SonoluminescenceSonoluminescence

By:By:Mark CartagineMark Cartagine

OutlineOutline

What Is Sonoluminescence?What Is Sonoluminescence? Sonoluminescence: Process, Features, Sonoluminescence: Process, Features,

PeculiaritiesPeculiarities TheoriesTheories

1.1. ShockwaveShockwave

2.2. JetJet

Interesting ResearchInteresting Research

What is Sonoluminescence?What is Sonoluminescence?

The EquipmentThe Equipment

ResultResult

Sonoluminescence: ProcessSonoluminescence: Process

Bubble trapped between Bubble trapped between nodes of 25 kHz sound nodes of 25 kHz sound waveswaves

Expands:4Expands:4μμm to 40m to 40μμm m during rarefaction (V↑ x during rarefaction (V↑ x 1000) – near Vacuum1000) – near Vacuum

Collapses to van der Collapses to van der Waals hard core (0.5Waals hard core (0.5μμm) m) during compressionduring compression

VVCollapseCollapse ≈ 1.4 km/s, ≈ 1.4 km/s,

≈ ≈ Mach 4Mach 4

Process Cont’dProcess Cont’d

ReboundReboundaccelaccel ≈ ≈ 10101111gg

Bubble Emits Light, Bubble Emits Light, Sound @ min. radiusSound @ min. radius

Light is Broad Light is Broad SpectrumSpectrum

UV>Blue>Red: UV>Blue>Red: “Equivalent to “Equivalent to 70,000K Plasma”70,000K Plasma”

Sonoluminescence: FeaturesSonoluminescence: Features

Flash duration: 50 pico-sec.Flash duration: 50 pico-sec. Interval between flashes: 35 Interval between flashes: 35

millisecmillisec Energy “Concentration” ~ 10Energy “Concentration” ~ 101212

PeculiaritiesPeculiarities

1.1. Intensity Inversely Intensity Inversely Proportional to Proportional to TemperatureTemperature

2.2. Radius Radius Discontinuity:Discontinuity:

3.3. Works best when Works best when “doped” w/ Noble “doped” w/ Noble Gas (Helium, Argon, Gas (Helium, Argon, Xenon)Xenon)

TheoriesTheories

1.1. ““Shock Wave”Shock Wave”

2.2. ““Jet”Jet”

Neither is TotallyNeither is Totally

AcceptedAccepted

““Shock Wave”Shock Wave”

Bubble walls collapse Bubble walls collapse ≈≈ Mach 4 Mach 4

Bubble attains hard Bubble attains hard core radiuscore radius

Shock Wave Shock Wave Continues to Continues to Concentrate EnergyConcentrate Energy

Spherical shock wave Spherical shock wave hits center and hits center and reboundsrebounds

Shock Wave Theory ExplainedShock Wave Theory Explained

Combines Adiabatic Heating & Shock Combines Adiabatic Heating & Shock Wave HeatingWave Heating

Ratio of Shockwave Temperatures ~ to Ratio of Shockwave Temperatures ~ to [Mach No.][Mach No.]22

Mach No. Increases as Walls CollapseMach No. Increases as Walls Collapse Two Shock WavesTwo Shock Waves Ionization OccursIonization Occurs Light Emitted as Electrons Collide w/ IonsLight Emitted as Electrons Collide w/ Ions Max Temp: 3x10Max Temp: 3x1088 K (Theoretical) K (Theoretical)

Theory Strengths, WeaknessesTheory Strengths, Weaknesses

Explains:Explains:1.1. Spectrum (Instant Heating)Spectrum (Instant Heating)2.2. Flash Interval, DurationFlash Interval, Duration3.3. Temperature Effect (Vapor Temperature Effect (Vapor ↑ with Temp )↑ with Temp )4.4. Microphones Near Bubble Hear “Pop”Microphones Near Bubble Hear “Pop”Cannot ExplainCannot Explain::1.1. Noble Gas EffectNoble Gas Effect2.2. DiscontinuityDiscontinuity

Critically Dependent on Bubble SymmetryCritically Dependent on Bubble Symmetry

Alternative: “Jet” TheoryAlternative: “Jet” Theory

• Bubble “Jitters”Bubble “Jitters”

• Asymmetric Asymmetric CollapseCollapse

• Creates “Jet”Creates “Jet”

• Propelled toward Propelled toward Opposite Wall at Opposite Wall at Mach SpeedsMach Speeds

• ““Shattered” Water Shattered” Water Emits Fracto-Emits Fracto-luminescenceluminescence

• Max Temp Max Temp ≈ 10≈ 104 4 KK

Jet Theory Strengths & Jet Theory Strengths & WeaknessesWeaknesses

Explains Explains 1.1. Noble Gas Noble Gas → Disrupts “Crystalline Form”→ Disrupts “Crystalline Form”2.2. Temperature RelationTemperature Relation: : Lower Temps Lower Temps → More → More

Hydrogen Bonds → Greater Water RigidityHydrogen Bonds → Greater Water RigidityCannot ExplainCannot Explain 1.1. DiscontinuityDiscontinuity2.2. SpectrumSpectrum

Models Noble Gas Effect as Random ProcessModels Noble Gas Effect as Random Process

Interesting ResearchInteresting Research

Taleyarkhan et al., 2002Taleyarkhan et al., 2002 Used Used Deuterated Acetone (C3D6O) Injected Neutrons into Bubble @ max Injected Neutrons into Bubble @ max

RadiusRadiusClaims:Claims: Temps Temps ≈ 10≈ 1077 K K Production of Tritium Nucleus + ProtonProduction of Tritium Nucleus + Proton Helium-3 Nucleus + 2.45 MeV NeutronHelium-3 Nucleus + 2.45 MeV Neutron

In Short:In Short:

Fusion!Fusion!

Colleagues’ Reaction To the News:Colleagues’ Reaction To the News:

Shapira & Saltmarsh (2002) RepeatedShapira & Saltmarsh (2002) Repeated

Taleyarkhan ExperimentTaleyarkhan Experiment

Results:Results: at least three orders of magnitude at least three orders of magnitude fewerfewer

neutrons than the fusion of deuterium into neutrons than the fusion of deuterium into helium-3 should generate, even though their helium-3 should generate, even though their neutron detector is more efficient than neutron detector is more efficient than Taleyarkhan’sTaleyarkhan’s

Experimental Results not ReproducibleExperimental Results not Reproducible

In Short: Your Research . . .In Short: Your Research . . .

Taleyarkhan’s RebuttalTaleyarkhan’s Rebuttal Shapira & Saltmarsh “grossly overestimated detector Shapira & Saltmarsh “grossly overestimated detector

efficiency”efficiency” We have been able to reproduce the results, “many We have been able to reproduce the results, “many

times”times”

In Short,In Short,

Recent DevelopmentsRecent Developments

Mild Support: (Flannigan & Suslick, 2005):Mild Support: (Flannigan & Suslick, 2005): Able to Obtain PlasmaAble to Obtain Plasma "A plasma is a prerequisite but certainly "A plasma is a prerequisite but certainly notnot a a

sufficient condition for fusion" sufficient condition for fusion" Maybe we could have fusion with molten salts or Maybe we could have fusion with molten salts or

liquid metals . . .liquid metals . . .

Sonoluminescence Remains a Phenomenon in Sonoluminescence Remains a Phenomenon in Search of an ExplanationSearch of an Explanation

??

References

Didenko, Y.T. & K.S. Suslick (2002). The Energy Efficiency of Formation of Photons, Radicals, and Ions During Single-Bubble Cavitation. Nature 418, 394-397

Glanz, J. (1996). The Spell of Sonoluminescence. Science 274, pp. 718-719

Pool, R. (1994). Can Sound Drive Fusion in a Bubble? Science 266, p. 1804

Putterman, S.J. (1995). Sonoluminescence - Sound into Light. Scientific American. 272, pp. 32-37

Putterman, S.J. (1198). Star in a Jar. Physics World. 11, pp. 38-42

Shapira, D., & M.J. Saltmarsh (2002). Comments on The Possible Observation of d-d Fusion in Sonoluminescence. Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Taleyarkhan, R.P., C.D. West, J.S. Cho, R.T. Lahey Jr., R.I Nigmatulin, & R.C. Block (2002). Evidence for Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavitation. Science 295, pp. 1868-1873

Taleyarkhan, R.P., R.C. Block, C.D. West, &, R.T. Lahey Jr., (2002). Comments on the Shapira & Saltmarsh Report. Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.