some human traits and diseases are completely heritable, some partially
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Some human traits and diseases are completely heritable, some partially heritable, and some are not influenced by genes at all. Results of class survey. Results of class survey. II. Mitosis and Meiosis. II. Mitosis and Meiosis. Human karyotype (a photograph of the matched chromosomes) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Some human traits and diseases are completely heritable, some partiallyheritable, and some are not influenced by genes at all
Results of class survey
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Results of class survey
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II. Mitosis and Meiosis
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II. Mitosis and MeiosisHuman karyotype (a photograph of the matched chromosomes)
22 pairs of homologous chromosomes (one paternal, one maternal)1 pair of sex chromosomes
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II. Mitosis and MeiosisA cell cycle
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II. Mitosis
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Replication of the DNA of each chromosome. In the formof chromatin, DNA is NOT condensed. It is long and stringy.
II. Mitosis
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Note that the chromosomes havebeen duplicated. The two membersof the duplicated pair are knownas sister chromatids. Centriolesmigrate to opposite poles of the cell.Centrioles may be responsible fororganizing microtubules intospindle fibers.
sister chromatids
Figure depicts two chromosomes (long and short), and male (blue)and female (orange) homologous copies of those chromosomes
II. Mitosis
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Figure depicts two chromosomes (long and short), and male (blue)and female (orange) homologous copies of those chromosomes
II. Mitosis
Period of movement of sisterchromatids to the equatorialplane of the cell. Movementoccurs by binding ofmicrotubules to thekinetochore, a centromericstructure composed of layeredproteins.
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Figure depicts two chromosomes (long and short), and male (blue)and female (orange) homologous copies of those chromosomes
Note that homologous pairs of chromosomes do not pair upThis is important because they do pair up in Meiosis I
II. Mitosis
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II. MitosisFigure depicts two chromosomes (long and short), and male (blue)and female (orange) homologous copies of those chromosomes
The sister chromatids of eachchromosome disjoin. For completedisjunction to occur, each centromericregion must be split in two, signalingthe initiation of anaphase.
Once anaphase occurs, each sister chromatid is referred to as a daughterchromosome.
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II. Mitosis and MeiosisBasic chromosome anatomy
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II. Mitosis
cytokinesis - division or partitioning of the cytoplasm
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II. Mitosis
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II. Mitosis and Meiosis
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II. Mitosis and Meiosis
Unlike Mitotic Prophase, members of each homologouschromosome synapse and crossing over (i.e. recombination) occurs
synapsis,crossing over
homologysearchbegins
chiasmatavisible
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II. Mitosis and Meiosisalignment of tetrads is random,resulting in random separationof dyads. This is the basis forthe Mendelian postulate ofindependent assortment.
a single centromere holds thesister chromatids together. Itdoes not divide duringMeiosis I.
The separation of homologouschromosomes duringAnaphase I is referred to asdisjunction
Meiosis I
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II. Mitosis and MeiosisThe products of Meiosis I are twocells, each with a pair ofrecombined homologous chromosomes. Each pair is referredto as a dyad. The two chromosomesthat make up the pair are alsoreferred to as sister chromatids.
The products of Meiosis II are fourcells (two cells from each of thecells produced by Meiosis I), eachwith a single recombinedchromosome. These chromosomesare referred to as monads.
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II. Mitosis and Meiosis
The development of gametes varies during spermatogenesis and oogenesis
In humans, the firstdivision of all oocytesbegins in the embryonicovary, but arrests inProphase I. Meiosis resumes just prior toits ovulation.