buddhnm by AP. Soooen, I SOl edhloo, U HutOI)' or AJJtleDI Sanskrit Liltrature, by Mu Mutll

tr, 14 Hutotr orOassoeal Sanskril Loteratur. by M. Ktlsboa.

llla.Jw)L

IS. Oalttoo Aocoeol HoJIOry or India by 8. Somayajulu. 16. lodwl l,reboltelure by A.V. Tbyagaraja Aiyar.

Antiquity of Lords Rama and Krishna's Eras Grossly Underestimated

Bolb Ramo and Krishna are held io lhe highe~t re..-ereoce n India aod by Indians a ll over as divln': foc• rna1ioos. Both ore regarded u the mos1 ideal bum&JJ beoogs. ThatJS lestofied by 1be epilhct "Maryada Purusbottam" applied to both.

Bolh 1ymboliJe 1wo very aocleJJI stages of lodioo elvillta· lion. They Ire 10 aocleot that we 5eem to have lost track or 1beir etaS. Bultbc remo1e aouquity or 1beir times do not on the lu ll $1goifY tbu 1bey lived io less eivilited co mmoDities tbao our <>WD. lo fact 1he lofty thouaht about civk- duues, eoa loeerla& feats, armaments, quality of raiment and complteated artronomiatl data cootaioed 10 tbe two epics Ramay3oa and Mahabbarara deahog with lhe life-times of Rama aod Kmboa cuah11o coovioee u1 in all humility that compared to theor I&<S our acbiovcmeoiS appear puerole.

II it sometimes araued th&l the Ramayaoa and tbe Maba:h.arata no doubt contain very lofty and noble thonahl the <~&bl of Which ha• hardly be eo equalled in any other age, but

; • r~r marodal aobicvcmcnl, it Is sa td tbat descroplioos rouoci '18b!liosc q>lcr are pure fic tion and ought not to be bcltcvcd on. u araument in rac1 becraya our own lgooraooc or human Pl)'cb0Jo•u H

'11tll l '"' umao community progress IS never lop-s1docl • .,~ ~ 101 •ay commuoiliea wblch can reach the rummu of 111oc:•~->• cal aod civic concepts would never Ia& beb1od 10 """ICII IQ . llledqJ •enuona, lndUJiry, ootor-steller travel aDd ......,d li!t~:~teoce. Becaute h It after all the saiD<' human OCitcr d1~ 1 toy, Wllh metaph)'tlcal conocpta that run a w11d 10 '""cJ. I Qns Jtke iDVCOtinl m .. 111 0( lemporaJ COillfOt ( and

IWWAH tunOAI(.'Al. .l..l (A-C.lt

Out "'"~~~ btlrer tbet we tn tho l Otb Century b adun.S lbc1•hiJ or auh:r••f •onohoos never beroro reath he r1101NI In an uno.emntcd IUumpuon. We bavo btco •. 1. <d 11

QIC' JC\'ma !hat buman ~~~l'fiO h 1 11n1gbt tnek naruna from tbt <a moa 10J tuiMIOIIIOJ 1n tbc ptUCftl <OphfllfC<Jted IIIJe. lb~ l><lk'l h ••••rrenled If"'"" look around we shell find lhlt « '"'" olfa~r• tun Ilona dllpw 1nd not atnlahc hncs. Tbe uuh onJ oth<r ucllar bod1cs are all o rbo They oil move! cllt~lleolui~IIJ Ma.,elie 1od electric fieldo too ate e1Hpc1011~ Applytna the oame law to humnn civllizationJ we would·ftnd' that they too rue end full in an unend~ns cycle At coch 1118, lhoy ruch srcat hcogbls ood theo d i$11ppenr. Tho anmo could ~c the Cit•• wub the emli>:Ailoos dCJeltbed In the Romayan1 and the M1habharato If this is clearly understood then thoro oh~uld be"" difficulty in vl•u•lrztog tbot 1bo two Indian cptc• dr~~r<1boo two rul, ancient civilizations and tbe ocbievemcnta ll>ry <l11m 11c no mytbJ lnvcnced by intaglnatf, .. autbort.

~lncc, the Vedic tomes aJJd the dmu of the Ramayano and the \hhabbarar• reprekat tbue di•unc:t ood rmponant 1111<1 ID lnJ1on biotory 11 iJ 1 pity that no, 'Jympathetlc' and J<riaus atrempu have btco mode to Ox their cbrcnoloay. This Is a bauc dtocrepor><:y in current tnts of Indian h istory. Ia feet our h1>ronea JUil brush pan thate three >118CJ almort dubbin& them •• m~rh., foota.ie~ and fables.

The «>lOa far thh academic intnenslgcni)C l1 chat India bu btcn ruled by a.lient for over .. thousand yeats. or tltcto Ulo ""' 800 yoaro unde~ Muallm rule wore or complete chaos and dtcJ~I<IIed barred between tbo ruler• and tbc ruled. Ourtn1 lltflllh dornroauon for tho ooxl 200 ycara WeAtorn scholara' tmm11urc mcdloevol concop11 about time and spaco, tho orl1ln of the co.moo and the appceraoce or lifo oo canh were hl1h· baa4<dly lmpo•od and Implanted 10 all •eadcmlc ••~•• and rder.._ boo~o . Tbcy made ut believe that 1111 very tardy we tii'Cit •D monkey• A(lu eomc. ye.an wbca we ltarnt Iff ...,·e1k OD

uor ~kit aod uw tbc forekJI for broods, tbroulb the .. ..,. - llafl - ... llOOC ... lo •od behold, JCJUS Cbnll lpPCII' 1M • •Ito aa,o and """" tboo bomeolly tsccd to 111 p.-1 poa!tloa 0( -~ _,......, proarw.

lh) gr. U MA AND K-l~tt}U., wnQl!tfY oP t.O~

' h Wc.stem phyatcal ICtcntt:lll h.,ve tun& ... 11 cnouJ r 1

(IJHO""" t'mhlvo 0 \lCIODI lot00Ut the llfiJin n I t e.arhtr pr h s.t.cd sa.u• b 4W r•~- They ou "' 1.al .. Dh"'u' t C' cuth ond lb< um ..,....... b thont o f year< '" d1d th. IJICIC'OI l ndron•

"I '"' II ,. I ~ ( I • aad" e at •Ctcnusl! 11nd h1ttonatt1 ~,:lvc .tt cu to belf o•n soc• bl ~-Yd 1 pocr Tbe latter dosacul) <hn& to tbett unten• e, ,.,.....,.

l.~P •o;acbn,01,tie nouon.S-1<·• · • I L h

•oOl 1bould nO\\ help us 10 rea •:u h111 1 e MoJcro 1e1.. .•

I d. Q conl:>'pl or tunc rtnd osmtc ougtn tneaiurcu 10 ane-1enc a 11 •

1 of Yus~•. Mahayugas and Manoos (r.e. ages and neon>)

1 ttll an omntaclcnce nod comprdtenuon whoeh thr. rtpr~StOII modern l'l•n has nat been ablt 10 equal.

Th•; rcallz11tlon should p repare u> psyeh.,logioally to study b R•mayana and Mohabh~rata ci•lll:u tiuns as vrry an~lent ~~mun1ues. If, thcrerorc, tnternal •nd c><ternal evidcnoc lndt· Cit<' rhll Rama •nd Krishoa l•••d thuusaods or even bundrtd or tbouu nd )ear• aae one need not s uft'cr fro m • hoelc 1 Wutero ..,bolars a nd their loell dio<:~plu are p rone to.

At lwc th<rc is no harm in cvalu&tiDll the traditional ..,ldcncc Tbe mere fact thai 11 indicates Rama and K rishna 10 h< of rrcat ontiquii.Y should oo t pu t UJ oft' bccau,• "~ lu>e alrndy cxpla~ned earlier Chat bunun Civilizations ba\e risco :llld f•Ucn rn an unending cyde

lord Ramn i~ regarded oa tbc LCVcnth incarnation The trmr or his htrth lo kuol'!n with eer~ainty He was bone Dl t/,. olrolcc 01 12 noon The day of his birth coo Is lu10IYD for cer· t~t~ He wn• boru on l.he nlrt•h day of the bright hQif of the tarlton month Cluutrn corresponding to the Qnd of MDI'Ilh .wd

b~1;"~"8 or April The o nJy uncercain~y i• about tbe ~emr in ;IJlic 1 e~~<•• born. That could be calculated nod tallied with

<rent uVarluble dntn.

'l<eotdtna to 1 d · ~ • ., Yu •ncrcnt o rnn trRdJIIno the prcl>Uit era i1 the l·ll 30~ Hindu •nrooomy h01 Hmed its beginning u from ~;.<ll , .. ;~m. of the 18th February In 3102 B C, che momcnt h~t~~o;h •st planch "tre ID CODJUDCtiO.D in Arc:u 8~Ucy t/,e

rouomer h • t« d d h ' atb.rahoos r H • or e " >nlaumeot.uthc unatnny

, . . 0 1ndu outtonomy.

"'II Etll .... Pr«cded by Dw•p•r, Ttclll and K rrt1 Vue-

fN'OfAN I"O:HOJtiCA.L tt•.s ' '•liCit

(I~ tru) •• that ordtr. From Knta 10 K ali lht dUtltton or lite fout ,.,.. bu bc<D calculartd. to be 4,800, 3,600, 2,400 •11<1 t.:oo t~111-. yean tn tbc .-uo of ~ 3 2 ; I The di>toe

1'ftl"' furacd 1niD bumm yars amount rc-spcct1vdy 10 17 28.000 12,96,000 64,000 ; l.lld 4 ,32,000

Oftbttotal 4.32.000 year span ortbe current Kato •ro olll) $,066 )<&11 ba•·• dapscd '?esc y<an when •dded to tho 1,64,000 ytars of the intcrvcomg Dwapa.- era 8"• "'the lil"tC 8,96,0 66 That CliO)' years b.avo pustd since the <odor the Tteta .,. Ill wbieh Lord Rama bved. A I 2tb pan or tho beJinnbl$ ud end or e•ch era is regard<d u rormina the ttlllltUOD pwod. To our l3test figure we, therefore, ~~d 1 ,08.000 years or the troosltion period. Sinoe Sbrtc. RUillJI ;1 lltd tO have lived rownrds the end of the Trela era, 11 means that the epic Ra1111yana deals with tbe life of a society uluona UoUI I miiUo:n) ears nso.

Tbe fauna desert bed tn tbe Ram&YJID8 includes pachyderm> •ttb four nab Elcpbauts witb only two naks were also oot llllb......,. The fourtustc~ •re espec:Wiy mentioned amooa .ooomals found iD RaVIUa's eapital LalJLa.

Aoeordma to anuquarians elepbaots wtth four tush boc ame txllo<:'l about a miUio11 ye.an ago Thts '• JLI.It a speco· mea of tbelilld of JCicotific cvidmce which awaits to be propcrlr ••..tuartd

Aa a wly we may a.lso uu the traditio111Uy banded down bor.,_pc ofSbrec Rlftlll. Except for the positiont of the two Nodeo of tho Moon. 11amely R.ahu ud Ketu. the posllion ~f tht otb<r celenial bodies boa been recorded on Sage Vntmfkl J

Ramayano otself It could be thul it waa not the practice then lo 'pltc:c' the Nodes. S:bree Rima's horoscope Indisputably ooc.ptod ancloclopted throuJhoutlndla for IJH Is on P•ll" ~os.

Even tbo.o who 1100fJ at interpretative astroiO&Y •houfd lint oo quarrel wttb Ill m.111' ,Weal upcet- oamely amo-1 11111 11 the •datively ti.td posiuon of atan helpl aavl· ,.._locate their poootooo on tbe va.1. bewddertna. featorcldl npn11c of tbe -· 11mol.erly a plancruy <hart helpo "' pl8p>iDt u ••a.1 ra tbc •Ill, ..._tldcnna olllmlroblt ••t>lllf. cf nNE. Aslr~ llld matbcmatlcilllt would do '" '

\

lOS

fi d out bow many yean ago tbe above planetary tbOrtfore, 10 0

d J( it did occur about a million years , tion oceurre . comb••• If nthor Indications in and ouuido the Rama yana bfck ·~:1 to the some conclusion we shall have doted a very tl!O pot 1 ndmork in tbe lndian ctvilizauon. importaot a . .

11 could be that tbe nme planetary combonatoon recurs at • 1 fLoodredJ or tbousand.s of year$. Even then we ontervt 1 o " • b cculd take alllhose dates and try to mateb them wnh t e.,t.ber ccnobcrating evlden~c to find out whieh of them should have btc:> s~ ... llama's btrth dale .

Acy body who knows eveo the rudtmCIIU of astrology II'Oilld be able to notice tbat tbe particulars of Rama's life are boroe out by the planetary posiuon In hi.s birth ~bart. For tomoce when a number of planets arc exalted and m<lSI or the rcmllomg arc •n their own houses they indicate an irrnistible p<r~ooal ms!!oetism whlob makes almost all callors-oo kneel ~•6 promatc. Moon in ita own bouse and Jupiter culled belag poshed toactbcr '" the 1\scendant CAncu signify a per"'••lhy fervently dedieoted to trutb, wedded to stern dUty but for~vma a ad juar. Mars In Caprieorn in the scv.:ntb bouse ;,doc.atuseparatlon aod occasional rebuke$ from the $po

1• ·o.

J '"'• the Uolnltlatod ore not likely 10 I !And tbls le<~bntcal ''10• rot looa we leave II at that

rou~troaomical dolllls coocernmg Lord Krishna's life are tO •. Cba~t~,"~1~~r of Indian scripturos such os Bha&\:al (part IP~:t v, Chi t' art II, Chapter VI and VII) • Vishnupu.rana 111, •tanu1 "s~:~~i

4• $, 23 and 37) : Matsya Puran (Chapter

and Harivamsba (Part I , Chapter S2)

A..~ ;JII &.MOl a A\14 AHD CJ.Dil'(A.I ra4.S ~"'

or ~rep&rllll &Ad s.rc-kecp<q o' !Wnl b.n;o~ [.,. ~.,t...,daal 1>0.,, b&t bed ~ a.....,.t. " o.spte:d ud ~., ~ed to .a lAdJa, II Ia DOt. t!at<dore. r jll: ~ us;o::t ~ ~ lt :olll4 be that >D 0>-et-e::~ (r.t::hc ~ ""' t'C>DI able tO l&f bls baD<!& 00 !.to pe oC< ~ t«>P"o Q011C lA 1 w-IU c ~:~~uodxcd a raJ~ a:>:. !k; 111 ....

..... .-.eo if t•o. th'ec ot ~~ bo<oocopu a:c "'=:~&! l:l bc a; ~ .we are .-ar.out wa)t o( r!an f)'\q •bd> C.= - ne best method trOUI4 be 10 f1o4 - lllot :< st';x:, cl no. _.1 bodt<> (roe> a%1Cl<Dl c;.obc=l or "":!:t-..s ::al aX•· tioll> .r the d.alt, ,._., aa4 '"" of binh :uc t.ooa:. ~::&41, "'"" cie~»tllW)' co~:dllliO'IU rcsc:b<4 from ·r~:::s· tte ,._ -pc cr~uld be &&ll!ecl •itb tbe c•eaa oft!:< =.ea"t l:!t AJ

10 pltcin& pl.u<IS lD o•o or culttd I:DIIled tbOK q,AJ,uo. I -.., ~ t.. pointed 0111 tlut or Ill aU lktihcMII borooeopcl a~ btta JU:J: lhq eao aln,~ be ten6ed by rdemtli to It: ~ deploym<Dt altbc Ulll< ot the illdi• 11l111'a b :lh. It =- tliQ be sttt<d that if &IIOCDI IJidiull ar< ~,,d of~..,.....,. ,.._ Jio:l "tb borOICI>pct tbc IDOCI<ro scllobn .-~:...:a;>< l:lo.-(ar >D <q.Wiy cneuc •c b!IDd prc,'UiL:t ~~ .,, ~I cbaru wbocb of proi'<r ~ c:2U c:: as k&>t"' daUDJ the c•<llli of IJ!c, u tbe JDT~n ttl asual o*rnllulll arc oo tbe au p~ Gn>

'Th- •otb DO &eqU&OOliOC:C Wllb astrolop ~ ~·~= DOlt that it b not US) tO fabtoC&tC &IS b ·--- ll IS easy IS pl&elDI 10} of the OlD< r aocu a.tl)~lTlll rucleltl Ill

the t: bouSCS ff I 0001« cioclll b< caD c:>S:I ~found bJ even 11 cunof) aloocc: for uuuac:e lf tbe: Sodn ar: DOC pbc<d opi>OOJI< ~~ell olh<r or Mrrcury u ool • ..,. _,. or Vct1Ul ,..,,bhs t ... o houtn of tbt &UD ot a t : II~ m it. ll'fO!'O piau 10 tb< boforcopc f01 a JlTtD nll tile<. date and QQDlh Etc-D lf aa ~·pert ra.bdc:ate:f l!l torefcopc cs.:a t.ti'O be •enDed •atb rdctca« to 1hc ~.,t.c:mtr n.. Sit llldlt IUb.)C:Ct a.o4 e•tOU o{ htJ lift bU ~~' 11!"&ftNc=. ,ud ~f arc ... 'bccu•~ lOP' cca aad .:sa ~ • tbcm an be ,,.,.,.d. •••h .,.pooooo~

2()8 ll<DIAN HJSTQ~ICA.L -~~0. Spq11a« bro.d ly aboul Lord Krishna's horoscop.

1 abo•-.: oo~ lloda rhat almosl a ll tbe p lanets are Ia the, • 1'<~ l • · 'J O"'lf Ot cu Jttd JIOI•t•ons. Socb a pettooa rty os verr y a 0 0dbead "!los.

sr1tttualaura com~' ~iversal homage. Aoorher very ""~·

lnJ and to(alhble rearure IS the t~alted moon rn Taunr1

lte<o. 4Jot wb10b arvu t~ subje<:r a very a ttractiVe persooalhy, Thai b v.by lord Krrsbna •s known as MOHAN /.~. "the very auractn-c

By rejurioc astro nomical d ata so tbougbrfully recorded In aM•eot India, modern scholars hove dooe great harm to resear.b R•J~alfon of such data out or hand am~uors to·~ iosinuatlon that aoolent lod•aos almoJt aotlotaltoJl 20th C.o!Ur) rt .. Dtch ICbolarSblp deJibera!ely fabrica te ll!rr&l dara to stake a Cillllll of &rnll Ootiquiry for their OWn cfviJizattoo U lfillllt o ther civiliutioos.

Madero b•u apiasr aocleot astral data tbougb based on Ill< bcit of IDltDtiOD$ bas Yelled IO the very Oppolitc teJUI!$.

h is QOI Ullltkely lhll the lllodem abborreoco or astral dal• bas I'CIIII!cd 10 fotlltaa false dates IU>d tmplaotioj uawamottd cbroooloD' tD lodia11 lustor)'. To illustrate tbJJ poiollean qoo~c &a actual IDiliDC< of bow such btas bad almost led to fOUIUtt a 6chhou• date oa a research tbcSts.

A adlolar kllown to me wu wotking for bls doctoral theat& lin 'aoude' w" 10 lodlan Cllrtauan who bad Imbibed all the dcq>-oc&trd P«JUdoc:n or Western M:hOillt'l for ladlao astnll clarA. Tbt rub,..t of tbo tbcal• ""' Nana Phadaavecs-tbo 18th Ccfllur) Maratba~ta•ermao.

Duuoatbt ouurac QfbtS research the ieholor found three dilll:rwt clatn mentfnncd by conte111porary Enal•sb officlala or 1M Eaotlnd•a Compa.,y, ba•••a a beariaa

00 Naoa Phadoa·

- ·· \lrU.. Tbc lbtee ollki&h had retpceltvdy rec:orded tblt 11MJ ..._ IIIC>tl '" receptlooo lrt&GICd by lbe Pbedneveet fiiDoily Ott Ftb<Ulr) 12, february 2• IIDd Deccu,bct 12 174lln ~ •ltb the b•rtb of a ooo •

..... ~ ftfot- •ere ••lcrprcltd by ao.,. acbolaB •• coo• --. •~~~ or Naa r~~oc~aa-.·, bittla "' - tM •ual borDO<ope ......., ldditfoo tbere olalt •Ilia. _,_dcd •rtlo ~-'!-MCral cla11 IIDd fadlan

__ , 12, 1142. .., IIOqUI·

•

OROS RAMA AND KaiSHNA'S 8UJ 209 ~novtrl' or L

• Wi I IO wrtlt hiS lh<Sll brOUi h l I be l hovo fteU IO iota.nce who 'auld<' seyioa thll lioce the lodlu boro100pe tb< oot•C< of ";~ed wt:b tho d ate meatiooed by the finl Eoahtb· {lltral d2tC)

11 N 1 Phadnevees'a autbeotic birth date. lh.al wu s an

rnan. d . b<cause of bls learned prejudtce aganm aural T he 'guo eo lllvt •eytl<lng IO do with lt. He.,.., oot cveo

"''" r<fused 1

d any corrohorstivc value ro lt. Thai •lmost prepared

10 •?n~c u<atin• that whenever an~ Indian Ia horn ted to •n11n • d h' b

omoun 10 many astro loger forgers arouo rm w o tborc ~~ over dumping OO the world 0 sheaf Of CODCO<Itd toke delighl In f. d later scholars or just for the fun of

opes to coo ouo . •· did hotose , 'd • therefore lns•Sicd "" ' 1= caa 010 forger} The aut ~~ to the three dates mentioned by tb.t ~triedy confine ho~~~ officiAl• and bu rtreSS oae o1 tbt1t date! coolemporary Eng I Phadnuvt e!'S bltth Tbll preJudiced as the real date of ~ant~sultcd In tmpan ina a " amp of autholns15tlloec lftlgbt ha e r h tcaroed' ob?rt•Jl&httdocu

"I\ tO I wrooa date btCIUIC: 0 I C " . of tbc 'gu1de.' • caodldot< ,.,

1b rue iatl&bl

Bul as htelt would have l~t~: cv•n tbe two dtffuioJ dii<J LOUld de\"i~e A for mUll by W I d-... ~·10 CDt'DIIt'ICCJ 10 l}u:

could bc reeoocllcd wtlh the In' ""de' thot onr of thc tbtec horo~opc. He .. plaloed to the au~ eh tallied" lrb tho lnd,ao

rd d b the Enal ol.m n w ' h F bt •k d• tes reco e Y 1 dlte .. Me lbe !~I e • ., horo~opic date woathe rcul . .urt~ hnitcnir'll) ceremony f thr roccptton IMrkcd the nam<na 2\ d•> from the blrtb, ln \ 1.4Ja. boy (alwnys observed on I he I t lcllnu 10 moMhsl reception rashtra) nnd l :lth December (ca~~ ony Thi• eonv•nccd the wQs to mark lh< pat<·!hovlna ~ i. am IIIII not sure wbelber 'suldo' or the ~o:Jollr's fi~dlh~ ~ rana!loo b•• eubled tb~ lh&l d lsormlng and lllumtn•rl B dl ·~ osaoost ladllo ut«>aomt '•uldc' IO •bed •ome or hi! prCJU • e d • I of C\ICftl'· f

<AI notinp for rhe atlll h t mocl<rn tu•P•••o• o

This should convince ~~~·.:::d~~~~ 1

111 ~~~ of ~~te1:~ loduao ;aurooom•ca1 rcco t b.urn to lb« aa:u~ tejtd•Df ma) ha\c rt:lulced In l'"rdu•l!"'l h) bclle.vc in tl bb torieel chronoloJ)'' b)

It Out or band. 1

thll h~t all other trl.-. h .Jll be/C. I

All I "'"'" to emp •

210 INOI.\N ltltiO&rc

A~ &tla, borOICOpn too moy be critically examrned cs , 1<11 rbcrc &rt more rban one in vogue for tbe 1 Ptcllllt "be

"h r 211le •vent It p=t •~ rRoce o them u somcthina 61t~ d 8urr1, raal record " u11 ~rr4ntcJ and lurmru• ,' b<bllna 'b·~~>

I • 0 I c ~tr• dear to b stctrans. Tbcy almosr stem 10 •er . ' tltr!o .. , . . • P>nrcky , norOEopn arc pur rorwud &S hrsroncal evid•r. • A •'t: horo:::opu or aural data point out to lhc . , 1 _ad ~b.,.

• o< lDitnur perJ<lDAhllu or even" whrcb lo<lbolan bave ~en • 1 Y or

be proo, ro auumc or presume ro comparatively rcccnr rbclr '- ~ 1 ho . knrc of

&ul'C•· .nows no unds. Suob drsparity Itself maker rbem jcrtlton I he utral evrdence as a fabricarion.

ModtriiiCholnnh•p had, therefore. berrer ltarn ro 'Ill< wr•b lndr~n asrral dAr .•. There can be no borm done in ,. lrarr 't11bllv c:umrnrog such data and acceptiog It roferco,. , 1

pcmrhlc rrtuMr where other indicaJions too do not p<~iot cuttQ &D) dc:11lve conelu,lon.

lo l~~etlf utral DOlin~} are found 10 be occurare tber< uo be DO be<kr 11100f fo• daring brstorical events and peuotuh· IIU llec:auH U1U Ill~) eb&nge and eooJd be los! track Of in rbc burly burly ar hrstol) but astral noliogs could be alwaya idtllll· !Jed by matbematl~l calcolarioos. Ancr¢nt hdians ratb<r deterVe to he conararulated for therr uncanny bi to11cal !<0\0 10 not•ota<tral dati for individuals and evenr •• rather than ect CUrled a.ad he IUipt'ICd Of IDOOCCOl fun or not 10 tnnOctnl hGrGICQplc for&eriu

All thoat l,avina anything to do wirb Indian historiClll ....... !. •hnuld, therefore, be prepared to ,.,ccpl tho &••'11 :,""UIIy or the Indian clvllizahoo, uod tbe utlhty or reeorJ<d

"'data. No acouta• hlatot ic:.\1 research ol on> krnd of any ~n1, 1• I'CS1tble by ocbolon hat•na •nd suspcctiiiJ 1

COU!Itl) • P<O:>Io lllld tbctt acrciect uc:rounct rr.rdltront.

1 dAa "am ltlk•blt IO~•c:ataoa O( the immcntc ,nfiQUil)' Of lhC . _..., a•Uturloa It 1f d •

s 'ICr .. 4aac!o, • or eel by a LutDrKAI probe of lou••• a '* M. Ia ••anc aad astroaomi,.al ""-tbem11ti<::t.. ~0 • r.u, -.,.~· we 10 We oull liod tbo•e 1t11 on I tc•coctl .. - !Wt ~ .... DQ,a ol"'tod), Not to talk or bern& obi< .._...._- ... "do- - -· aero"' any pc11od

Ish- -. Ia liMit fOfiDaUYe !IIJCI AI

•

'

Al<fiQl/ITT OP LO&O'S aAW• AIIO U IIHN•'S £lAS 211

-:ego back uuioa their blllory we 6ad every mautro «fcrrioa

10 10me old m!Uier alooa ao unending trail roecbma bock ,.10 uor[llc:eablo aotiquiry. It should oo! tbereiorc, ' •u•prLJe hrllonaos, if as rod lea red by Lord Rama's bo:~ope tho lod11n

civili-.atioo b millions of years old. Thst ·~••quuy sbnald 001 k denied it only because it docs not fir ia wirb the medloeval prcsumptiota that human civilita'.ioo itself hu a very rc:ceat origin.

!Jib/logrophy :

1. History ol' Dbacmasbutra.s by Dr. P. V. !Cape • 2. Tbe Age or Buddha, Millodo and Amliyoko aod tbo

Yuga Purana by Kolll Veokatochcl•m. 3. Various Indian Puranas. 4, Some Notable Horo1eopeo by B.V. Raman,

BlooJtr VtJ IJ

• Arya. an Ideal Misconstrued as a Race

Ovtrrunnona As•• in the wok~ of ' It '"mIn tho 18th Century, W~sll:rn •cholo' I ' nascent lmpcrjp. poundona half-baked theorfes nod forcio rs ~~~ ran berserk pro· the illbJUJoited peoples of the world. 8 mi$1Bktn thcsea on

011< lucb mlu~k<n notion fore d ••r•Ot v.orld wu the phantom of ae on ~ p~ycboloatc.oll~ Eocr 11114<. armln of scholars so-called Aryan ,.. ... v.orl.d o•rr b«o hard rut 10 d fi have for geocratioos all tbc ldenuiJ bn i•nauaae or I e De ,.hll aD 'Aryan' soao•fi••·

Tb ancuagtl ~Dd loeote bll bomrlaud

"•hadov.-cha .. og "" boand • tutu C)ofurion and toUl ~ l bt to result in notbrOJ but khoilr>hlp hal rai~ed th •• ~re C:OUR blundtrina Weucrn Ra«:' OUI Of 110 OWD lm ~ p. aD tom of the SO·C8lltd 'Ar~an a•andonr of tho Saolkr t•tB nauon caused by a basoc mosunder-

j ;rm Ar)il..

.II £1

'04

1'"

1" 11 now O>aoloblc thnt lh• A tit r "' ryons. were no rare 1H

. rc ore, lhtlr !IUpposed IPftild o~er ,..,

1"' •nd mig.ration jn wa.,.0,., Rd

P"ltPocll•o. Europe a ppears to be • blp joke '"

ll••lrir-.p:~loo I ndi IIJ.bi{) ••Ideal T oith , •:• h•tl coined tilt word 'Arto'to l>fcd .o P<rftc• pmrl:m n 1"0' """AryA •iJ!IliOcd • tharouah· kl-bt &reat IJetlllh and •,o k~n idul person ... ll superman ~-. ll)' rtfcrrcd \0 tbe'·~ e~ ror purity or bchllviour ahey

h.ich nuy 'Dd•~•dual r)-a concept u :a 1111c or c.~olu11on \\'llal bt IDIIil otplre.

l 11'' ~~of \ II'Af& fDat!m wt\tda t tl I hit lf"Ulh nn be (OUUd thJO tbo o;wcll

"'ITO YI5HWAM ... ::-•• 00 alllndiaos tbc ldul 'KRUN· YA\t /,, " MAKE Rr

213

wotll.D ARYAI'I". Had the word 'Aryaa' siBDified a race cbc: above dictum would oot have comt ioto bctaa because l"'iCO: QODSCio"' people far from wanliOJ to auimilate the 'wotld' 1

tbcir fold htli<ve io mainlainioa an exclusive identify. 0

That the word 'Aryan' aianilleol ao ideal mao and .oo l#e ls again proved by Lord Kriaboa's admonlliao to Arjuo "Be DOl a co..vard ... •bed uo·Aryan feelonao-aod bt ready to ataod up a~d fiaht.'" Lord Krishna beina A divine incarnation be woold never ideolify homaelf with only one race to the dltcrfmonatioa

.,.lusion or or hers. Another proof is afforded by tbc vocatiw: UIC or the ltrm

'My•' lo ancient India to oceo1t the husband or the king. 'Tbe otbcr vocati~e 5yoonym (or a husband WI$ "Vara''. fn Saosk.rir the term 'Vara' slaoifics a bl&hly accomplished mao. htnco the ttrm Arya too had an identical connotatioo.

Therefore. to rcaard • Aryans• u aome race~ and a very pcoud race at that, wboch dlstiosuosbed ludf from md rutblc$Sly dominated tbc so-called Oasyus or staves is a blundet which bas vitiated the study of all ooclenl lodWI and world

history. The tC11D • Arya' wu notbioa more tbaa 1 gcuml honorific

as a modern speaker addresses his aud1tnoe. •• ''Ladies aDd Grotlcmen". Thai docs oot mean that the speaker bimldf dOCI not count bimsolr OJJIOOJ gentleo%1tD or thattbnsc not prcocnt among the audience arc not "acntlcmcn"". Ja tbi.-caae JuSt •• oiladies and Gent1cmco" do not eonstJuHe IDY rpcc.lal rJCC similarly wben ihc nnctcn" llll<rtd rhc word ' Aryl' thoy did not refer to any race or dl1t1oauish 'Aryans' •• masters rrom some others ouppo!<d to be 'tlavca'

Dunn and Dob•haotkY biv• on tbolr boot titled HERE· DlTY, RACI! AI'ID SOCIETY aprts,.d 1 "mllar oploloD when the) obterwd "Mil r.toeJIOf ... OD on uolocky day asrd tile wordt .. Aryan Race' ThiU tbc,. ar~. ltuly out of lalt aloae an imaai»attvc crcatutc'. Al'fiiJ IPD - •• •JT 1o bll boOk utl<d THE SAN_..

Profes10r T ~'>~"""":~~at "fO< lbo lode>·....,... ,.,,..;oa ol lANGUAGE obo<rted allllolc lo oil& tal o1 til&-ladla oo direct <Yi- It •• ... •

>!AJ.U.>If"------------

li'OIAII HlJTol -IC..t. lf

...S. trsctr olrhou1b htaro1'1Cal all · · J~AaCit b (

• ut~on.s are t crt ll no r< crro« anywhere ro rh ~ . not uneom IO) cldnot< tod!QIIioa thor It ,.~ st~llact of rbc miaratio ~. ftDlcrnbcred ~ D. nor

n .. nldtDC< rs eaouah to rtfure the n . • l odoalll art a <ooalomerate .,f Ccotral As olton, loo, beld tlta la4•aa bJ•tOr) hoo~• <tart by mak. tan and Aroric ~o I t tbt ,.,n OUt>¢1tbat ,.e are aliens.~~::, learn by rhe rot::, 0( loclra wert rbc abongooals. We tbc ah tb; r<al inh•blttot olm"'l urermonated us original inbabi~os mvadcd India an; bchcvt, Tbot.e: of rbem who surviv<d r "" we are asked ro ed ID rbe Ar,•n fold. II " ntcessa be holocaust aot absort.. look •• thlsllnlster dcxrrlne. ry ro rake a second, clo~er

Onc way ~f looiJot st and classit'yl buo '-"don tbcir complu' ?8 human bfings b le>tU Ulajllt arOUJU of peoplt•O~- Thus II is satd that there t"r tu-·•• d In OUt WO ld •

0

·-- aa )tllo,.~ Thb m> . r • wbttu, black to tlkotafY tho ,.hit- IU " A y ~ alngbt so far aJ It IO<S a'·

pi " I')&IIS ' ' h' • Ul ~ ooned urher • ArvUI' wu IJ a tStorkal blunder. As

~~~bred' Thcrt for<, ooy ::~~~':;rm b for a 'gentleman', a lul'ptlll e could be called • Aryam' t ~ above four aroups 1114 Toe Germans and Gr k • This '' enetly ,.bat to ~"l.';ho ••• dolled among tb~ -~ wbo llre whites aad tb<

llut ''""' :' If t.ryaoa were a r•cc ;~··· are all lup~d bo-. bta .,. people> have a comm could not happen . other, Suo~ontmooly usln& tbe honor':: ~ansk:rt culture they lilu~><ctm ~P««d Ule ol the word • c A~ya ro refer to each to 011uutt~- eOicrn scholarsbip lpe ~IYI •ubseq uently made

, .• n It II • rau, ' 31 cadod by MOl Mueller,

It h Ibm or IICII h lkl ••t. ~wa ~n t at IInce: laogua et . llallt. &04 kOf Clllt 0\CT. Y<ry ..! With SanJkrltl~ amni· ......... It II.:·.·.· K&b. lbey m"'l bt reaoon from Boll to I be * 1 cl'- 1 · - a.ve :1 co -h·•t u,. \o ' """"'d tlur tb romoo llnaulstic Ilia• lito llD-· S.ubll but not Sat oncestrallanaua•e wu Iidia _., dooat lOiknt Th

0

alao ~w ... ,....._ to rbc •o-ctlled • eo it io oraued ~!" • .,_,_ •t.o 'POlo tbe ori&!Jallndo-Euro~ean II

ao ... .,..._,. ~-. tbe Bolr~e T l ndo-EuropeaD na ...... ... .. th•• olen;· he eotirc thcor• or

...... ucr IICID I

........... ot Ilk orl&loal bOlD< or

•

•

• ~ tt>!AL r.uscows-rauao ~~ ~ a ACe lU •AJ'tA Al."''

ant aod routes ' A' and '9' ronowed by their two

tbe ~~ mlsrations. Readtnasucb descriptions ooc wooden u

01':.'t,

0

.,., tbe luckY cbro otelcr wbo sat detached, perched on

10 b'tb rock. or bopped all tbc way observing and chartin& the ;.,;,e followed by .,,vu of miaratio& '"ryans"· Hi1toria.M who l(O gcoeraiiY lcoOWD 10 ask all SOrtS or bedgio& <lUcstions bcrorc acocptina aoy tbeory seem to bav• 'gulped' tbe 'Aryan' ,.~aod 'rnigrltion' theories without mu<:h of queslioniog or

thlnldog. Soll)elioguists seem to lay down the dictum that the ougl·

·~I nome or the Aryans must be deemed 1.0 be tbe resioo wb<tc the ma;ority of Indo-European l~nguages are spolr.en. The ioevitabl• conclusion from this would be thAt tbe so called 'Aryans mlgratod from Europe. BUt philo logists are oor agreed eveo oo thl!. They roentron tbe Pamir Pla teau, Turkey or

Jcolaod to be the original homes of the 'Aryans'.

Tbelr very basic uaumeot that Europe ou&hr to be tbe original bome or U>e Aryans btcause a majority or ladoEuropcao laoauaaes are fouod to e~lst there. could tO fact lead to a 'it'fY different cooclus•on. Let UJ take 1 c::ontempotatY iostane.e. ln Ameuea n1 our own umes we fiod a cooccturatioa of tbc most vatted dialect< not onlY of e .urope and Eoata.od ro particular but of roaoy othtr reaioas. Wbot does it sipfy. II does not prove that Amerieaos colooi .. d europe but vooe

\ 'C($i,

By the same token we can say that if Europcao laoau•~<• show a Sao•krltle baac and 1r Sanskrit ftburishes in its pristine story ooly In India tho conoluslon io obvious lbll it was eat«prhing lodiatu who m•a••••d to •II rhe other cootlneott. Llt<r on wbcn In tho course of ceoturln link• wrth radio anopped the Ewopeao tanauaaes retaloed only tr•••• of SIDiktit while rea\ Sanskrit ,clll nourlthet at til to\lrcc namely Jlldta.

That eooclusloo il furtber relororood by tbc f .. t lbot tbc IDC1etll Vaid1k l n.JtllM did have a dyoamk dopA .. Kruavaa&o Visbwarn Myam' ( Mate tbc wbok woriAI Atyaa'J .,.,... ..... led tbcm 10 push tbclf oe>DQOCIII aa4 c&plotl,_ 10 diO r<QIO\Ctl taa4• to apread tiKI< p owlodlo aa4 0111•-

216 INDIA!< HISTO-ICA

L •£Sru Wub Ibm pre·c:ooceiv~ lbeory o f lbe A Cit

ud Aryao m•arauon tc> India Euro pean scb ryan• bcina • ••ct pr<l ~II Ved•c lcraa o~ the basis of a su olars lt?d to '""'· lbe •o•-..1••& Aryu· and lbe RIIJYe f,!"'d sed <onft•cl bct•cta tetms 'A•a b ••o. Tbu, lh ' JI WUa (oon-sac rificcrs) 'Sb' Hed" • ·ors•· ) d • . • ••nadevab' ( h 1 wpper> an P•sbaogabhrshll' (black) P alu, Europeao scbolal1 to be derogatory ter m •;• c:oncelv<d by AryonJ for lbe natiYI> 'black' Indians I ~ use by the luvAulna SU>pect lbat the Europeans supcrimp~sc~ ;~ quue rusnnab!c to on a byaone ase and on • ' •" colour Ptc)udiu

S.condly, Sblva b:ing 1 deit y":c~~~~;;rr ·~··v uf ' Arya"''· 'Sh11nadcvab' meaning pball ;),' '" I • edos the t<tm been deroaatoty at all. It c:oul:;;;~~~•ppcrs could not have pcd Sbova while Otben did not I some people worship purt.l)' dJJtiDChn trait M - • -~ l~at lcnse It could be a mno 'pw•onate' or 'd o:r~ver Shosnadevah' <ould ., well II all Therefore lo . ynaauc' and nol ' pballu>·WOCShippers'

"'"'" u dlllio;u,.h';;;a~ lballbe "''"' s ignifies lbe Orovo· pluloJOCIC&I rom 'Aryans' i> illoa oca l and uu·

Til< Word • Pa&boapbh h . , or.d Dot

1 blact colo m 11 eonnoi<S • reddbh brown 11nr•

ur.

Mu Mudler't illilial bl nd cml, l,OOO ) .. n old bad ~ cr or dubbin& obc Riavcda to be bdlnona lb&llhe Mob<Q· cd to anoth er blunder namely of ,,.. mlm be pre-Vedic ~tdaro people who lived S,OO~ f<l" Nollcaj14a1o aod the ·dee;"' 1~• find of • Sh ,vo ploque '" to lllc llldut Volle, w pbe""l of the namef of the Vedao lllaono ocbol&n,. h ::_llnp !lave e'&plllded lwo fond belie C. 11f 4oo -• oo tooger ._

.. •• • OnvM:~i.... ""' Vcd' ~ uu:rted tha1 M ohcnJij"' " t... alao -. •·• "' • I U. 1om, PIOY<d lhallllc be CIVI IUIIOn SfmultanoOuoiY

,..,. old 11 -lc. lief I hat oho R1aved• " only

"'" ..,. .... boltor .., ..... ,. lblltllleVodoa •t d .. , • DOiciiS \ba\ COD._-.. ltuu of aD)' colour -v.,...:';:- ...._ bledl: w--.:.:.:. •be '0-C.allcd • A,,.,,_,· •. , ••• :-?~ eilllifrCDiiov ••• ,.. '" r.c. lb~ . on.S "n• ..,.a.-...... • * •tnraa. ..,., .. =. 11 alan•la a clht""

-. •sl' · _,_ aDd ~ ~ .... P?b' ; ,,.,.. 10 ._. ~udr .. S•rc • .., lblp'Ma -.. leclra. f·ar f tOfD 1bc

- • .,. bet ...,ca coloured

•

•

•,av• All rot A'- •uJCOl<StRUED AS A RACI! lll

p<Ot>ld we find the so-called Ouu and AryatlS beltll bolb bncl;el<d tOI<Ibcr u eoemlei by a l bird party. Thu> ,.e ha•e

lly=s wllocb sa) "Oh Manu • ith your belp may we eonquor bo1b the Ar)&D>

and Ouu

Oh lodro wllb your help may we kill both the Da>IS aod Aryau."

(Ri&l'edli J().8J)

Should thiS be 10ter~reted 10 mean that before I he rtal while Aryans ' Invaded' lodla t o me nlllvc ' Aryan' variety already existed in India.

Reference& 10 Arctlc aeaarapby whoeb LokmiUlya Tilak d1J covert in the Vedas could only moon that composera of Vedoc bymns bad penurated u f1r as the Norlh Pole in thc~t nploratory teal insp11ed by 1hc ode•l of carrying cducatloo. oci= and cullurc to l hc four corne11 or 1bc world. Thi> bat been discussed by Dr. Ab1nasb Chondra Ous on hb book mled RIGVI!DIC I :oiDIA.

A diliacnt $1udy o f !he Roavcda '"'"reveal thai lb< 0AJ)UI • ere no rival race d111'erinc 10 pbysJolo&ical characccriuics froiD -1he so· called 'Aryans'.

The word " Oasyu" oecurt aboul 40 urn<' •• the R11~ed•·. At DO place don II •ltnify a !ICC or rbc obona,o•b •• dhll·~··'~: cd from the • Aryans' believed to be wh't"· Tbe ephbet Alllt :u applied 10 the Duy.- Is ,ntorprel<d by •om• Western ,.holars as implyioa lhose havHII no no~ or • 'ftaloosc~'· Satoan• mterprets it

91 "mouihlest" which it p111usc~blc t;ODJl~crlaa th.a1

lbe Oasyusarc nla:o known .at "of lmp:urcd ux:ech ' perhtpt

due to * corsc. 1

h term •'Ano~a'' would 1larurr Since "Au' meoos IO • I I • . cia (tllJ/t!l rd'en to Jbe

tbc 'wande.rcr"'' 1 c &YJ)tlC-t. The R••w TbaliOUDI " Klllina of !be O.»)u< for lbc .. t~ ·~:he b"':':::~., ""')tDI ol &hal tbc OaJYU' w~to JupcrnltQflumaAo!~o.::ttcl) bra-'* ehc

lhc Ouyut b eotu•dc•~ .. '';r.,~: and M~~:D.tneU to ebclt bOOk D&ayus were: tupcrb~o~at.l d 1 lb.tl Dnyu 1n m&D) ,....,. THJ! VI!OIC tNOfX alto •pi:; to oupcrbumao co<oa .... todra •o tbt Rta"eda tJ clu•IY •P

1

JNDIAW lUSfOIICAL. D!.4~~t~t

ts a Go.i. tbt r&la·a•ur, one: who os.td 10 release h&ht IDd t •t1tn to ditpd drouaht and d.arknt-5$. He smashed .. P\1 ~ or cloud I aod or IOOW .. hocb bl«kcd I hose ....... To r .. • rtad ID th~ a raoacd allu$100, II Westcra scholau do, 10 the d<1o hOO or abc ...... ned non·Aryao civilization or Mohtnjad':. rnd lbrarpa by tbe 1\ryao Lndra is to re•d tbcoloo obd mcupb)~ics as history.

Mcrdy bccawc the Duyus are detcribtd • • those not per. fonninJ rttualt; ucrific:e. or worship doea not a.lanlfy any cnmlly bet,.cro thcm and the so-called Atynns In our 0 ,_0 Umtt tbc Jalos aod BuddhisD could be describcd as I bose 001 rollo•lnJ tbc Hlodu form or worshtp. That by oiSclf docs 001

connote comity or beitility betwceo the two

Tbe Duyu> arc dciCflbcd as the eocmiu of the couotry ond ""' of U.. so-called luyao peoples as such. Therefore, inllcld or Ar)&Ot btaa.atupposed to be rorciJ,.Dtf$ a more proper in1tt· P'tllhOD woui..S be. that some suptroatorat be: mas aile-d the 0 »>vt wert mtmo<al ro lh• lodoan people. Tbe lndlao peO!'It ~t ~ f0ft1JOCI'L l'bey 'tiRU people who used a he term

Ar)a u II idul lo bt atc.aiaed or as &I) boaoufic at -.-e. u.sc lite. lmD .. &cnlkmul''

lbtll.orcda 9raya ~6/22/10) "Ob Jndra, 8~'• us that alory b~ ;::b D .. )UI Will bteomc Aly&l and all tbt human rou will

-

ctHO)td.." 1'bU .I!La1ef b quite clear that 1hc term '~Arya" "' •• •llullluma bel ' IG be 0 OJ anu that there wAt oo racltl con•

1,011

b1:"ct• lbt Duyu1 and 'Aryu', Tbo lndlano wanled the

co.ld ,:m• supemllural roron to bo turned tr tho O•>yus tbc ••o t&med and dvillud lO btcomc •• Aryl~" h meant thll

-.at: nQt dl!fcteot ln race .., . Ito tbc 1\o&>cda d \lrnra dau•J''' tbt. t . en 12./2018) to ulndra tbe alayct of -.,..._.., t<llol..: Kmboa Yo a! o .. yuo" h Ia held aloft by

..s tk ..,,k •bott~oot tba• the ... ,nndina. Aryana•• dc&ttO)• eotc: IMi Uac kirwtda l d Btrt •be, d<t not ~ecm to ba-c u k.-ca u.. ...... - -~-·ba ~Jot, .... ,.,. . ...... dal k. ThUO UO."' •u M•.rlk-. 'f&, tbc. IOD or N rtthad .... bbcl" wdl uc w-pued. bJ u.!UUII m lhc .,h Mandala or •be Rl·· -u..- .. ,._~of K.o•a. OocKu••

trtlnc YaJW'VC:4IOJ.. Thlt 1bo••

•

•

ll?

bal • Kao••" tbOUJb dark on complulon waJ oo O.u,... No ~cello& or iofenorttY It ID\'OIVt:d iD ac!miUiat KaaYI lO be: of dork compluooo. Ooe Rir<dic bymo (8/85/J) '"YI "Oh A~bvios tbtl Krhhna It makin& oO'ctiop to you..•• Sn~oe ••Krishofl" tt8-n•fi« a pe:rsoo or dark complaion il would mua chat tbe composer or Chat hymn WaS dnk jUil II ~·KntbDI voai o uyu•" h taken to sigoofy tbot the D••>•• ~ all blac~·complu•ono<l. Bymn 2/3/9 of 1hc Risveda prayo "Let our otfspnna be tawny (Plshnns)", Since tawny It noM•hilc tb~ pra yer pro'\o'tl lbru no aciam• o.uachcd lO 11 non-white com· p1u ion and, therefor~. tbero was oo quarrel with the IO•ca11ed Da•Y•• on tho b11sis of ''colour." In bymn 1/ll-1 tho V~>blsl~• are specifically dcscrlbeu as while which provu tbll Lbelndl~•• or Vedic dmu wtrc a mixed pc:op1c even u 'hey are today h••••s all sh•d•• or complulon from abe milky white to black. Tborefore, 10 im•&lne the AryllliS to be a race. tbeo oalllbcm ford&n invlldru and cb.s.s them aJ white 11 all pure rutai-y. Accordiog to Sayana I he word Ouyu dtriv« from the root 'Du' meaoma oa.e who hums. 1 his apia bears out abe car.lirr meaning tb3t tbt 0Hyus were {aupcr-oatura.l) bettlp who harm· cd tbc people (by oburuclioarain el<.).

From h1norital parallel.J we can dedt..~~C~e l.bJ.t rC"fcn:occ lo colour or the compteJIOD o0c.O rtren IO tbc leadership OOIJ and aot 10 the actual people. Thus ,.hen lodi.. hootorlu rtlcr to ''While" arm1eJ tbey ooly mean armia led aDd coCDma.oded by I be Europeaus or tbosc wblth fouJbl ill the cause of tb~ Eorope:ans. Aeto~lly tlle en1lre .,-my was not ''wb•re··. ID fM"I 1 vast ma}otiiY wat nnn·wbltc. And yet It,.., called a ' 'wbH• army." Conslderina aU this obe (ontled coofronl~lion ?f tbe so.c:.Jlc:d 11Ary11•• wub the "Dtt)'UI" beJlevrd to bo nauva II

all a case or nH•undcrttt odlnJ aod ~itinterprcll.doo. Walenl tcbolan bave plated havoc wllh obc Rol•cda lo radioallllo It • 'CIW" and ' tO!Ollt' tltUJJIO and iD trYIDI to iqU«IC- blt10rtCIII

tbcorlCJ our or a tbcolo&tcal•mk-coaclu:dc tbat tbc •Aryaa.t"

From tbt abo~r d1.Culiaoa •• · d ldOII of • cl>.,....Jiow.d ...

were no raee but tbc ID au 1 . th 1 .-c l.od aU tbll! Stcoadl)' tl'lc n •cc• " ' S&DJ~"1

" 1~A'"., ... ~ _ .. •··-·-

orl•'nolt frOID ••1 ·- --•orld ovor do ~ .. -• o( $aolknl tPt'lr••a ...,.,. 10 but from obc p•-'" .,.oot

•

:.tllt.<-6·!{-----------

ftlt) the lOKI! or blowltdp aod culture to rtmoce Plru of Ill<~

Aoocll<r ~ltHtOo we dra.. from the above dlscussioo" lilac s. .. lnt wu oor ooly widely spolteD lo l odia but It W&la •lddy 1poho world laoauaae io ancieot lime$.

1\cre blVio& beeo ao 'Aryao' race as such all cll'orr1

to ~ad th<lr bon>daod, cuoes or their migration aod I heir orlsia&J 'llll&•tl<' wre bouad ro be fruil!eu u indeed they bave b<eo.

Tbh belief In ao ' Aryan race' bas been a blunder of hfston. eal l<i<ucl> 1r needs rob< rebutted and all rererenctl to rbc 'llryao•' 111 11ee and lhdr suppooed miaracion oughr to be deleted from world hlllory. Instead It should be clearly under· nood tht u ~·as the Indiana wbe> migrated from tbc11 lodoOaaa<tt<, l'laojab. Kashmir and Gudbar bome to all parrs or Ill< "011d The so-called lodo-Europeao laoauaacs are all dtmed from the l ll¢ieat·most l111guage or India oamcly Sao .. ~nL ltlo luetic 10 re&ard Sanskrit u a collateral or lon&UIJC.S ~" l'cnlaa wl lAtta ud tb<11 cry co find their commoo •-tO<, T1aesc lltcmptsall derive from the miJtakeo aotioo lllat tllctc.,.,. 1 people called AryiDS who lived somewhere •• E....,. &o4 froe there mi&ratcd 10 lodoa. Stae< cbere were .. - Pl<plo then WIJ DO fiiiCied lanauaae of lhetrs. Wbll lila,..,.. 11 llac sole souree or the world's aaeieot·mou ........,

11 DOl •IJido.Europcao" but ooly tbc " lodo" clvillutlon

... ''la4o" ll&&ua,. vi&, Sao>hj,, . ..,.,..,., 1• Sow ll'llclc• oo tbo topic • •rilten by Or N R Wa•hnd· _..,""'Deihl . .

! ~•11. llaca &Od SOOtety by Duoo and Oobtbansky. •· SaaQrk Loea••a• by T. Mur111w, ~ Tilt Vodtc lido by ketrb aod llkOoon<l

a,,....,. lad(a bt Dr llbo.,.,., Chandra D•n.

•

•

Antiquity of the Vedas Grossly Underestimated

•

. In THE HIS fOR Y Of MANKIND, The C"oofiden\ ""~~i~~lion that the Rlgveda ... humanity't

• recent UNES.CO pfl'l aturo is u reecnt •s 1200 B.C sur ldest e.xtant piece o ' c:r ... . o sch olboy howler in its absurd•ty. p ..... n 0 • It or I he VedaS>Od In foci

Undere.stlmation or .•be .ant~:uho~ hamstrung Indian hbtOr) all major tYC:OlS Of I DC ltD I lnd holars eonuollcd the eQtuC

C'ittsJnce uninformed Wc.St~rn niC the wake of lh.tlt DtJc.¢nl . 1 pparatus in As11 •

cducatton1 • 8 h d 20th Centuries cmpirt:J bttwccG the l I 10 ( such l:n•

d • the VedaJ arc o Ac:cordina. to l.ndian ua •hGO_dered ApJurwhtf.l /~ not

• OJ tO b• CODII t'o• ol traceable anuquaty .. . Ooe intcrpreu 1 ..

posed by any ldeollftable humans ,.bo first una rhe eom uau anU t«U I this term is that tbe great divlnt: inlpJration ru ,,., Vedas attubutcd their ultfrln«l lO

out any penonal credll , Wheeler anct Prot . I l'kc Sir Morltmtr belnl Wcslero scbo ..... I d tlpllonl or I he Oasyu•

Piggol read in tbe Rl1~~d\~ •• o":J:al a11u11on to the D~·~~~::~ killed by !ndra • fane • rds ond bU~w•rd> Y n be loa succ.euivel)' pushed ~~~:,~CI II the very outsel d~'v:; ioa Arya.oJ, TbliJ lnd•la~ianl bY dlvh.lif'll lhcmh •nto ~ :n:;h · · , wedae amooa n ptdtntln.t 1 em

~~:!;' oravldlaos and :.~!ar~: : c4 11rd Dr•vid•~:· As;:;~: cncm1eS or eatb otbcr ID~ lcNI~D. oad lrtltJftlftJ t - 4 •t

. 1ncicnl •II U lhto'J e;a:C.I\IIIOit under ima,toar)' de TS' tupport I I nd ho~ttc-d •• as the wicked tnva rt •tN pown«J upot\., M h adaro ,nd H•c•pp.l bt lilt .a-sUtd Aryaoa

o enJ - uont o¥Cttua abow ltciiL TM Dra-...tdi.ln Cl'VIlll& of r.U.Cif' lft the

\ T)crc Ire I ~uatbcr

>At<•l4·--~-------~---

•

Pu)1IJ ""'te oo b1•m•n l*inv 11 all but oaly IUPt b<lcp IDCfra •• the l>ti'IODi6oation or Divinity W4~ ::""'•1

r1e or na~l Ood- Nritbcr wu be an Aryan nor 1 l~ad:~•:· , Ill<~ Tbe foacled Aryaas tbe~sdves are DD raee Ill) r Tbc on>rc1 as -d by tbc aacl<at IDCfoans &ogoi6ocl a thoro ~· Ind. •clltzllonClcd, blahlr aoeomplisbed, duty·dedies~a 4' tdeal buman beiaJ. Tb<ir ideal was to traio all bumoru •, ' a!laio that 11'1<· Tb•s is teslilied to by the aoeleot India: muim '1C.ruawUJto Visbwam Aryaro" meaning "Mokc th

• " E • e caore •rorld nryan . very super1or wa.a a.ddrused as '*Arya•' HCOIX "Arya • was honorific aad • com moo. term USocl r~ ICICOIWIJ mo1t itldav-idu.als. •/Uya' tJ abo a surname ill Jcdia. Ua.ms bcdl so widdy wed. hke the current term "Oniu .. 11110" Mas Mudfcr aod otben mistook it to be a race.

lroclllentally, the very wide usc of the term Arya and Its proud auocoatioo1 allobe world over pruve that the ancient IDCftaDs oolonosed aod ruled over a very large part or the woolcl. IUd II DOl beta SO the UK of the term "Arya" 10 accOJI people WOIIId ooC hl>e been so •idesprud liS 10 be mbtakco 10 be a <>« comprwoa aU European• and all Jodiaos. Tbao, lto...,.u, u a "'bJCCI for a separate dhurtation,

' SlliOC th:re wa• no Aryan race it need not be added that tbcre wcro no Aryan invasions •• Coutequeotly tho Dravidllil· Aryan confttct •• a myth.

Tbe Mob«<jadaro aocllhmlppu cirilaation• dod oot evco ..... dntiDa tbe tulle or the RirDCfa bee> use .... •hAll t<C

bonattet ooly a pan of North India wu lhco extant. The rest of tbc subocoou-• 11 tnown to us tOday was 1ubmcracd by tho TclbyJ SU. This iJ appueu1 from topographical and aeo· ppb]cal dtKriptlooJ io the Rorocla. 'Tberefore, far from there ball JI<O'Vodlc cl•olcutioru tbe Ved11 pr<Ceded tb'*' clvlhzo· c..-. by mDlconauma

AU refer.- lD lncliao billories 10 ao<alled Aryans, tbcor ......... "'India, the IUpposed doviliOO or loclianl bctW«<I AryiiD lUll! DrnldlaOJ, the pro-Vedic eoucept of the Mob<a· lodaro &.Od Kuappa, aod tbe Rlredl beona as reocnt 11 1100 a.c. __ , ........... be sultabl, aocl drattlc:ally .... ~sec~. ..

no. wloo ..... 10 UMR 111&1 I be lliJVeda [a U :-11 II

lll rt or nil v.o.u

•""Q<II h 1 Lord Buddha wu born arouod 5'4 I atstr' t it h b • r lz<IO s.C. • so uddba Is much more ancoent I an I at " o

R c. Thll t.ord 8 but even oiluming thai dll~ to be rote matter h 1 b ouro<> • scp• bolats sh ould have asked I cm.sc veil e

~rrectth< WcJI«~'" 1 re h•story of the ind ian eivilizatloa qucsuoD wb"!e~a 1~ ~o;d Buddha, which ineludu tho rill< and frolll the ll•l . bt covohtatlou• as thAI of the Ramayat>a and (oJI or such""' Ybad • 10111 range o f no more thea 600 yean thC Matoabbara~~ B.C.) ? Tbh simple test-question should (1200 B,C.d 1b0 k the theory that the Rigveda is no older than

Jficc to e un · f •• C. But there arc still o1ber proo s. 12CO B.

e Mababbarata 11sclf aoes b >ck to 3138 B.C. becaUJe tbe ~ b·ra era of Jodlll whoeh Is stoll quoted and bas com

YndhiJt 1 c 000 years began with the cro wn ina of Yudbisthira

plctcd over • · teo days after the Mababborata war.

The M• h•bhorata civilization was preceded by .the Ra";la· · In between there may have beeo many onternoong

yana era. v d covillutions. And beyoocl tbem all loom tbe • u.

Ceotaon portioos oo the Rigveda describe some extraordillll· rily devaSiatiog seismic events. In the RAJA T A RANG INI (an ancient histOry of Kasbm11) and in NEELAMAT. PUR~A tbc event "described lo rnythologloal terms while 10 the R•s· veda the same is dercribed practically in scientific detail. Tbere It outated tbat Jndra the Ood of thunder andligbtniog aecom• panlcd by tbe Manus (Tbe wind c!eity) and Varuna (wbo cootroiJ .... ter) broke mountains, killed a number o f people ~nd let loose enormous quonutits of water from the mountall>l lent alundcr. Tha t water Rowed out in the form of Sapta• Sindhu (Ieven rivers). lt is apparent that the Riavedtulludc.l t.o a natural cataclysm of repeated earth tremors, accompaoled by storms IDd li&btaing. Numerous hymns aive tbo detai:. or tbis bappeoioa.

Oeolog•m admit tho oKisteneo of a big lako In tbe KasbmJI 11•1ln anc•tnt times, The 1964 edition of the Britiab Eoc)'Cllopae~la 011101 on page 887-8 or lis vot, 11 tbal at ooc tlmo ~•lhmlr wu on inland sea wllb •• "ArchopcfJIO of volcaooo tllDds". On •c.:ount or the lcCIOOIC movemcntt of tbc cartb'a

OIUJf the " 001 or tbc Jako IOIC Whole tb< DCIJbbounn&

221 INDIAN HISTDIUCAt. ll fSt:AlClt

Huaalo~as alro rtflltercd a sympathetic r ise in their 1 f K h 1 htude 1'11< oowh<ro mouota1M o n am ... tbe Ptr Paojal art 110• too1011 aabstdcd nd water Nbicb Bowed out :~•hey •••• the enttte .-uhnur take. I ned

Gtolol~>~• de Terra and Paumon have <! scrbed doaood b<da r .. ohiOJ from the ftOW•OUt. rredrick ~r btbe ew 1, dncnb<d !be huJ< Up&Dle Of the lake anJ tiS great de b aboot ~)roe~ Pt or

Apparrotly tb~e &COio;ical upheavals aroused gre•t · I • 1n ercn tbrou,bo~tthr contemporary world because even the Zenda'l<l!a ''''" to cbe creation of lhe Land of Sapta-Sindh !Haptba Hindu). u

Tbrltll loft io tho height of the Himalayas took place five b•ru!rcd thousand ) .. rs aso according to modern geological otodtd. S1DCC the llla•·eda refers ro the great se· · 1smtc events "'biCb pu>bt.l b<cl tbe Tethys Sea and pushed u the Rl .. lay•~ • " elur tbat the Rigveda • P ltfipltHC IS a very a OCICDt

lt.t ~~:;.':~,t~~ ~r~~ tb!l lhe language or the script of ac:ord But 11 must be remembered that

1101 IO tbc IDdtaD lladlltOD lbt Vedas aft<t ....., 11aoc1 and rraos

1 were regrouped

lbto\¢b ~ f<CIII UOO II) lied from gellcratioo to &eneraUon

ntt) callelr~"'" t11d • :: •:· therdore,_qu~e likely that after -lc lklcnbcd oun>hong covnttacions succeedioa

... ane,eal t\'entJ in tb .

Ill&&< Tbu••blle til< 1

•or OWJJ contemporary -of tbc Ve4u woul;ncaagc and aeript could cblloge the

•~main the 1ame Sotuo C>WPit •• • i l~el~ to ur h

'IVJ reon u l:r .. IIM the Vw &• 1 at man himself be ina a &m"i•ll> or "'-•Y huadtd ,:• coul~ n>t be o f immemorial lata• _.,..,, man 1, '"" t~UJaod Y••~ old A<100rdma to • • 100""'4 lh< canb a mllli;• «tent. The belief lh• t ape· :. .... '" "' n "-• on\) .:...,'J<•D •ao aod lbJot tbc real

dr.. Tllo Brl~ab aatlno 1 1 40-0011 yeara • co Is oow

"- - - lA ~ II po oaut Dr Leak • ..... tao I ) I •• 411CO'.uc4 tb cy. D•rcc:IOr o r Yale u: ....":4 ~, lllll!ioe ) Ora ••o e boou and skeleton of •bo Sncd •• ~:.'-.I.A. • ll&o 4-...-..;ror I! L StmOIU or ,_,Ito n. JIW·boata o f a mao

... or the di-vtry waa

AtrfJQ.SITY Of TH2 V201\S

ueetttincd by the potaasiumaraoo tecboique u mmti~ to tb< Ma~b 1•64 Proceedinp or The American Aeademy of

Science-s Unfortunately hilloriaM tho world over bave stuclt to thetr

prilnittve notions about the comparatively very r«cot OIIIJO

or cbe huma.n race while almost eVerY branch of tcicnec bas repeatedly revised and pushed baek iu borizoas. Modern phy11cs bu accepted tbc tim~lpace cooliouum t.beory and hi• admlncd tbal the proceu or creation and destruction or miller goes on ioceasaotly

Both these concepti form tbc very foundation of Indian pbilosopbieal, sctentifie and mctaphy1ic:al tbouahc from Umes immemorial. Indians have always held that our pride in tbe 20th Century civilintioo havin& ruched the ape• of democratic thinking and sclcotlfic disc:overies is mJJplaeed. Jn the et<rnal whirl of time, uoeountabte civllizations have claimed the ...-roe di>tlnct ioo, aod have perhaps attained greater beoabu or remporat and spiritual acbievemenu but have been lost and rotgoueo. Likewise o ura is not the oo.ly world io tbe bdlaoal! vast cosmos. Muy other civiltulloos morr woodmal aod similar o r d i·ffc.rent from ours could czin. Thtt too is ao u ci· eot u iom of tbc Hindus who term God II' be tbc Lor4 or Uncountable Millions of World• like our own. That the whole creation is a continuous cycle wit bout be1innlol or md, u has been propounded by tbo tliodul since Ume Jmmemonal may also l>e verified by lookloa arouod our cosmiC coflroamcnl Oor solar •yscem II m• d• up of orbs wbith haye been soloa round aod round In an endle" whirl Men. aa1m1fa andTeft• tabielire t•Jrn roood In a eoootaot cyeloof oreatioo and deatrut> tton. Time and apu c too hove oo bcaloa••l and liD <OCI Considered •sal nat thi• bactsrouod It Ia illoalcal to-" rha r in this vUI mcchan.iiiD ohtcroh) mlD alone for lbc lilt lJRIC be&ao fro m tbc cave-man •••te about 40•000 y<a11 .,.,.

Tb Ph•

0r northern lnJia as It h taown toda) 11

c topoar• , . d If I

'rom "bat ,, ••• durlaa Rtredlc 11-. nc qu1te 1 crea ' 1 d •· 10 1~ Rl •cdlc ~adl S<>ot••· byiM 1S or Man ay .....

1 1

ft w na .,.,, oftb• lah borot II dcocnbel dlalllw acvcn r vera ~.~ 5o1udra (Sullf'Jl Pltutlaol (auri) aad Gaop. VlaOrnll .. ~r) lowed iD 11M ... ioclopcodcllllY lo -Saruwau •.-

~''-"'1!':--~-------

l26 (Nl)IAN mnotuc..~ ·~

.., tltDC bo-r lhe Y1muna joias tbe <lango at Proj ~Ailahabed) aod the St.taswatl (tbougb now <sbnct) ia kao '« 10 bl•c bttn oocc JOioioa the <Jansa ao4 Yamuoa 10 ,,11

: OODII- at the umc place.

H•llln 9S of Mandala 7. ~peci6cal!y ;'l'entioos !hat tbt Saras<o'lfl (alit 1010 the sea. S1m1larly SutleJ and Ravi .,.baeb are now tnbuuriu of the Indus. u.sed to fall into I he set direec. /IJJ1nl (Cbcnab) tnd Vilasta (Jhtlum) which now arc tributt· r1cs of the Indus used to join together to form the Maruvridha rJvtr aod ftow to the sea. Arijikiya (Beas) also llowcd to tho sea dlr<c:t ln11<11d of mergina with the lndUJ. Yamuna belna an lodcpoodeot m·er ftowing to lhe sea shows that durlos Rlavtdl< htDU tbc sea northwards and eastward& reached 01 leau up1o wbol we know os Allahabad or Prayag loday. In lbe West tbe oca eoteoded beyond the po1o1s where the several lrihula· net meotaooed above JOined tbe Indus.

Tbatlbe a< a oxteoded over mucb of wbat we call northern India, dunn& R1SVe4le hmes is funber eoo6rmed io Ria vedic ll.toza S, hymn 136, Mandai 10 which says that the tun hu biJ bo111< ,,o the sea bo1h 1n the cas1 and the west. Tbis clearly means I hal tbc R1g\'tdoc people saw the suo me from the sea aod set 111 the ~· h 11, lberefore, apparent that I be Saplt· Suod.bu lllld tn V;hicb lhe Rigvedic people lived bad the su 10 ill uu, aou•b and ... n.

Rla•ulc rbhb also dCSClrlbe the Saraswati as a moghty river ODiho bao~s of which they performed penance aod worsbtp. The Gaop and I he Yamuna were then comparatively small• lodlao ttadllloo also presewes1be memory oflbe Saroswali II • ml&bty rover '"bkh bccaus~ of 0 curse was turoed upside dooru and acn1 IO lbo nether world lo Dow through fUbletrl· _,. ao•croo Lllell a•oloaic:JI researches lea1ify 10 1ba1 find• lac u<l laehave tblt over 6ve lturulred thousand yars musl Ia&•• elapte<l ,._ nvcr SarasWMi diuppeared uDdera:ouod. o\lllloit lsoloa &!, IOPDtropbical a.od 8<0&rtpblcal cv1deoee fooao4 •• tbc l.•aveda lcado 10 tbe inetcapoble concluJton lhtt lk lllrc4A far from bccooa compcncd arouod 1200 B.C 11 of '-'ol ••11"1•"1 •• is riaholy believed by tbc KJa.lus aod la ..., ..... "' llloir llofalboaublo lradltlon. All attemP"·

tbcrcfo••· to rank the Ril"eda as a colloteraJ or otbor •'Ci SCfiptures arouod 1be world are biahly loaebroaJsf ll...: is 1bc bUiC SCflpiUre Of lbe whole WOrlcl, DOl o':i, or fliodus, 1nasmuch If lbe olber scriplurca wbkb ap lloo

· h I' ( · J PtUGIOIQ below 1n 1 .•d 1oeb1 ~ ~n~tura, auccessioo aner tho RiaYetSa derive conat era e tnJpJtl hon •rom it bolb in d:ou,bt Ud contt.nt.

That tbe Riaveda is lbe oldest pleco of human scripture or lilcrat.ure tbe ong~n of whlcb soes back to Immemorial aetJ. quily 11 a staggenos concept for those nunc.~ 10 Primilive Western lbloking. Bul wben ill antiquity II vrovcd by topo. graphical and geological evidence eonllllned witb{n the RiaVcda itsclr there is oo ucopo from it however much h may bun our corny tcademlc IOU,

Bib/iogrophy •

1. Tbe Sp1bnJ1 Spcalts by Dr. Jwala Prasad Singhal, 1963. 2. Britbh l!ncyclopaedia, 1964 edition.

.'. GcolOJY or lnd1a by D.N. Wadia, 19S7 ed1tloo. 4. Geology of India and Pa~istao by R..C. Mebdullu,

1954 edition.

S. Genlosv of India and Burma by M.S. Kmhoaa, 1960 ftfilion.

6. Aryon Ka Ad i Duh (In Hondi) by Dr. SampUIUoaod. 7. Ramala by Nandlal Dey.

8. The Ou1llne or World Hillory by H.O. WeilL 9. Hlstorocal Alia$ or India by C. Collin Davies.

10. Rajalaranglni by Kalhaoa.

• 11. Tbc Ancien! Civoltzauons or Porus, by J. AideD ~ 19S1edilioo (Pelican Boou).

•

•

8/ulldu No IS

Origin of ' Allah' as Hindu God and Kaba as Hindu Temple Forgotten

Ooc of lbe greatest tragedies of lndlan hi~torical res.arcb, baring a beanng on world history, is that lhe •way that Indian Kmatnyu once held all over West Asia bas been clean fOCJOllt:l.

Almo~ all traces of that sway got obliterated in lho de$· tniC!iYe fury thai seized that part or 1be world soon afl<r the fOW>dlo~ ofblam.

Tbat de,:ruetive fury, with lis epieentre io A ·abo a, spread· in& in a ella in or sboek-waves soon engulfed the .vhole of West Asia including Afgbanistai.!J...AII<&>uotries sutrus.:! by it were made 10 breakaway completely from their past.

Eneyclopaedin lslaraia and Britannica tell us !hal Arabia itself obliunued all its past history by destroying im;IBCS a~d remrds. We are DOW told lhatthc 2,500-year history of Araboa « rorc the founding or Islam has been ironiCllllY wriuen off •• an " &&0 or iporaGO<" !hough it was in fact the "wlse" succesIIOH 10 chat •&• who chose to remain ignorant by a cleliberatc bJeau•ay from lhc pasL

There are many clues illll wbicb if pieced togetber C0?"'"00 11J ol' lhatiWay. Ooe Is the naming of different COtiDltiC$ 01

''Sihan''. Just h lo modern lime• we hac! the Brllisb em pore spn:a4 owr a luac J!Qrt or tbe world which resulted in dlfl"ereot ,.._ bc!D1 o>amecl aa Oreeoland, Jcclaod. Buutoland, lola~•· lud aimllarly the worda Obaridti~tu, ZabulbWI. Afsb:,:i tan, Bal...,blttaa, Turka11an, Arnstan, Kurdistan ab

01 'f"•- 111 !'bat Sanakrit apeak ina Todiao Ktt.ltriY•• 00

lblod- tbotc rcaooos.

• (IIJ(Jllf "" • ,.u..AB' 119

n ero is a]JO anolher piece or evideoce. Albirual and Ol~ • aodent c~u<>oi~lers bne ncorded chat Buddhism prevall:d o"er tho"' regoons_. ~ey aro DO! very co~eet. Fr0111 tho Buddha JtltU<J noucod on those rcatoos by Alboruai and othera

11 would be wron& to au en tbat lho .. regions followed lluddh-11111. We bS\'e 1 contemporary parallel. In our owu times whea .Mahatma Gaodbi commanded universal r<Sp«t his statues wore set up at vuiooa places. That does not iolllcate tbat people ror.QOk Hloduitm aod took 10 Oandhism. Sim!lorl;y I be u isteacc or lluddba starues only implies lhllt Buddha being a ramOU$ Hindu of tbOS< times hi• Statuti were erected in the JCclODI where Blndu.i<m prevailed. The ~lstencc: or Buddh• statuu lo West Asia, tllerefore, prove Hindulm wo.s the faith followed by all West Asian people whose de$0Cndanto now profess Islam.

Some footnotes in 1be book titled SULTAN MAHMUD OF GRAZNIN' wrinoo by Prof. Mohammad Habib or Al1garh MuJiim Univmity, h85 some relevant informatloo . On page 14 be .. ys "some time before tbe Chnstiao era the Turki Sbahi (Kushan) dynasty of Seylhian Turks founded by Barbati&io began 1 career of eonquesr. Under its greatest mooa(Ch, K.ani· sbka, a large part or Nortber.o India, Afghanistan, T urkastan, sad Mawaraun Nahr was included in tbc Kt1Sbao Empire. Tb.c Turks were quickly assimilattd by Indian clvllisation . ... Alboruol statu that the dynast)' included no less tban 60 kings, the lin or whom, Leprurman, was deposed by !tit Brahman 1!ltir, 1: llur ..•• Tbe pedigree of the kings wrillen on silt WOJ

PTCierved in the fortress of Nagarkol bUt Alblrun! says hewn un•b1e to $te h."

A number of Very important concluiiOM ftow from tbt obc"tlnforonation. Fintly it tells us tbat 1' Turks b•d tuaimolat• ·~Indian ciVIlization" f.t. they proleued BTnduosm. TbJJ con• ' 111!0• It further r<loJoroed by the fact that they bld llrsbmu •::;:" aU Indian Kthatriya rulcrt In India bad. Thirdly tile : , .that-ancient Indians bad no 1rchi\'el and wrote DO

llory It Pro•ed bueless by tbe rcforoooe to tbe silk scroll ol

1' Publiabed by S. Chand & Co., Delbl IIISI.

•

INDIAN HtSTOatCAL l a IIIIlCH

l •DIJ preo<~ on Naprl ot foM. India had volulllinou, bluo. ric.tl rtt<)r.S• ton~ c>try IDdlan ruler bad by lradilion

aod n.>IM:I to tpcncl a couple of hours e .. ry do\Y ftsteaiDJ to b lu<~ory o f 1111 ancestors read by bi1 Brabmoo coutU<tt;r~ Tblli< to Mushm onvuoons and rule over West Alia and led'

d• ~

fot 1 molldlcuum YOtuaunous lo oan records or the away tblt IO.S..u lbbatro)l held over tb01c lands have been almost com·

p!cltly obliterated.

Ia that olean <Yoecp aod breakaway from tbc past the aoci· cot Indian aulpu and literature in vogue In countrlu like Turley and Arabia have also becll complotcly foraottcn. Many ~<auld nnw oxprtu surprise if told tb4t before the curnnt Anblc "'rlpt Arabs used to write in an lndlan script and th~t aneitllt Tur~• too bad an Indian soript aod maintaoned record• to SaOJkrit

Tur~1b, Arabian aod 'Pc"ian oame$ corrupted tbro.>u&b tcntuncs o r mat·proouneiation mitht appear far rcmo>ed from Snsknt but oever.belcas their origin iJ Sao~luit. An ollustralloa of this m•Y be fou11d io tbc names LcaatureatJn and hiJ Brabmlo wnir Kallur appearing above.

In a foot.ootc on paae 13 of his booll. Prof Kabob l"'ts the dates for S'manocl Kinas : Abdul Ma.lill. bio Nub (34J.JSO), Maosur boa Nuh ()SQ.365), Nub bio Mansur (36S.J87). It lbould be remembered tbll tbe Samaoids bad a bog emplfe 10

Weu Aua. !!arty Arab chronicles which record the onv11ion1 or Mohammad Kuim and others againstlodla refer to lndionl 11 Tilrh ood Sam•o11. Tbat ~bows that the TuJko and Somani• ..... Hindus. The Samanaid empire W8$ therefore that or lodll• Kohatrlyu.

Tba "OTd "Nub" quoted abo•• is al10 a Hindu word. It II tbc abbrcolallna o( "Maou". That is why "Nub" b auociatcd ••tb I be lti<Odory' Good" In Well Asia 11 bu bcco the oamo of Maou on tndl .. tndnloo.

Mauu •• lbt lo• 11•« aod tile oripoator of every -<mli&al- " h<ld •• lbo boabat rcspcct ia IDdlao tradition H" 8aiiiC "'"" •ll&rcforc. auoc:Jatcd with l.o.diao ro)alty aiiiO••

I

• ·" •H' 231 .,.,orlf "' ,._.

I ., many titlca. Tho Samanldo beioa Hlndu1 we ft.od tbe

tb~"-' ru tr ~ord J'lub amon& tbem.

ootb<r proof of H lnduiJm bavio& been the faith or aocoeot ~ •• fouad lo the fact tllat • very tarao part of blamiC

~~~ 1 tct!l>ioolo&Y Is still Sanskrit.

rcl!l•ous · .. ,.llab" is iuetr • . _sao~kri_t worj for " Motha" Of

.. 0

ddess". M ushm tradouon tS hkewoJO uoablc to explain the ." of the word " Kaba" which tbcy claim to be their central

o~t•• H ' d b

. Tbat Is because Kaba was a oo u tompl<. Tbe utaot I noC. b h . ' • Kaba was su"ounded by • use • liDO CODSlSliOI of 360 Hindu Images. One of them wu known as Allab (goddess). AllOt her (a£ rocntioucd in encyclopaedias) was koowtt u "U.t''. The name of tbe author o f ao ancient Indian astronomical work is "1.4t·Ocv". There ia evidence to show that the Ka.ba and In lact tbe huge destroyed shrine housing the 360 d eities was built by tbe Indian K ios Vlkromaditya of IDdia who founded a oew

era In S8 B.C.

I• oor attempt to recoastruet tbe story of pr .. tslamoc

A111b12 we bcgoo woth tbc !lame of the country itself. The lllmc u folly Sanslr.rot. Arva to Sanskrtt means a borsc. Therefore, Arvuthan is tbe Laod of horses. Its central polanm cttttrc,

Mtcca Is also a Saosktit oame. Mlll.ba in Sanskrit sijni6cs a uor,liciet 5re. Since Vaidilc fite·worsbip was prev3..1eo.t all over West Asia in pre-Islamic days Makha. siani6es the place wblcb had ao important 6rc temple. Mecca·Medilll is Mall.ba-Modoni •be region of 6re worsbip.

Coiocldoog woth the annual pilgrimage a bugc baz.er 115ed to ~PIIna up m Makha f • . Mccc:4 since times immemorial. The ~nuot Pilgrimage of Mutlims to Mecca is not at aU an iollDYI·

Uoa but. contonua t ioo of tbe ancient pilgrimage. This r ... t is IIICatioocd on cncyclopaedias

01 :itlcaoc "now available that the whole of Arabia •as part "tc•t J"" Indian kina Vokramaditya's vast empire. Tbc r..,...,

1 Yoll.ramadltya'a empire is ooe of the maio reUOOJ for

tllltoa; d• ule fame. loeldcotally this a lso QplaiDJ IIWIJ' i aul-'-lura about Arabia. It could be tbat Vikr&madlt,a

2lZ II/DUN HIST'OtliCAL a•~· _,.,Cli

111111,.1r laid lhll p<n~Olula o"med Arnst ban 1f be wu the 6 J...sw> mOJIJtth to e~~p1ure it ood brona 11 under hfa away, rn

T1:< ... ood IDIIOJU1u& 111*1 It· the abtco<c or. Sh1Valiota '" cht Mabadtva c<Dblcm 10 the Kaba ohnoe lo Mete• ~DOWn

SWlJAY At•ld l.r. Blad St<'D<..

Bd'oorc 10••1 onto furtb• r detail a about lbe ancient Voidot ntooiJ ood no mel &lill clioa1•8 to Mo.slim wo,.hip 11 Mecca "'• l.baiiJU wbltcvideocc '""hive about Arabia hovlna formed put of Vil:c&madll~a·s dominiono.

In l.lllnbul10 Turkey," • famous library called Mokhmb.eSultaruo .. hocb II reputed tO bn-. tlie largest collection or lDCicot \\nt IISt&D UtmtUre lo the Anobtc accuon of that lobnry 11 on ontbolou of aaeleot Arabic poetry. That antbo. loa> wos comptled from on cattier work, in A.D. 1741 under the order oft he Turkitb ruler Sulton Sallm.

The 'PilJ6' of tblt volume ue made of Hare«- kind of .,ll uk<l for wruio& oo. E.tcb pace bl1 a dcco111tivc CJided bol-der. Jt Jill)' be rtalkd lbat &ildio& pages or ucrr d boob ss AD ID<Knl ew•om usociated whb old Saoskr\1 scriptum rouod ID Javt and ather pJIC:Cl.

The aotboiO&Y ilklfls koowo at SAYAR·UL-OKUL. It Is di>odcd CDtO tbr<c p111J, Tbe fint pan CODtltnS bioanpbfc dcuolo and tbc poetic oampottuoas of pre·ISiamtc Anbiu pocu. Tbc ICCIOOd par< <mhodttl ICCOUDIS aod vetltS Of pot~$ ol tht P<nod hcJillllin& just after Prophet Mobammed upro tbe tl!d of tbt Bante>oUmmaya ~yna>ty. The tbtrd port deols w~h later P:lell upto tbe cod of Khalifo Harun-ai·Raehld's tlmtl• IJ>CJdtDIIIIy " Boaee meaooaa "Voau•· and Umnl'fl •• in llrbb.cut)yo are Saasknt lliiDct.

llboo Acnn Abdul Aum11, a douinl\l.iJ!Ied Arobooo bard .... - the Poet L&Dreotc or Hullll-al·RU!IId'a court baS ""'"Plod aDd cdncd tbe aatbolo&Y·

Tllo .. caodon edltioa or Sayar-ui·Okul anthDIOJY w•• P<llll8d""" po•WW...,S ta krt.a on A.D. 1864. A aubtcqucat ~- pwW••ae Ia lloin~t to A.D. 19}2. Tblo wort li

--u OF ·~u.AH' 011"'"

2))

be mOSt important aod autbontltivo IJitboiOI)' of rciJ~tded ~~lc poetry. 11 tbrows considerable ll&ht o:o tbc toc:ieot ~r custo(Dl. maoners ond enteruuomcnt forms 10 ..,.ial 1,.· ';bfo Tbe book also eontaios an elaborate descnp-• .. •••' I b d h I ' . o( the aocieot Mecca shuoc. t c cown an t e annua .au 1100 OKAJ wbrcb used to be held there every yur. Tboa t no*;

11 ovtoce readers tbat the aaaaal HaJ of the Mushmo to

sbO~~-b00 11. onl• 1 coorinuatton or the old farr and not a """' tbl ,_ I I •

practice. But the Okaj fair was far from a csrniv.l. It provided a

for the elite and learned to discuss the social, rehzjoUJ, ~lc$1, llttrory and other aspects of tit< Vatdilt eulture then ~dina Araooa. SA YAR-UL-OK UL amrts tbat the conclu· ~oos reached at t.hose discussions were widely respected throughout Araboa. Mecco, therefore, followed tbe Varanau1 rradihon o( prOVtdiag a Stat for importaot diiCUSSIODS amODi the karned wbtle the mas~s congregated there for sptr1tual blou. Tbe principal shrioea a t both VaraoaJ1 io India aud at Meo<a In Arvasthan were Sbiva temples. Even to this day tbo central object or venera lion at both Mecca aod Varao.asi con· tiouec to be tho ancient ~abadeva emblem. It is the Sbaokara llooe which Muslfm pilarims reverently to ueb and k iss 1a Qe Kobo.

A re~ milea away from M«Xa is a bl& sisnboud wb1cb bm eo try 10 any non-Muslim oo the area. Tbis " a rem10der oltbt days when tbe sbrioc wu stormed aod captured 50lely

lor the newly calablished f11hb of Islam. The obj'"' obviously wal to prevent its recapture. •

•i ~the Pn&rlm proceeds towards Mecea be it tJked to sbaw ' <ad tad beard aod to doo ~ special JaC<ed attire. Th11 """'""•r ,,.. I - . ""' ) ~elm ess sheets or white clotb. One IS to be ~~ round tbc waist, oad tbe o ther over the shoulders. Both

lliod ""' .arc remnants of the old Vaidik praolfoe of eotcrios u lhnnra olea b • 'Ohitc •• n s avco aod wub boJy seamle.s, $11011• 110te''

1'bt Olalo ab • Ia bo,. nne 10 Mecca wbteb boUJCs tbe Sb111a - '*-

• I& the Kaba.. h is c lothed io I blat:lt sbroud. n ..

INDIAN IIISlOkiC.\~ ll "'-Uc.

a.JI~m could also orlainate from lbe days when il ,.., tb _,,.., to du~ourase its lffApturc tbrou&b camouftaa .. lh1

•• A~orJ•nc to eocyelopaedias llritaaaica aod blaaua

t.:aba bad 360 tmiJCS· Tradit ional accounts meatlon thai lht ol tb< dtiliCI amOnS I be 360 desltoyed when tbc abriot ::

ltt>rlfltd Ullblt or Saturn, another ~as or tbe MooR ••d YCI 1t101hrr 1411 one called Allab. lD lndta tbc practice or Nc•-. paba puja that is worship of the nine Pl~nets is still lo vocuo. T...., of these noae arc tbe Saturn and the Moon. Bosldes, the Moon ot always Msociated with Lord Shankara, A orc~eent Is alwt)l painted across the forehead of Sblva emblem. Since tbc pres•dlna deity at the Kaba sbrioe was Lord Sblva ' ·'· Sbankara the cresecot wos also painted oo it. It l< that crcl(tot wb1eb ,. now adopted as a relitious symbol or Islam.

Anotber Hondu tr>ditioo is that wherever there os a Shiva alm~~e I he sacred stream of Gonga that is tbe Gancu muse al"a)s c;o.cxost. True to thot tradition a sacred fount uom orar the Kaba. Its water i! ~eld sacred because it was reaardtd a but aootbu Ganga sonce pre-Islamic times.

Tht common Muslim exclamation and aovocatioo "Ya Allah" Is tllo of pure Saosknt ongto as may be observed by refrrttDI to tho invocalloo of Goddess Saraswall wboeh runs thus Ya Kuodendu Tusbar fiB1 Obavala, Ya Sbubhra VutR\'rlll

Mu11im p•l&ums vosnioc tlte Kaba shrine go around It sc••• lime> I o oo other mosquo docs thl• porombulation prevail. Htndus oovarlably perambulate around their shrloos. 'rhos It )d aaotber proof that the Kaba sbrioc is a ptt·lslamtc Sbl•• lratnlc • bac the Htodu praetitt of perambulation "still mrtl· CIOI011.t' ob.erud

Ia ~111 All>h, ,o kka 11d Amha arc oyoooyGOJ. Th<f 'iJAd' I aoc14c., or mother. ·,be tum Allah appelrl In S••" ~ ehaata ""''• •ovoktoa aoddeas Dwp '·'· Bbav .. i. TbO bia- ""'0 Allab lot God b therefore, DOl IUl IDDOVIttOO ~ ... ,.,,_, lM..Utttppcllatloa retaload ud coohouad to

-"' lalaa

• ot ·~u,.<H llS

oata'~ . . . rambulatioos too are srandicant. At Hondu

The 5<'«0 pe • the bride aocl bribegroom ao rotmd tbo

I ccrcmontU . . b • ,..dd as . es T he practice of seveo peram ulattoos $J<r<d fir< seKvebo ~~~ri~elo Mcoea Is, therefore. a H indu Vaichk

dtbe • a · f arouo t is also proof tba t Meoea was Makha O< the shrine o cutiOIDo

1 6

und wbteh worshippers made ICVeo peramtbc sacred rc ato butations. ..

R·UL-OKUL tells us that a pan-Arabic poetic sy~· ~VA d 10 be held in Me~ at the annual Okaj fair 1n

posoom we . • . 1 • • es All leading poets used to partocopato to 1.

~.Jslaaue urn · d p 'd red best were awarded prizes. The best, engrave Poems eooSJ e b d

ld late were bung inside the temple. Otbe<$ etc e oo on

801 P oa; >kin were huna out&ide. Thus f'or tbousanda or

c:ome or g ' f .. _ A b' 1 cbe Kaba was tbe treasure bouse o the .... st ra tan year . .

1 , .

partie thought. Tbis tradition was of tmmemcma a~uqutty. But most of the poems got lost and destroy~d dunn a tbe stotmina or tbe K•ba by rropbet Mohammad s for":"s. H11 coort pott Bassan·bio Saw•k wbo was amoog the rnvader$ eapuued some of tbe treasured poems. His desce~dant io tho third generation hoping to earn some reward earned some of t~ose salvaged poems to Kbalif Haruo-al-Rashid's court. At tbc Khallf's court he met the well koowo Arab S<lbolar Abu

Amir Abdul Asamal. The tatter rccciveli from tbe bearer fivo gold platcund 16 leather sheets with tbo prize-winoiDJI poem$ engraved on them sending away the Iauer happy bestowed witb a good reward.

On the ft•c sold plates were inscribed verses by two ancient Arab poets l.abi Baynay and Akhtab-bio-Turfa. This discovery led HatWI·ai·Rasbld order Abu Amir 10 compile a collcctioD of,:! ~rlicr composltioos. One of tbc compositions in tho =~ ••;o wu by POet Jlrrbam Biotoi who Jived 165 yean. •• : ~ tophct Mohammad. Blotoi bad received tb<> topmoet Mtcea

01 tbe btst poem for three yea" In auccessloo II the

01 ~YIDP>tiums. All thoso three poc!D$ of Blntol isucribed Jlocont ';'-t• were buna inaldo tho Kab1 sbriu. Ou otllls 11 •• ~: :ted to Kloa VtkramadityL Ita AralMc: tralllllripc ia

236 INDIAN HISTO-ICAL -

ow•ac. " ltrwhapllal S.Otul Bfkram11u1 Phabala

111ee

0 K

Vanapbetlla Wayowa.uaru Bibillabaya Sami01io I!Ja M 111111~ btoane, Btbillaba Yubee Qaid Min Howa Yapbalbtru 0~ Asa u Nalwlo Oslnm Bayjaybaleen, Yuridun Diablo Kaj.l lllnayaU.taru Yaba Stbdunya Kanateph Natepbi BiJebalin~ Atadan Bi!.la Muauratren Pbater Tasababu Ktuool C Majahralbada Walbada, Asbmiman, Burutan, Kad Tolu~ Waw ta111 Bihtllt ha Yakajibainana Balaykulle Amtrona Pbaheya Jt1111tbi1 Amaray Biltramatoon" (SAY AR-U 1.-0I<uL: I*&• l iS), Rendered in En&)ith !be above poem means: "ForIUII&Ie arc those wbo were born (and lived) during Kina Vtltwm'a rctgo He was a noble, generous, dutiful ruler dO'olotcd to the welfare or bit subjects. But at that time we Arabs oblivious ofOod were lost In sensual pleasures. PJonlna and tonure onrc rampant (amongst us). The darkness ot ignorance bad enveloped our country, Like the lamb strusalina for bcr life Ia the cruel paws or a wolf we Arabs were cauabt up In tJDocaocc. We had mayed from ~ful, orderly fife lbrouab our tJDGriDCc. The whole country wu enveloped in a darknc61 u tot<ue &1 oo a N., Moon niabt. But tbc preseot dawn &Ad Pltua.oJ lllllsbJDe or education is tbc result of the favour of lbtt aoblc K!oa Yitnm "'bo&c btoevolcnce did not lotc al&bt olu, for<lanero •• we ,.,.._ He aprcad bio sacred reUJioo .....,.lSI ••and oau ocboJ.n fro111 bta own cououy, wbo,. bnll- lbooelitt that or the IUO [o our country. The"' sc.loolan tad Pl<e<J~ton throuah whose beoevolcncc we were 0

00t 11'1• made coaalsant or tttc presence of God, Introduced 10

W.10Cft4 kDo•leclac, and put oo the road to truth, had :"'""-

10 Ollrcouatry to preaob tbelr "'li&ion and lmpartcduca•

ltlloa Tbla oloarl~ lbo.,, lb11 the Yuaanl •yotem of medicine aotbona but A)u~ tau&~! to tbe Arabs In aael<nt limes. .... ~:::.:-.:or Biotal, a pro.W..mlc Arthitn poet, io ..,,... ~ 'n- kloa Vob&allditya ,.bo firtt con-

"'" """ • .....::-~ oaj - It pan er the ladoon • ••• lllo w ... :.. .. 111':!:,-1tlay lltrtioa from Indio '1' ' ' -. IC.wt'naa.rns • ..:'_t a&fDq lite Afabao.htan. ._ •• 1 ., ''Nerl • a1111; k-. &ad Anaatao . I 1 bu oo1

._ lllo ladiaaa who ruled

..

•

• 231 Iff OP •AJ..LAH

oatG . ot patt wbo a••• alltbc.e oam:~ • ' n tbc aococ od d h·.s e-otite rcaaon. l tabtisbc:d cull ural cxntrn • Jpru

I ' tbc1C coUlltrtcs, . •• . o tbrouabout W« t Asll. It <Ould be to ...... and covdoutiO I ~r the Indian empire until taow-. . If wa> oot I par v h bat Arabia otse Biotoi 11) 1 tbal h was Vlkramo ": o

t , Vikraa;a bcuUSC ut I rtdocal chan&• "' the """''· K1a~ ftrst tiooe brouabl ·~A ab' a It may be tbot the entire : ;tur:lao4 pclitic~l li~:do Ar:bl; · .... ruled over by lodoao

. n 1><.-.«n (ndoa dl Tbc Iauer perhaps added re,g••. prlot to Kong Vikrama ' tya.Or it may be that Vlkr•m•·

~~~i• 100 to the indl~oa e=~~:~r brilliant campalan• •:?.,. dityo bir!lttlf "?nducte 1 tho v•ll rcalon from Karat 1 to los to hi• tndoon emp ro

Hedjat. Vlkramoditya i• so famous on Tbis also explains why Kb!l~~y and trutbfulom of bean d•.od

ort from tho oo t t b ects be tb<y In "" history. A~l ftl 'o•l "fl'ectioo fora II hluuhJ' d' lo tbc tu&" or b" "mp>flll a ~ • • h ' s CDS nne ·

ts ~rat. as testified by Boobtot, ~~: .. orld'' &•••t••t rul<r. The or • be wu per aps 000 yean ago mJy his•o'ry because bleb be initiated over 2, called Kutub VikrtJI) ~amvat. w ver Mtbb, and tho ao at •klary.

II mark ho> vtctory o T er commemorotlog tb "" be be Vlkrtm ow atie>lly lower may t biltof'Y Jd autom

uuJet o( 80CICOI ~~ coaqucstl or A artat manY ~ Ulldcntaodiaa of tb~ ~{ lndlan sc:holart,

ulved bJL & propc At recorded by 8;.':. wortbop cult, pruKins Vlkramadot~~~ workers sprc3d tho ool; t<l up i\yurvedle prcacbon and so r nrc mooned ••b . aod atrlculturc ched tho V~idlk ~~~:cal ~oplo In irrls•t;:~ •• orderly. pcaooce.ot:res. tru,oed ' t' lho•c rcJion• a dc~oe and oonsolldat~dan~ rellalous wuY or II •· I K•b·atriy• rot•l rut, collgbtenc . Ol tlmd thAI lnd an ld sway over lrao

It Is from such •••;• d Bun>Oks have bob Parsces Aan•· Comities like tho Pchl::n~:ctll wbtcb m;:~. I ~bat,... 6nJ tht and Iraq It '' tbose blppcrs It h t.berod do~l«<•. fire ttmpl:• hotrcC-S or tirC""wo" •kina 'Jntlct•tlu u~&D-4~ or aul ... ,

Kurda and tranl••,:k': B•\u aod 8>&0hr4::,1~~~ lndi>O ~~·~! , p1&Cd o( 111e1 Ul Vl_.. t

cxutioe •n d' and -.c.Mti d ,he oumcro •o> • way from lu ''' to B:alkh an ld E"cT ,,a.:c ioO • tbc•ot et.DliCI ltke ttf

Sovic' JtolS11 •P

238 II<OfAN 10S1'ClaiC.\~

Vibaru ore onen dua up Ia Soviet RUIIia. A ~ ocnptur• ore obo fouod •• cxcavatlona an Ccotra~~ot IQ4tq

Uaforrunattly 1bese ebaptcrs or world bisto " · altDOSt oblttetated from public memory. Tbey 0~ bave booo full} dtdpbered and ,.,.written. When these ebapt 10 bo tar .. pll<d !bey mi&bt c~aoce lbe n.tire concept and 0~~ "• 0010. &.OciCDt history. Dillion ol

A mo•·le produced by Hollywood aod foalurlog tb boy actor Sabu if tltlod "The Thief of Baghdad". It ~:•dlao Jlimpse of pre· Islamic ltaq. Jn that 4 buge llalue or 8 ·~~·· witb a 1b1olna diamond on its forehead Ia sbowo sea~ ba beatific medltatloo In a Baghdad temple. Ia otb;r ... ~ 10

bottled imp when released ls sbown to anume the &•&antic ~ 1

ponaoo or a aiaot watb a l~ft ofbair on bia bead 31 tbe lila;: have. aod a goddess Wllh ••abt amu bas bcco dopacred. Tbis abowa that cvoo Western script writers cooduetloa retean:b lo tbc pur culture or West Alia 6.od nothing but tbo Valdlt way of lafe prevotlaog 10 those lands. •

AI leait ooo Koranic verse ls ao eua:t traoJlatioo of a IIIOZI 10 the YIJU<VcdL Tbis WU pointed Out by the ftt&l

resear<b sebolor Paodit S.D . Saravlrur or Pardi in oac orbto aruclcs.

It will oow be euy ro coCJprebend tbe various Hindu custom• itill prevail1os in the We$t Aaiao countries oveo after lbo spread or Islam for the last 1,300 yean. I ioteod 10 diiCUII

some or those Hind J traditions wbjcb bavo beCome an lodlv1· 01ble part of lalamio life. The Hlndua bavo a paotbeoo of!) aoda. People lo Atia Mioor too wotsbipped 33 aods before tbc •pread or lalam Islam hu cootinued to be auided by tbelucar

... t ... calendar tbe Muslim mootb "Safar" aianl8es ao n r mootb This Ia ldoatlcal witb the "Adbik" meaaliiJ an ntra mootb of tM H indu calendar.

Their mooth duipated aa •· Rabi" I• tbe c«rUP1 'ora:'.~ Jl.avi mcaolna the auo siocc it bu already been ab:C,"~*'" SIO!krlt uyu cbiDIU IDtO Prakril "8•' •. Tbo Mil u aloa r .. twal •boc:b fallo 10 tbe moatb of Rabl ~~~·ft.. a ru t» wllb Oo.l Allo:taer f•tival wblcb Calli iD lbll moot

23~

t ,\J..L-All' .,..o•~ 01 , tho pious eleventh day. In ~·odu

. Sbatcef roean,nJ I lib day Ia alwoys COMidered rob••• ~• sbl or the 01",. 0 tbe llk..,a f ceiebratios the vernal equao~•

tt•d'tiD Tb• tliodu euatom 0~ whac:b Js rc!lec:ted ID tbc Mushm p.oo>- u 10 ~uoioo • itb 0 tbe lith day of tbu mootb a •"""'" bl obServaOCC·

0 ld I t b t ldllad•l )'Ia •• i tion ceremony used to be be • ~ t IS a

~-'•I tdaoavrat 1~ 1t 1 •orated in the Oyarabavt Sharcct

11""" 'c:ll is st•ll commeo. ..,10111 wb1 .

h Mushms. • h oft • d tl•o first si~ months eonstatute t e . du ealen ar • ·

In the H10 d h e 1 •i~ months their .night correa· b QodJan ten • .

day oft • d and oight sueoession at the tunc when • 10 the ion& oy f h

pondang . the North l'ole. In the latter half o t e year Hindus colonts~d

10 oncestor worship. Tho fortnight during

!be Hindus per or rative rite Is performed is known as the hleb this eommemo · • Sb ddh Th w . • h Th observance is called the Plln . ra a. e

Pun Pah a. F.1°3

is a eottupt form of tbe ancient Sanskrit Muslim term I r ,..0rd Pilra.

Tbc ~ urtecotb day is reserved fot' the worship of thole t lied by "...capons. This day iHalled Ghayal Cbaturdasbi. A ~lllilu observance koowo u Baraba Vafat is practised by tbe Mutlillll. Vafat u the corrupt form of Phiphaut meaning death, io Sanskrit. Their fest ival Sbabibsrat also falls oo the lltb I.e. tho Ehdasbl day of tbc dork half of that month.

ltihould be noted tbat most Muslim festivals fall on tho lllh day of the lunar fortaisltu io keeping whh tbe ancient Vaidik lmponaocc of the Bhdashi day. Some Muslim festivals ore dependent on the citing of tho moon. l'b.is custom derives

fromtbe Vaidlk custom or taking meals on Cbatoortbi I.e. tbe rounb day or the lunar fortniabts after moon rise.

._ Ia tbe Saodbya prayers chanted by orthodox H indus ollily loxy ask for P&rdon • • tb •Or aoy 110 oomm111ed tho previous nlabl y~~b 'IIOrd.or deed l"Yad Ratrya Papam Akanlulm Manaa ... 1.:;~~m11arly io tbe Atbarva Sbecrsbli God's ble•~ 4ar. •Dd lbofor •.treogtb to .remedy tbe oigbt's sins durina tho S..tlnt tut ~Y,• ~~01 at 018bt by rc!ormed behaviour. Tbo N&obarati P t · Sayam Adbeeyaoo Diwasa Kdtam Papam

. ratar Adbeeyano Ratrl Kritam Papam Naabayatl

240 II<DIAN >USTO•ICAl. 1~ - Sa) am Pratha P~UDJino Apapo Bhavatl," The C\lfiOtn or obscrviDI tit< Mubarra"' tnontb... . "'"'""' a• penhell<lC for th• year'• evil deeds refleou tb!'"::,Od . or, .. , o ( cite Vaodok cullom desc:rtbed obovt, Tbeir montb s"''0

.. b<e

alro munt to provide for the astrooomkal adjuum ~11 "''

)'C&r's e.xrra day• aa laid dowo by thc Vaidlk custom:~ ~lbt rq an Adbok Maa f.•. a.o e~tra month. The word sar

0 "'·

' cldi i I' . • b " 01t&o rna • t ooa ll aynooymous ""' tbe Sanskrit word Adbik •

The Mulllm custom of Bakri-c:cd dcriv .. from tlte o~ • , • ~mtdb

and Ashva•medb YIJDU or ucrafic:e.s of Vatdlk times. I!ED io S.ru:kn t meJDI worsbop. Tbc Islamic word EEO for 'nt • I ' I\C daya aamcly days ol_ worsbop is, tbercfo~, a pure S•nskrot \Oilrd. Tbc "'Ord Matsb an the Htadu Zodtac si&nifiea 1 lamb. Stoao tn aoc:~ent tomea rbc year u.scd to bcg!o witb tbc eatryof I be Suo in Arb , it was ~lebrated with mutton reaatioa. Tbarlt tbc oriain of tbe Bakti EEO fesHval.

Since BED means wonhip, and Griba means house tb• Muslim word ldsah slaoifying a bouse of worship is a pure Saoakrit v.o rd. Similarly the word Namaj derives rrono two S~krh rooiJ Nama lnd Yoja meaning bowina and wo,.boppaoa.

Vaidik daeriptiooa about the moon, the djlforent ttdlar coostcllatiOCIJ and the creation of the universe have been lncor• porated from tbc Vedai In Koran pan I. cb.apter 2. naozu 113. 114. liS and ISS, 1~9 : ch.,.rer 9, stanza 37 and cbapt<r 10 ll~14 10 1.

R<ett.al of the Namu five limes 1 day owu itt ori(on roth< Valdik custom of Paoehamahayajna wbicb was part of tbe dally \ atdtk ratual preS<>ribed for aU indlvoduala.

Mu•l•m• are COJOlned cleanliness or five pat .. or tbev ~~ before oommcocona prayctS. This Gcrivu from tho ~. 111)1mctloo of "Sbarccr Sbudhy•rrham Panchaop Nyuoba.

Four 1110nth1 o( the ytar arc reprded II very .. croci ~ JalamJe cradltton. Tho de•oul arc enJoined ro ablll•0

.,:;;,.

pluadot aod otbcr nil deeds durtDJ this peraod. Tbll toDll peoda 10 11M Valdilr. pncllcc of observina the four ID00

_,.,, u rcquirioa apeolel auaterlt•u and vowt.

241

• Sbivar.tn• · , ·~LUI< of Shiv• Vrata or Sb'v-

tfllll'~ o upt ror111 hi temple tbe ' rat It tb< eorr ao ;,oportaot S .v• rut eclat. It is

::::.~a'o• ba! ~.":oicbrated ~·~:~: !ord Stubi~~1 • ~: ::::::: :~~!l;:,;i~:~~.!Y 11;o!~~;t~':ee:n.~:::~:·~: •~)<loP•ed•l>lll· Wba< tbey aCG teut some of the m a rc ... ttot>a " 1 boarsaY at of•"' But 1oeordl•a '~wAD oeETA. •0141~ rromlh• Bi'IA d , Arabia particularly Yemen ttlll' aotJ bad aenlc oo i~6uenced those who

Jod••• ~·':!d maoocrt bad d••tY was a huge number of jj>l tbt1'1~~:h witb them. AI Ubla ~~~':Indian tribe o f Jets in ~~.~-~ .. tl<tC<Ots. Tbc pl'rescocebetoMobammad Is borne out by ""''- ... • • or rop . . had Allbil durin& th• t!to abadis). Some J at pbystc:aans til< authentic tradtttO:lS ( kb • o ne o f the com pilers of the octded In Arab••· Imam Bbu •: wbeo Hazrat Ayesba wife of

•••• : •• 58ys t at on- • . r b )'rnpbct's troutu~- t for a Jat pbysac:tan sOT er tilt Prophet !ell ill bor nephew sen • r of sin&•r pickles. Tbe

cnt An Indian RaJa sent a Ja . . 1'"

1111 • ..... •1 uked his eoUeague& also tO enJOY tl.

ProP!>" rcuaulOJ t • • • •

11 ID&Y be recalled tbat early durin& .Bnttsb rule tn Jndta

lbdr doctors eo joyce! a ~rtain prestige because they were tbe •~leu. J.ikowisetbe sutnmooins of tbe Jat do~tor to treat tbe Ptopb•t'swife iodieatu t.bat tbe Jats at that ttmc belooaed to 11< lu~a tullos class lo. Arabia.

•

Blrmftt ~t•o 16

Iodian Ksbatriya Rule from Bali to tbe Baltic and Korea to Kaba Forgotten

As luck would hale h tbc maestros and memors of tblt aoc\<otmott crvillutioo wore great idealists, Delog clear tbillk. crt 1bcy saw oo reuoo why like the air we breathe human be•nP O'llgbt oo1 to share the entire earch without comparrmcntallllng It tnlo parochial bouodarics. Anocber basic posru· laiC O( tbCIII ..U tblt since bumt.D beiop have 8 COm mOll 101tun, demu, !celiop. aJihcrions and facial rherc is no reuoo •bl - oommoolry should be superior 10 aoother. They, lhcre!o~ , aouabt to llunk on !be ~nes tbat all huroaos consutu· led bill OOt family, aod the Whole tallb WU their COO) !DOD home

At s6<tl11u rh•rr otbu basic belief was tbar since man 11 .s.-lled from D•-.oity b1J life mun be so channelled aJ 10 laul he back to Dtvlooty. Tbey, lherofore, &ought 10 evolve a .,..._ ro •lucb like a heauulul image wbioned from a crude lump of mtlll C'tU'J llldtt'idual's buer ln51lncu and dosirct •oul4 be anduaUy modulated by ooo>raot teach log, rraiDID8 ""'-'cal hvoaa Into blabcr urces by which tbrougb rba "'1*1D1D ttap tbc illdlvidllll could aualn Divinity l.t. ........ 'lA a"'; O:,bo! :~ •u lhat every Individual mutl be iO

"' ''J •IIIla -~ bc!ry, IOOi·Uvcd and h•ndsom• lrM. "'- oeo1 talf~OUid be very duoi!ul, amiable,

1lolo."" ....... -w... .... • « s'••., . ., ~ deoerp• ~ed ooty lr I bey uutttcd """idaal "'J '" I I ll .. i~ IDd deed. Fored w11b .......,.. - -a"-- ~c.-. loa._ ... Tbc •ord

... O.•'• • • • • · Kle:DtiJc tuav·

-14)

,. Sanskrit is, lbtrdorc. wrilteu eu.ctly u it ls PfODOUDc.s. ~t• LOY orbcr laoay•a• '" obe world.

lb. ideal they summed up io tbcor ramo .. muim "Kn~o-'" .. , b b 10 Visbwa.m Aryam • l meaot I at t ey waat«< to make

":",.bole wO<Id, all human bcioai!Aryaosl.t. '"P<nll<ll. Moeb '1 ~ .- d•rotaodloa bu reaulled lo mi&eonUnrilla rho ,.ord m•so ... "'"L _ •

. uArya''. The Aryan• wtre. no race. a.ma_s \\'Otd tipifted rbe .d al suporroa.o_,. t~aae 10 be aspired !or aod r<aebod by e·rery 1

de ividual tbrouah coo11anr endeavour. Tbao it why ill S.ookrit ID tt • I' .a ,.ire called her butbaod nrya •

True 1o rbclr word, end aaplrarion obo ancleoo Hlnduo ~ ... laycd rc1oortable virility and cn<r&)l In ,.odina out mlulaoa• ~ preachcrt aod auldu literally tbrouJ]>oulohc world. They ~~ l ' ~· d 1 d lhe world "ilh lbelr atbraClJ or ora oroa ce.otrea w ~ ot esomctiroes koown u Vibam. Their word for tbc &lobe

..... .. v l be 'od or the world was "Bbarata Vanba • S1oc-e an aa u t PU1 tak by tbc canh oo complore a revoluuoo roond the suo II

.al~:igui6es all elllf* or oval A pari or I hal JtCII aJobe ; , llhorata Varsba, wu tbe Bhatali Khtoda 1.1 rhe pl ,...._ Europe !aDd m~ or COOIIO<DI Ia aoclenl _Ia~ tctlllilloiOI)'.

therefor~. Asia·E.uropc. was coo•idcrtd ooc conhaeut.

As we call • look arouod the mod<ro world. ro spuc or obe lapse of stores of ccoturiet Wfl "" &uti ue- moum~,..blc tnm of lhc ubiquitous Hindu ''· ddllc culrur< VIDJ """'

-aurrused rhe wbole world. klods namely IClUif biJIOrlc:&l

Tbuc , ........ or man~l!1mar aod J)•DI .. in lbf t.uaullrC$, edtoence of SaoslcTh ~ of Saoo~rh wotd1, auoomo. ., .. or •ome counorlca, pro UIIOn bl .. t.nd reosr.pblcal , ... manners aod onyoholo&Y• oopod f'"p acleol Vaodllr lirenru~. and turts or distaol reaioo• rouo a • lodian aculpture. R loiJcc.ol oflbiJ .. rd we

b ord lod11. •m D~ lei UJ 1al<c I C W flU (J)dfalll, [odi.IDOpGho. '"""

have olllbe world ovtt 011"':,. .. obo lodiaD 0<-nll. llld-._

lodi.lOJ. We.st tndtl'l Eall D

l ndocbtoa. ·Stbao" 01..,,., f11-ot luol, Let us now rake rh word '"'' "' obo _. ol..,.

We fiod a arnoa of ,.._

__ ., "--

--

-

II: '"4 ;lilo:c .:

fll' IO'I:al .. --

"'"

SF 711 lrtia ..

» cdc #!fllfl. ['Jitis Ia 'C if ("\aS d !J.&&l l ~ d • ,01: I" e!dlt I '2"WC oc: rre c:.:t • w - ~ • _..,.. .: "~=~Ci~crz ll:oa. . .._ ..c ""''"'. r.- ' ;a- ,> - Y"""""-< ~ a:=- - ~ -~.,.,..,._, .. d. -'ld .... ~"sr.t. a., ~ ,......._, •s;:ae: c=f • t2' ra:a =- ....,.,.. ~ ,..., #.':f ..... a.-~ c-~ . ooaM::wa".--s::r *-,_ ~lliloll ;cu. In .emlar::lk .,....-...,., !id' ; b lb».s! ~--"" YT:! ...

.:6ri '«M • &! l•r;~ ;4 ~

""""' -~ .. ....:: ~ - ,..... ..... ,.. D>~ e:oc d. - • ik blllrri~ '- 11:!:: • B.a. <~ ~ ""ir. .... CleF ;: c '""' Dai4 ::, ,M4. :: •w . .,...... 1 ! a 1 ·- ·~· •:. ~..-tfle 0 ic!::• So .. lid¥ rllca ..... ~--~ d!f"Z =-~ ·~---.,.,..._,. s.-rr'•

·--•'=*"-• ... EM-_t:I,!;

--~-!fcrg . SD .--...- f.:, C. •

,:-c.-

[$< -~~--· 101' ll!llt p.;mr! z. 5 .,

Tl><- 0(10116 be pod ortraq and Ira a and Arabia. u01;~ a Nul Lilt uatb <tOtury A.D .• wc fiod il mdltioncd io encyclo. 1*4"' that Araboa tOO •as a ,..dl ~tacd and veaetatcd land. JIG alo<oot 1,300 y<an •to the people •• Middle· Westera count.,.. •tt< Kll«< o(a Ot• pboi0$0pby, I new way Of fire by •bocb tii<J orpnllcd tbeauclm lnlo raidiag bands and raided ne{lbbounnJ countnes 10 li"" oiT tlle toil of other people.

Tk rtau where Akbar wu bom is eallcd Umerkot. tt I& 11toatrd lo Sind. AkbAr's father Humayun bod souabt the lsbt~llafity or a Hindu RaJpUt chief wbo ruled over Umorkot !'ben Atbor was born. Thuc instances should prove that Sind, Afsbanutao and Baluebiltao were regiooa where Indian Ksbatny .. oulad uaul 1,000 to 1,200 years aao aod the people used> 10 be all RondUl,

.... Wllcdxt ,.. ..U lhe """otry lrao or Pen11 both are Sans·

knt ~- hu tle:tm from lranam, and Persia from hluiLa. The •0)'11 faau1y or lraD, tbe Pehlavis are a Hindu ~ny•. llltlioa fatlllty The n&IDC Peblavi ooeurs lint in th; -~ ID \bl tpilock o( \'a~bwa.mitt&JOS &Uempt lO drivo-

IWIY Wmo Vukuu'a boly •-· ..,. cow. """'"'the warrior tribes tbot .,...._ ... r ...... 0 .... defence Pebla . . .

lad~' ... recur I.D lbc . ' ' Yl ll Oot. We aaaio ut u olbboot of lhe Po~:: of Vikramaditya. The PaUavu

11lt lit" .. Sbab•• ,._...bean 1M wr. t;:;' 1~dlan title. The Hiodu kina or •-1111 -~ ,..,.,; ba~ il alJo a common Rind~ "'lloa l'raiap fOt t.dia's de;!» turocd over all bls wealtll ::.llolooartp klac c1 Gw~~~oo = 110

•" u llbama Sbab. ..... ,...,.,.._ dtoltlla "SSoaio" by tbe Muslima wu ~ • ~ •• c1 lito ...._ ~btellcbe lrula" Kioa ...::'ill ,,

1111111 U11D - old .... ~"; oriaitl of 1be

sn,oleolh "-lito- 00 ._ •-- . mooarcby a4o L --. lad!lo Kaba·

II • ••-iohon,.l ;. II'IEen. • acioa ........... -

"""~ J<S!I.41VYA auu 247

,.,, .. berwao is eo abbreviation of Anuabriwao wblch is a pare

SaJ>tkrit word.

,.. tbe time wben Jslemlc iovuions apion Inn nancd a .,arc of tbc common ~p.le came away to lodia. They are too•• ss Parsecs. H ostoucs also record that tbe Iraoiao royal family too was coosiderioa leaving Iran and aed:ina sheller iD IJidia. This should Induce aome Ncwcooiao tbiokior. Just u ,.,,..,10o deduced from cbe apple falllna to the ground and om ftyiog away cowards apace, lhat 11 muse be aravitarioo which pulled the fr~it earlhward eimilarly historians ougbtto CODiidcr •h•t a>adc both the common people of Iran and Ita royal family think of coming away to india of all tlle countries or lbe world. Incidentally we bave aiJO a recent ioaraocc. Wbeo 1 pan of India was cut away io I be aame of Pakiltao, who were those who souabt shelter in lodia 1 They wue the HiDdus. So tile vory facl that the people and tbc ruler of Iran tboqht o(

coming away to India io I be face or Islamic raids ,.._ that they were all H iodua.

Our ~t>S!on is further u inforo«< by aome other proof&. tbe lra.aiaa Jaoauaac is iuelf a conuPI form or SaolkriL lt ls a blunder to uprd Sanskril u a collateral io the -lied lado-EuropeaD family or laoJUIICS. RfJWda beiDa a -r ucient aod the ancieolmost acripture its Jaoauare Sambit il tbe &reat·grandmotber of al.l lr.Dowo laoauarea- PeniaD il. therefore, a descendanl dialec1 or Saoakril. Saolkrit - tile spoken laoauaae or the Iranians wbicb iJ the reuoa wby.,.. &ad ibe present-day Peraiao u Saoakritiled u tbe Pralnil lanauasea in India.

M>loy towns in lsao have Saosltril tWDCS. Tho blrtb place or Omar Kbayyam, a well·lr.Dnwn Pcman pool. is l(IJ!uopar "b.ieb Ia a Pl'tc Saosltrit Ictal.

Iodin !loops atatinlled lo w ... Alia dtuinl World Wara I U ba•e rrponod sec loa tcmplea o1 Jillion deitia lib Oauaba lad Sbaokat lo rvlu on _., <*olate araa of Jru. ArJb&aioteo llld other _..tnn.

lraoiaa IIIJtlloloQ 1uoa llab wltll a••• ladlaa Jan. E-

•

248 INDIAN lflST,_. -c... L lltlo •. ~

tbc Ht~~umaa survivu io their le&cnds. A . --....., Mooaey God from ll'lll can be •~n buog in :~•trre cr lb,. M•tcum an H1dcra.bad. Ills • shaw monkey st ~·· 1,01 blod lcp &Dd hftinc a huge piece of rode with •:Ia a on Ito abo•• bls btad. With their Ilea witb the Hind ada ttilcd mappocl for centuries this Monkey God surviv~s '~CTcd IOtt • 10 Itt . mylholoay as a l1n or • sort of ~n evil spirit. naoa

The Parsecs thought of comins away to India wh cocci walh conversion to Islam precisely because ,~n threat.• V~tdlk 6rc·wonh1ppen They also wear a holy tbr::~ "••• ba>e a thrc.aokeremony for adolescents. Tbcy i()(:ludc '•ad Rod 1n tbtir oblations 10 the fire. Tbe'\1 draw •eomoaad&).

ru h' d . o ••neal p& <01 In W lit stone poW <r In front of eotrancea 10 tb bo111ta as do the Hindus. Their oamea Ardesbir (Oordbwa b~1j 1.1. "one "'bo holds b11 head blah" and Nausberwan mea:l' "Aout.brt " b S k • • • • na ewan ave ans rat oragrn. Th1s shows lbat befoae lalam " ' fORtd oo Iran and other countries the lnbabhaoas or rbooe reaions were followers of the Vaidik way or life. ,,..

l.akctrao what is known u Iraq too derivea its name from tloc Sustrit <001 "lr". On paae 31 of the preface to "Aibl· nun's India" D "cl r "' ward D. Socbau asserts that tbo presen1 ~~bNavbo!w in Balkb derive• irs name from Nava Vibara .;· e New Cultunt Centre or Hermitage". Tbe head paiul ,._rhucaurc obvlo"oly aa Indian, was known as Paramob. .... ••• ronacc~ to beeo .. • ea11 ilaell p me 1 ... usllm. That family conunued 10 lllhJarocou •ramak. In course or time tbat name came to be - tloc Bar"::;' Bl.tllmok. And until about ten years aJO It·

.liD IDdlao family that ruled over Iraq.

Tloe ......... t:allod Balk 1'"-d 111 lbc lodia b denves Its name from Valbil<a men· ..... • v....., :.::_ Sull.rit "V" often cban&tl 1n10 v..._ ......_llaoftr. Blchan aod Vasudeo, Buudco. .._ .....,.lluu tllo N oro. """"' to be koown as Balk b. II aJ to

ava Vlbara Ia •-Dt ,,.. allo ~ted. hac. • lllforaaa uo lba

.. • liillllbaa be -tlollad t looa after tbe Paramak bdla. Tbo l~~n~~a~: ,,...,. ka 10 roaaao Ilia connectloo whb

pi IIDdloa their moo for beio•

249 I(SJI"Yan'" auu

pill-"' • Tbe ruler a11o bad all biab ofticiab to 1'\lD

1Jtioed io 1::: bospltaiJ, farms aod other ettabl1sbmenu, ~ ~ • ...u. 0 • """"-; (rom lodaa. ~ ,

0 1 part of Iraq il inbahited by the Kurds. They

l(ur~sl~;ny of their Hiodu customs and names. Tbm sdU '0111~150 hal many Sanskrit words. Bagbdad, ,•he capual IJDJUII¢ .11 bas an ancient 6ro temple. Tbc buald1na may be of lrt~.~:~.ly recent but its oite is of prc·lslamlc aolaqu(ty. COlDI" Somnath was repeatedly destroyed and re-crccaed 10 e..,.u · · · ds r ·•· • 6re temple. Tbat one still eJtiShng reman one o "'"'"' . . .. rbotl'l"cls of othcn ltampcd out or e&~stence wawout a trace

01 were turned into mOtques.

.r.-Afler having dealt at some length with tbc Vaidllt oriaioa

or lllamic and Arabic traditions we shall now tum 10 provo abo Vaidik origin of Parsec traditions.

II bas already been oblerved earlier bow !he worda Peroia oo4 Iran arc Sanskrit io orl&ln. They were aiven Suskril uma by Sanskrit people •bo ruled that rc&ion. II b tbote S100krit-spcakioa poople who introduced lbe fire wotabip ud Olhtr Vaidik rituala in West Asia. Under Jucb carcvmstaians but natural that rbc nameo of Pancc dcitica, mooths tie. ahould be tbe same as those of the Hiodua. And 10 lbc)' are •

Parsees too have 33 deities Ute the Rlodua. Saos~rlt ''S" is oflco found t ransformed 10 " H" Ia tbeM names at "Sindllu" beeame ''Hindu". A comparati.c table or Billdu and Paraee Dllllt$ or dcitica il &lven bctcuoder : ._ HIMw ,..,_

Ancira J.odra Abur ~~ Apl Tbruta Vorethra Vritra Saknloah $pub Spath Vridlralho& Ha.Om Soma JlbAIII A.thavya A.pta VadalaY Vivaahaata Vsvaawata Maltbra

Asur

Tn ra SUralllll Vriltllll'• Bllap vaura Mild

>!/lt.t6>J:f"----------

l'C) I'HDIAN HISTOIIJC4J. • · De.uc.. Panrc ~" "Ros 11 lbe same u Vaidik Nav1 Sa

IUUiblla , t l'k" Year Day 111""••r-

n. SaA•inl .,riiUI of tbe Plll1ee clays aod monlbs IIIOJ be j1>4..,J from tbc follooriDi table :

,,.,,. Abu !>isba ,.. ......... ,...aallryas

"'ll&ba)

AD:JBID&IO)U

Amrail&l

Abua•u ~ Fai •Iidia Mah

~I .As,, .. ..,,.

,._WIM rae naW'&ItjtMy ,, ... t

Pa"" "O ..... 0,~·• I t ...._, , ....

8111>11 ..

Avaa Mu Wa&umaa Wao.h•yu

Watab Anaramanu

Amrita·Tatva

Asura•at Cbh&OdiWIIIho

Pravardb1o MAS Atreyadbill

Amsb&IJ)Udu Marclaa Mu

Kasbtra•eeryaba Aoamak

Povanam1trt Artowuhi&btbl

SbtO&ba Ostbavat

Sbwetomat

Sauro tat••

vuara

2.':':·:·:~-- . 1 ... ._ *-•·- - be lb ed from the bOOt z., r 1wn.a1oo. p cr ..... __ _

-t S - ... n•aw lk bz"P"III eou111nCS tO liDd OUI .., "-o( • at V·'·"~ b-- lb-1 • , --. CUmu~ 10 ~-....... ... ., .. ., .... ,..a • ~ -~a Lcocloo ollr~ $e

-of CalM' - Ood MltrU ....

l~DIIII'I ttSHJITP.rYII ltUL8

iog tbe 1uo was found buried uoder th~ follndotioa oru old buildio&· It was said that tho Roma111 bad iotrodaccd 100 worship 111 Britaio durioa their rule then. ThiJ sbowa tbat ancient H.aodu culture bad traYClled lo EnaJaod at kast 'ria Greece and Rome. Bur it could aa weU be that H.iodu cuiJare was carried to England by Vaiclik lodiaos rbemaeJves.. Weliad some proof of the Vaidik culture baviog prevailed 111 lbe Amic region. If that is admrucd what could prevent tboJc AlFie

people from crossing tbe small strip of tbe sea ioto Britain.

This view is reinforced by tbe maoy Saos.krlt roota and words fouod in the English languaae. Thu.s tbe Saoskrir root •·pada" me.aniog the foot gives a whole range of words lilre biped, paediatrics, orlbopodic and pedestal. Pcdestnao il san .. lr.rit padacbara. A root ~>bicb ia widely used for Eo&Jllh clctiva· tives is "Dant" mnnins a toorb from wbicb we bave dentisc. dentistry, dental. Yet aootber Sanslcrit root is "mrityu" mcu· iog death from wbleb we set Eo&lisb words lik mortuary, morgue, morral, immortal. Tbe word Matr den- from tile Saoslr.<it word "Maou" meoaiog the miod IDd lbereforc signifying a lbink!og beiog tbar Is a rational beiq. Door ,. d"'ar. The Sanskrit pre~ " Pra" as ill Pratasb. Pravnnl " widely used to English as Ia proffer, proc:reare.

This inftuencc of Saoskrir, it Is said, permeared toto EoJ)ub tbrougb La tiD. Ltke the Persia a Jan&u&fe t.auo ia suffuaod ";:! Sanskrit. Tbus we act dauahrcr. parer, ?lllt« •. fatb:~:'are f P

• . " • • I San•~ril Patricide. mun<Ocle, rom 1tn. IY._.ua n • • • ' IUld 'piJrl~ all Sanskrir words since 'cbida' m••;• to ~ respocrlt'OI1 • "mllltU~. ·awa' Sl&nify (,chcr, motber aa oae K •

r Sllllknr wonll COQIIAWQI to A wbole uosuspected boor o 'd<OCC of Jodi&AS bavirll o

exist io E.c4 ltsb "vcf)' .rroqb••• o-'· Tlcl<el aed raal, N....-. E · cvca &I 1 e • ru... _----..a.n ...

bcld sway an uropc JoJ~ are proof of <n<•-Jaad and statio> pcra>stloa

11r 1.,_ •on!s od rOOU &R : Bntrlh rule ov:r lo.Jia. some o S drll

s a.utl ~. .....

Preach Adore

«Jill Nloc

:!$) lt<OIAI' ltlst'OIUCAI. l i!SL\a 0 1

Palll Pi til Decimal Dasbmalava

M-Da Mauu De., Dec> de Dasbak , .. YGJ&lll oa.soa Asbtakon

.... Wa)aCD PentiJOn Paocbakon

Hr Sib Chrisllii3S Cbrbl·Mu ,

S1w Sa Un (negath·e) Un (also as negative)

Go 011111 Vesture Vastra

Coli< Apma Rand Ha.sta

Uoll\ltb Uoritl Ccot Shala

Cow G1a ln<eroal Antarik

Two Owl Terra Obara

Tllra: Tr~ MIDd MAna fGOif Oatwor Ni&bt Naktam

fm PiD<h Six Shad s.... Sap!&

c-n. 7..~J•~ho ooce follower. or the Vaidilc way or !if.,_

....,. " •ucla a olosc .; ' Ia - ... -...... o4 lDJ Oty udWedl their JodS • ..,,10.,.. .,.,lh those of cl •

-n..<lorcisofl)<lreS • • • ~tnt lodla. Tbc .. ""' .... door "d- I ":~' oncm lUICC Tbeos is Dewu Ooil'o 0.0. ,.., t1oc d .._ • door hence Theodore means

• oor of a temple. T\t Valdak ..... Sbro c.,.,. lloc:au;o tbo lou , ,;• for • corutellation bctomes

Aaeperu1vc 11

,..._ " really ltaods for the sound "S'' -• <Day be IDidc ( b • ' ..... Go.- roao t • followooa table :

~- C.'Oiopoa m.., CrHI< ... ,,. ShrOII.I

" tao c-. .... Alaa•

Corona Au ripe

Bootn Saplttrul

l'nku• eo ....

25}

SOlD• oreek names are liaeraltranslllloos or orig\JW IAd.iln ~pts such ~· BoOtes (Herdsman) meanioc PaJbupeu. OpblucbUS mean•~& a snake-bear<( is lbe lranslalioo or lbe IJlcliaD 1erm Pharud bara-

rrance The French laoguage derives ila sandhi or merscr or b

.owol souods from Sanakrlt. Tbu1 Lc 1able Is prOIIouoocd 1

• Latabla Ro1, Reno mcaoin& kin& aod queen, Duo rneaoloa ,.:S' !'ItS" meaning cobr• and Jaou slcnifying tbe knees ore all

sa~~skrit words.

Germany German dcclenlion of oouos follows tbc Sansknt method

rour square. The word Nacbla prooouuced as Naukla is the Sanskrit word Na.ktam meaoioa ni&ht. Tbll ~lairu lheopcll· in& or the word " ni&bt.'' A deeper study should reveal tllat mos11aoguages of the world der~ve lh<lr emteace from Saos.krit to • far arcater exteot than is now sUJP<Cted or admitted

Tloe AJclie Rt&loe

We find io the Mababbarata a deseripdoo or bow HiDclw hod proceeded to, uplored and coloofled the A~ie rqioo. l <OOuld like to quote bcrc at aomo leo&lh from ao anidc ti~cd "Aurora Borealis Was Known 10 tbe Anclcata AI A Maoifeata· tion or Narayana" cootrlbutcd 10 the cq"uinc

1

'Ncw lodiiD Antiquary," Vol. Vll, Nos. 3 and 4, June, July 194-4. conrrll>ot· ed by Mr. Aoikchandra. Rc sayatbat ia tbc Eoahah traaalatloo or tbe Mahabborata by Mr. M.N. Dutt io 1bc SbaaupiiYa on poges S3S.S36, S38-~0. $42, ~48-49, aad S66-8 tJII>Cits a clcacrip1ion of tWO c~pedllions coaducled by aocicat Iadi&M 10 the Arctic r<gloo . One .. pedii!OO ,.., led be three esplorm kooWD as Ekata, D•ita aad Trita and rbc olh<t by ~ Natacla. Their object •as 10 ttud)' the Aurota BorealiS wblch

they eall Narayaoa mcaolaa tbe ....,_

Tbe RitbiJ pr<>JOI ~ ID 1M d- a«tb. Tile 11'11 t~ Riab)s •talc that tlwY u.,...ook proloefld lo-!puao. Tbo7 (at hmea)

1tood 011.,.. foof , bP lud roda ol wood (Ill lAUD

lllo W.o. It Sruet pock io 11110). That country Uoo to t 1101111 (I[ Moo at Mcro (Altai) ancl on tbe shores or tbe 0..:: (I[ Milk (Wl>ate Sea). The 11cppes between tbe Ural and Altai (lolcrol Ia kJIOWG to bave been the scat or Vaidik culture fot ""'1 lool pcnod ao aocaeot hastory. Tbr k.shiruaar mcanan • tbc Wllatc Sea stall survaveo. All island which tbcy called tb! S•eta o-pa mcaoioa tbe •oow covered White Island 1s

1101 tnon by a to aacleot name. Tbe cxpe4itions rcacbcd tbcre 11 1

,_when the canh'a South Pole was inclined towards the •un. lbt~:rfore they could not roake tbc observations they wMotcd ti>o lbcy hiYC lc(l US dcscrlptiODS O( the inhnbltaots Of fboso "SiDlu u be ina or snow· white complnloa, tbcar bodies emit. liol I sweet llDCli, When tile IUD returned 10 tbc region they CIOUI4 ol»<nc Klm aOer a I on; alld difficult Stay. It abo caabl<d tbc:m ro JCI to koo" the inhabitants lleuer.

The dc1Ct1pliODI rouod ID &DC:Jtlll Hindu scriptures allude to cn:atotcs like tbe scab, musk·o .. o. walruses aod perhaps the _.,1< bean. The epithets wblch tbey use to describe the fauna (}/ t.bt plac:c &R "CtDIIIiDI acctleot per(Ume, bSVIOJ DOO•WIDk•

"'I r)ICS, •••b no attnul orpos, tbc foreicas always JOao.d as Ut.oqb ID prayer. wilb rouod crowned hc~cb. bavioa: 60 tecch. a1110na them etJbr beana snail, i>.tws joined whh skin• havina _, l•n<>oo tbcm.'' Nooe of them honoured the explorers •.ur 10 '"""" u "'"" a ood, complAin the explorers. Tbi1 PI'Ol'a lbal lAc lohabltants lbcy were refcrrio& to were ...... b.

N.r>4a .,bile 1Cilin1 out oo the npcditlon tells two other =.!"&Ad Nany&~~a that be,.., fully pr<parcd for tho lrooo ba..... lcsillrt tbc Vedas well. N•rada IJ said to a-t,-= :'"" loto lbt lkt to ly to Wbitc Island which 11

ltr tn~c:J "&& ~DOW'Q 10 them. n.._...,_ be

- 18--1

Wbhc W.od aod Mount Mcru as Is.._... 10 bc ~cs 10 be 3~ Yo)snu. The VOJIILI ._ - -· <i,... !'; ht U... rbcro u &real ~tmalaroly llo dool..s.iu "'•l.alo.s o( a -::.->ura a Yo)ana occror'

· "-..U..aty 3$.000 Sta4f.

QtfDIAH UlfATIJYA auu lSS

.il lbe euct distaoce between Altai Mownaios, tar. 46 N 10 Novaia Zcmila or Cape Cbeluskio Lt. 7S N.

Tbc cJplorcrs describe tbc cxceedaoaJy woodorful spcu1de

that met their eyes lookioa lo the north·Wcst<m diroet1011. The sun witb its face turned 10 all aida (rincc •t appcan 10 '""""to

4 circle aloog the borlzon 11 the North Pole) seemed to be licked by several tooaues. They "Y thattbe •ua t.bcrc warms oot the Soma (moon) meaolna that lhe moon bad not risen when Narada observed tbc suo.

About the Aurora Borealis Jll&c N:uada says that deslrm>J of scciog Narayana be cootinued IO stay there. The divine Narayana bad the Whole universe for bis form (eoverioa the whole boriz.on from one cod IO lbe olbcr). His form wu some. what a purer than the moon's. He re1cmblcd somc,.hr butn· ing 6re. He resembled the feathers or a parrot and 10 some respeell a collection of pure crystals. He looked aa ..,.,.

'fCSpcclS a hill Of aatimoay, aod io lome a mass of pure p>ld His complexion resembled tbe coni when first formed, aod wu somewhat while. That COIVpi<Jion bad the coloar O( SOld a ad of the blue Lap~s lazuh a ad or sapphire, Bcarms thes< vuaous hues-or 1be peacock'• neck a ad a 11rrng of pearb--1hc body of the Eternal Dealy appeared before Rlsba Narodo.

That Deity whispered OM aad sana tbc <!•yo!ri. Thlt dCI-• • • n t un fantasy bccluse It "••id tlull • sorr

•Cflptton too.. 0 J I' r 'lk ~rndes the rea•on SOUDd like lhll Of tho rult lOI 0 II r-

durin the Aurora Bore•H• pbeaomeoon. To tel such oatural •oun! as that oftbo murmur ofrbc ·~· tho wblltlfns ·~ lh< wind or the rbylhmlo movement or • ro•ltray trufn so mu"o IJ

oot uncommon ~ r b 'tl •• ooatala idcolical dcscriptaooa I> t •

Both the .. pod, o be 1 tbat tbcy bad to push aollb· bardlhipe cocowucrtd. h T be~ :C.rc overcome ~•th aaa-.ct) ••d

·wards rdcotiCIIIy tbo'!.s: 1

a summat !bel' resrol a wbtlo were emaciated. Proc- Dl (i orclura It mutt be DOted lbat Then Narada ....,,..,..s bll

11 r, Void,lt aplorm aull rctam • .... by ...... ur o( _.. ,.

the oamc:• ~~ .,. -'Cetu lipt&a a mouotAIO •-their meaa•a••· n Akal allo umct tbc .... eNI:lillf,. tbc Urai·AIIalo I.UPII"

~U,<>·~P---------

ll6 II~OIAN llisTOJO.JCM. -~C'tt

Sumnblll ar~ actually the people who had miarated from 1 SuiDCtu re&iOft. It os no woodu, therefore, if S&~~~krit ., bbo

. b A • . ast e ~len laoauaac oo 1 c rctoc reaoo11.

Tb~ tofucooe is further Jtrtogthcocd by tho fact that Paoonl's Satukril &n~mmar applies to the language spoken In lht Lat•oan resion or Europe. The people of Latvia traditionally behove that their aDCC$tOra came from India. Their cap ito " It •&• u on Rlgveda.

Th(s same Vaodik civlJization had also spread over Scaodi· oavia. Convinced of this Dr. M. Flagmeier, President of tbc Amuican Society for Scandinavian and Eutcro Siudict wrote 10 the author on bis letter or ~- 6, 1965 "We ate concerned with the relationships between Scatldioavia and India. One of ow pnzecl pou«tlons is a manuscript of the late, noted atu· dent off)ri..,~l aod Scaaclinavlan Swdies, Dr. Kcsbavadeva Sba11ti. In thia clla<narioo Dr. Shastri concludes that tbc siaul.,ty beiWecl> Scandinavia and Hindu mythology, euttoms aDd llll!itutoons ai- proof po$ilive that the Hindus were tbe oaual fOIUiden of Scandinavia. For cnmplc be writes on page J6 that the very word Scaodinavia is in Sanskrit Skand·nabbi, moauia1 the abode or waniora."

Account& have .. IIIDCS appeared in neWS!)apon or abipS lllvq,od from tho frcu11 doptbt or the Arctic oocan contaioins Hilldu <111.1~· · Lokmanya 8.0 . Trtak, tbc well ltoown Indian ....,.tt·patriOI, bu al&o adduced lOme evidence in b~ trellist llatDod "ArctiC Home lo the Vedu." .... 1. ~ ~ So.lt\ l.uaoa onainltca ill Sweta /.~. White ., I IPIU S.-H · · fd'~ _..._ ~- • GriJoD to .. _ JC.aabyap, a Ya , ..

-.-,. -.v co&.a s' d 1M -.-k• •• aa Dait .,:; ... oo. R ia clctceodantl were Jt.n:aaoa z LI>D!~ bJ ~~·::PI• Tbc IIICICDl kiapm of Ca-a rqloa. A uopl L ...... Wtcoriu. WU IOOIIIad iD 1bo red to oa 11M lacliaa .... _ • hlad OWW Hlrcaola Ia mer· alroaoiJ ""''""" ............ '::"- ltaalopp. w. bl¥0

Pralolad to br roW ._. a '"••• '::': ... ~ aoo pdnce .. ...aortb-wcttltiO

I

IIIOIAtf (SIIA T1UYA RULl

frcntict reaioDJ or tbe Indian sul><looti.otlll. from 11111 .. cu deduce tbal tbe Horca11ia kiosdom CllCllded from tho c.ap10 regiOO 10 lbt nOrlb•WCitem boundary Of tbc laoboa 101). contioenl at least.

A Russian trad• corumissiooer posted to Jap&A in 1791 bott

the name La.kshman wbicb. derived froro tbc Ramayano, Ia a common Hindu name. Dooma lllld Agal meuio& smob 111d fire retain their original Sanskrit form In Ruuian becluoc Valdik fire worship was prevalent io tbc whole or tbc Bbara••· Kltanda that is the Asia-l!uropc continent. One or thou"' ads of those firc-worabipocum·<ullural centres atilluill< In S.ku. A chain of these fire temPICI can stili be traced from the JWllll· mukbi temple in tbc Hlmaobll Pradc&h of India, I be 6rc t<mple ·n Baku , tbe fire temple in Bogbdad to Mecco wblc.h Is $IOJkno ~'M kba" mean ins the aacrilicial6re. The CUf!Om of obe l<V<Oo

a d fi 1111 pn<tiMd oo fold perambulation lmund tbst ucre re "• the Kaba shrioc ,.hich was obc abode or 6re won~lp IOd

sanctuary of 160 Hindu '""'''" . ' h ot ;,oaipt.,..,. 1#11

The Ore tconplc •n Ba.u u qllll 'bote towuda ohc upkeep ,r lhelempk

Indian mercbaoll eontn dhu ocsidd 11 obe rcmpl< oo rbc Sometimcs o .olltary Rood~ 11 the lui cloys of Muohao Nit

midst of 1 h<~P or asb<~o ·~:: PIIDJ>b bavo 1b0 clcbtd Olll' in India soOJO holy meO (rom II of thalllto '""'pie, fbl>up I be mukhi lo~ripuonl on tbowal be orcomparatlRty occrno uittin& bulidlnl of the temP~• =~~moria! OJJtlquiry. o•li~lyto coomucdon the .ue being ·~~properly explored. Tll~ romlniao yield very .. lutble ovodco~ lbO V<t"/ oiplllcaoL Ill ~ oamo Svctalaoa to Rulli• !....,..,. -illl "'lllo r&lr·foted. poodlDI Sao•krot fC)(Dill ~IIAod. lo tiiAtto•• •IIA• "lltl,..., Salllaruod m•••• $11111' ,.;.. I tCUiptoml d""""' coJiod to be Taaoaolalo'l '":~ .. ';:. Iii"' aplDil a r"':'.: ::.: soor.Sadol ~~.,.a! 10 11o a Muslda ,.. h<a« bO"' tbll wbAI r •·ostnoofPCikl•l llollaM ·•-' _ ........ r ....... ... .untoJ .... I .... __

- ao -- doo ••• aad oadol u Sar_.,.SOOf1e Ill-""'· pt .... - ~.., 11 .,. ... s..... v ......

Stblrla• 1 pa

llleloell p<OI)It. b a pur< Salul:rit word aian•fyioa ao e-...p. _.., T1lt Dl.IDO derive. from tbe temporary campt 'Wbic:b t.d>u ~n bod to aet up •• Wt lnboapitabl• «linn 10 <!'<cad Vatdik eni!Ct<•

The ~Ulric d<il)' Kai'Ciltra from a Moo.aolia'D

""""""'"'

-

I

"N.JJ&fj\10& the IJc.ll Jadl .. philosopher. I rom

1 mi\OUICUPl of lbe J(b>m rt&icn or Sinkl••l· Tbb perip•tctic preJc.he-r WAJ ooe emona thousands or lndiaru who in anc:1ent times spread Hindu culture io

.countries at remote as Chintt and Japun.

Aey~d .. a lo 11M dloputadoa a:~adn-fi'OID a Kbom ,,..,..,.dopl•ll thia lodliln phil~ IIDJ>ber drlvlna IN• -· b- ia • -·111-cal dioauol••·

"t"'ur:--~---------

SANSKRIT DHARANI In Central Asia

A S•IUknt Oharana amon& tbe Turb of tbtmome. of the ronowaoa \'aksbas.

tbe eighth century. 11 •eeords

{'['"'"~ UNf~\ \IIQII- (el'l'( ~ ..... ~."" ~-~ fit:fuws;~ ~-r.r .... ~ ~~~'q•a ~ •r<t4lfll(\ ~-ftijlllfl'R-~ ,. •••• li(1ol'l·ri~n..,,., .. . '11-.i ito """"" 'II

--- _...,.... e · ..... t .. -- .. -- ~ --...

lndrab Sorne Worurrah Ptayapatlr Bhatdwaja lsanascandanah ... . .. IJiairocanah Kama Srestlra Klnikantlralt

Kanthako Wadlt MtllliciJfah Pranada Upap<uu:akah Satagir Halmawatah Ptunakah Khatllrakovldo Gopala Yak.ra Adavako Nora Raja Janarsabhas Citrasmasca Gt111dltatvo dirghasaktlsta

-..,eo., ""-=•" -.,....-~ -...,...--.,.. --,.,.. ., .

:,.:-~."'--:.:.--.=.·;·· .... :--.-.----."'~"'. l 4 ., -.:a;;- ... -· :.;;.~ ... ,,

....... . . .. , _ .... ;:;.:;, ~ __ .. -- -. -P ftC ' b ... ' .. ,pe •ttttf ' t . ... , --.,., -· ... _..... .... ...... --· -· . .,. ----·------ ~ _,. ______ _

·-~ .............. . ... -- - . . ....... ,

.., n = w .. .......,.. "=~' -·,=· -· - ... - - ·-0

•"'.. 1

• I .. : e ,, '""'t) ell : ... -

'••e ; ,. . ' t " · a.e:2(1 .........,~,.·· ·--...... ,,, .... ,.. -~ '"'' o1• •· a. , ••. o,...utl a.,.. •••• , Juai q...,.aao .... ..... , •• ...,......., ltp• ...

••••"• ' " • • K• •n tt.n•'~• nwn• ... ,, ....... , . a.a, ... , , r~ .... u c.,...u,t • • , .... ,, Du,.•u ~,.,._.1 ., .,, t'tJ•h

• •

tt4lll.u' s;SHA111tYA IIULB 261

Jo Mooaolia tbe days or the week n:lato tbeor Saotkrit root• _. Adiyn (Sunday), Somiya, Aoaarakb. Budhoya, Soow aad Sancblt (Saturday).

Tb6 traditional medical sy•tem PTCftleot tbrooal>out Mongolia even today is the lndiall Ayuned;~.

Tbc Indian system of astrology i. practised on Monaoha. Ancient Jndia.o treatises on utrology, medicine, proaody aad grammar. rarely round In India are stilllreawred &lid ut~~btoo Mooaolia Mongolians alto yearn to ttorc and worlhip Oan,n water as do 1 be Indians.

The Indian caclc is the guardian deity of tbe Moo&olran capital Ulnn Bator.

Mongolians study ancien• Indian lore cooner:ted witb kin1 Bboj, Lord Krosbna nod the llitopadesb. They alutthcfr hbtory with Milllu as do the Indians.

Mexl<o Mr Chamaollll's book 'HINDU AMI! RICA' dtttriba rite

• • T aad lito llldld. dote similarities belweeo the Maya CITI !0

'""'. 0 .... l8d

• I d' 1o M<'IJCO dcttoes Tbc very word Maya os n •••· rrad' iaMl _,. oi!M the Sun have bteo disco~ered. Ia tbe ;; lito IDCIIIIcr fti1a Mexican people tbe seotomcnu urn:: do~ ..., 1 .bidding rai'IIWCII 10 ber -~~-"edtbOUJIIt. FICiaiiJ. pool£" similarity to ~orrcspoodiOI locha~ be...,. ,_ ,. tlrtrt t•••> or aocienl Mofeo appear 10 be ~0~ 111 aoclaotlodld ••Ia~ tants orlndla's nortb-castcro ,.,. ~rll'-f 1 .. ,.._..., IOJY the WCIIOIO btDIIIpbctC II rouJd .. llrtrtl 1lrtrt aJIIs. contlnonta wn known u tbe Patala. tala rtafao 11111 ftiaiUIIMIIJ •lou 10 the drjvinJ or ~~~~;o::,. Jill ... roib• .. slanlry hl1 defeat aad wol '" llaJI islltod to dhiiDI Mai<O- ~to 1M-ol ....

dly .... ..,... ... ·-- ...... ):I&YIOI tbUI btoa ~-lo trace Indian .. uurol •• Uall oow rurn IO the Eall·

a' tor*~:: t 3 ,.,.(*:116

>At.<Ol!t:---~------

lhOIAN IIISTOJ.ICAL ll!ll!Al .:!t

of Brahm ) Itt nvcr< l rrawady and Chiodwio are S.n•km "".-.. lo SJMlnl lrawato m<IOS full or water aod Cbiod .. io dm•et u o•mc from Chontvana or tbc Slrcam wbocb ~urses '"'""'" 1 rM .. t uKd f<>r m<dotatoon. Salween os the Sanstm ~ r~r the n•<t ,.hoch ftOM tbrougb I teak forut. Lon! IDAU·s !DD.1llt tbr sacuJ faor-bodi<d elephant the Aoravot mco. ~~ 10 lodiao lore dero• es ho~ oame from the region watered In I~< ln•ata Uoloke elephants in other regooos fair· bodied cltrbant• arc found only on ohe country around the l rrawady Jo ll.oortDL.,., SaruLrlt 'T' cb.llnges IO '0' · For the head of the swe lh• Burmele use the word Adip!l.dj wbirb originnt .. in the Sallltrit " -otd Adhipatl Their kiogs bore Sanskrit name$, and Ill< tradoh~oal CIOronation ecremonie.s followed the ancient \'lldJk fUUel'1l. Tbelodian festival or throwing colour WAter an •U and sundry it nlll l&Utily observed in Burma. The Barmd: OIJCJ \1cLllla. Ranpa and Mandalay derive from Swl:nt •ocds hkt Mitbila. Mondab and Ranga.

Ia no"h·cuttm Burma-.. billy ugioa kllo"'n ,.. the Shan SW.t-tb: ladoan c..uom of the •ilia~ ptopl: wear in& head· pan ('( lona sbeeu or doth wound round then headJ still ptrullL E.acb 'flllo~C bu • temple or the guardoao deity wltb • IIIla poi( ®WIIIDJ Ill tall spore. The elders or the village J<d lor 1111:- KDiot .-uldcot f<Cel\'C honoured auests II the •W.• bouadary Tbo '""'~' auc:mbly ball also serves u tbc pest boU>t, •1>11 •omeo from the ~mmunoty trader's bouse - fOOd 10 tloc IYCSIJ, brought rrom their own bomet io ~1&4 •ood..,. Ira~ All tb1J IJ reminiscent O( oocicot lbt>t!u cult"'" "'" prevail Ia~ In tbat remote reslon. These .....,.,, aoc tdcotocol •ub th- provaihng to Indian volla&cs. Aa lto<l- IDL\om "'Attb. "-· llaldet ' 1 ~• Bbava" eo join• on tbe bouso•

I 10

UUI lk 1-l " a •cnuble God hone rant ltr&OJCII ate 11 10 caacna fnd ,.,th ) · baUs 0..,.-. lo all •a<ry and boiled tu at tbe bouS<· G~Uo ... 1 1 o.- ....:- Each lczltmtnt abo hu an altar

loiiaa

lloc .. poa CO( ~ t.ill>k co.lt ....... 1,11 u.., ,__ lire 1«11 •• Soam- tore It o-Pift Sec! flUe ... _ It 11u OOd "'PoaJapbocal DllmCI arc of

""'" catlccl A)odbya, Cbolpun,

l~lltAII I[SHATRJYA J.UU 263

R&Jpuri. Fetebpurl. Tbe unlver.:lty on Bangkok, capital of Soam, .1 ~.:nowo as Cboodalankarana. Siamese temples bcll.r S.asknt ~ames like Wat Deva Sbri Jndra •nd Wat Aruu to S.oslrnt ' Wat" i.s a banyon tree. In anctent ltmes tbe sacrtd banyan lrtt would almost always be planted neat boly shrio01 to provide shade Md shelter and because or its medicinal .usr~ Businus est•blisbments like photograpbets and •~tin& bouJCs btar Sans· krit names loke Chbaya Cbiuako.n and Suddha Bhojao Hotel respectively. Roads and localities all bear Sanskrit namcllikc Rlljawa.osba (pronounced "Rochwong) nnd Ban Kapi mea.nina the Monkey Forest. Siam's natiooal cm.blem I• lbc Enal• sacred to lodian mythology. Its name too iJ lbe same Sanskrit '(iarud' tbougb il is pronounced as 'Krut'. To be l scholar of Siamese one bas to be well versed in SIUIJkrit. Siam bad luop brariog tbe name Rama. Tbeir king• os also the ~ommon folk all bear Sanskrit nameJ The kina's coronatooo 1S eam<d out a«"ording to ancient Vaidik rites. Ercavatooos io Siam yocld Hindu images and in~eriptions. The royal ttmple of tbc Eraenld Buddha in tbe beart or Bangkok bas..,..,., from tbt

. "d r ptnpbcraJ wah wttll JUII· Ramayana painted on tbc IDJI • o liS . d able captions on marble slebs. Siamese dao ... mUJIC •• COStumes au all of lndooo orlaio.

• I" b <d lamps art 8oattd do'too A SiamCJc festival ln whoch •a 1 , 1

___ _. Ma . allel$ The ........ _ ... w

ri\'cr strenms hDvc lndoan par Stn•krit t<llll M• Olllll• Kbakong dcrivCJ lis uaroe from the i.e. Mother G~naa.

Malaya •ad Singapore 111

&Jidcol lt>t!iao

Singapore wo• an irnporta~t i~:"oco .; tbc Patala Lok shipping rout< from South ~d·~~~~ oam• aJp~ifia • Ucoa 01)' and the Paetfie ulanda. Ill •• leodod •• Siappore toww4> Tbc Brit11h uploret Ralflet •b:., ,..dod "' lu• )oklloln tbc eloJt of the I'th Ccot•IY reo.,,.,._._. lotalod'"' bavrn1 oe<D a fororetJ bUI~I:,onl Rood •'- to doe-tbc altc now navtrt«<lo)' ocafront DOl 10 So.,..,.... .• _... lill.:

Aao .. tbt ,....,.,... cba8 It a eo•- Semlcril Mala)'ID poolo•ull. ~·..,.

204 !NOlAN 111STO~ICAt RUfA.Clo

Mall\&O r0 .,0s •II bur Saoskrir names. Thus we have S.ra . boo whocb 11 Sh~e Ram Vana io Sanskrir Suneci Pau101 ~. S~noJa·PaUan

Tb• rule .. or oah\e stares io Malaya. llOd member• or rbc ro)al ramol) bur Saosknr lilies !hough for cenrurics now lbey have bccO prorc»tnt Islam as their religion. Royal princesses an: called PUiri, Mabadcvl, Vidyadbari. Rulers •port titles li~o Rtma aod Lai:Jbman. Tbeir palaces arc known as Asrbana wbocb hI Saosl:ri t word. Two geoetatiotU ago the ruler or Johore lllhru 1\'.ll lcoown a.s the Maharaja. T bnt I otic Still appcarl embroidered or embossed onlb.Qi.r r~blt·sprends.

AU ucavations tn Malaya yield oorblog b ut Hoodu imn,es aod tttllplea. l ull a few years back a Sbiva remple was •••••••· "' io Sunaei Pauani.

A few mtl<l rr~m a eiry ealled lpob is a bot warer sueam. Tbc aociCllr Sanskrit Puodasika Srotta was found there. A aw1lk atab framed aod bung oo a posr at the spar ha< ao atnc1 from lbaracropn11e oo5Cribed oo ot.

Aa lodau moalt lcGowo u llrabmacbari KaOasam alias Sll'llllo Satyanaocl ..,bo bad s<ttled io Malaya, and who ran ....al plllltarbropic IMlirutioos in Malaya and Sio&apore bu -. and pr~blisbcd a book called OUMPSES Ot> NM.A Y AN HISTORY. In tbal book be bas deacrlbcd in aome dNil IIICI of IDdJau historic and archloOIO&iCal inrcrcst found ICIIbc l!ut Asiaa r,.lon from Mala yo ro Korea.

' I Ia

llldaz r • ..._ "'' 1 1 oatm culture iJ Biadu, Va'1di' culture tbouah ..,. ,.... . ..... -:: IIIey haft bee profcuioa tbe lalamic r .. th.

:=~ ~ ta : lava. Sumatra aod Bali arc all Sanalcrlt "" .stc ' t 'all _. • • " acu tbnnca "'*C ded1cated to lod••n

..... 11a .:::-- fro. IM oao •1*1•• aculpcural relief fJ1 Jd._ ,..1 · ~ "":."""" lodoccai.., <!Jncc and mull< aso 's ,,. ms'!1 '* 7

~ •u citiet. Yillaact and towu tw'•' bk. ,_ 111 ~- 1111 • en ,. ,..._a are moatlY Sana-puree., 7 'r r.. or Yawa. The r•Jdeora or BtU

- Voldilt Nlilioa. Tiley lUll rcrliD rht

I

UIIIPIAN KSI-IATIUYA RULO 26)

fourfold Brahmaoa, Ksbatroya, Vaiabya and Sboocl tioo of sococry. Tbe) r<cote the Oceta and bit"' elaJ.ufk.. Valdik rttuals.

0 f'ft" YlfiO\I'

Bora<o

A part or Borneo " Sara walt. Till very rraotly the Sara,.alc parhon was ruled by ao Enallsbmaa Bur he too bo b 1 • • rete111e RaJa. Tbar shows that Borneo wu a part of tbc ladia jn Eas1 AsiR, n emptru

• An ·~sue oflh~ DHARMA quaotcrly publiabcd by tliC Pure l ofe.Socooty, ~etahng tn Malaya had o c,ouple of ye..a baclc c~rroed •• ort oclc In one or Its IUUel dcscribin& bow 4 bcU whb a Tamol ioscrlplioo had been round with •• 1\UIIrahan trlbll• Maori. The bell was obvoously used by an todiao shop wbicb gor wrockcd near the Australian shore. Some Moon fishermen hoppeoed 10 find h In !heir haul. Tbal is ho" they tame by rbat bell wbich hu survived u a nre rcli< ur lh<l&< wbca Indian ships sailed the hiah ..,., carr)iDI lad!.. u mlu , IDir• chants a.od $Cbolan 10 ' " tbc p.>r!J or tbe alobc lbto ....... . the Bbara1a Vanba .

ladocbiaa \Vbat is now known 11 tho lodoc:honeac Pcnonwla coou.roaa

ofNortb aad Sou th Vie to am Cambodia ••~ LIOJ .,., •acc.r~ sear or a pAwcrrut lad lao empore. The p<)rf S.IJOD Is ... IJICdl

~ od . tom111011 lodiJill, Son•krit name. Oaon sosno6 .. • town • "

1

suOU .in Lodia for many township>. • from r.t1 Oanp I•· Moth<i

Tho r iver Mekooa • • t '" ..... r Rami the C:OUDir) Ganga. RcllllOhceot or ~.,... rb• ~· ,:. t-1 people. Tllt t...os Is aho pronnun<td 11 Lava ~ precl .. lt bcuurc rllaJ l'rentb who ruled ther• rpell"' it.: ,, .. l.IYI. Tile e~plral or spelling eaab1 .J rbem to P10";"' 0,01 too n lllblcod...,. Tbo Lvo eQunrry is Vicauaoe. Tb 1

'':- r.1101r "'p1w u Vu Ooa• local people prooouocc rb• ..... o( rho SIJIOtnt -.1 V

wbocb is a corrupr peoo""':r:..t•oo4 r...a. Chandan munoar • ,.,.., _._. IIJ aa<idt !Jid--.... ,,

Since UJ)dalwo<ld •at ,..~ ...,- bad ol>•""'"' • ,.,.. .. proru .. ty to ohrll ,.,,...,.. n•

~u~u.•~r----------

l66 INOIAH IIISIOIUCAt. a!SEArtCI\l

Aadal•O<Id planllUOliS in Lava country and call~d ila capital vua Cbandan. Sandalwood is atill widely ustd in tho rolialouo

cm:morun or the Lava people.

Ia ~abbounna Cambodge there is still to be seen in a lilts artb·lt(1l:lral story an ancient lodian capital called Angkor Wat The su.m>uodoog area is still called Aranya Pradesh. Hm too 'Wat' means tbe banyan tree 'Aogkor' signifies ha •pntut. 11 oould be ohat the sapling or a banyan uee was 6m planted oa ohe area \0 mark the dedication of the site for the propoKd cap1tal. Ruins of this ooce prosperous capital are sprud over an area of 100 kilometres. Amoog them we find a mwive JlCrlpberal wall interspersed with towering statues or the Bnhma·VIshou.Mabesb trinity of tbe Hindu pantheon ; o lia&otle JIODe S<Uipture depicting the mythological legend or the Oods and demons cl>uroing the ocean with the Vasuki oerpellt as tbelr rope aod the Mandara mountain as the eburnoo~: rod. The mas11he Jtooe figures of Gods and demons ranscd 011< !Khiod tbe otber oo opposite sides clutcbiua the long I<IJ>alt u tbou&b engaged in a tug of war is a breathtaking lpetiiiCk

StaodiDJ in the midSl of &bose majestic ruins one observes lll around fl'Arious paved )'&tds, temple spires. palace tower$, beautifully canod 11/IDdows, lofty shrines and tpaeioas luxuriou. l>llaecs.

A1110n1 the&< rultll bave been found 11umerous Images of the Hiodu de1toea and on10rlptions mentioning the names of tbe lodlao luap ••bo ruled ovet tbe rtsion, and their CJ<plolts.

Soot Tot D&mca of aome of tbaK kiacs were Jayavarma aod ball,....,_ Tbe name C.mbodce is itseLf Sanskrit . Khambu•

-.~.:S ':"~=~~ ;:~ ~·: faau\y those boro of him were Tot.,_,.., 10 111

copit&l Po• ., c;.:: oftbe oamc CambodJC· - Mdlclu ,.,,.,., ••• . "full of oothioa elso

""" U>JC: lpi;OilO,

Mlllll• ntaab ....., trlldiiiDCII or ..... n.... \radot-.1 .,.lhoral corocoatlon prevaol oo lndo-•ana o1 tbc I...SI&o - roiMic ed <Dien&on~~~eot Is ba~ oo aalatc \o lilt IDdiU M)lo •it~ ,:Dod:,:.' Ud daDCC. Tboy

•

umM tl ltSIIA TRI Y A RULe

Sites of ludian archaeoloaic:alud blttorl l6? in tift reg,on from Malaya to Korea ba be cal mte._ 4aaorp de><:ribed io Brabmacbari Kailuam's ~- to oUusllalod lad

Japao

What Is Jr.nowo as Japan IO the outside world is . by the people of thai country 11 Nippon. dt:aipatcd

Tbe Japanese monarchy, also about 2600 .,. 1 h rJ 1 • , .an ••• au lib I . at o rnn, c I lUIS descent from tbc 500 as 00 the 1 Ia Kshatrlyas. nd a

Long before Japan adopted Buddhiam u ill oat!aoal coli that country followed t.bc Vaidik way orlire l.t. Shinto. Tbtt culture which is more aocieot tbao Buddbosm suil ftoumllea side by side lo Japanese life. Sbiato is tbe corrupt form of Sindbu. It signifies tbc culture of tbe people hvooa oDtb< buks of tbe Indus /.e. the Siodbu. That" wby ill 1•P~MK Sltla• sbrioes Goddess Laklhmi, tbe ima~ ofobe Anllla Nan No,... war i .t . of Lord Shankar ill tbe form of half ... ud IIIII woman aud sucb other Hitldu deities -"JIY • ,..,. ol booour.

•

INDIAN lt!STO&II:AI. ~UIL\•111!

Mnuaya.u ua•cllcd 10 Japan 1n the 8th-9th centuries. s.- 111<11 m&llll&lo ha\c been writteo in Japan io the ""istic Slddbam cript of ladlo. The eminu= or Japan's cultural nollutoa, lib tbe ecleb:ated kobo-daubi (774·83S A.D.) have bequcstbcd a rtcb bema.- of ujas and manlras in the per fcc'-of tbCJt e&UIJnphk a". UloJtratcd obove IS the supreme CD&Iltra ~ 1D tlle d}'D&IDic haad of a Jop01ese master.

•••

1llc C.llbodJU NatlocaJ Thu•rc drawa its ..,.,., popular ,..._ rr- 1111 IWDa~aoa Huu.,oan I• • • ourot< htro of :.... laaaraaolcnbaa poopk of Cambod • ~ho pbot'·t• pi\

IDe 11

be u tlqoictcd •• Cambodia tl;.baatbUJI 1 1ho conoa '-l.

•

~red wirb his~' lo Tibol lndra is rcpru bo tuunratioo i1 reba

SHANKHA. Tile 1 vc Tbcrc ~ buodr<dJ fro111 a Lbara xylaar•ph.

110ycd Ia lffr'l

or auob Indian doH!<~ 1'9'plc Tlbcr&Drem

••• -"·' _..., .. oc--' ....... .... A Sa111krit ln""iptl~• 00wvCdiolrid ~.:."! .~ tJto8

1104 A.D. oo vii~ .. tiiU: vua. $aalllril covered by Prof. 0 '·,:'14 .lift. top ro bOttom and " ~""'

newel..,..,_.

, . 210 IKDIAM IUSI"OiliCAL aQC\•CJt

Tbc Jap&KM wt•JtliQa style with th~ 8Ymnuta "<a ooch•aa a.=~ a Iota dOib, is of ID~ian oria1n. So 11 ~ ,~~~~ tdf..S.fC8Ct calloJ Jajllllll. Thai IJ a Sansb11 word Wbocb - aalbc Ani •cne ofl~ ~HAGVAO GEETA. Ia ~ .. knllk word k YayuiJU. II l1£0iJie5 those dtsu,;nu or fi&hhat SJ.mlnl "Ya' •a} O(tco cb&oga 10 'Ja' in pra\.m as Yasbwaaa booool::la JUYIJII aod Yuwan 1.~. a youth is c:alled Jawan. The EQalil.b word )»VO:Dik also dcrivo:s from Sanskru Yuwan.

A-or-r.onb•p form1ng part of the Shiolo ltadi1ioo 11 liiOther 1ad1ea1ooo ofSh1DIO ~tog none else lbao 1he Siodbu wllom:, naco commemorating the ancestors through rhuls IOUDI one of tbc basoc practices or tbe Hindus.

Cremauoa amoos tbc Japanese also poiou to lheir bavoog bcea adbneau of lhe liondu ruth. Japanese has mliJly Saosl::rit •ordl. They use lbe Sanskrit word 'Nama' u his wbeo refer. nor to lhc oamo of a penon. lD Eng!islt too the word on.,. oatl!l ao 1be SanRnt word "Nama'. Tbe Japanese way of lifelnpl. snapk b.,o, &lid bigb·thinlciog origina1es 10 tbeor tnci· t::~IILDdu way of life Their interrogatOJ)' suffix 'IU' bas 1ts - 10 tbe ~l1Wn1 interrop10ry sallix ' lcim". Tbe Japanese aloo caakc part.LI} usc: of a lc:ripl bued on the Indian alpha· bctQJ pboocta.

We have llws olmned in a rapid survey almosl from one cad of tt: I) abe to the other the overwltefming proof of Indian, \ aidok Clllture bavioe once permeated almost a 11 parts of tho llobe. It IIIIPt be "'lmdcted as 10 bow tba1 was accomplisbed. Tloos Rlllarkable spread was made possible by tbe adventuroua •P•m of tile IIIC>eat Rood us ..,bo had developed a vigorous ~~. aoi•..Sa dYnamic: c:ohun: and en tertained the lofty ::!::' ol I"DIIoq tbcir n plorations and dhseminatln& tbe•r

• "'" lbc ••IIIOIQI pan. or~ wotld.

..,...., lila! •na •• Yicw lk.r ld • 1 ...... - ,... 'la1a C CO JCrS Utabbtbed m Ji- , "'O 1 po tof>t, ~lldy CODtra, aod admioiatratort ' I&W a -.101 9 -ues while tho prieally o rder • op .. m ••• """'o j - a llloaloaopbiC toDc to the wbolo

no.. e'Otttl ' 101 &Colllibcny IO aU, -...,.htua u•IJiaru liu tbc Nna

~ ~""'"'Y"' a ut.J l)f ~ ... ,...~ a in Bolkh. Maoy sucb Yibaras have beeo ddco..r<d

111 ¥obat ru of I he world like S1bcroa aod ~loogoh&. rcmote pa

ld .... a mostak• 10 belic•e that lhtse wtt< Boddh,ll ftWOU .... I' -

Buddha never roucded a separate re 'JIO& or I<C\. ·~aras. Vaidik vihan..s bad been established t ?l Oftl !lit tllndo or · Wb B ddb ~--· ' Jd since bony aotulu•ty. en u a ~ •llDOUI uo wor c .,. old teo<U or Hinduism .. -. •• rn•.cwcd 111<1 i_ndia tbe sam . . ad "·-· i •· d b ougb the numerous ""despre ...... .,, a to5 propagat~ ~d~a u we fiod lo our owo times tb< IWIIH of oamc o_r ~ N h~u asSOCiated with tradilional p.-pu. to lead

•Gandhi an c . new force and glow, Jn course of tune those same ~·~cb~!~ ~oms io Indo a declined and the worldwode wh<n tbc Hon u g r funds ood learned pruobm. cultural ceotru were ."ar~d o india snapped. Slo« Buddbil'> all conneclioru and hnks ''~.., to be iovol::ed at tbe nriOIU name happened to be the Ia ' of !be BuddhA leh tb..r

1 nl ce.ntres memofl< d lJ. JodiaD CU tU • f V d k culture dti::d up ue 10 po stamp while the str .. ~ o ao '

tical upheavals in Jadoa. Buddbul \lbatAJ are P"rdy Wbat , tbercfore. oppcu ;o ~ ,..urs of Bmolu, V&ld.lc:

Indian cultural eenu~. Tb b world sudlkol) f<(!Odcd tea• ,., culture which had sufl'u!Cd t d~ ' " the Jodi>' cullunl eearr~ behind memorih of tho llud • ld h i• lb· •o~ • blltOn<&

~\~~::,d,:r:e:~;.~ut~~~~~~.:~~r'~:~ P~:~;~;~~;::;:;~:;::,~: I n IO 1 , 10 OllU •

ism or accclcrat o h I I 'Wtlbe oppotu<. . out the wl!rld . The lrUI J h ,.bleb inspired"" IOtd•tn.

.• ld'~ pltllo•~P Y d preochon 10 The dynnm•c ,·•a,'o- scbotars, prlotts • • -'-to til< four

. d In m ••• aad dlfCOVlo~· scieousts: u .m nowtcdp, urvlcn the (~tmout Saaslcnl .carry tbecr ftas. k ld 11 ;uromcJ up Ia coroe.- of lhc wor

couplet Cbaturo vc.Jolo Aaratu h•••"' Db•oub Pnslat.U Sa> Jda111 Br>b.OIA

"'"""""' ldODI fldopl .,..ud bJ ItO Sbapadapl Sba k>h lb: (<ICir Vcdu ..... --

M'#/o carry • 1011 u 11JIII Wbicb me&Dt ad!' ro tell rcopla •

• · ld al tb• •• ~~ .. ~· ""' ._.11 witb • •..-• " ir Gd2

'""''lf"· ---------INDIAN HISTOiliCAI.

II llSI..\ ~Cit

811111111'41'~) :

I N.,• lcdl&tl Aouquar)', Vol. VIL

2 Gh!DJ'ICI of Mala}an Hostory by Brahmachari Kaot

3 'DhArma' Q~artuly (issuts) published by the Pur ara~. Socltty, Pctahog, Malaya. • L,r.

4. Hoodu Amtroca by DJWIO Cbaman Lat.

S. S&)ar-ui.O~ul .

' . "I .,

'

Blundtr No. 11

Role of Sanskrit as Ancient World Language Forgotten

Among lbc many misconceptionJ current in pruont-day historical thinking one most far-reacbina relatea to the rololhll Sanskrit bu played in world biltory. Modeto IDIUI sooms 10 have clean forgotten tl.at unlike any otbor laosu•&• io bumao memory Sanskrit bad once been so widely prevaleoc u 10 juslly claim co be a world language. But the tragic irony IS clac we find maoy a 'modern' tcbol&r wooderiag whether Saostril hid ever been a uolversally 1poken laopaac even ia Jodia il•tr.

That India's entire aocJcol liJctalW'C is culllli.eiJ io SaaJ. kric is overwbelmio& proof 1bac s.ouric ws cbc oaly 1«'111'.,. wbicb was understood aod uoiVeriiiiY spokco llltoUiboat 1Dd11. Aparc from titcracurc all sraotl, orders. iojWICllo_,.. ordmawcre in Sanskrit and so were all dcbalel, sympoi•UD. -·and discunions.' All cexc boOb bavloa been io Saoskrh the teaching wu all in Sanskrit. All rcJiaioUJ cbao.., Pi*icn. _. and sacraments were Jn Sanskrit. Tben was ooca u:rwly a.:! of lcicnco ot arl wblcb did DOl bavo ltsol ""~ ::! 1 ud Saoskrll. Tbus we God lbll Ill• eotJrc ID all o !o! -

learning wbelbcr in a~troloiY• 1 ••:=~· ~. ':.Ill). pbysics, psycholoty. loak. m:;:. PboiAJ biolGIY• •• u..,, CCODomicl. politico, bomo

11 IC .,.a:u ... ..,;,.,._ .,..111 rw.

pbysico, biiiOIY• poll"~! - ionriobiY .-1 a I 'wiJ iD o-OIOIY ot ........ '", ............ azd ---Sa!llkrJI, All #I rta'=~ ': ..... ril. All n'W* ... oliO c.,...sacted -='--; ..... _,..... « k n _.,1 wbctblf relali£1 10 ~~~~·tril -• _., S !Ill- Will It

..... - 'b -reo oliO -;:.,:,;..,.. 11 dill aa tbal lllofol r II li S ........... poatr'l·

l'• ll<l>lAN HISTORICA~ kESl!Ak~l

11 ....... ooe's lma&onauoo how •n the faee or Ibis stauer• ""..,;.s.- anyoo• cao sutl adamaoUy nnd scriousl) mllatola ,.,

1 Sntl.nl••• not a uno..nall) sp;~keo languaae on India.

Ia 1..,.11•• (d)OOliDI bood of Saoskril for ccoturie> in the

....... pUI bas b<to"' stroos that ia .spite or the many bruk· •••Y t.ad<I!Cl.,. the strcaL or Sansknt that runs throuab our bll'Od~ our natDtt. home:t, ctrc.monieJ., rhua.ls a.od btri:.agc, romu porhapstb• onl) cohtsi'e factllf whicb maku us pull to,<tb« II> 1 uallou t\'en today. B111 Lllis •hould no lonaer be ta'en for IIJintcd since whb every day, thtl link 11 gell ing ohonner and weaku.

When cwy bumun ach•ol)' In andenl lndln from home to c10cnllonum, ha,nlotto palocoand l<mple, low court 10 charity hOIII<. bulb 1~ dutb. sunrise to sunset, eoteotoinment to socru· mcnl ICbool oiiJtru~hon to ~»n·lime aod bumour 10 meta· pb~ .!dCO<IIt<> u s cnndurud in nothiog but Sanskrit what f11ttbct nldc- Is r<quircd to pru>-c tbal SaDJkrit was the one .., aah laaruasc of P"bli<: tWJe throughout India durin& the cca1w.c:s t~.bca 111 lba1 l11eraJu..re contiaurd to pour in a tQfftDt.

Tht UIIIU.C:C '0 lliCICnl times or ICJU or l<ornin like :!:'ud&td&t>d Taub~lla wbtro thousands of uudeots fr!m all

wor ~""C't at • tunc ul-td to be imparted 1 thr •· f IDS fUCtiOO and compi .. liOO o rderc..oce •o-r·ta lil . '

t)OODj'IIU ltbr Amarkoshl for loft.aoee < <ncyclopatdl.. o ( ._.umudi. ana lulcons rurtb" rein!~ the lndlon Slddhn no~ Sao1\nt ha•rna held undupuoed &waru the conclUsion of o.w..W lln ... &c and mother tongue y "' llnCieot Indio 's

H"" •• ordeo to be conviac.d tbll -14 tao sua .. durooc tbal very period Saotkfll was also the •orl4 oiiO<l&y"' of ohc recent . I look around tbc ltt.a Let •• tab the c:umple or l'!."!' &:::~~ ··g bdpful

ud thr early part of the 20th """I tbe 18oh =~ a '<ll ,lar&e atca ol u..ec:::::.., tbeu <mplr; ,....,&1,. ':to be •iddy tpakca on Canad IConsoqucntly

• fQ artld tll&ly otba arua. •· Dd•a. Chl • l s~ .

...W .,, ••• :.:Joe Dona, Fr~ and Ponu-a tbole a&hOa-J cro~cockd tbc.i laa.au•ac• Pre

r a:utuaty coo ..

•

quests· II may tbus be noted that military """" . • . r b •• ..., .... n ... d$tOUaJ pre·rcqnottte. or t • aprud or a IIDru>Jt- Tile bod epic Mobabbarata and tho Indian Puranat •oo•• ~ . ~m cop..,.s -refuenccs to lodoao conquests (CIIled OigviJayas) t~rou bor. 1be world. The people and r<gioos m<nuooed "' tbe!

1

' li bl od Tb • . • ... ;dent• a e even t ay. cor mohtary conqoem ,..,. .,..,. 1)0SSible by invincible 'c.ur·fold armed for= co01111101 o• ,. fa.nltY, animal corps (elephant and ho110), eavtlry (~b~b included forces who moved over land aod Wller in ••bocleo •ad boats and air force (using aeroplaocs, guided mbtll<l and other air·dropped ammunition) equipped wnb a remarkable advanced technical know·how.

Here the readcr'a oll.cntion mu11 be drawn to another hlno-rical mytb wbl<h is very widely preYOIIeo11. It il often u.loUtll <onteoded tbat through some inherent m•si• aocieDI WI•• <ould just scod a beaming lmlle acrnu her borde" to be uoo• versally loved, and iu ltnl"l&• Sanskrit reJpottcd and koo,.o ,hrougbout the world. Such a thlo& nevu bappom Th< Wlp· age of one countrY spreads In another ool) thrn•&h m•!•WJ <onquelt and cooJ:queat administrau•.., coarrnl. If. thcttf'OfC, olber traces or mihtary cooqutst han btea oblrorrattd lbl 'Prevalence of one country'slioguoruci~w:- o•a aaoth<r" • ~ure sign of the ioBucocinJ coulllry bavon& ruled o•c• obc ooll<r. 1b's can be deduced from < .,..e,..helmiu& aib~rco« oo En~lish Interminably P"""""' "' .rodb d.e•p•t• IDdll

1 ~:ta•,. mont of freedom end her nch. ancocnl htrilll• or s,.m .

It rnoy be tbat ancitno India Is ~~rully ~ ::: I

b military conqu.st .,....utc respected dc~P tc er

1 aod the ruled. llldia't t1101al

discriminate bel ~ecn the ru efl .,... a fuU.ftedpd .,,,_ philoaophy or resardlnl ever'/ 1111fCC1 fot lla' IIIII..,... irrespective of oltiOOIIiiY. Of:,:,: t1Je fad thai wllifa _., odmiration Thia ca~ bl !:'.'!.., tDI If«'/ -dJ IIdiamodeto nauon pracutcd tolenocd or permitted ala...,.· wlllcb Jldpa a ,. do.,.,.

Yet another eonrctrt:',:',:":. ... a,. _. ladil8 ,. Ia the universal Jpr<ad af o1o ...... ~l,a!Jd~. Dad~~~ lilt.., 1 ~ ancrc~t tlmu 11 t.._ £ql1 patt ot• .Mol _, ...,. at .,r Britub rule .,- • .. .,.

276

mcd 10 Et~~li•h ruch as Jooland, Greenland, Buehaoalond fOI ... , •••• E»tlad•cs West bdies, New York, New England S.•OI• ...... • I lb .,.., "' 00, nat meaast~ll w~soe\'er ru es e world (or L

11 n or cbt • otld) "'" biS own names to vu t a~as. lo lbt": ':; o/th>J r rit!Ciple if ..-c arc &b!e IO J>rO\-. I bat SLO•Jcrit ,..! wc;c rtedomio.a.ot•o the ID<I<OI . :Ju "' tball have ~ ... ty PfO'-.d the existeooc of lodioo rule aod Saoskrlr .,.,, JDDII ~I be ooeirotworld.

LooltDI> o•tr cbe oacntnl aUu ""find name~ like Bnluehll· lb••· Af@aol•lbtn, Zabulinlllln, Oharicbiltbao, Kurdisthon, ,.,...,!ban (roodt111 Arabia), Turagaslbau (modern Turkey), Si>.llh•n and m•o) otb<rJ. The suffix "sthan" in the above ft&tllt• II IIIli C4jWYIIcol or the En&liJh ... ord "l.aod", Ira nom !moJ<RI lr"•l aad lr14 derive from the Saotktlt root " Ira" mw>JOI ,. .. ,.,.. " lrooam" Is defined io tbe San•krit dictioonry IJ 'loalty, dcl<ll around". Bailll Is a corrupt ronn or tbe Sanakmlerm "Volbilco.~ Kandahar was originally "Oandbara" rD ~D.SU1t .

Greet twlltt lile D:odorus and Thcodoro ore corrupt rorau of D< ,.ower (God't door I.e. temple dO< r). The MC<!i· lmUUll 11 • S&otkril term bcc:awe 'mcd • is SaDJitrit •MI4bya" (cco:cc or middle) IU>d "1<rra" it " D.ara' ' (earth). liul& •• lbo middle of lbe earth-so to say, hu the Medilerruc.on bee!~ JO 111med. llallll re~ios iu Sanakrit name almost ... its OliJ1111110T111.

l'auy•tuJra (now called Navbalar) tn the anolenc Balkh ftl""' tad Ni~par •• lrao arc San~krlt oamea. Pata.tlka Ia Ike Se•krlt or,atn or modern PetaiL

Mocb or lbc lalamlc ftliJ]o~~a teraunoloa 1 d 1 ""llrll lbe lcllll "All b" . Y ' roote o "'"""t. 0111 of u.- lodl a " • I)'OOoym lor & aoddeu In E.., tbt l:ta •·y1 -'ll.\b'~ :;:~Iaboda 11 I be Allopanitbad. Ire"' • ..._rll u 1 San•lult u lllay be judled

IWIIIoJIOQ of UoddcsJ Stru..•ti Wb!Ch rcada Ya ~·u adu Tll&lal Har Dbawala Yo 'Ill *• ~., .. Vrua

Ya ~- v.,..,..,. Maad1ta Kara Yaa._,_, ......

I

"OU! OP SAN!ltklT

ulio and Per1ion are doalecu oiSI<IJkrit. Orat ""' bo<· rowed • lot from San•krlt. Freocb w flnallah

1 full cf

s311Skrh wordt, roou and tp<e<h forms. Tbt "'"or P':,. , • • • u l"l oco&o for lhe neaauve ... Ill •mora s Saoskrit. Tbt l<rmloatloo

"JtrY" as In Denllalry, Chemillry de11ves from lbe ~hu .,..0 rd "Sbu~ra" mcaoina science or braocb of knowl<d&<, Word• fash•ooed from roolt like "Daot'' (u io "deoW ...

. ") "M I .. ( • .. I dentistry • ru Y~ u rn mona .... monutry, moraue .. ,pon mortem) are all Sanskril. "Vclture'' for apparel it the Sanslclol word '1VaJtra''. Commoo words like ••ooof' (Dwar), "Name~ are all Sanskrit, Nuroerals like " 1010 (Dwi), Three (ltoika. tripartite, tripod) is bued on tho Sanakrit word "tr)", Four (Chatwar), Jive "Paocb" in Sanskrit gives ussucb words u pentagoo ... peotecostaU, ll• (Shat In Sanskrit), seven (laptal. eight (.utba), oloc (nava), ten (dasba gives us words like decimal, decade). 'Goo' is the Sanskrit 'Kon' meaomg 'Ao&le' Christ-Mas is really tbe moo1h of Chri11. In Saosknl • moolb is called 'Mas' . The Saosbil rool "pada" mea~a fool It_. to words Uke b•ped, centepede, pedlalrlcs aad cnpod. .Pedalrian is almost a puce Saoskrh word which ls ClplaJoed • Sanskrit as "Padais Cbaroll iii Pad..:baroba". ~ ::: " Bbaro" meloin& weiabl &•U lraosfarm<d •• LatiD "Barus" and gives us words like ~aroroet~, 1>1'!1~.,!: • .. i ht" 1n Saolknl bu "" to word Nakl&m m<an•DI n & ' d "Noctuma~" Tilt • like "night", Naucbt ~in ~era~aal ~~~011 onal••l SaaW:il Eo r h ord "PedeSial' rcll•lll liS " n-- [)cos..

8 '' w b b words Jlol, ........... form pada·sthala", In Frcoc 1 • Ood KJied and Coin Genou, Naga meanin& Kioa. Quct•d:.. Tbo river Nile " dol

II Saoskrll wor • • "bl " ...... respectively 1110 I d " Ned" namely ue • •-corrupt form or tho Sanskrll ~OT (D oruolao.l tbc $&albil

is wby 11 Is called I he Bluo N•!e· riJioal SaJISkrlt -word "Sambandbl" Is used lo •li ~dllbl -•Ins • Uoa, it dol ina • rclalion. In Aft~ca ~ ~tvitll JaaiUIIC it bUid..: Sauaktit word Simha. • nolr capltal "Rip" Is Usa tl Pan·,0 •1•a Saoskr11 1ratDaaar• _ __... PlllCu till la•F'sr

word ··a .. - · . lbl 'n • root we find in the o(Soedrilll • stnr ill ..... Af&bAO ISibiD Ill dlalad eM ........ olofThailaod. Ia o.n: s.atHil poltorS-almot' rour-14• .....

•

l}fDCJ\ H HIS'T'Oa !CA 1.. AUI!A ltat

::f -~ .tayr from Moncl&y to Sunday 1~

T1o< "''_.. c( .., u rat<! do•,. b)' Sacukrlt·apoaklnt feB<-' tile ""rid

01 world the 0:., )'CAt bcpa about Ma~b-

1_., __ 1• tbr ,.,.co ~-

~- o4 'cnaJ rtt:D .aow. The nama .;x~pcember. Arti11 •• •. lo6i•~ ~"Cmkr dcnn~. from cbe Saosknc word• ~t:brr. s::hmtm; ~au..ma and O.ubama I.e. the 7th. 8tb. ~m•~ 1

tb·' TM c!clly "Mttru" •orsbtppod m the ··~..,. '"h '""'" "r h Hi ld '~ • Mtlro" or !he Suo God o t e ndus. -r""f "- bbJ ' S L ( S..odlftal,. 11 tlloabod< of urnors (Sknd !'Ia •• ana.r I)

I• o1 obt \'tl!nr>.

Tbc atom·e '' 1 mere umphnl wblch, h is hoped, would bo eiiiWfb tD • COD'Inct tbc rcadcr of the WOtld·wide awecp or

Saonlmt. ,. ..... ,.,. .. to another mytb or world ttstory oriainattct

~ ltiattrD adlolarr. Tbt} bavc been moiorttnlna tbac tb~ i.,&,.Gaawuc laop•s• duo .. from JOID< otb:r parent laoau.,. II tllat II ...... ast. wbi<h is tbatlaoawoa• , In .. bkh pan of rbo world Is It spokca 7 To thi• IIley baw: no ooawcr. n., _._ tllat tbc p&rmt lancuare bu. been wiped out or a..._ , TlW iliA illop:.J coDCIDJion atiliOJ out of wront """' p<aWDphiiCl

AI to .. be lhOS< people ,.ere wbo 1pokc tbe p1re.o1 ~ tbe '"'"" peobapt iJ tbat tbcy wtrc "Aryan•"· But .. ba~ altca4)' dtiCIIJJC41be oo-coll<d At) an race probltm In • r.,..., •• cbapc<t ••~ wea tbat " Aryt" ., .. oo race bul ooly u idGI. Tbat •~ld ooovtoce the reader that the concepts or 1 lll1nito« oDd a I'll COl loaao•sc other than Sanskrn arc attfu.

... ~ida, .. ba¥t llloc..s, pro•·cd in • rorcgoina chapter tb4l -...; i!:! ';".-'"' antlljully. hundred• or tbou .. ad h"'oc- 1 11.,...tc of tbt: Vcd&J is Sanskrit aod It If -aU.._ -:_.::-•"" •lucb ~ 111tv ~:ins utd olld 'o u ·• htd., tWa fl'tV u &bould be app~ran thai tbcM 1 2 ., lou1N ::* -• •orld btrUIIJc u lod1.1 Tbu ..._..., ,..,, ...... -w .,_ •ootid ba~ bcea lmpowbl• rt ,. •lioo. 0 lool ';!...&ad nalc4 ovu lbc world Ao

- lllc-PDI'ISl' worldabowo

•

0 ,sWsnrT •••• EosJisb words, names and custom• apread OYer 1 W..

"' tb•~ tbe world oolr when the British ruled over v&~~ anu_ pa~ O tftpqucst alone oaablct the apread or One COIIIItzy'a M•hltrY- d t' 1 1 e culture, customs an re tg ou n a·not.bn. That ~~~": 'in the ceaturie• before Jcswo Cbrist and Propba 1 b''ammad ruled over most parlt or the world is aiJO borne Mo · f "D' " (I " out by the deserlplt~n• o_ . tJVIJ&yas ·•: conquests)" ,....rded io aacient lodoan blll~roca. Ia_ aa ,carher chapter ~e h ve alrea1y cited cvidenco of Vtkramaduya s rule over Arabi&. ~~~ocber proof is the cxlsceoce or the Samaaaid empire. Like the word ''Obawavid'' the ori&ioal word in abc term "Samanaid" is "Samaol". Early Arab cbroolclcs when dealing Wtlb tbe invasioos or Mohammad Kaslm , Mohammad 0h11%11i aod Mohammad Ohori tefer to Indians OJ "Samani". This i• yet aootber proor that the Saman~~cid empire was the empire or Jodaan Ksbatriyas. ThoJC lndiao rulers who were later fon:ibly converted to hlam now seem different and arc looked upon u alleos over this discance of centuries.

That West Asia was ruled by lndiao Ksbatriyas may be proved by tracing the ancest{Y or Barmau t.hc erstwhile rulm orlraq, and PeblaviJ (lbe preseot rulers of Iran). The Pchlavis are mentioned as an Indian clan in the Ramayaoa aod the Mahabbarata. The Barmaks ,.ere !be Puamak (bead prieat of Navavibara in Balkb)-a Sanskrit cerm-who gained asoen· datllly and ruled over Iraq.

'The exiscencc or Sooskril \YOrds ln RussiBll, the numerous vib~ras (/.t. cullurnl-oum·religlous centres) being bro'l&ht co llghc through excavations all over Runla and MonaoliA and lho flod or Sanskrit scrlpturea and fire templet over a vast region of Europe and Asia is a clear pointer to Indian military conqii<St and subsequ<oc administration for numcroll.l centurics o~r a ~&e part of.chc world. It iJtbat whtch cauud tbc spread ot

CUkrttlanguage, euttoms and cuhute tbrouJbout tbe world.

Siacetbe basic $Cripe urea or that cullurc, I be Vedas "" of ~llllllcuJoriai anciquity, and aince they and the SaoUrit 1...,...,. .:: tbe exclusive bcrita&e of India In our own tima, it llllould •• ,?parent to tbe reader that tba oldet t laaawoae (SuaDil)

CUlture (Valdik) known to tbo world a rc lndiaD. Warda

INDIAN IITSTOIUCAL W 8AACII

210 IIJid " "'"U' dcn>t from SUr aod .O..ura bccau&o

!.U ~"ooa• · -• "u" Tbc words " Mall aod •• a.- ..,.... rb< r~ .,. · "') " wbidt arc tile ooms of r•o Afnco.n sratts are found ~·:" R&....... Till> bn<( SUI\'e)' of lbe IUlClCill WOrld should

'

•· _ .. ., rtut s1 nskru n• oooe the spoken laoauap "'"'"'"' _,_ I II • b DOC c»f)

10 ,.,. • bole oC lodoa but a most a o•cr t • world.

11 I> d•• rouatllll•bcad ..t mo>t lanfua&n of lbe world and bas

OUIIIJII'I""'Ir taroobod aad nourl~bed others.

•

Jijndo Origin of Prophet Mohammad Forgotten

;.propos the obscrv3lloos in a foregoing chapter proving bat ALLt.H IS A HINDU OOD AND THB KABA A ~INDU TllMPLE evidence is also available indicating that Prophet Moba.mmod Himself was born a Hindu and that when He ohose to breakaway from tbe family's Hindu tradition and heritage and declare himself a Prophet tbe joint Bindu family broke up in an iotemecine feud and Hazrat Mohammad's own uncle bo.d to lay down bis life lighting to save Hinduism.

Fartlung Hinduism had, therefore, its own Karbala in far· •""Y Arabia. There, ne~ tess a person than Prophet Mohammad's own uncle Umar hin·e Hassbam. a staunch Hiodu sod a ferveot devotee or the Hindu God lord Sbiva laid dowo bis life fighting ror his fai th •

This piece or information unknown even tn historians aod scholars, thanks to the successful destruction of aocieat Arable binary and other evidence, is round on page 235 of tbe famous atUhology or ancient Arabic poetry titled San·ui-Okul.

Ao extract or tbe page bas been reproduced 10 black ink on a ;cdstooe column or the fire-worship pavilion in tbe backyard ·; tho L&kshmlnaroyan Temple, popularly called tbe Birla

emplc, on Reading Rood in New Delhi, for anyone to ace. Acco d' the 1 •n~ !o another extr&llt cited on another column or

H':me pavolton, which will be quoted tater in this chapter, ~ 1115"' held exclusive n¥&y for several milleo.oiums in Arabia li: ~opbet Mohammad. In faot from Prophet Mobammad's "1DDt ltwarda the entire history of Arabia down to tile ltiid eat &oUquity ia ooe of continued away of Hiodu nallud'

Q •onhlp prevalent io tbo wbolc or Arabia ud oae •

:t: DfOfAW HlJTORtCAL • tJaAlat

~It, 18 !lie •bolt o(Wttt Asia. Tbe buy~··- IO lb• ,.....~ of Bud4lnml io tboK rti!OI>I arc to lioct the ruuh 0( • e....Unt&DIIJDJ aod a IDIIJIIIcrpi'CiaiJoo or hlltOry. Sloe. loofd14 llarp<D<6 to be IIIL moa ra.mou• Hlodu JUU bcr~ lodoa't ,,.. •itb oull)tOJ n:pcnu snapped, Buddha ltatuos "'ere .... c"""t<J all o•tt. From IliaC. the myth that Buddhosm pre. uolod oo w ... Alta aod some pans at le&J1 or Europe proor 10 Cllnfii,\IUil' aod blam. took root. But Buddha'• ttatuc1 ,..,.. ., up ool} bcautt be wu ClOIIsldcm! a areal Hindu reformer, .,..,. as"' our o•·o tlmtl ttatutl of MahatmA Oaodbl ~me tO· be lmtallcd '" dilrtrcal peru or the world.

Tbc P"'••lcaoc throuabout aoc.icot Arabia or fllodu WOr&blp a funbCJ piOvcd b1 the Sanskrit aames Makba-MedioJ, cur· reotl) prooouoccd u Mca:a-Medma. 'Makba' means llcri6-cial6re, whole '\ledt11o mCUJ 'land'. The twin terms Mcc:caMedua {Mal:lla-Mcdllli}, daerc(orc, DSJiiry the strop of land ........... ramooa .. a peat «<tl'l' or 6tc wonbop whoch used to fan~~ the OCOJre of an annual pilpimll•· Tbc pre scat Haj of lJMao .. a lb<tc tOIIUlloatioa or WI same Hiodu rcliaious COO·

...,.""" IUidn a nval label.

Tbc tnm BIJ ltJ<II derh es from the Sanskrit "''Ord 'Vraj' up.f)Jill 'ptlJnmaae'. Tbat is •by Sanyuioal~ cccluseJ who..........., the ,.arid ud move Ctom .,.. holy place 10 1 nother ore toowo 10 Sustnt u P&rivrajaks.

It 11 apparcat. lllcrc(ort, that (Makha-Mcdollo) Mecca· MedtD& rc:IOIIIIdc4 to the cbaats or !lie Vcdu aod tho wuod or dnaa, ,__ aod bciiJI that aceompaoicd tbo wouhtp or Lon! Slu•a aad tile l60 other Hlodu dt11les, 10 tbe Kaba.

Hura!Moloa...,.cl'a uDdc •bo died 6&1>1ioa to aa•• liiodu· --aaJMd Uau.t bJa.c Jhgbam. He wu a rcaownod poet .., ... ,_Arabic poem 10 '"*of Lord Sbo.a aod Ill• •w! lied of Hmd•haa appean oa pqe 2JS or 1bc Sayr-ul· Obi a•ho4op. 11lat ...-. cited oo a rcdJtoDe columo lo the :.... 011 flllllc I l~m•MAYID Tempk. N- O.lbo, " u

X a«-.... JiUa Nla C..._ Tab Ala'"' • r n• A wwal ..._ We Ta,llltln-1

•

~,,.or HilT lll"pU l)tJQTlf d a Kalal wad•~ LihraW11

-•lkbt1fObl U 1 1 Tab Asayro-2

\VI r., naY Ja .. llt·bay '{111m MABADEVA·O !V1Nk•Y1 A 'abu Ar3 meemao

3 911 ,t.Jialolba ~d·a M•obum wa Sayanaru-

ojail JlaiDU I umil HINDA y bflll b. Ka)'·Y•m Feem•· Yaumao WI SJhl 1

1'1 Latabejan Klleeonak Tawajjaru-4 Wa Yakulun Ak~alakall Huaoao Kullabum lofU!Sf•riY I Hr~""U-5

283

. A'a.at Summa Gabu , • .., )lljUIDU0 J • d Shi A free ttAAdation or the above ~m lnvokicg Lot va

i! ., boder : • d Tb ao who may spend bis life in stn ~n . .

• Ill trrehg~on

Or wure It ;0 lechery and wratb-1 If at last be relent a ad return to rigbteousness Cao be be saved-2 If but once be wonhip MAHADEVA witb a

pure heart He will attain the ultimate in spiriluality- 3

Ob lord (Shive) exebanae my entire life for but a dafs sojourn io- India wbeu: obe altains

sa.lvation-4 But one pilgrimage there seeutts for one all merit And compaoy of the truly great-S

(Sayr-ul-Okul paao 235) A oumbcr of very important conclusions Oow from Umar

bfn·• Husba ' I'' m s ••• aod poclry as recorded in Sayr-ul-Okul.

~•,•bows lbll the fil'l t battles between H ind uism and Jalam "'" ouabt io the v 1 d tldllllvtaod . ery ao wh1cb baa been tla unted u lbc -... ongaoal cradle or lalam aod that the entire Arab ......,... "'ere d• vout h Ilk same lok f wora •Ppen not ooly of Lord Sbin but by

91 eo 0 tbe enure H 111du panthcoo •Jballsctb 0 ·

14 "'tJb.ppen o/rea er that the Arabs were DOt Ollly ct.dicat-lbcy PlY bumble h Lord Shiva, 1WhJcb they ew:a DOW are "'- lbattbcy wer o~aae 10 tbe Mabaden emblem ia tile ~ "-bet c e a Ill ••HI rccuera o( the v edaa.

OGciiiJIOD we derive from u !

ld~IDOG) II lUI Uold (daiD rcvtrw! lbe process or pofaromaac all Arobi ).-n>ed 10 >~SOl lndoao temples II Prayag. H ardwar. \udall. ~·htlar and other shrioes. Like I be rest or the - •tvl4 I be) rcptded lad laD sages. rilhis. savanu and YIWI<Ill u lbcor meotors aod auides. II bat tbtlr feet that lht Anbt came to proltratc 10 attain divine bliu and spiriluet

lnltru.diOG t'mu bon-e Hauham was bcld In sucb high reaard that his

C<>~~temporaroct .. ued him Abut Hokam meaniog The Father or ........... , Hoi<OCmlco,JcaiOUI or this pious mao, during the daysortawtesmtt.~thal rollowcd dubbed him Abu JihaJ-lbo

Father ortanorance. 01> page 2S7 of the same ancient Arabie anthology Soyr-ul·

Olul Ia another ••<Y lmportaot verse, The compose< is Lobi lno-c Albtab bl ... Turra. He lived 2,300 years prior to Propbc.t Mohammad. Eve~~llthateady date l .t. about 1800 B.C. L.abl po1J devout b&rdlc tribute to the Vedas and meotinos eaeb - olcbcro by name

Tb.tt the Vedu wtrc the ooly religious seriplu"'s to which lllc Arabi Owtd alleaiance as early as I &00 B.C. proves not only Ill< Ul.quny of tbe Vodaa but also tbo u istence of Indian rule <nti the eourc rc&Ioo from the lad us to tho Mediterranean boca.uic II II ID ulom Of hillory that rcJl&iOO fOllOWS ID tbc •akc of' ld.IDLOtJtrative oontrol.

lo tbeloabl or tboo cvideocc tbo very confident assertion in THE HISTORY OF MANKINO, Vol. 1, pan 11 publ ished by UNESCO, thai the Rlaved could not be older than 1200 B.C. -lOOn& than a schoolboy bowler.

Tbe very oame of tbe poet whlcb Ia quoted as Labi blo·• Jl\blllo btDoC Turla II remioiMXnl or lbc Sonskrit mode or 1nant r>tf) oodlvtdual's aocatry 10 tbe tbord JCntflltiOD. Tboa Ia Indian marroa ... tad other lmponaot rehaious ruoC>o ~ tbc .,«tb)ppct II at•a)s mcouooed as the aoo or aucb :: = '*- aod lbo IJ&IIUJOD of such aad sucb Tho Anbf

1 IIUrtllled 10 lbc Indian Sao•lu•t tradttiOn adopted =.:.: =·==~·~;,:<,.<Y11to~ual ~illl re~~rcnc:e 10 Ius -1M-Gf Ak'Nb •bo Ill' lbo soo of • Ttrus ubo

.. , ......... Ill< SOD or Turfa.

-

•

•

•

oumu oatGJJI or n.orHtt

His Arable poem lo pnhe of lbo Vedas "hco - -......., the Roman script reads as folio•• • ''"" iA

Aya Muwarckal Artj Yuahllya Noba Mrotr Rilwk

Wa A<adakallaba Maoyoaaijau Jikaratnll. .. l Waba.latjjali Yatuo Aloaoa Sabab1 Alba-a11m Jikra Wabajayhi Yonajjelur·raaul Minai Hloclatuo...2 Yakuloonallaba Ya Ablal Araj Alamom KuUahom Fanabc-u Jlkaratul VI!DA Hultkuo Malam

YonsjjtJiatuo 3

Wabowa AlamuiSAM WaiVAJUR Mloallahoy Tuajedao

Fa..,.ooma Ya Akhlyo Muttabay.an YobanberiyoiLljacuo 4

Wa·is&·Nain HumaRIC·ATHAR l'lssa)hio Ka·•·kbuwatuo

Wa Asanat Ala·udao Wabowo M.ubH-ntoo ... ,

The two Arabic poems quoced ill tlua article ...,. 1111011 Ill• moat prlr.ed and volued rti prC.Idamie Arl~ aod _. hung !ascribed ill ten en of aold lo the Ksba obriDc ...,.. W around the prcseot truncttcd mooumeot a temple bousm& J60

ffindu dcitioa. A ~ l!oatl>b reoderioa or Labi'a ccteb.-ted poem """"'

r~e f lh< Vedll woll be at folio•~: the pra•se• o

b O'vloc und of Bblrtt ... (bow) 'VCf'1 1'11 Oh 1 c ' bl..-cl an oo

tbc CbOIID of God Bo:eauao 'l'bOU ~~lciiCd ,.llh Dlvi .. Koow~p cocu .. .l

t.d wblcb lito lour ~ That Ccleatlal KAo• P abooe ,. aotlt ~

on ladlao Sopa Ia nroutb tb• (uttcr•- lo,..rold abor"«•·-2

all b.-fbi""' wllb llallclo .... God ooJol~ .... wilb Hll Dltiao ..... ~ ... ,._ ,I 'Jill patb ·- -

\

II<DlAI'IIIIJfOIUC\1. atuAIIClt

...,., wub (Druce) IJiowl<d&< are SAM aod Y AJVR O.C bcslo,..d on Creation

H.- ""'d><n mp<CI and follow lk Vedas... , JUJdc:l to satvnlloo •.• 4

,..., Odltn .11>< RIO and A,TRARV ~tach us • frar<rnrly

Slltllrrlna uadutbdr lume clispcl.s d.arkness 1111 creroiry •. 5

Tbe aupr<mc reverence wbreb rbc Arabs bod for Iodin, lhe lodas and Lord Shrva and cooacqoeorly for Snoskrn nnd lodllll culrorc in p~hlamlo times is amply borne our by I he abiM ••• poem•.

Anc1ea1 ladlaa u.otvtrstlles hke: tbose at Nala_odo and Takol>ubrla. rbereforc. carered nor only 10 srudcoiS from China bot abo from counrroes as far as Ar~bi• and Israel ond perhaps C't'CIIEI)lll

Ubi o!to clearly m<ntiOOS thai Arabs W<IC rOililled lo lhc loclaa doemae of bUlllaa fral<mit) and mooolhbic brorberbood lllrouab !be study of RJ&vtd lrld Albtrvav<d. Tbia If lit.,..., of a rapccled aoer<Ol A,.b poe! provet rb.ac~ Islamic -i•r c!Ala lO preacb!Dl brorberbood 11 rocorre.:l.

ADOeor Arlbit'a identify will> Hindu culture so clearly tronre out b, La~: and Um.ar auJOJDAlically Clplaiu rho exit!· ~of Buddbt omaaes and lnditn fire wo11hip tbrouahout Wt:rJ Air a.

Srnao Propbe~ Mobaa.aud'a uncle was a Hrndu •• clearly -liOocd bY him rl follows lbU io lbose limes of join I fomi• I• all mt111bctl rncludtns Propbol MahaOJmad were born Kllldlll aad .... ,. aun:<l rn lad ran ttaditloo lo- d I , .... ao c:u ture.

II b aloo I'D<tlli) J)ltSUGW<I lbU Anbc ---.s1, oo 1114ta aod lft.aalal<d •• maoacrr como a-.UJ PICI:oaa up- of'" """• of ho boou ••d '"""' Mph•ran!ly r.o rbctr ...., ;:le.ood sere,._ iatrOdtteed

0. a link n~en- ,,_ ~ loaralq"" - lroo ratrodueod lluo cloar 11111 profound ......... ErMI•- "''lrr•a 101-.j,:~ tbc <t'oru or Cltual

on aod <artful plan·

\

.rltiOU OlliQU< 01' UOI'IIU

"1>iD8· The lelllmooy ur Labl and Um.ar lod or l in•· ~ '-- r o · .... "'1101 {auo quoted rom Sayr-ul· kuloo I be ebapter p10.;01 KAlA

WAS A HI NOV T I!MPLB AND AUAK A HINDU ClOD) imparll qurtc a now mcanlna to the billaricalasl<flioo rllaubc Arabs pic lee<! their l<aroios from India. It muas lllat ladoaaa duriog their bcoevolent rule 11stioa (ot aumtrOUJ «Otuna over Arablo lmplrted all thcrr profound l .. rruaa 101bo Arabi and wilboul any superiority complex rreared Arabi 00 1 par -wilb Indians. Tho POrllh or I be biahesl knowledge were DOl only opon 10 all but were fr«ly aocenlblc b<caosc under tbe aoclenlludlon way of life all essential S<tvlcu like medici .. ..-nd edua~Uoo wora free of co11 or char a<.

A sign of rbc profound hnpocttbAt lodla bad made over the Arab mind durin& millenoluma or ill rule Jo Arablllt found larer rn mediaeval history whoa .veo marauden lito Mohammad Kasirn retained rherr foirb •• a.molotyaod ..,,. mentl~n•d tvitb reference to rhefr areal annd fat ben in rba "'Pulra, Paulta and PrapaUIIll"llylcofSID>krilw.,p:

11 iJ cle.arly meol!oncd in eocydopacdias 11>11 in pr<-lalliiiC 1imes Arooia wu a land of caull and lush ,,. .. IWds U wu <>Diy when renounc:in&lhelr erstwhile pel«ful Wit of hfc lllal Arabs took IO pluoder u<l mauaac aad •lirrmey aDd luraed C\'cry laod I hey for3t<d, iolo a d.,.n. Th•• Arabra Ia a J'lpbrc

1 of ~ow Hinduism bu always llood for pe.a«, I""" ex amp • 1 crudtlloo aod apintual perity, brolberbood, j>rely, ICillpD~ods ~C lbOIC of Ubi, 'blis> Some of the ern tell Arab ao ·• paid • rvtdlY and spon~•~•~T Ji"hom and Umar have uor<JC r 111 uo rallded culloro, t.ro-tbeir humblo trlbure lo l~dla ~~ us lb~aprY allarp••" of lbat ,;08 and •prrrtuallly. Luckily bood uabercd ~Y lodlaa ...,.., ano :golden •a• of human brorlbOer•ul dctplto lyllcmauc vudalloll

• .. d in Sayr·u · • . •lrll crea<.« 01 allrbc evrd<Ott· -which revelled ID wrpiat o

•

Tbc fint plJ< of tlte Monrohon trQntlation of tbe Sanskrit lUI '1"9:dlwl'lft .. l'l """'~~I MllljU<brl was :M tutelary deil7 (bbtadevata) or tbe Maochuriaa empuon.

Go"iprabba llid Sba~yaprabba, ~two Ia diaD _,as. wlioae aamM tad

dcteriplloas uo 'mbwa oaly throop Tlbdaa sourcM

~11!,{01-tf __________ _

•

..

MONUMENTS

IN PICTURES

•

• DELHI

•

•

I roo Pillar., .. , 1'11 Q Th • •••~ r ... .,

e ~ron pillar bearong • •r tna un·f\ISied through ram and'~~ 10

>Ctrpuon h" bt .o-called Qutub M inar amidot th ne for mollenoums :.:~ by Musli?' hordes QutubuddJD e surroundona tcmpla bat ""' of matertal and dua 1 5 ra 1 could !lever h-. brou l<tol (called the Qutub) lrui~e\Y th rog fouodatloo ror the ... ~.t.polct

I C ftltrOW t c _ OWtt

temp es and other buildina k 00

'"'" or aumvod 0

Hindu images on one aide .::r Drslodaed liOn., bel~~ roun~ around the so-called Qu~~b leuenna on tho ollon Muslom conquerors staked f I I . Tower 1110 provo that through sculptutol forgeri<a~ se c auns to Hindu monumenrr

ICIIuMlut

This 238 ft tall tower cuphem~ttc:oslly called lutub ,._ was erected by Klna Vokrarnadit)• for »lrooOIIIteal *"• tions centuries before Islam was cvtn founded Thr ~ ...... .., township called Mehrouh lith< corrupt form ortltc Sa,..,.. term Mihora·Awah meanlnath< Mihiro town<hlp Monon -Vlkramodhyn"s royal mlth~tk:iatK11m-111.....,.,.....,.. mRteorologln. liven the Amble tcrm Kutub MIOIIM ....... aa astronomlcaltowcr Kutub and Kutubuddtn ,.., a oubMtl.,.t unwinina mil·Up Arouod the towtr wcte 17 _....._...,. tcmpleJ which Kutubuddraol.,..;puOA ••uaiiiO "'" ... ,.,

ed Tho tower too h11 27 ftuliJslt Near tire dnl _., ~ are 27 holes-one in cod> is htcl) T,... to aiM up•-ol the term Kutub thlsTo_.,..,,,.-r-•-"'

•

•

QUWAT·al-ltla• M

""""' Turned into a mooqut called Q l

. . uwat·u.I-44Jn •• omamenta pillars of tha' monument b _ •·~ 'O'al: 01 ailed Qutub to.,er arc a clear proof of 1~ ,:!'• ude of lh .,. ltmplc. No acnuanc m""'ue • · · .• VIO& beea 1 H---. .... ...r su.-.u pdlan leo -of Namu i!UdUI& and bcnd•oa wub half~ 1 r<c•tcn untly break tbear heads apiost them. osed eyes •••d•n·

Nlnm-Gd-dlo Tomb

No1e the ornamental Hindu 11yle p1Uart an the wlull: llllrbl itructurc turned &nto Nizamuddtn tomb The a:.rdJ on the nab~ and partS of arches visible on eilh<r Jide of the dome are clear proof that tnas haphazard c:ooatomcrate of hetuo,_,.. bu•klanp ,. .. , part of an ancieol Hindu township ;rormed by iol'llf•~~& Muslim armies. Fakart like l'li.umuddio foll"""'I'DIII<If .. ,, used to take up residence •• the ru•os of battered INl"I<IIDio for preaehin& Islam to terrorue 'lllfidtls' OlllbeiTd .. lb theyllled to be buried an the ru•os whore they fi,<d l1w is •br roml>t like those of N•tamuddin and Bakhlill lc.b lo Ddlti Sahli ChiSIIID Fatehpor Sak:rl and or MoJnUdcbn 01JIJ ID A)fMS present a mb·up of Hindu 11ru<1ur,. dC\oad of any ~reo• plao. Around the Nlr.amudd•n aomb '" Delhi are _W>dfulll.tHI called Ch1uspth Khamba. crumblin! • ..n .. ~::"' aowtn. decedent graves cell•rs, pllnlhl ·~d "~("'""' .;;;bered "';,':; nants of tbc stormed Hindll 10"'"~'~.:: the ccoualptUu term Keel- Ukhll (KJiokri) Kee Jao•od s.oce •I "".,.. erected wbeo 1 Hindu townshl~ ,...:!, ...,, 10 b< ~-· ., rooted an the MusJi.a>ISSOUII

1 11

Kalokrl .

:.tAt~>J.I"'-- ----

•

•

•

lu'' lboul tl.ill ·'nul ~: ·•"' ln'm lb., bu.ildinlf lt14 "" •

l ltuuJ)Url ramb I\ lhC i\Uff0\\ l:.ii"CCiJC (rom 'o\IUCh tlunta

Ill< , c<on,l ~cncr~tton Moshul tmpcto' fell ,~ Ddt' If< ~':'; •·"''".) 1<1 hi> pulll« ••> ,,,ntrmporMl ohto•"'" lltr •• ''" I ul.,o. he''"' c.trned to .ond It ••••h<t< •h•l he d1<d • ''" " 1), I~••• II< w•l butlcd in thee••""' cbtunbcr wltr< h•f•• •II u hus huppco<d li"cuahoul Mu•lll• 111·1~11 .n ln~IJ 11>1 . ulvc• the tontolillnl r~ddlo ~>h) "'' h~vc <ombt ~"' •PI"'"""' 110 pulot«> of i•"ury•<ICCP<d ple>IUI"""''~'n' ••h<R potcoUIO!" fhi noonumcnt ,ull f<ra • I''" ol l>ipul E>tol< '" Oclht II I> .urroundcd b) rutn<d ••II• ••••••• JU<'t·h""'" ,,J ,.,.,.,J rr><>IR\ i\n or.-dt of ar<h<> lr '"' IO II (lu-<"~\ •• hUJ' "nc•< cuph<~""'""lly ailed Ar•lr~ S<J•• dcn•••l """!Ill ""'" th< urn<> th•''"'"''"' AfJb hotd<' cnc-amp<d '"'~ I '""'',round> ,nc lollcrtd w11h fl•••• o' '"'..S"" • tu.l ,oldt<l' IR b) lltndU defend<<> odorUAS <urotd (OI "''"~ 11um-~un,. o u>OtjlCI l,.td 1n <hll'P""''"I H,m. ,..p

206

rwcd"' ,..,. •llldl .,.,.th< focal""'"' ofthc rumcd township .,.. '-"'>• 01 Kdotn Tbe nearby ruhu Ia wh.c:h Fa~or :O.Q:a!DIId4JIII,. bari ... wen a port Of this huae Hindu <Hadel

•

Romaoaro Gara <o

Til•> I b<llcve<l to be the tomb ofRoohanara, the dau&htcr of the lut poo.crful Moahul emperor Aurangzeb. Note that It bu ar.Jthu doma. nor minarets lnstea.d il bos ornamental pollan Hondo arch"' ood cupolu Very panlmonious and hord· heone<l u the Hindu-baiter Aurongzeb wu he would hordly •Pcod any money oo a Hiodu ltyle relliaa place for h!> dutlfntt't CCMPK Obvaoutly, there:fore:, thiJ, is 1 usurped Htodu p.:rdc. .. ptlac:. oommandt:rcd lO acrve u a tomb u wu ututiiO 1.ila.t hi'IM'S

191

Fatebpurl Mo~que

• Tbis so-called Fatchpurl Mosque at one end or Delho ~ crowded Cbandol Cbowk bigbway was a pre-Muslim Rajput temple of the city's gua rdian and royal deity lord Shankara alias E~llngaji

Its entrance a rches have the Hindu stone flo"'cr cmblcm> on either aide o r the apu . The word 'Fatehpuri• mcanJ a conquered {Hindu) townJbip. Tbo marblc slab on the ted .. tonc <otrancc proclaimios it to be a mosque b evidently an inter"" polatioo Tb-. monuments, arches and pillars and cupoiOI arc <otirdy of the Hindu Raj put style Tbe so-called mosque • rental revenue 11 all derived • •elusively from Hindu ollopt '":'"'mioa ita frinaco. Tbi1 pro••• thot while the •tall> rciiUIIanl •nh the Hiodut their 1c:mplc (ell 1 vic.cim co co.nquut •t:td CODV.mi_oo. -

•

•

299

b -~-•Jed S>fd••J•"~ 1omb '" Oclh1 wu •• .,..,ml

T d,....... h 1. ,. " p&Jacc wh•Ch dt'tOhccl on« c a IC'D mu.s"m arutocucy ft•Jpulh co~qutst It hu an oroamcntal Rajput style ptC"tlo'a)· I'"""~ ~ ·- . h. h .ut& 1 prottC1J\C .. uli with warch·towcrs au~ lNSfiOOS 9. ac arc

ftuuu_.. for " ,cnu1ne tomb Safdarjang. ao ex<b•cf ~~""i:ler of1he N•"'•b ofOurlh had been d1sgraccd •nd dismb.:tpnoriO hiS dc•th Who "'ould fool the bill to bu1ld a ~to« lor un unemployed dCC<il$-'J nob leman·s corpse ? A nO< prodding wllh 1wo >llilrp qucslions brinp down lbe enure l:fu\ory structure or lO II M uSltm cllums to H iodu buildiog-work. w e u k lhlllifSnfdnr)ana's corpse could nrrord such a 11upcn· do us r~lucc he should have hud Rl lea<! len palaces when living

B"tthcre is nont' The Other q'\•esllon is that ir bjs he1r and r.ucccssor buill lhiS palace for the corpse of the de«ased SJrdarjaog the rormcr must himscrr have: had tens or palaces 10

Dclb• But he too hJd none Our onswer to thrs nddle is that S>ldor.J-'"' and 10 f•ct •II allen M usltm rulers and aoblcmcn "'CTt burircJ •n I herr o"n pafac:c:J C\ICn a.s \I.C ·an our oowo times h.-e allo'-cd 1\hh~lma Gtndhi's l nd Jawaharlal Nebru·> rdlde.ncf!l to r<.lnAtft UD«eupjed OUt Of respect for then memory A clear understand••& of this truth solves the puu.lto' nugma oflnd1an h•-"tory as to why the ahen Mus!uo aova.ders seem to h:~.vC' hurh only tombs 3od mosques without correspond· •nc paloce> ond mJn>tons II should now be realized lbat the m01qucs •re Ulurpcd lcmplcs .1nd the tombs palaces.

>!At.{61!1--~-----

·100

•

01,...+1tbao. Red Fori DELHI

30 I

Red ~ort 10 Oelbc n'" •co 10 p0pular hchcf the h Lalkot ( red·

Coouar)' I •cd to tay on I IS t

·•ruclUrc. Proth' <>J u 1 _ · - cd 11 the Hondu• aftC~ea:l .. d ochre arc co ou~ · -· pal~«)· s.Krn• .. I'll• maon h•&h •:at of Oelbt ktlo"'n !>Ill a•oided by Mus! oms. octs the Red Fort "'''h tbe royal ~nd tJ oaodlll Ch~~~;·~; oow turned 1010 F•tchpun Mosque ~••rdiao deitY~ pb II Old Delhi protected b) a rnaw •e •- dth'sullwu uo I d Arou.o 1

• , an t:cccllcnt c..\a.mplc of nnc1t0\ n tan II Delhi u t)lcre.ore.

wa • . Aocordtop 10 Akbornoma and the Agnl Pur:toa. towo-plaooon~; bY the Hondu ktng Anongpal uound 372 A .D J)clbl was b~ dl of llllum Prhll\'ir•J Raso. • work of b fore the oOUD 08 ' . . · h ~thviraj's times auem to the foet that Prlthvuoj l ived tn os Lal Kot- Red Palate) on the banh of the Yomunn The ~ed

( s •our-•uor< to this descripuon True to RaJpUt Fori an$wcr •' ,.., 1 d·

1 on the Red Fort hiiJ a gote ( llothopol ) llaolced by e e-

tra 11 · • 'd II H d bJ.DI imag6 The: Pietra Our:a de\1g.ns ms1 c. nrc a 1n u

;... Sawao·Bhado pavilio o ore Hindu names. The portoon where the Moabul emperors ore bclicve4 to ha•e lived inside • itb alwem of S.OOO women. is barely enough for even five royal persollllges to live in reaal comfort The stone ~<ails of the Red Fort cannot withstand connon-fire. ~<hich proves that ol was buill by the Hondus in ancient times when wars used to b< waged with swords and arrows The Red Fort is an Octagon "1\sthakon" Is a Sanskrot word and a Sanskrit form bceau~c oaly tbt ljindus hl't distinct names for eight direction;. The TaJ (which I have pruved to be an ancient Rajput p~luee on my book TAJ MAHAL WAS A RAJ PUT PALACE' too is un. oeta8,!)nal building. 1

~·~,.;<>W•----------- JV~

such omJmental morble p~ucrns called !'1etro Dura, inm' _ the Delhi and Agra Red Forts aud inside the Taj Mahal ond

tho so-called ltm•d·ud· Daulah tomb (Agra) is a n eo:irely

Hindu design and art depicting Hindu flora- Such o rna· zentation was taboo in Muslim ~r:dltion - All these

monument$ arc, therefore. usurped and misappro·

•

priated Hindu mansions. Muslim court record.<

do not have even a Single document, bill,

rcctipt, expense-account sheet, . design drawrngs or commissioning orders

showong thot they built even one of the many r , usands of

monuments they claim to

have built in India .

n~Toj Moht

Tb11 t)mpbooy Ill muble ""IS a royal Hiodu palocc. lis ..ry oamc Ta1 Mahal llp>i66 oolbiog more nor leu Ju octa· (OIIa) thapc aod the cupolas 2lld four towers at the photh <Onlm arc all H1ndu feature.. Havell, the English arcboteet hb •R alouc "trmc:d that the Taj as an c:nurely H1odu structure m dn:1p ud etteution Wuhin Its three ftoors- :,asc:ment, ltfOII1' l ond Rrlt "•on-the marble un~eturc has • nc•rly 2 S· lr"IIDTn pa.1a,cc 11U!1e n .: foul' towers uud to sport multi-<oloured hchl\ The , J prce>neu art a hug.e buildina comple• cueomp;.'-.inz over three hundred rooms. The locality was ~ ... •na Jol•ln&hpur h wu •urrounded by defensive muc· tuta hb rnoeu. hiUOtk\ (for protection apinsl manaonel , uphthland arroW\) •ad mauhoc 'kl.lb.. Chronides ajve indica· tlcoDa •bot lbb.r the Coull<lcr or the Mo&hul dynasty and hrs *'"""'"" Au .. , •...a lo .OJOutn '" the Taj. Bobar even died Olttc aut bc•nJa "C"ww> comu so lndt;a he had uprcucd a wish Ow\' t- be butted '" lut. ftlh'vc cownl") But for lhat fortuHOU) \tppuuo.a thr laj ..,-o...ld have bcc:D t ... -.. a• lobu r ) • ·--• to P<ntenry • WiMl t. '"* 'fti.VloOI(tJm lh\tcad or Mwntar·, ui'ICC •II

f8 tOJ&l t-fl~&c~ laa .. c beat bu.hcd IQ CO ~.o~ d ~pKd Huadw bulWa•p oq-.ch~.., a.D

- The Morblt Scrttn 11 the Taj

..

JOo

Tilt Cottny of the Toj

Th1> Ple<U) I d' Hindu P""' ,

01 ••a 10 theTa a:.4 ~·- •l IIIII yin a In every d ~ garden is like an• other ~'"0<1 dtpld d <tail With th ' 1,_. O>cr th C lnd described O•e of Other fOrts liiW< lll.c s ;'~ fllewal•ln ~ r.,.. 1'

0 lhll book The MY

.. P<cfurot ;o '•h or I I IIIIC<In Hind nnnably make an odd S I or UIOI ru <<'to for '"'liUiceu l.-d•t•on the odd figure P'<,..l iu h P<co bot • ...,., "" donora 8••• awa• I 0 I

uc.c reu e.\l'e:n 6 ' • -~~- "'*'"' of tt"'"' quadrancic &ure In front of thll c>atlo ~-'"'U>o "'-'-" onou, uoed to I "'here royal RaJ' put

....., m~ ; ... ._ •'UIUC'nl uc~ toe up b<• ,.,.. pot- ,.,.... ••to the T oore the roy a 1 •J &arden to proc<:ed

)07 Dtlhl Catr A • gra Fort

. This ~ateWDY or the Red fort Agt> " crtir<ly in the tUUI· honal RaJpUt style L•k• many other ROJpUt forts thu too h•d <lephanl images flonkinQ ot Emperors Kanu:hka ond AthoL made usc of t his fOrt in the prc-Chrlstiln era All 1" mtttiN ap~rtments too nrc oflh¢ c.tclusive ROJPUt fltrlt~ The ~tcnu'" wh1ch oscrlbe5 ~uthorihip of this fort toAlb•r, luplccte>l' court Hattery A ll its glteways h••• Hindu aam6 In •dd•l••• ro elephont 1m•s•s thiS fort had lmo&<' cf RaJpul hor>l• Muslimt were imaae-brc:~kct, ;snd not maktM The an.JN th:at .Akbar crccled thtse cleph11nt and hone lhUUd 10 "''" mcmorate tht moun IS of his Rajpuc cm:rnln hke J~1mu' P•n• and A mar s~nsh •• 0 typK'JI IRitln« of .hO" ,ncon\tRICt'l (''(i

dcnce il 'ou&ht 10 1>o hur1cd undtr pdd ofunrn~th

!08

Thit \n,uu B.l$h rJ\Ifhm ttiShfC Agrol fort pr0\('5 that lt\,C ICOCD(lfrYI ruucra g.Jrden hu RajpUI ongrns Note the l"bh, lbe J'llil",lht br>tkeos, lh< cupola 11 ohe ri&hl, I he '""'d ffiltoa panly •l>~bl< adJoonoog the aopola which nre •II lhJPUI charcctcnslks

Coldea Pa~ruoo. Aa.ra Fort

Tbe cupola on the lOp lert hood cor11er, the curved roof and chc 'Piku 00 h \'i\'rdJy dcp1c:t thac th11

Ooldea Pa>iUo,. oa A&ra'• Red Fan ,.... buoh by the R.JpUI) for obt RaJpu"

Tlus SO'<alled Dowan·o•Aam or hall of pllbloc audo-.,. srdc A&rll fort hal ne:ithtr domes nor mu~attU. 111 Jl'l"(ul arches and Jlcndcr priJars r& \liJJ the: ~trcm for H.Uid.u p.IJ)dM nllStd ror ausprc1ous ccrcmonru Muslrm lr~diuoo h.a.s •'"l)s .tvoided such Hindu, 'mtidcl' pltlcms· Thcrrs ~It- tJOt~c oorouou• •hap•• Tlo< Red Foro In Delhi ooo bo; •• ld<aow pavWon

JJO

Sror•• of -'•" Slop•• Hortc Oatsldt 1\Rrt For•

Til' "lion< hud bo onp ro pre Mll>l<m umn h conmcmorara • twn< ltttCI Tbnc •ere C\otr to MIO)

A mar l>rr.Jba 111 IIIJI'I'I hoiiM) The m· ~tdltllf}lhlllh" rcrloc:a II MOJhul· •r(IUJ!n tlld "of rhc hone "" "'hrch Amar Si•,- F•ll~rt.l .... ) rn huff frl>l!> tllf Mn01oul <<lull 11ln for cnn· ltd II 11 ohci•J ,,.,,., hu• hardly rhe ltmt or thr ne«~\lt)' ,roundtnp in hl•ton 10 dthun\. uch c.1ntJn.b

Tomb of Sadlq Kbu

l)l ltiP ltd. (I)JMCf IO'II!Ct palocc ltlndioa •• •l'l•n•lld ..,. aJm·b.-ooon of a dcmolo>hcd Raj put CIOrplr 1 ka1 ~•ld ,._ ~~ .Uu'lG •••late' u~ lo she her Sadlq Kl1.iD.I

. ·- nt.~• tvtr bhDCt ••101n Hti •N '*'' of • a. •·I.Hn,... to the (acl 1h11 tbal -s u.. 11ppu 11oc.r au..,_ :~: ,:"''- II> niche•, the ar<hed tntr.-•

..... meaor <o"" a piKe for the hvfDI •

Joblollrl Maloti. Acra Fori Jll

Tlut cot~ 10 tbt IO-CillcdJ~nl4doal llWdc AJII Forr "<>lit• 11pical RoJpuldtJOp lOCI ""''kmaolhip u .. rpohOn and caJUmo 1'1( oc:cupauon rnullcd ta Moshul n>mn bema &lv<n 10 uriJCf caplor<d Rajput buJldJ.,. Oull~ blc Westrrn iChoUn litck~na md1gc:nou• 1nuatu JICfll<WJrcd rhc myrh of

~lu•,hm IWthorshop ofbuildonl' misled by their nJmQ •nd Llrnr ._... hoo• Tbcy hardly Cllcd whclltt'r 1 bulldinJ lUS 1ttrihutcd to "f.tl1r• Ch•ad or • Falm·Mohammad

J•,.• \t .. ii~. Am

312

ltiru \looar. Farobpar Sll<rl

lh•,.o·callc<l H11lD Mtnar lnfront or the Hathi Pol 841< or fr.khp..o Stkrt II fel,.l~ d•nned to tnark the buroal or a ptl den (II fln) Of Akbor We 1>1 •bet:b ·~e deer had whit pcrc=S 1 d)LAE•Iih wR Altwr·._ ~r lO k ......,rnrncmoratcd wuh a fd Hoodu temple .. lllp 1>0>1 • The brutl .. "'<rc Uied 10 iUpport

l.ulopo Sod! p{l .. u •tc «>mmoo tofront or Hondu ttrople> al>d pabca l c 'P.r&UooM ... ,n:a.., •••ide lcadoo; to tho cupo1o C<lloprm••n•l> ono of the -lied Kutub Mtnor in

•

)IJ Dclht whtth we have provtd 10 be of Hoodu Oriao• 111 ,....,

~,. kn~"'" as "ltiraoroa~e" ••Dot 11 IJlOikl<d l•kcJOld •hca ~ bmtlod woth tho "'""• of buodrods of Iampo h>na oe h llb1 Sao<krot word hu been dcltly l••ll<d to be llllllcd lolo ~ coocottcd Altbar lc&<od

SA lint Cblatt Tomb, fottbpur Sikri

• J ( 4

Pollor ..,ort ... 4Uu anr- loDI r .... ,. Slut ......... ~~as.

-

•

8o1• •• o....... .. ..... sn•• Tbt1 ,~eraDI ptcnr io YaLtbpwr!w&:n K cWrcall• ).to

to 11> u Bijlatld o.rwua u• • ~ !lajput ,__. r,.. 11011< 8 ..... <1 eatbl ..... fttJlliOI doc ardt IJlC' I~ .. _ ....

.abl< ""' o/tli H,.cl• o<rpil T1tc tilt« b. I ctpal&t .-.1 to< I I IIDY oOO.. ""'''"a-Oft til< ....... c.- UC oltlll ciiY< lliJP"' d<'... T1tc olcar~Cf ,.u..n tpllc4 ....... -.,...s [Of .......... tlaP ~ ,.non .,. • rot' 4ll - ~ ..,ed,."'' RoJP"' .... - .. no-_ .. ••. • .,. ;,vart~biJ fl(- • all H ... _. .-.1 M•tl• ol ., ortho6•• dctor . ,.n: ,oq..- ,.., • .-. .. • 1 ·

hmod·ud·D .. Iall's T_.,

"" rn't" r mural decorauoo in the so-ealled ltmae ud· ulah too.b, 4\lfll t no Jtlfcrent from that found in the pre· Jl>lom "·· roat.« n Joopur, whteb proves that tile butldona

•11 .tt) urf,r: R. .. Jrut pa lliC<'

•

•

•

A f o10tr or ltJud·od·Do•l•b'oT .....

•

13

So-Calltd Akbar'o MtotoltWID a t S lk•ftdra

bcrJ udo, 111pporuOJ bratlC -oD& of pole Upall pile o( pavilioiU proves to the blh lllat ot wu a IUJput palace Euphemnticafly ~:ailed Sobndn nor &lliCc Sokaodar Lodi a P.UW, rufct loved on II, \!Ia ,...,_ "' 111ileo to the north uf Ap 0. l:.nown to poste • 01J as Al.btr'• tomb Ak">r lay ill ond died here Vincent Sooutb a,. that A~' 4ft fuoent rites were performed "secretly ....S l><'fuoctorol,'" h '' wooniJy bellc•cd that Akblt died in Aau ton T1lu to eo•cr up tho fie! thai no body saw hit !~1 p«oo••uanncr tmerac ouo of tloe furl the myth th>t his *> ••l&km outllotou&b a hole In lloo ron wall speeoally blasou fOf \1>< ru._ .... clrftly arafted into Mutlim c:hrono·

I Cia £, .... , ..... bodr "taken 0111 or the fort lbrough •• open· "'' ,. U.C ••II the fur..nl pr-.,1010 would u.U have to wend Ill '"'J"""" ... n: lc '""• lti&h .. l\'t to sa....a ... In his ebro&ic:k -...t.,~, lOll hb:.~a~~ fiJ.Jotly dauru lO bnc built ch

1s tomb

r .. 1111 r..tlo<r H""'"- ~~~~~ •h•o claom 10 be patently d"""-' .. ppina ... thai f&b.hoool "•Ill OUIOtbtt mrth that "~~........, booil4"'1hla '-" ••lllan llQ """ loft tome Till• MIC:r'l.ioD llu ·•Ruttlr ao bu h "aucb "'Ylh• ho11tcd P•le

.. I t~

0-pon pile co cover meon ... cnienl c:-vldtncc. whJC:h raah~ •P ttk entire Muslim ho$tory on Indio That h why the c.o, ••te4 histom\n Sir H M Elliot <all• ot an "lmfltldrnt •nd ontcra~tt (ra~~,. in thr prc(ace to hll cicht·>Oiume aoticat \IUdy ol mcdi•cval Mu1tim chronodes

320

Galtlti J Sikaodra

Th tat lhc rft.IJC'Uh.: ill<,..t} h> Sil.J.ndr3 P l.~to .. C' lht U'lll uu.Jt ••• lumtJ 1nto .1 1omb 1fttr Akbar t.lt.Jih II t.aib: by the RiJPUh ccntuncs befor-e Mushm IO\Jdcu l•und t c. a carttr 11f \.mdlhun .md usurp<ilton The four 'At

ll:Wrfabo•;C'tbe ptt~a) uc Rplkn o(tbt Ti1J Mah .. l ~v.r' Tbc n- ;.uic ftoori.Dc of the mansion h;u a he csoteuc H•r Sbatlt>Cb& .. la (tntertocutJ triao&Ies) inl.1id 1n 11 ~)' lht '-'OJ

!Muili!n fonttll fit.' ~utm11 of no such design All Su(:h ,C:\IId('l"

Pf'O\'d lhlt A\bar ,..u burit:d here because he dicc1 m lut t~ALrped Hindu rQn.-on

~~-q:;~ Sai1IJ.1tl "h11n ._ 1 ~ ~- ft l\lau,olrnrn,

~ ~· · A:r• ~ ~ ~.to:~ Tlht Sal.tbal

.,. Xh01.n''\ m:.u· \Oleum i) u. tluo •• : .. ucr• p J· PUI p..vuaon a.Jiolted 10 the IOaa ror bos 'Wdt"ntc On h,, de:ath he ... ";}. houht"d •her~

•

JAIPUR Jll

•

-

of motqua and tcmtt. ..n "-ut A1ta.n counu'~" .,,c 111>o or dtDtical 4n1p Thtt prou..s th~J fu from fn,1•~n med1.an.af ..., ID<IItl "'"'"' !><to 4<1if11c.l or ordered b~ \fuslom poten. uto ud mt'tu!tCA •• • ._, ~est A.sian monumtnB \\hich "'CfC' J~ and u«ulc.l b) lndr>n rechnt<rrns >S recorded b) .M !IDDIIIIIns

Jmd;-nt.JIIy ll ma) also be po•nted our ch.11 rh' recorded fKl G( \fohommad Ghazn~ havmg been bun..:d '" h11 own roo I- 10 Gflu7nr (I 030 A D) obo pro>., lh>t •II <o·cnllc~ M"'•'•m 1omtn whclhc:r tn India or in Wet.! t\ :.IJn ('(1Unrruh Jh: USU'!'<J r.•lacn whroh I he~ occupied durin~ lhrrr llrf lime•

~tncmr tl•c many pract1e1 J conJi•dtntlont c(lmpl •. :ccl) lo\c &)ll ol«> 1'&: II lh< fact thAI viclom\ or lorUJrc •n,J I) r•nn,

o{Jlatrd ,..,..uden and potcOWc• "ho brt.~lhc • !i,h or rclr~l 011 tbc:r 1ormcn1on death \\Ould _nt\C~r cl.lllrcr (.tbulou' .CIOCJDU 10 build I ptf.aiiJitomb (Or thCif dead ~J IC). J( lh. t

.. m 1&0 &brtc •will b: no ddfcrc:ntt between benc:ot.actor, ur u:.aq and ptt'N'C\IlOI' Ho-. could botl'l be- comm-.:morarc.J

ID mtrf) ft.CIUIDKllb t In fact C'tn r.r~1 bc-nc:f.1 ":toh ;uc soon ~ and po>trroly hu hatdly Jhc umc noncy "' Ill< pt'Cru .o comrn~morotc them 1n huJC- monumt.._ 1•

Tb IOOnc-r.lllcnfor~ 'uch va.uJunt pl.et and domt~ und Qa<ml 'tic kc 11'1 mtdtO.C\11 tnon.urnt:nl\ :uc ttr1pr-cd of

:r.r lim "'""""'on• rn lhc pubhc mrnd the b<lltr h "rll bt f ICDn'CCI W'kttt\l.tndinl Jnd iludy or lndt.:ln mediatvuJ ~Hbcoousc al~ medrGeul momnncnl< rn India"' leas! ore

I • "<lUI, b) IMC Htnduund ror lht Hmdu •.

Sb!Jtr llfah l Aabat lll

Rajput origin. for tbe dead.

AJ>d secondly !hat

. • Th~ Sbuh Mahar u.srde the Ambor ronreu lo Jaipur wu bulle (about 984 A.D ) «~IU· .... before lhc round, •• or Muslim Kioadoms to India lro omore laloy

. work is oo difTcrtol frqm lbar In ,.b11 are believed to be mediaeval Muslim mooques IJid tom• It provcs n.o lhiop ; fil1tly lbat tbL S<>CIJJed t ... bo &Dd aaosqucs •en of

lhey were tDttnded (or the liviD,J.. oot

CitT Polac< GarclcM

. r clri<ll patlem pnlm ,. rront otrhe Cil) -Tb 1• """'oor tlllt thiJ h lh< RaJpUI Clardal SOlo 00

JalP"' It pr

,. .. ~··

Palate Gardro Ambar

Tnos pa>oloon aod the garden on the Ambar Palace with its 'l'tked and curved roof. the gracefUl Hindu arch alld tile geom<trocal destp m the · foreground is ty-pical of all m!diaeval buoldtiiiJ Ambar which lies three miles away .from · nfoclem Jaopur w"' rounded not later than 984 A 0 That was much bclore ah•n Mwlirm cstablithed their princopallhes in !ndoa . .

Th• odentity or the Ambar architecture woth(lhe so-calleq onediaeval m~ues and tombs, coupled woth oY,er ev1dence, e•ro- one or the greatest blunders or Indian architectural and lunoncal oe .. arch which had all aloos fondly believed und pror>pted the monstroua myth that olien Mushm~ invading lndta buoh motquet and tombs galore durong their restless. turbulent •nd on>ecurc regonoes but nu correspondons palace<, and that HoDC1111 the n:wter builders buolt no monuments oo thcor own a>uatry d~~ronr the many mllltntum• or theor rule from Pandv& t" PrtthoraJ

•

..., • 61 .,1 _. ~P" t ~ arwrr~ 'tiT ~ifi~ " if'R" ~ ._, ,_. n 16414 it Ill ijiiit;:q')- CfiTt EJ~ ~r t• ·~·""'~'", •"'< (~Toft m~)am ~ (.t ~) 1 t ll5lf ~ 5Wh ~or ~~~ ~)~ <tit

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arrcf~li<ticn ~ ~ ~~ ~tnlif ~~ f<fi \30l~ 'Ufo -f<ct I 'if , ~l41~r <, i:f(f

anfG ~Tt ~;; f~Tt'f~ (z.nrtT ~ctt~lf) q(¥>q~J ~ ~ 1

~HfTI1T <JTii"~ c;fifil:" (~fi<f "ar~tr Gf<tl<" ) "'TT <fiT l:~-•

Ofiof" ~xr ar~ <fiT ~ 1

~{fcrrf~;;r tH~CToT <iiT li~ W"cr e~~ atcif~ l'i e- 5f~1 f~fc:.t ~f~if, tf~~;; if Sf~f~cr ~ I ~HfflJ~cf Cflffi if Cfll~ r if ~f~ ~crcrnn <fiT Cflf lf_falfr itfjJ'fCflf fif~ zrr ~a~<flT qrtf ~;:ft SJfu~ ~(ff~T, ~(1T 3fT"{ c:U"in.T if fGrcliaT ~r I f~ if~~ Q;Cli w; f~~ Tf tri ~ I ii~Tfffi:CfTtr ~ Cf<fl ( li"T'iT ~~;f (Of'f~'l ~ c:; t ¥ qcf

crcr.) fGJ~cr if trcf~ ~Cf(i <ifc~Cfl ~if ~1 ~r 1 _ aro: lffa~.:~i ~ 31~a;1 Ci'iCff 21T I d(tl~:q ra_: ~~(1Tif CflT f~lq'iT d<fl Cfl~ em arcr)llfcr Qlff~)a- ~(ifif ;r WC'fCfit'!T 31'h f~<flt'I"T CflT ;;~ Cfl( f~liT 1 dffi: ~~p:fr ~;11-u Cfi(1T <flT fcreci{fcr. "{~T ~ ;; f<fl ~~:i<fl ' am: fn it R~rf 'lt lJ:fcr ~~cr arT\ ~rf~cr ~r ~ ,

some blunders of indian historical research - p n oak

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