SOME COMMONLY USED AFFIXES

-a-/-a-Forms verbs from nominals.

san number, sana- to count; ot grass, ota- to pull weeds.-a/-a/-y

Forms gerunds from verbs.yaz- to write, yaza-yaza writing; kdtd- to lift, kdtH-kdtd lifting.

-ar/-ar/-rForms future participle.

kdl- to come, keldr will come.-ar-/-ar-

Forms verbs from adjectives.aq white, aqar- to become white; kdk blue, kdkdr- to turn blue.

-awForms collective numerals.

bir one, biraw one piece.-aq/-uq/-q

Forms adjectives from verbs.ganilda- to be resounding, gafUldaq resounding; qal- to stay, qalaq backward; sun- to be broken, sunuq broken.

-ay/-ay/-yExpresses the optative-imperative mood for first person singular.

oyna- to play, oynay let me play a bit; kbr- to see, kdrdy let me see.-ay-/-ay-/-y-

Forms intransitive verbs from nouns and adjectives. Followed by personal suffix. god big, goflay- to grow up; kug strength, kiigdy- to become strong; qara black, qaray- to be dark.

-ayt-/-ayt-/-yt-Forms transitive verbs from nouns and adjectives. Followed by personal suffix.

god large, godayt- to enlarge; qara black, qarayt- to blacken; kdd wide, kdddyt- to wid­en.

-ayli/-ayliExpresses the optative-imperative mood for first person plural.

ku- to laugh, kuldyli let's laugh; yaz- to write, yazayli let's write.-ala-/-ala-

Expresses ability or possibility of verbs when added to stem and followed by personal suf­fix.

bar- to go, baralaymdn I will be able to go; bdr- to give, ber&ldydu he will be able to give; oqu- to read, oquyalaysiz you can read.

-am-/-am-/-m-Forms the interrogative when added to verb stems ending in consonants. Followed by

1060

Some Commonly Used Affixes

personal suffix.kal- to come, kelamdu will he come?; yaz- to write, yazamdu will he write? oyna- to play, oynamsiz do you play?

-anaForms adjectives and adverbs from Arab and Farsi nouns. dxm&q fool, QxmiqanH foolish; qdhriman hero, qOhrimanand heroic.

-PForms gerunds when added to verbal stems ending in vowels. oyna- to play, oynap playing; sdzld- to speak, sdzldp speaking.

-parasChanges meaning of some nouns from a concrete object to sby or sth that loves (often to excess) that object.

aptap sunshine, aptappdrOs sunflower; xotm woman, xotmp&rOs skirtchaser; uruf war, urmpdr&s warmonger.

-parwarChanges meaning of some nouns from an abstract object to sby who loves that object. tegliq peace, tegliqp&rwdr ps&c&XoMtr, wdtdn one's own country, wdtdnpdrwdr patriot.

-pazChanges meaning of some nominals denoting persons with related characters or occupa­tions.

ay food, aspdz cook; manta dumpling, mantipdz dumpling maker; saxta false, saxtipdz hypocrite.

-puru^Expresses meaning of trader of objects denoted by the nominal stem. alma apple, almipum apple trader; gay tea, gaypurur tea trader.

-t-IForms causative when added to multisyllable verbal stems ending in vowels and the con­sonants r and y.

-t-IIForms causative when added to verbalized adjectives. Followed by personal suffix.

goMyttim I made (sby) enlarge; qarayttim I caused (sth) to turn black.-ta/-ta

Forms locative case.biz yataqta kitap kdrduq we saw the book in the dormitory; u uginmtd alga basni he made progress in his studies.

-tak/-dakExpresses similarity.

tas stone, tastdk stone-like; tdgd camel, tdgiddk camel-like.-tur-/-tiir-

Forms the causative when added to verbal stems ending in unvoiced consonants (except most monosyllabic verbs ending in g and $).

gdk- to smoke, gdktdr- to make (sby) smoke; qop- to get up, qoptur- to make (sby) get up; baq- to raise, baqtur- to make (sby) raise.

-tiki/-dikiForms adjectives denoting location when added to nouns, numerals and pronouns.

qap sack, qaptiki in the sack; koga street, kogidiki in the street; mdn I, mdndiki at my place.

1061

Some Commonly Used Affixes

-tin/-din IForms the ablative case.

giray face, giraydin from the face; yataq dormitory, yataqtin from the dormitory. -tin/-din II

Expresses idea of each.(^Qm besiga bdytin alma tdgdi each person received five apples; by besip birdin segin kala bar there is one cow for each family.

-tin/-din IIIForms a fraction when added to a number word.

on ten, bdf ondin five-tenths; tOt four, birini tOttin one-fourth.-da/-da I

Forms locative case.bay head, bayta at the head, in the beginning; ydr ground, ydrdd on the ground.

-da/-da IIExpresses immediacy of action in past and future tenses. Follows personal suffix.

mdn poyizdin guytdmdd as soon as I got off the train.-da-/-da-

Forms verbs from nominals.erig clean, erigda- to clean; iz trace, izdd- to trace; qara black, qarida- to become black.

-da$Changes meaning of some nouns from an object to the person who shares it with others.

sawaq class, sawaqday classmate; yol road, yolday travel companion (now comrade).-dar

Changes meaning of some nouns from an object to a related person, subject or character. pdrhiz diet, pdrhizdar dieter; zimin land, zimindar landowner; rdfl color, rdMar color­ful.

-danChanges meaning of some nouns from an object to the container for or the character ofsuch object.

ot fire, otdan firepan; su water, sudan canteen; kitap book, kitapdan bookcase; qddir value, qddirdan viuable.

-dur-/-diir-Forms causative when added to verb stems ending in voiced consonants.

bdr- to give, bdrduriifl please make (sby) give; mad- to walk, mafidurdwn I made (sby) walk.

-dikiSee -tiki/-diki.

diganForms future participle.

yaz- to write, yazdigan due to be written; yag- to rain, yagidigan about to rain.-din I

See -tin/-din I.-din II

See -tin/-din II.-din III

See -tin/-din III.-din IV

1062

Some Commonly Used Affixes

Forms comparative.bu 6y u dydin gofl this room is larger than that one.

-din VExpresses idea of more than. Followed by artuq.

m&ktdptd miMin artuq xizmdtgi bar there are more than 1,000 staff members at the school.

-aylan-Forms an assembled number when added to a number word ending in a consonant. Fol­lowed by case ending or personal suffix.

bdy five, bd^dyldfl the five together.-an

Forms adverbs from Arab nouns.asas basis, asasdn basically; hdqiqdt truth, hdqiqdtdn truly, in fact.

-ga IExpresses approximate number.

mid thousand, mingd about one thousand.-qa II

Denotes diminutive form or related character of nominals and verbs. uzun long, uzungd longish, somewhat long; kitap book, kitapgd booklet; gii^dn- to under­stand, gusdngd understanding.

-5a IIIForms adverbs of comparison or similarity.

uygur Uyghur, uygurgd Uyghur-like; loyilar bureaucrats, loyilargd bureaucratic.-S'

Forms nouns from nominals denoting persons with related profession or character. etiqat belief, etiqatgi believer; elan announcement, elangi announcer; yalgan false, yalgangi liar.

-SilChanges meaning of some nouns, denoting a preference or inclination toward the object expressed in the stem. xdlq people, xdlqgil populist.

Forms nouns with abstract meanings from some nouns and adjectives. bagwdn gardener, bagwdngiliq horticulture; dixan farmer, dixangiliq agriculture; kOp many, kdpgilik majority.

-xanaChanges the meaning of some nouns from object of person to the building in which the object is found or the person works.

ddrs lesson, ddrsxana classroom; satrag barber, satragxana barbershop.-xor

Changes the meaning of some nouns from an object to sby who uses that object. haraq liquor, haraqxor drunkard; siit loan, sutxor loan shark; qan blood, qanxor blood­sucker.

-sa/-sa IForms verbal condition for third person.

oqu- to study, oqusa if he studies, if they study; kdl- to come, kdlsd if he comes, if they come.

1063

Followed by personal suffix for first and second persons. bar- to go, barsam if I go; qara- to look, qarasafl if you look; k&l- to come, kdls&k if we come.

-sa/-sa II Expresses time.

biz unifl dyigd barsaq, u dyidd yoq ikdn when we went to his room, he was not in.-saz

Denotes the maker or repairer of an object expressed in the stem. sa'dt watch, sa'dtsaz watchmaker or repairer.

-sunForms third person singular and plural of the imperative mood of verbs.

yasa- to live, yasisun xxx long live XXX; yaz- to write, yazsun let him write.-sira

Changes nouns into verbs expressing a wish or a weakened degree of an action or state expressed in the stem.

uyqu sleep, uyqisira- to doze off; qan blood, qansira- to thirst for blood.-siz

Forms adjectives denoting the absence of an object expressed in the stem. toluq complete, toluqsiz incomplete; sdn you, sdnsiz without you.

Forms nouns from verbs ending in vowels. oyna- to play, oyna^ playing; sdzld- to speak, sdzlds speaking.

Forms mutual voice when added to verb stems ending in vowels. Followed by personal suffix.

oyna- to play, oyna^tuq we played together.-i^unas

Forms nouns denoting specialists in fields expressed in the stem. tarix history, tarixsunas historian; til language, tilsunas linguist; idrq Orient, sdrqsunas ori­entalist.

-raq/-rakForms the comparative degree of participles and adjectives.

goU strong, godraq stronger; kigik small, kigikrdk smaller; kuliip laughing, kuluprdk smiling.

-zarChanges the meaning of some nouns from object (usually plants) to an aggregate of that object.

ddrdx tree, ddrdxzar forest; Uziim grape, uzumzar vinyard; gul flower, gulzar flower­bed.

-watqan/-uwatqan/-uwatqan/-iwatqan Forms present progressive participles from verbs.

urns- to war, urusuwatqan warring; qayna- to boil, qayniwatqan boiling; kdt- to go, keti- watqan going; kul- to laugh, kuluwatqan laughing.

-wanChanges the meaning of some nouns from a place to the manager of that place.

bag garden, bagwdn gardener; saray inn, saraywdn innkeeper.-up/-up/-ip

Some Commonly Used Affixes

1064

Forms adverbial verbs. Added to verb stems ending in consonants. al- to bring, clip bringing; ur- to beat, urup beating; kOr- to look, kdrup looking.

-u?/-ii5/-is .Forms gerunds from verbs ending in consonants. • „

oltur- to sit, olturuy sitting; kdr- to see, kdrOs sight; yaz- to wnte, yezif wnbng.

Forms mutual voice. Followed by personal suttix. uur- to beat, urmtuq we beat each other up; kdr- to see, kdriistuq we saw each other, wemet; bar- to give, yardam berimq we cooperated.

'*Forms causative when added to monosyllabic verbal stems ending in t, q, 5 or q. Followed

(sth) to cook, I cooked; ugurdum (ugardim) I made (sth) fly.

-uwatqanSee -watqanZ-uwatqanZ-iiwatqanZ-iwatqan.-uqZ-iikZ--iqZ-ik

Forms verbs from nouns, adjectives, and numerals. bir one, birik- to join, bind, tie; jim calm, jimiq- to calm down.

■ Fwms polite command for second person singular. Added to stems ending in consonantsand having 0Z6 or uZii.

tur- to stand, turufl please stand up.'^Forms poUte co'iandfor second person plural. Added to stems ending in consonants

and having 0Z6 or uZii. kdr- to see, kdriifllar please look.

Forms passive voice when added to verbal stems ending in most consonants and having0/0 or u/ii Followed by personal suffix, . ,ogri tutuldi the thief was nabbed; mehman obdan kutuldi the guest was well received.

Twms"retroactive and passive voice when added to verbal stems ending in consonants andbavins o/6 or u/ii. Followed by personal suffix. i_ j ?« h-jiZi<5/ to divide, bOlun- to be divided; yuy- to wash, yuyun- to be washed; kdzimga ot kd-

rundi a fire manifested itself to my eyes.

Forms decreasing degree of a few adjectives denoting color. aq white, eqis off-white; kdk green, kdkiis pale green.

-uwatqanSee -watqanZ-uwatqanZ-iiwatqanZ-iwatqan.-q

See -aq.-qaZ-kaZ-gaZ-ga^Tyou‘'^St“oufrZbtckboard, doskiga to the blackboard; mdMp school,

maktapka to the school; yataq dormitory, yataqqa to the dormitory.-qagZ-ka^Z-ga^Z-ga?

Some Commonly Used Affixes

1065

Forms adverbial verb expressing the action followed immediately or at the time as anoth­er action.al- to bring, buy, algag kill- bring sth back.

-qaq/-kak/-gaq/-gak Changes verbs to adjectives.

tiris- to try, tirisqaq diligent; 6fl- to fade, ongOk faded.-qay/-kay/-gay/-gay

Expresses command, request or hope for third person. bar- to go, barg^ let him go; qatna^- to attend, qatnasqay let them attend.

-qan/-kan/-gan/-gan Forms past participles from verbs.xaraplas- to be desolate, xaraplc^qan desolate; qadal- to prick, qadalgan pricked; kdy- to scald, kdyg&n scalded; kut- to wait, expect, kutkiin expected.

-qu/-guEmphasizes a word or expresses some doubt. Always forms last syllable of a word which,

unlike -g-, can be a subject or predicate.bu uygurgd kitapqu this is an Uyghur book? mdngu kUldim I came (not anybody else),

-qu-/-kii-Z-gu-Z-gii-Expresses wish or desire. Followed by personal suffix and the postpositional word bar or kiildi for positive and yoq or k&lmidi for negative verbs.

qaytqum bar (kiildi) I want to return; qaytqum yoq ^iilmidi) I do not want to return; o- qugum bar (kiildi) I want to read; oqugwn yoq (kUlmidi) I do not want to read; korgiim bar (kiildi) I want to see; kOrgum yoq (kUlmidi) I do not want to see; igkum bar ^aldi) I want to drink; igkiim yoq ^dlmidi) I do not want to drink.

-quz-Forms causative when added to verbal stems ending in unvoiced consonants (except q, $, and q) and having back vowels. Followed by personal suffix.

qotquzdi he made (sby) get up.Interchangable with -tur-.

-qujZ-kiigZ-gu^Z-giijChanges verbs into nouns denoting instruments.

sUz- to filter, suzgiig filter; siz- to draw, sizing ruler; kdrsdt- to indicate, kdrsdtkug indi­cator.

-qiZ-kiZ-giZ-giForms adjectives from temporal adverbs and certain nouns.

biigm today, bugiinki today’s; hazir now, hazirqi contemporary; kuz autumn, kuzgi au­tumnal.

-qiliZ-kiliZ-giliZ-gili IWhen followed by bol- , it expresses the possibility of an action.

bu xil dorini igkili bolmaydu this kind of medicine cannot be taken.-qiliZ-kiliZ-giliZ-gili II

Expresses aim or purpose of another action when followed by another verb.Otkdn yaksdnba kuni bir qangimiz ulanbayga tosqan tutqili barduq last Sunday several of us went to Ulanbay to catch rabbits; sdn gay igkili kdldidmu won't you come and have some tea; u kino kdrgili k&tti he went to see a movie; mdn beyjiflga oqugili barimdn I will go to Beijing to study.

-qiUZ-kiliZ-giliZ-giU III

Some Commonly Used Affixes

1066

Some Commonly Used Affixes

^^xDi*6ss6S time limit.dadam Urumgigd kdtkili ttg hdptd boldi my father went to yrumqi for three w^s; u yatqili yerim sa 'dt boldi he rested for half an hour; mdn sinjafl dasuedd oqugili biryil boldi I studied at Xinjiang University for one year.

-qin/-kin/-gin/-gin I Forms verbal nouns.jan- to bum, jangin fire; sur- to drag, surgun exile.

-qin/-kin/-gin/-gin II . ^Forms second person singular imperative, expressing polite r^uest.

al- to take, algin please take; kdr- to look, kdrgin please look.-qina/-kina/-gina/-gina j u uForms endearing voice of adjectives, used mostly for women and children.

az few, azgind tamaq choice morsels; omaq lovable, omaqqind qiz lovely girl, kigik small, 'kigikkind bala a cute little child.

Chances the meaning of some nouns from object to the maker of that object. bina building, binakar construction worker; paxta cotton, paxtikar cotton grower; mis copper, miskdr coppersmith.

-kaSee -qa/-k^-ga/-ga.

-ka/-gaForms nouns from some verbs. u i ~n«

kdydur- to frame sby, kdydurgd sby who frames others; kul- to laugh, kulkd laughter.

-kagSee -qa5/-ka9/-ga?/-ga?.

^Changes the meaning of some nouns from an object to the user or manager of that object. haraq liquor, haraqkds drunkard; harwa cart, harwikds cart dnver.

-kaySee -qay/-kay/-gay/-gay.

-kanSee -qan/-kan/-gan/-gan.

-kii-See -qu-/-ku-/-gu-/-gu- .*^rms the causative when added to verb stem ending in unvoiced consonants (except 5, §, and q) and having front vowels. Followed by personal suffix.

tamaka gdkkuzdiim I caused (sby) to smoke.Interchangable with -tiir- .

-killSee -qili/-kili/-gili/-gili.Forms polite command for second person singular. Added to stems ending in vowels.

oqu- to read, oqufi please read.Forms polite command for second person plural. Added to stems ending in vowels.

-ip

1067

Some Commonly Used AffixesSee -up/-iip/-ip.

-istChanges meaning of a few loan nouns from object to the operator of that object.

marina machine, ma^inist typist.-41

See -ii5/-i§.

See -u5/-u§/-i5.-4-

See -u§-/-u5-/-i5- .-iwatqan

See -watqan/-uwatqan/-iiwatqanZ-iwatqan.-iq

See -uq/-iq/-ik.-in

Forms polite command for second person singular. Added to verbal stems ending in con­sonants and having a, a, e or i.

bar- to go, berin please go; k&l- to come, kelifl please come.-inlar

Forms polite command for second person plural. Added to stems ending in consonants and having a, a, e or i.

-in-Forms passive voice when added to verb stem ending in 1.

til- to carve, qogm tilindi the melon was carved up.-ingi

Forms ordinalizing numbers. bir one, biringi first.

-yExpresses entreaty or suggestion for first person singular. Added to stems ending in vow­els.

oyna- to play, oynay how about letting me play.-yala-/-yala-

Expresses ability of verbs ending in vowels. Added to verb stem and followed by personal suffix.

tmiy&ldmiz we will be able to stay up all night; oyniyalamiz we will be able to play.-yt-

See -ayt-/-ayt-/-yt-.-ylan-

Forms assembled number when added to a number word ending in a vowel. Followed by case ending or personal suffix.

ikki two, illiyldndd at the two's.When person^ suffix is added, the final n is dropped: ikkiyldmiz we two.

-yliExpresses suggestion for first person plural. Added to stem ending in vowels.

oyna- to play, oynayli let's play.-ga

See -qa/-k^-ga/-ga.

1068

Some Commonly Used Affixes

-gagSee -qag/-kag/-ga5/-ga5.

-gaqSee -qaq/-gaq.

-gaySee -qay/-kay/-gay/-gay,

-ganSee -qan/-kan/-gan/-g^.

guSee -qu/-gu.

-gu-See -qu-/-ku-/-gu-/-gii- .

-guz-Forms causative when added to verb stem ending in voiced consonant and having backvowels. Followed by personal suffix.

mafl- to walk, maflguzdum I made (sby) walk.Interchangable with -dur-.

-gigaExpresses idea of until.

axir last, axirgigd toward the end; toy- to fill oneself, toygigd to satiation.-gili

See -qili/-kili/-gili/-gili.-gal

See -qa/-ka/-ga/-ga.-ga II

See -k^-ga.-gag

See -qag/-kag/-gag/-gag.-gar

Changes meaning of some nouns ending in a vowel or voiced consonant from object toprocessor of that object.

soda trade, sodig&r merchant; jewelry, zfirgdfr jeweler.-gay

See -qay/-kay/-gay/-gay.-gan

See -qan/-kan/-gan/-g^.-gu-

See -qu-/-ku-/-gu-/-gu- .-gii?

See -qug/-kug/-gug/-gug.-guz-

Forms causative when added to verb stems ending in voiced consonant and having frontvowels. Followed by personal suffix.

bdr- to give, b&rguzM please make (sby) give.Except kll- which takes -kiiz- or -tiit- . Interchangable with -dur- .

-giSee -qi/-ki/-gi/-gi.

1069

Some Commonly Used Affixes

-gililSee -qili/-kili/-gili/-gili I.

-giUIISee -qili/-kili/-gili/-gili II.

-gili IIISee -qili/-kili/-gili/-gili III.

-ginaSee -qina/-kina/-gin^-gina.

-1-Forms the passive voice when added to verbal stems ending in a vowel.

yasa- to repair, yasal- to be repaired.-la I

Expresses immediacy of action in past and future tenses. Added to auxiliary verb form. u meni kOrupld as soon as he saw me. Cf. -da II.

-la IIProvides emphasis.

bu tamaqni m&nld yidim I ate [not anyone else]; mdn uygur tilinila md^q qildim I practiced Uyghur [not any other language].

-la-/-la-Changes nouns and adjectives to verbs.

igiz high, igizld- to rise; imza signature, imzala- to sign.-lap

Forms adverbs.harwa cart, harwilap in carts; qis winter, qiflap in winter; yaxfi good, yoxfilap in a friendly way.

-lap/-lapExpresses approximate number.

on ten, onlap tens; yigirmd twenty, yigirmildp twenties.-Ia^-/-la5-

Forms mutual and retroactive voices from nouns, numerals, and adjectives. bir one, birldy- to unite; dost friend, dostlay- to befriend.

-lar/-lar I Forms plural.

-lar/-lar IIExpresses approximate age or time when added to number words.

bdy five, bdyldr about five; ottuz thirty, ottuzlar about thirty.-larja

Forms adverbs from nouns and adjectives. qdhriman hero, qdhrimanlargd heroically; ^aljir frenzied, galjirlargd frenziedly.

-laqExpresses the locality of an abundance of sth indicated by the stem.

ta^ rock, taslaq rocky place; ot grass, otlaq pasture.-Ian-/-lan-

Derives intransitive and reflexive verbs from nouns and numerals. dost friend, dostlan- to become friends; yiibhd doubt, siibhildn- to doubt; ikki two, illildn- to waver.

-luq/-liik/-liq/-lik

1070

Forms adjectives from nouns and numerals and expresses possession of an object, quality or feature denoted by the stem.

on ten, onluq decimal; ktig strength, kugltik strong; illOt defect, ill&tlik defective; imtiyaz privilege, imtiyazliq privileged.

-Uq/-lik IForms the name of an inhabitant of a location denoted by the stem.

idh&r city, sUh&rlik urbanite, urban dweller; qdsqUr Kashgar, qOsq&rlik a Kashgarite. -liq/-lik II

Forms abstract nouns from adjectives.qizil red, qizilliq redness; ikkingi second, ikkingilik second place; yaxfi good, yaxfiliq good­ness.

-ligan/-liganExpresses approximate number.

on min ten thousand, on mMigan about ten thousand.-m

Forms first person singular possessive of nouns ending in a vowel. ata father, atom my father.

-m-Forms interrogatives for future tense when added to stems ending in vowels and followed by personal suffix.

-ma/-maForms nouns and adjectives from verbs.

dsld- to remember, qslimd memoir; qoyul- to join, converge; qosulma mixture. -ma-Z-ma-

Forms negative of verbs. Followed by other suffixes, such as personal suffixes. -masliqZ-maslik

Forms negative nouns from verbs.oqu- to read, oqwnasliq not reading; k&l- to come, k&lm&slik not coming.

-maqta-/-makta-Expresses present-continuous tense in verbs. Followed by personal suffix for first and second persons only.

iigdn- to study, iigUnmnktimiz we are studying; oqu- to read, oqumaqtisildr you are read­ing; yaz- to write, yazmaqta he is writing a letter.

-maqgi-Z-makgi-Expresses goal or objective in verbs. Followed by personal suffix.

u bugtin Mgta kino kOrmdkgi he intends to see a movie tonight; mUn yurtumga qaytmaq- gim&n I plan to return home.

-muModal particle indicating interrogative for verbs in past tense and nominal predicates.

Added to personal suffix, bardimu did he go? dawutmu is that Dawut?-mi$ I

Expresses uncertainty.sinjafl dofuedd oquganimif he is said to study at Xinjiang University; he might be study­ing at Xinjiang University.

-mi| IIExpresses a negative or derogatory meaning when suffixed to nouns or verbs.

qil- to do, act, qilmis conduct, as in jinayi qilmis criminal conduct.

Some Commonly Used Affixes

1071

Some Commonly Used Affixes

-n-Forms retroactive voice when added to verb stems ending in vowels and followed by per­sonal suffixes.

u taza girayliq yasandu she gussied herself up very prettily.-ni

Forms accusative case. u tamaqni yidi he ate the food.

-ninForms genitive case.

kitapnin of the book.

1072