Mission-IGeological Survey of India

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FORNATIONAL GEOCHEMICAL MAPPING &

QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Revised & updatedMay, 2014

Revised & Updated SOP

Mission-I : Baseline Geoscinces Data Generation Geological Survey of India

May 2014

STANDARDOPERATINGPROCEDUREFOR NATIONALGEOCHEMICALMAPPING

&QUALITYMANAGEMENT

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR NATIONAL GEOCHEMICAL MAPPING (NGCM) &

QUALITY MANAGEMENT

CONTENTS

Topics Page no.

Introduction 1Pre-Field Preparations 2Field Work 4Work in Headquarters 9Report Submission and Report Format 13Data Uploading in GSI Portal 13Annexure I- Report Format i - iiiAnnexure II - Important Guidelines iv - viAnnexure III - Sample Storage Plan vii - viiiAnnexure IV - Quality Management Data Sheet ixAnnexure V - Geochemical Data Analysis x-xvPlate I Sample Locations on a Drainage map Plate II Geological Map Plate III Correlation Matrix Plate IV Maps showing Statistical distribution of elements

1

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR NATIONAL GEOCHEMICAL MAPPING (NGCM) &

QUALITY MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION Geological Survey of India (GSI), a premiere and foremost Earth Science organisation of the country, has always been in the vanguard to address the prime needs of the nation and to protect the interest of the country. The ever increasing demands are in the domains of health, environment, agriculture and industry and all these have a link with geology through the medium of soil, water, etc. GSI with its 163 years long illustrious existence has contributed enormously to the nation building activities by discovering raw materials in the form of mineral resources for boosting the countys economy. In the post-independence era, India has become self-sufficient in iron, coal, limestone, copper, lead-zinc, etc. A very major part of credit for this goes to GSI. The economy of a country is largely dependent on industrial development for which mineral wealth provides the basic raw materials. On completion of the systematic geological mapping on 1:50,000 scale, GSI has prioritized geochemical mapping a commitment of GSI in its Vision 2020 document to identify new prospective areas for possible occurrences of mineral deposits and to demarcate areas of potential geoenvironmental health hazards and to specify the causes for such ailments. With these objectives in mind, GSI has embarked on the ambitious programme of the National Geochemical Mapping Programme (NGCM) since the 2001 02 field season year to cover vast areas, mainly across the length and breadth of peninsular India. The main media of sampling for the NGCM work is fluvial (stream sediment) or slope wash material in 1km x 1km cells (unit cell) across a terrain. All samples are to be analysed for 68 elements (presently 64 elements are being analysed) using Clarkes value as the lower level of detection limit. In certain cases, the detection levels are even lower than Clarke. The main objective of this programme is to create a seamless geochemical map of different elements for the entire country and therefore a common denominator of sampling technique has to be designed which should be valid statistically. To achieve this target and fulfil the objective, a standard operating procedure (SOP) needs to have a uniform approach for the geochemical mapping. GSI has adopted the first and second GCM guidelines based on *FORGES and the GCM work carried out by China - from 1979 onwards - and other countries. * Forum of European Geological Surveys: A forum of geochemists and geologists of 26 European countries

2

I. PRE-FIELD PREPARATIONS

Introduction The National Geochemical Mapping (NGCM), an all India priority programme that commenced in FS 2001-2002, will continue for more than 20-25 years till the entire surface area of the country is covered by geochemical sampling. It will continue in a systematic manner and progress from one toposheet to another on 1:50,000 scale. The main media of sampling will be fluvial (stream sediment of fine silt-clayey) or slope wash material in 1 km x 1 km cell (unit cell) area on the ground. The stream water (flowing) and soil (top-soil/Regolith & C horizon) samples will be collected in 5' x 5' quadrants. Other media of sampling that have optional status are humus (depending upon availability) and flood plain samples (as these reflect geogenic composition of larger basins). All samples are to be analyzed for 68 elements using Clarkes value as the lower level of detection limit. However, in certain cases, the detection levels may be lower than Clarke. Objective The NGCM is aimed at generating a geochemical baseline database for multi-purpose uses like managing and developing natural resources; and applications in environmental, agricultural, human health and other societal concerns. The ultimate objective of this project is to create seamless geochemical maps of different elements for the entire country. Operational domain 1. Field Party: The field party, in general, comprises two field officers with one vehicle. Generally, one field party will be assigned to cover 800 sq. km in a field season 2. Training: Completion of GSI orientation course with GCM field experience/computer handling experience/any other GCM special module training. 3. Base Maps: Toposheet on 1:50,000 scale and soil survey map. The stream ordering should be based on 1:50,000 scale toposheet. If 1:25,000 scale toposheet is available, it can be used for better control of locations. A drainage map with tentative sample locations must be prepared prior to field work (See Drainage map with sample locations). 4. Literature Survey: Survey of India toposheets, previous GSI reports/geological maps, especially NGCM reports, NGCM quality management document and NGCM Standard Operational Procedure (SOP) and any other NGCM related material including those available in GSI portal or on the internet must be consulted to gain sufficient knowledge on the physiography and geology of the area prior to leaving for field. During the study of literature/earlier work, all the mineral occurrences and mineral indications along with their coordinates are to be noted and produced in the report. This is very useful for the interpretation of geochemical anomalies. Assessing the existing database with the help of (i) ascertaining the level of commonality, (ii) establishing method of normalizing and (iii) followed up by collation and synthesis, thereby creating geochemical data as demonstration product is a must. The grids parallel to the geographic N-S, the tentative stream sediment sample points and water sample locations based on the drainage configuration and soil sample locations based on predominant soil types to be marked on the toposheet.

3

5. Sample Numbering Pattern: The sampling is normally to be carried in out a grid pattern with 1 sample collected from 1 grid of 1 km x 1 km. The samples are numbered based on the location of the grid from which these are collected. The sample gridding starts from SW corner (runs west to east) and ends at NE corner of the toposheet. The composite samples representing 2 km x 2 km cells are to be numbered serially from left to right side and from bottom to top row. Each composite grid comprises four cells of 1 km x 1 km cell, which are A, B, C and D numbered with prefix of composite sample number (see NGCM sample storage plan Annexure-III stage 1). On the northern end or eastern end if the last grid cell is more than 0.5 sq km area, a separate cell has to be drawn. If the area is less than 0.5 sq km, that grid has to be merged with the previous cell. Example of Sampling Pattern : * Stream sediment sample nos. on 1km x1km grids is 56D12/1A/S/14, 56D12/1B/S/14, 56D12/1C/S/14 and 56D12/1D/S/14 (56D: Degree sheet; 1A, 1B, 1C & 1D: Unit cell samples; S: Stream sediment & 14: beginning year of FSP). * Composite stream sediment sample nos. on 2 km x 2 km grids is 56D12/001/S/14 for analytical purpose (56D: Degree sheet; 001: Composite sample cell; S: Stream sediment & 14: beginning year of FSP). *Regolith and C-horizon samples on 5' x 5' quadrants are 56D12/A1/R/14 & 56D12/A1/C/14 respectively (56D: Degree sheet; A1: quadrant/ 5 x 5grids; R:Top/Regolith, C:C horizon/soil & 14 : beginning year of FSP). 6. Data Handling manual or Computer-aided back up: The field officers must be equipped with the standard NGCM guidelines and requisite software programmes for processing and interpretation of elemental distribution maps/geochemical maps.These are to be done prior to setting off for the field.

7. Implement/equipments to be collected prior to moving to the field are: * Field data sheets for recording field data at sample sites. * Global Positioning System (GPS) A hand-held GPS receiver for locating latitude, longitude

& elevation for navigation and for locating the sample points. (Garmin 12 channels GPS or any other good brand).

* Digital camera. * Laptop loaded with software for statistical processing and preparation of maps (SURFER, etc.). * Marker pens - for labelling. * Stainless steel sieve of 120 mesh * Food grade Pearl pet/Sun pet bottles for permanent storage of samples (250 ml/500ml). * Plastic trays/sheets for spreading and covering wet samples for drying. * Plastic scoop for scooping sediments. * Plastic trays and sieves for sieving samples in the field. * Plastic/ Polyethylene bags of 5-7 kg capacity for carrying samples from field to camp. * Scintillometer- for measuring U, Th and K count and UV Lamp (Preferably). * Stickers for numbering. * Wooden picks - for taking dried mud from the dry streambed. * Wooden pestle and mortar for de-lumping mud lumps. * Weighing machine for weighing samples.

4

(All white or colourless plastic equipments have to be used during the sample collection and sample processing at field camp to avoid metal contamination). The final product of stream sediments should pass through stainless steel sieves of 120 ASTM mesh.

Officer-in-charge of the respective projects should check all the above details and procure implements/equipments mentioned above, before field parties proceed to the field.

II. FIELD WORK

Various sample media to be collected during Geochemical Mapping Stream sediment sample (SS)/slope wash (SW)

Duplicate stream sediment sample (DSS)

Regolith (R): Upper horizon/ topsoil

Soil (C): C horizon

Stream water (W)

Humus (H)

Flood plain sediment (F)

Bedrock samples (BR) Note: The area coverage and sample numbers of each media will be proposed by state units/regions while formulating the FSP items and DG, GSI is the authority to approve the specific targets. 1. How to reach the sample site After settling at field camp one has to use degree/toposheet and GPS to reach the tentative sample points marked on the map. After reaching the sample site, the sample to be collected from suitable sample point. *Stream sediment sample / slope wash sample (S): Reflects the average geogenic composition of the catchment area. Sample collection: After identifying the sample point in 1km x 1km grid on toposheet, stream sediment samples have to be collected at 3 to 5 places along the stream bed of 50 to 200 m length from the 1st, 2nd and 3rd order streams. Stream sediments are represented by fine material (silt-clay) transported by running water. For the total basin area or influence area of 1st, 2nd and 3rd order streams, overlap up to 25% of the neighbouring unit cells is allowed and this should be explained in the remarks column. In case drainage is absent in a cell, slope wash material generated by gully erosion has to be collected considering it to be 'zero' order stream. Such samples are usually collected from 3 to 5 places of the slope to make a most representative sample of the cell. Stream sediment samples are to be sieved with the ordinary plastic sieves at sample site and 5 to 7 kg of sample thus collected to be brought to the camp in thick polythene bags with proper labelling.

5

If all the 4 samples are silt-clay of stream sediment or slope wash it is good, if 1 to 3 samples are silt-clay and 1 to 3 are slope wash samples; try to collect silt-clay in slope wash also; so that the samples can yield good analytical results. The field datasheet of 17 components has to be filled properly with latitude, longitude and elevation values available from GPS. Two photographs - one a close view and another across the landscape - have to be taken in good resolution. For constraining factors, see the important guidelines. Sample Processing: In the camp, unit cell wet samples must be sun-dried on transparent plastic sheets and sieved through -120 mesh using standard stainless steel sieve of ASTM standard after de-lumping with a wooden-mortar and pestle, if needed, and at least 500 grams sample should be collected after homogenization and coning and quartering. Each sample is to be divided into two parts of 250 gm each. One part is to be stored as the original sample for the unit cell. The remaining 250 gm is to be used to mix with other 3 such samples from the unit cells forming 2 km x 2 km grid. All the four unit cell samples from each 2 km x 2 km grid are mixed together, homogenized thoroughly and split into two samples of 500 gm each through sample divider or proper coning and quartering. These samples are called composite samples, the location of which will be at the centre of the 2 Km x 2 Km grid. One part of it is to be stored as original sample for future reference and the other part is to be sent to geochemical laboratory for chemical analysis (see NGCM sample storage plan Annexure-III, stage IV). * Duplicate stream sediment sample (DSS): Duplicate stream sediment samples have to be collected (3-5% of the stream sediment samples collected during the Field Season) at the same time of stream sediment sample collection at 3 to 5 different places in the same area for the comparative analysis. The methodology of sample collection and sample processing will be the same. *Regolith (R): Regolith to be collected from the upper horizon/ topsoil (0-25 cm) avoiding the top organic layer. It reflects variations in geogenic compositions of the uppermost layer of the earth's crust. *Soil (C): Soil sample to be collected from the 25 cm layer within a depth range of 50 to 200 cm. Comparison of the soil and regolith would give information about elemental behaviour in weathering or pedogenic process, environmental changes affecting the layers and anthropogenic contamination of the top layer (R). Sample collection: Soil development in an area is to be observed in relation to its in situ and residual nature and sites are to be selected so as to cover the dominant soil and rock types in the area. Initially it is essential to study the soil profile to understand the nature of various soil horizons and the very nature of concentration of elements through the process of illuviation and eluviation etc. Normally one each top (Regolith) and C-horizon (soil) samples are to be collected from suitable sites within 5' x 5' grids. A suitable site has to be selected after a careful study within the residual soil developed in the area. During sample collection due care has to be taken to avoid transported material and emphasis has to be been given for collecting in situ residual soil. Soil sample collection should be avoided from the agricultural lands due to contamination of fertilizers. These samples may be collected from fresh road cuttings or excavations, if such sections are not available make fresh pit of 1.0 sq metre width and of 2.0 metre depth. The pits should be planned on dominant lithological formation of each quadrant. Locales where weathered bed rock is available within 2 metre depth, are ideal sites for soil/regolith collection.. Two good resolution photographs of close view and long view have to be taken.

6

Sample processing: These samples must be de-lumped and sieved with 120 mesh ASTM standard stainless steel sieve. One set of processed Regolith and C-horizon soil sample weighing 500 grams each is to be sent for chemical analysis and other set of samples to be stored in headquarters for future reference. *Stream water (W): Stream water reflects interplay between the geosphere and hydrosphere. At the same time it is the main source of drinking water. Sample collection: Stream water samples are to be collected from flowing streams in 5' x 5' grids to represent the elemental distribution of that particular drainage basin. Normally 4 separate samples of different volumes are to be collected which are as follows: (i) 500 ml for IC ion analysis, (ii) 100 ml for ICP-MS and ICP-AES analysis, (iii) 60 ml for DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon) analysis and (iv) 100 ml for mercury analysis. These water samples are to be collected by a chemist in the presence of the concerned geologist/s. While collecting water samples the following procedures are to be followed.

1. All bottles are to be numbered as per guidelines.

2. The sample location is to be marked in the map and data sheet completed.

3. The polythene decanter is to be rinsed twice with stream water before filling up with the same, and pH and conductivity of water are to be measured by placing the electrodes in decanter water.

4. The 100 ml sample bottle is to be filled up with filtered water, after rinsing it twice with filtered water sample.

5. The 60 ml bottle is to be filled with filtered water in the same way as above.

6. The 500 ml sample bottle is to be rinsed with sample water twice before filling it up by submerging the bottle completely under water so that no air bubbles are left in the bottle. Once the bottle is full, it has to be closed tightly below the water level.

7. The bottle marked to collect Hg sample is to be rinsed with sample water and to be filled up to its neck, and the bottle is to be closed tightly.

8. Soon after the collection (at least on the same day) of the 100 ml filtered water sample for ICP-MS and ICP-AES analyses, 1.0 ml of conc. HNO3 is to be added to the water sample from a droplet bottle. The tightly closed bottle is to be shaken well in order to get the acid mixed well with the water.

9. No acid to be added to the 60 ml bottle containing water sample for determination of DOC.

10. 5 ml of HNO3 and potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) are to be added to 100 ml of water sample collected for determination of Hg.

11. Total alkalinity measurement is defined as the concentration of ions such as CO32-, HCO3, OH-, HSiO3-, H2BO3-, HPO42- and H2PO4- present in water that will neutralize hydrogen ion. However, in most waters HCO3- is the dominant ion between pH 4.5 and

7

8.3. The alkalinity is often expressed as milligram per litre of CaCO3. This is to be determined by Titration.

12. Rest of the analysis are to be carried out as per the directions of the chemical laboratory.

Two good resolution photographs of water sample collection are to be taken, one for close view and the other for distant view. *Humus (H): Humus is collected to understand the interaction between the vegetation and environment. The sample collection depends on its availability in the area of study. Sample collection: Humus develops on soils in thickly forested areas of tropical humid regions. Humus can be used to determine the atmospheric input of elements to the ecosystem. The uppermost decomposed black colour organic material (humus) should be collected as near as sampling sites. Sample points should be 5 metres away from the nearest tree and 3 metres from the nearest bushes. One kg of sample from the upper 3 cm of humus is to be collected over an area of 50 m x 50 m areas. From the same sample site, one kg of top soil below humus about 20 cm depth and 1 kg of sub-soil below 50 cm may be collected. Samples have to be air-dried at room temperature. Temperature more than 40C may cause Hg loss. After drying, the material has to be transferred to a new polythene bag, sealed and sent to chemical laboratory (250 grams). 250 grams of sample should be preserved as original sample. Two soil samples collected are to be processed in the same fashion as the soil sample processing described earlier and sent to the laboratory for analysis and duplicates are to be stored as usual. Two photographs have to be captured in good resolution, one depicting the general topography, another to show the closer view of the organic layer. *Flood plain sediment (F): Reflects geogenic composition of the catchment (basin) area. To be collected in a river basin having a catchment area of 500 to 1000 sq. km. The sample collection is subject to the development of flood plain deposit. Sample collection: This sample reflects geogenic composition of catchment (basin) area (whole drainage basin upstream) and sample is to be collected in case of a basin having an aerial extent of 500 to 1000 sq km. The samples to be collected will be of about 500 to 1000 grams. Two samples - one from the top and another from the bottom of a flood plain cycle are to be collected. The top sample is from 0-25 cm depth, collected after clearing surface organic layer. Two fractions are to be collected from the top separately: (i) < 2mm and another

8

2. Field Notes

Data sheet contains 17 columns (see data sheet) for recording various information available at the sample site. These are: i. Degree sheet and toposheet nos., ii. Sample no., iii. Stream order, iv. Stream length, v. Basin area, vi. Sample condition, vii. Channel character, viii. Stream bed, ix. Lithology, x. Land use, xi. Mineralization, xii. Contamination, xiii. Date of collection, xiv. Officers name etc. xv. Latitude, xvi. Longitude and xvii. Elevations (recorded through GPS). The officers should plot the unit sample locations (with latitude & longitude from the GPS ) on the toposheet /drainage map (base map). Land use pattern with different symbols should be depicted in the base map. This will serve two purposes (i) to check whether the coordinates of the unit sample locations are falling in correct locations and (ii) checking of the land use map prepared from satellite imagery or other sources with the field data. This helps in avoiding the errors introduced during the data entry. Note: When the GPS coordinates are recorded, the officers should record the datum used in the GPS receiver. In case defence series toposheets (with Polyconic projection and Everest spheroid/datum), Indo-Bangladesh datum has to be selected. When Open Series Map (OSM) is used, WGS-84 datum should be selected. All the GPS data collected should be with the same datum and should not be changed in the middle of FS. The datum information should be stored in the data sheets, Excel sheet and report. Any other interesting details can be recorded in the remarks column including the elemental deficiency or toxicity related medical problems in local population. Local Primary Health Centres may be visited, if necessary. Two photographs of close view and long view of SS sample location have to be taken in good resolution. All the 17 components of data, photographs and other field data have to be entered in the computer at the end of the day in the field camp. 3. Field Photographs Each photograph should be properly captioned for all the sample media and is to be stored as a soft copy. The photograph should be edited by putting Sample No. on it. 4. Communications with Lab The processed samples of various sampling media need to be properly labelled and numbered and different samples, along with the filled up Standard Excel Sheet, are to be dispatched to the designated laboratories for chemical analyses. The communication must be simple, direct and given only by designated personnel. The officers name, mobile number and e-mail address should also to be given.

9

III. WORK IN HEADQUARTERS

1. Analytical package details: The following table details the different analytical methods used for different packages. Procedural details are given in the chemical part in the same SOP of different chemical laboratories including the ANOVA for splitting the variance component being contributed by the operator, individual laboratory, batches of consumables, instrumental methods etc. Quality control efforts are always on to minimize the variance components at appropriate levels.

Analysis methods for various Elemental Packages Packages Methods Elements

Package A XRF Major, Minor oxides and some trace elements (see package details)

Package B GF-AAS Au

Package C F-AAS Li (from FS: 2013-14)

Package D HG-AAS As, Sb, Bi, Se and Te (from FS: 2013-14)

Package E ISE F

Package F GF-AAS Cd and Ag

Package G GF-AAS Hg

Package H ICP-MS REE and some trace elements (see the package details)

Package I AAS/ICP Pt, Pd

Package J ICP-MS Cs, Sn, Mo, In & Tl (from FS: 2013-14)

Package W:(A) + W(B) + W(C) Major, Minor and trace elements in water samples, Bicarbonates, salinity, PH, etc.

2. Analytical data results: From the Stream sediment, duplicate stream sediment, Regolith, C horizon samples, repeat or standards samples quality of analytical data, any abnormal / routine values, entry mistakes etc. should be followed by request for re-analysis when in doubt and then the results to be compared with the check analysis. "Missing" or "Insufficient sample" should be sent again for analysis. 3. Data entry: All the analytical results to be entered in the designated Excel format before processing of the data. This data will be used for report writing and also for uploading to the GSI Portal. Before processing, the data have to be treated properly for final use for generating elemental maps and generation of statistical parameters (see Portal data upload details in NGCM package-GSI portal/in Geodata divisions/NGCM projects). 1. The supplied Excel sheet is meant for creation of National Geospatial Database on National Geochemical Mapping. Any sort of change in the structure like merging of cells, addition of new column is forbidden. 2. Copy/Paste is forbidden as it destroys the validation of the database.

10

3. Whenever drop-down values are available, the cell should only be filled up by choosing value from the list. 4. Non-submission of the Standard Excel data sheet within the FSP will be treated as shortfall in Target. 4. Basic statistics: Basic statistics of each element i.e., details of statistical parameters calculated including mean, median, mode, standard deviation, kurtosis, skewness, minimum, maximum and sample total count and no. of samples above detection limit have to be provided along with the anomaly map. The detection limits and crustal abundance of each element are also to be provided with descriptive statistics table (see statistical parameters). The mean is the most common measure of central tendency. Summing all the scores in the distribution and dividing that sum by the total numbers of score. Median is the score that divides the distribution into halves. It is the middle score. The mode of a distribution is the most frequent or common score in the distribution. The variance is a measure based on the deviations of individual scores from the mean. It is the average of the sum of the squared deviations. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. The skewness is the degree of asymmetry in a distribution. A distribution is positively skewed when more number of data towards right side. In a negatively skewed distribution, more number of data is towards left side. Kurtosis reflects the concentration of scores in the centre of the distribution, the upper and lower tails and the shoulders of a distribution. 5. Correlation matrix: Total elemental correlation matrix, REE and HREE-LREE correlation matrices have to be generated and discussed in the report. The significance of the correlation coefficients is to be ascertained from the correlation table (at the 5% and 1% level of significance based on the degrees of freedom) from any standard book of statistics and due interpretations made in the text of the report. 6. Data handling: The NGCM data will be generated in three basic tabulated forms, (i) Unit cell data sheet (field details), (ii) Composite stream sediment sample data and (iii) soil/regolith sample data. In other optional cases the data sheets of (a) water, (b) humus, and (c) flood plain sample analysis will also be generated. All the data sheets will be filled in Excel sheets and will bear the unique sample ID as well as its coordinates from GPS. While feeding the data in Excel, utmost care has to be taken (see portal data upload details in NGCM package-GSI portal/in Geodata divisions/NGCM projects). 7. Data integrity and validation: 1. 'Autofilter' function of Excel should be used to check whether the coordinate values are within the bound latitude and longitude of the toposheet concerned. Similarly for analytical results, particularly the keyed in values for any typing error like "," for "." or capital "O" for zero or omission of decimal etc. 2. 'Post' function of the SURFER software should be used to check, whether the composite sample follows a grid pattern or not. While gridding with SURFER, particularly examine the grid report for existence of any duplicate value. 8. Interpretation of Analytical Data: In order to serve the basic objective of the NGCM programme, each elemental distribution map (contour map) must be interpreted. The elemental data interpretation has to be attempted in the report, which is mandatory. * Geochemical classified/ post-classified maps to be interpreted in terms of the geology of the area with the help of overlay of geological maps.

11

* Geochemical maps to be interpreted in terms of mineralized zones and spurious or anthropogenic anomalies separated out. * Agriculture related geochemical maps in terms of copper, zinc, chromium, manganese and phosphorous to be generated and interpreted, if significant. * Environment related geochemical maps in terms of lead, cadmium, mercury, selenium, arsenic and fluorine to be generated, if relevant. * Geological provinces by STATISTICA programme or Factor analysis (see the Factor analysis maps). Besides the maps, the elemental data has to be presented in a tabulated format along with basic statistics and at least with one multivariate analysis, viz. correlation matrix. It is mandatory to test the normality of data set and adopt normalization (logtransformation) in case of positively skewed data. 9. Data processing and creation of statistical parameters: Various steps to follow for data checking are

* Visual Inspection of the data for obvious outliers, typing mistakes and missing values. *Order the data in ascending or descending order. *Determine the data range, the maximum value and the minimum value. *Determine the number of valid data entries and calculate the number of required histogram

classes. *Calculate the class intervals. *Determine the number of data entries in each class interval and plot the frequencies in a

histogram. *Determine from the shape of the histogram curve if adaptation of the class intervals is required, for example conversion of normal to log-normal data. *Convert the number of data entries in each class into a percentage frequency. *Calculate the cumulative frequency percent in each class. 10. Histogram: Histogram indicates the type of distribution, range and data homogeneity in a dataset.

*Number of populations in the data if there is only little overlap. *Mode (most frequent occurring value). *Magnitude of the Standard Deviation (s) in case of one population. *Skewness and kurtosis.

Further details of statistical parameters and statistical data processing are described in Annexure-IV under Geochemical Data Analysis

11. Elemental maps: Elemental classified/post-classified maps may be generated through SURFER programme

* Determine the data range, the minimum and the maximum values.

* Calculate the class intervals i.e. minimum 5 to maximum 10 classes, depending upon the value range.

* The lowest value will be blue and highest value will be red; the intermittent values may be yellow or green colours. Grey colour (average to dark) maps can also be prepared. The classified maps also may be prepared based on various options available with SURFER packages. Generate maps for all the elements including K, U and Th and only the significant ones should be included

12

in the report. Contour maps need not be prepared for the elements where most of the samples (say about 70-80%) are analysed below the detection limits. These elements can be represented as a point map with its value on the background of geology or contour maps of other associated elements. For example in case of gold where most of the values are below DL, it can be plotted over an arsenic map, or over geology to understand the distribution.

Factor analysis: Factor analysis is a generic term that discusses a variety of mathematical procedures applicable to the analysis, of data matrix. The primary aim of factor analysis is to achieve a sample description of such a data matrix. It compresses the total information content of the multivariate data in terms of a few factors. This is useful in larger set of multivariate data in recognising relation among variables and removing the effect of unwanted or irrelevant process on the composition of the samples. The basic idea that factor analysis helps to visualise the n - number of variables in an imaginary n-dimensional space and the axis can be rotated to align in such a way that there is maximum loading along a few axes which may be orthogonal or oblique which help in a big way to interpret the natural processes. These axes having maximum loading are interpreted in terms of geological processes operative in the area (magmatism, hydrothermal alteration, metamorphism, metasomatism, etc). Once these are interpreted in terms of geological processes, the specific variables forming part of the high loading on the factor are tracked back to the map domain to interpret the maximum contributor samples which serve as the future domain of follow up (see the factor analysis maps).

11. Interpretation of elemental maps with geological maps: All elemental classified/post-classified maps of each element distribution are to be summarized with the underlying geological maps (see the geology map). Discussions are to be provided with groups of elemental relations and their geological provinces and the possibilities of mineral search in the area to be highlighted. The geological province and other elemental relationship with the factor analysis to be interpreted critically. Recommendations on type of work to be followed up in future are to be included in the report. The example for classes to fix the legend is as follows:

If values in ppb If values in ppm % 0.0-5 1.0-10 0.1-1.0 5.1-10 11-20 1.1-2.0 10.1-15 21-30 2.1-3.0 15.1-20 31-40 3.1-4.0 So on So on 4.1-5.0 so on

The classified /post-classified maps may be generated from 5 -10 classes of equal interval, depending upon the range of the anomalous values. The lower level of the map will be the (benchmark) threshold or background value of each element or the median value of standard global soil composition (see the table - global standard soil composition).

* ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials, an International standards organisation, BSS: British Standard Sieve series.

12. Geochemical sample room: All the sample bottles of original 250gms and 500gms of stream sediment/slope wash, duplicate stream sediment, regolith and C-horizon sample etc., have to be stored separately in the geochemical sample room. The samples should be arranged on wooden/steel racks. Each toposheet samples in one rack (see the sample storage annexure). Storage of hard copies of all the field data (17 components) sheets, analytical datasheets, and

13

photographs (in soft copy) is mandatory in NGCM data repository project at State Unit offices for the future reference.

13. Storage and Back up: After the completion of the field work, the copies of the duly filled Excel data sheets of all the analytical data will be sent to Regional Geodata Division and to Dy. DG & Head, Mission-I and Dy. DG, PSS-P&M for storage and back-up.

IV. REPORT SUBMISSION AND REPORT FORMAT

The NGCM report has been classified in to three categories: i. Report comprising less than 40 elemental results is a progress report. ii. Report comprising more than 40 and less than 68 elemental results is an interim report. iii. Report comprising 68 elemental data is the final report. Three new elemental data will be

available from FSP: 2014-15 onwards. The authors should submit the report within the prescribed time schedule. However if the results are received later, the analytical part has to be submitted as a part of annexure of the report by the same author/s through proper channel wherever he/they is /are posted, even on promotion. The final report will be cleared only when the accepting authority/committee accepts the report in all respects.

V. DATA UPLOADING IN GSI PORTAL General instructions The NGCM data entry structure has been adopted following the draft NGCM guidelines. This data entry format will be used for all the data generated before the GSI PORTAL goes online. All the field and laboratory data will be entered in this format toposheet-wise and for each toposheet a single MS Excel file will be stored. The MS Excel file "NGCM Data entry format.xls" contains 18 worksheets as described below. Do not modify or populate the original file. Keep the original file intact in a separate folder and copy the file to a new folder. Rename the file reflecting the Toposheet number on which the project is executed (For example NGCMdata45K01.xls). The field geologist should enter the information collected in the field, along with the latitude longitude information, i.e. the three worksheets i. Sample Desc, ii. Field photo and iii. Composite Desc (and the worksheets containing information regarding water sample analysis done at the field). All the remaining sheets are to be filled by the respective chemical laboratory personnel depending upon the packages. Once the above-mentioned three worksheets are filled up, copies should be sent to the concerned laboratories along with the samples for necessary data entry work. Chemical laboratories in charge of different packages should fill up the respective worksheets and return the file to the field geologist. The field geologist in turn would verify and integrate all the worksheets received from the laboratories and preserve the final file with all worksheets duly filled up. Note: Please keep a back-up at every stage (There are 18 work sheets from A-R)

14

A). Sample Desc: This worksheet will be used for entering the general information and field data. Most of the fields are lexicon controlled and user has to select the values from an existing standardized list. The fields are listed below: 1. Worker's name: Enter the name of geoscientists involved in the project; for each sample enter only one name. If more than one officer is involved, distribute the names judiciously among the total collected samples. 2. Designation: Choose from list 3. Operation: Choose from list 4. Region: Choose from list 5. FSP Year: Choose from list 6. FSP Item No.: Enter the FSP Item Number as approved 7. District: Choose from list 8. Toposheet No.: Choose from list 9. Composite Cell: Enter a number between 1 and 300, ~180 cells (2 km x 2 km) will be there

per toposheet - rest of the numbers can be chosen for the duplicate samples 10. Unit Cell: Choose from list 11. Date of Collection: enter the date in the format mm/dd/yy 12. Latitude Deg: enter a value between 4-37 13. Latitude Min: enter a value between 1-59 14. Latitude Sec: enter a value between 1-59.99 15. In deg/min/sec: will be automatically populated based on the values entered in 12, 13

& 14 16. In Decimal: will be automatically populated based on the values entered in 12, 13 & 14 17. Longitude Deg: enter a value between 68-98 18. Longitude Min: enter a value between 1-59 19. Longitude Sec: enter a value between 1-59.99 20. In deg/min/sec: will be automatically populated based on the values entered in 17, 18 & 19 21. In Decimal: will be automatically populated based on the values entered 17, 18 & 19 22. Elevation: enter (a value between 0 to 10000) elevation of the point of sample collection in metres 23. Sample Type: choose from List 24. Sample Code: will be automatically populated based on the values entered in column W or

23 25. Unit Cell Sample No.: will be automatically populated based on the values entered in

8, 9, 10, 24 and 11 26. Quantity: amount of sample collected in grams (value between 0 & 5000) 27. Mesh: choose from list 28. Rock Type: choose from list 29. Rock: choose from list (If no rock is detected, select the value 'no rock detected in 25m

radius') 30. Formation: choose from list 31. Group: choose from list 32. Structure: choose from list 33. Structural Measurement: refer the draft guideline 34. Metamorphic Minerals: choose from list 35. Stream Order: choose from list 36. Upstream length: enter the value in metres 37. Basin Area: enter the value in square metres

15

38. Stream condition: choose from list 39. Channel character: choose from list 40. Stream Bed material: choose from list 41. Land use: choose from list 42. Landscape: choose from list 43.Contamination: Any visible sign of contamination present around the area of sample

collection; mention distance from the site of sample collection and if possible the area affected in sq. metres

44. Soil horizon: choose from list 45. Soil depth: depth in metres (value between 0 & 10) at which sample is collected 46. Slope: choose from list 47. Remarks on geological set-up: brief description on surrounding geology 48. Remarks on soil, if any: brief description on soil type, condition etc. B). Field Photo: 1. Unit Cell No: choose from List 2. File name of the Photograph: Store the photograph in the same folder and put the file name in this column. Optionally the entry may be hyperlinked also. 3. Caption: Brief description of the photograph C). Composite Desc: This worksheet will be used for entering details about the composite samples. Most of the fields are validated and user has to select the values from an existing standardized list. The fields are discussed below: 1. Composite sample No.: choose from list. This list will be generated based on the values entered in the Sample Desc worksheet. 2. The latitude longitude values are to be entered in the same way as in the Sample Desc worksheet 3. Quantity: amount of sample collected in grams (values between 0 - 10000) 4. Duplicate: choose Yes / No based on whether any duplicate sample has been collected and sent for analysis. 5. Repeat: choose Yes / No based on whether any sample / radical / element has been sent for repeat analysis. 6. Remarks on geological set-up: brief description on surrounding geology. 7. Remarks on soil, if any: brief description on soil type, condition etc.

The following worksheets are to be used for entering solid / water sample analysis data. The worksheets have been formatted as per the NGCM Analytical Package List. All the worksheets that have some common fields apart from the respective list of determinants as per the package. The common fields are as follows:

1. Composite sample No.: choose from list. This list will be generated based on the values entered in the Sample Desc worksheet. 2. Date of receipt at Lab: enter the value in mm/dd/yy 3. Laboratory: Name of the laboratory 4. Batch No.: Batch no. of the samples 5. Lab. No.: Lab No. of the samples as assigned by the lab 6. Analyzed by: Name and designation of the analyst 7. Analysis date: enter the value in mm/dd/yy

16

D). XRF Package (A): To be used for analysis of samples using XRF following the Sample Package A. The fields are described below: 1. SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO, MgO, MnO, Na2O, K2O, and P2O5: Data for these oxides are to be entered in percentage (enter any value between -10 to 100). The minimum detection limit for each oxide is mentioned in the parentheses. Values below the detection limit should be entered as '-10' (Do not use the less than sign '

17

O). W (B): This worksheet is to be used only for entering the trace elements in water samples analyzed by ICP-MS (See ICP-MS (H) for the list of elements). P). W(C): This worksheet is to be used only for entering the values of As, F and B in ppb in water samples. Q). W (D): This worksheet is to be used only for entering the values of Hg in ppb in water samples. R). REPEAT: This worksheet will be used for entering values of determinant for samples sent / used for repeat analysis. Select the analysis method, determinant, Op (the default value is =) and unit from the list. Value is a free field. All other fields are common fields. Samples for which repeat analysis has been done should be marked 'Yes' in the 'Repeat' field of Composite Desc worksheet. S). Duplicate Details: This worksheet will be maintained as a reference for the duplicate samples. Samples for which duplicate has been sent should be marked 'Yes' in the 'Duplicate' field of Composite Desc worksheet. This worksheet has to be separated before sending the file to the Chemical laboratory. The concerned Geologist should maintain this worksheet for his reference.

1.Original sample No.: Select the Actual composite sample number from the list,

2.Duplicate sample No.: Enter the Duplicate sample number for the same sampl,e

3.Standard Reference Material (SRM): To enter the results for the SRM samples, which are simultaneously analyzed along with stream sediment / soil / water / regolith samples, use the respective package worksheets. 300 rows are reserved for entering analysis results for actual samples. From row no 301 onwards, SRM analyzed data can be entered.

i

ANNEXURE - I FORMAT OF REPORT STRUCTURE

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

(The above captions should be in bilingual form with Hindi caption first followed by English caption)

REPORT ON NATIONAL GEOCHEMICAL MAPPING IN PARTS OF TOPOSHEET NOS. 56 D/12 & D/16 in RAICHUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA

(Field Seasons: 2002-03 & 2003-04) (Title of the report should be in Bilingual form with the Hindi title first followed by that in English.)

Author/s (in Bilingual form in Hindi first followed by that in English.)

SU: Karnataka and Goa Southern Region

(Bilingual with Hindi first)

2004

A design of the cover page of the report to be submitted by the geologist

ii

Structure of Geochemical mapping report

ABSTRACT (bilingual) Introduction Previous literature General Geology Thematic maps to be generated Sampling methodology and procedure Statistical analysis and Geochemical maps Conclusions & Recommendations References Introduction (should include) General introduction Communication Physiography Climate Water supply Soil erosion Fauna and Flora Acknowledgement

Previous literature Should include references of all the earlier geochemical studies and mineral investigations assess the existing database and establish method of normalising (1) General Geology A concise account of regional geological set up, stratigraphic succession, structural geology, mineral deposits and any mining activities, etc.

Thematic maps Geological map (digitised map from Geodata Division). The elemental distribution maps should be generated by SURFER 10 or any other new version. Human health and environmental factor data (drawn from Environmental Geology Division and local authorities like Primary health centre and PHED etc). Airborne geophysical map (digitised Map from AMSE)*

Drainage map (from Geoinformatics programme of Geodata Division) Slope map (to be generated with Geodata Division help)* Mineral map (from Geoinformatics programme of Geodata Division) Landuse and land-cover map (to be generated at GCM divisions but digitised with the help of Geodata Division) ** and Soil Map (from NBSS & LUP) **

Sampling methodology and procedure Details about the media of sampling, quantity of samples, spatial distribution of samples, mesh size of the samples, storing of samples, routing of the samples for analysis etc., are to be dealt.

Statistical analysis & geochemical maps Basic statistics of the elements analysed, geochemical maps of all the elements generated with SURFER, interpretation of elements/group-wise with factor analysis maps related with geology are to be included.

iii

Conclusion & Recommendations Conclusions based on collation and synthesis of all the data generated in this spatial domain is to be provided here. Report should include copies of the field data sheets (entered in the 'Sample description' Sheet) in Standard Excel format for permanent storage. Follow up actions need to be mentioned including specific instructions whether further analysis of samples on a large scale grid is required. If the composite samples show anomalous distribution worth following up, immediate analysis should be taken up for the unit cell samples covering the upstream of the basins showing anomaly.

References All the references consulted and relevant are to be included, References should be as per the format of Indian Journal of Geosciences Points to be ensured Reports to be made available in soft copy (CD) CD should contain: Text part of report, Digital data pertaining to thematic maps, Standard Excel sheet on field sampling details and Data sheets on chemical analysis. The Soft copies (CD) should be accessed through competent authority. * At present kept as optional, ** Optional but could be generated by SURFER Levelling and Normalization of Existing Data Sets Parametric, linear or non-linear levelling may be used where it is possible to reanalyze some samples or recollect samples from some of the same sites or if reference materials were analyzed in both data sets; In other situations it is necessary to apply non-parametric normalization, using the fractal method or Clarkes normalization. Report submission: Draft report will be received by expert/committee through proper channel: 1. First draft report should be submitted as on date with all the contents as per the guidelines. 2. Second draft report should contain all the format/contents, as on date i.e. at least with ICP-MS or XRF results from authors (wherever they are posted). Concerned officers are responsible till they are in the department. 3. After receiving 68 elemental analysis, the pending elemental data appendix with interpretation should be incorporated as an appendix/part of the report to the main report. 4. The 1,2,3 (partly) reports may be accepted only after modifications attended by authors. The expert/committee should scrutinize the report in all the above stages and should accept only after the necessary modifications are attended by the authors. Time schedule available in GSI portal.

iv

ANNEXURE-II

SOME IMPORTANT GUIDELINES: 1. Basic guidelines for sampling in the Peninsular India The important aspect of the NGCM is to create a geochemical landscape of the country for knowing its present baseline geochemistry. In order to do this a representative sample of (with GPS coordinates) unit cell with a dimension of 1 km x 1 km has been selected as the basic building block. Fluvial sediments have been selected as the backbone of the sampling media as this media of samples carry the signatures of a larger area as compared to in-situ soils.

The constraining factors are: *The stream should originate in the same cell and the sample at its collection point, (generally fine sediments/silt-clay) should represent the maximum area of the unit cell. The total basin area or influence area of 1st, 2nd or 3rd order streams overlap allowed upto to a maximum of 25% of the neighbouring unit cells. This should be explained in the remarks column. *In case a proper/ representative stream is absent then the general slope direction of water flow has to be determined and slope wash material from 3 - 5 appropriate locations has to be collected. Try to collect fine sediments/silt-clayey material - so that the fluvial and slope wash material having the same grain size range may yield good analytical results. The most difficult part of sample location in Peninsular India is posed by large cultivated areas, particularly in irrigated areas. In all such cases the suitable sample point has to be located after reaching the tentative sample location point. The material thus collected will be equivalent to slope wash material. 2. Instructions for sampling in Himalayan Mountains and inaccessible regions In this domain since enough stream sediment sample material is not available in 1st, 2nd or 3rd order streams at 1 km x 1 km cell level, one sample in a grid of 2 km x 2 km or even more, is to be collected and submitted with thorough homogenization. Search for samples is to be made at points of break in slope, margins of streams or below the obstructions in the stream bed. Wet sample collection and wet sieving in active streams is recommended. 3. Instructions for sampling in alluvial areas In this terrain, two sets of sample have to be collected. The first set would be collected in a grid of 4 sq km following the soil sampling procedure in Peninsular India. The only difference in such sampling would be that no composite samples are required and the samples would be submitted to the chemical laboratory, as it is, retaining the other set of samples. The second set of samples in a 4 x 4 grid is not a set of two samples. The 4 x 4 grid consists of 4 nos. of 2 x 2 grids. It was suggested that on one of the four locations, a bottom sample will be collected below 50 cm depth. The design of the data sheet in this case would be simple and would omit many of the inputs pertaining to streams but should have information on soil and slope. 4. Instructions for sampling in desert areas Sampling should be avoided in active sand dune areas. Stream sediments are to be sampled in stabilized dune areas at a grid interval of 4 sq km. The size fraction should be either +10 or + 20 or -120 mesh. It is advisable to carry out granulometric studies to fix the required grain

v

size and 2 to 4 cm top layer has to be removed before sampling. In loess areas normal stream sediment sampling method, (i.e., mesh -120) is to be followed. 5. Bedrock samples Geologist while carrying GCM, is advised to record shear zones/gossan zones indicating local enrichment of base metals or any other economic minerals. Bed rock samples, as required. to be collected from these zones. 6. Stream sediment for heavies * Samples are to be collected in streams for the study of heavy mineral concentrates, particularly for identifying indicator minerals in search of diamond, tin, tungsten, gold, etc. 7. Report containing the analysis up to 40 elements is progress report, Report containing the analysis of 41 to 67 elements is interim report and report containing the analysis of 68 elements is final report. As and when the results pour in after circulation of the Interim report, the subsequent report will be termed as vol. 1, 2,3 etc and to be uploaded in GSI Portal.

8. Unit Quality Management cell for GCM data repository at state units and regions

i. Director of Geodata Division, one of the directors of NGCM project and one part time officer of Geodata Division may be entrusted for doing this job.

ii. Whenever an officer sends samples to chemical lab, a copy of the details may be submitted to Geodata Division and also to the Quality Management Cell.

iii. A copy of the analytical results from chemical labs should be forwarded to Geodata Division by the labs. (This may be required till the LMS module is operational).

iv. As and when the data are received (at least on a monthly basis), the Regional Geochemical Division is to generate integrated maps of all the existing and newly received data. Existence of any bias or outliers in the data are to be identified and reported.

9. Abbreviations for sample media

Sample type: Stream sediment/Slope wash/Tank sediment (SS), Regolith (R)-Soil (C); Water: Stream water (W), Spring water (SP), Well (WW), Stream order: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th etc; Stream condition: Wet (Wet), Dry (Dry), Channel Character: Natural (N), Reinforced (RF), Manmade (MM), etc. Stream Bed: Gravel (Gr), Sand (Sd), Silt-silty (St), Clay (CL), Rocky (Rk), Landscape: Plain (Pl), Undulation (Un), Rugged (Ru), Land use: Agriculture (Ag), Pasture Land (Pa), Forest (Fo), Barren (Ba), Others-specify; Contamination: Old working (OW), Mine Dump (MD), Others specify

vi

12. Medical Geology

Field geologist should give attention/record the medical problems of local human health i.e. people suffering by (from) diseases due (owing) to excess (toxic) or deficiency of elemental intake in the area, if any.

Average abundance of some important elements in crust, soil and their toxic presence in ppm

This table taken from the THE MEDICAL GEOLOGY editor, Olle Selinus et. al. 2005, Elsevier publication.

Agricultural soil Toxic Element Crustal abundance

Soil abundance Average Range Agri. Industrial

Cu 70 30 13-24 1-205 63 100 Zn 80 90 64 17-125 200 360 Pb 16 35 32 3-189 70 600 As 5 6 5.8

ANNEXURE-III

NGCM Sample Storage plan in the Operational /Project level

National Geochemical MappingSAMPLE PRESERVATION ROAD MAP

Stage-I

A BC D

001002

Unit Cell

Composite Cell

Left corner of Toposheet

Toposheet No. 45K/ 1

1. Unit cell No : 45K1/ 1A/ S/ 03 to 45K1/ 1D/ S/ 032. Composite cell No : 45K1/ 001/ S/ 03

Geological survey of India

Sample numbering schemeSample numbering starts from SW corner of toposheet

Dimension of unit cell 1 km x 1kmDimesion of composite cell 2 km x 2 kmSample codesS - Stream sedimentsC/ R - Soil ('C' horizon, 'R' Regolith)W - Water

T.S. No/ Compsite sample No/ Medium of sampling/ year

Stage-II Unit cell sampling500 gm sample is collected from unit cell

Stage-III Preparation of composite sample

1A 1B 1C 1D Samples

500 gm 500 gm 500 gm 500gm Weight

250 gm 250 gm( Stored )

250 gm 250 gm( Stored )

250 gm 250 gm( Stored )

250 gm 250 gm( Stored )

Mixed & homoginised

Coning and quartering

Stored in GCM Project Sent to the Chemical Lab.( 500 gm ) ( 500 gm )

Sample details from one toposheet

Total unit cell samples - 700 No (1 km grid)Total composite samples - 182 No (4 km grid)Total soil samples - 9 "C" + 9 "R" = 18 (5' grid)Total water samples - 36 No (4 form each 5')

Splitting

vii

Stage-IV Sample storage at GCM project level

The unit cell samples weighing 250 gms are stored in air tight non-contaminatingtransparent high quality plastic jars.

The comosite samples and soil and regolith samples weighing 500 gms are also presrved in similar plastic jars

All the samples are kept in specially designed racks in a dustfree room.

Rack for toposheet 45 K/1

Topm

ost r

ack

Oth

er ra

cks

Composite stream sample weighing 500 gms each and soil and regolith samples of same weight

Unit cell stream sample weighing250 gms each

( PLAN VIEW)

The rack is usually made of slotted steel frame in which individual trays containgsample jars can be adjusted for height clearance.

001 002 003 004 005

Sream sed,

Regolith

'C' horizon

Sream sed,

Stage-V Plan of sample storage room at GCM project level (MODULAR DESIGN)

45k/1

45k/2

45k/3

45k/4

45k/5

45k/6

45k/7

45k/8

45k/9

45k/10

45k/11

45k/12

45k/13

45k/14

45k/15

45k/16

The location plan of samples should not alter and should be given as a platein the report

Stage-VI Retrival of samples for further studies at a later date

There will a regular mechanism of issue of NGM samples for further studies andanalysis by an issueing authority aginst a prescribed format (see later)

Number increment

Space formovement

viii

ANNEXURE-IV

QUALITY MANAGEMENT (MONITORING)

DATA SHEET FOR FIELD ITEMS Part I (to be filled in by the field officer month-wise) 1. Field Season: . 2. Year 3. Month 4. FSP No. 5. Region/Mission 6. Personnel .. ..

7. Date of commencement of Field work 8. No .of days in field during the current month 9. % Prorata coverage of targets during the current month

10. % Prorata coverage of targets since commencement of field season

11. Significant findings and achievements during the month

12. Remarks/ Constraints (if any)

Date: Signature Name & Designation

Part II (to be filled in by the supervisory officer) 13. Name of the supervisory officer and designation 14. Inspection by the supervisory officer during the month

Yes / No

15. No of days spent on field inspection 16. Brief note on advice rendered to the field party and efforts to address/remove constraints noticed, if any:

17. Whether technical advice rendered during previous field visit, has been attended by the field party?:

18. Whether field inspection note was prepared and sent to DDG & field party (mention date) ?

19. Whether the supervisory officer is satisfied with the progress and quality of field work carried out by the field party

20. Comments on the quality of field work:

Date: Signature Part III: Remarks of the DDG/Mission Head Date Signature/Name & Designation

ix

x

ANNEXURE - V

GGEEOOCCHHEEMMIICCAALLDDAATTAAAANNAALLYYSSIISS

The NGCM samples collected from field are processed and composited as per the

standard procedure described earlier. The composite samples are analyzed in 10

differentpackagesasperthedetailsgivenbelow.

Package Oxides/Elements Unit NoofOxides/Elements

MethodofAnalysis

SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, Na2O, K2O, TiO2,CaO,MgO,MnO,P2O5

% 10A

Ba,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Rb,Sc,Sr,V,Zn,Zr,Co,Ga,Nb,Th,Y

ppm 16

XRF

B Au ppb 1 AASGTA

C Li ppm 1 AASFlame

D As,Bi,Sb,Se,Te ppm 5 AASFIAS

E Fluoride(F) ppm 1 ISE

F Ag,Cd ppb 2 AAS_GTA

G Hg ppb 1 DMA

H La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Eu,Sm,Tb,Gd,Dy,Ho,Er,Yb,Lu,Tm

ppb

Be,Ge,Hf,Ta,U,W ppm

20

ICPMS

I Pt,Pd ppb 2 ICPMS

J Cs, Sn, Mo, In & Tl ppm 5 ICPMS

Thefollowingstepsmustbefollowedinprocessingtheanalyticaldatareceivedfromthe

chemicallabs.

DataPreparation

Inordertoestablishtheauthenticityand integrityofthedatasets,the followingsteps

shouldbetakenfordatapreparationbeforeanalysis.

xi

1. Thepackagewiseanalyticaldatareceivedshouldbeintegratedinasinglespread

sheetwiththelocation(coordinates)ofeachcompositesample.

2. The less than detection limit (

xii

xiii. Thecumulativefrequencypercentineachclasstobecalculated.

UnivariateStatisticalAnalysis

UnivariateStatisticsexploresthecharacteristicssuchasrangeandcentraltendencyof

valuesofeachindividualvariable(Davis,2002).Univariateanalysisshouldbecarriedout

foreachoftheoxide/elementtounderstanditsbasiccharacteristics.

a. Basic Statistics: Basic statistical parameters like Range,Mean,Mode,Median,

Standard deviation, Skewness, Kurtosis etc. for each oxide/element should be

calculated to study the distribution characteristics of the variables. The

DescriptiveStatistics toolof the DataAnalysisTools inExcel canbeused to

calculatethebasicstatisticalparametersofeachvariable.

Significanceofsomeimportantbasicstatisticalparameters

VarianceandStandardDeviation

Instatistics,variance(2)measureshowfarasetofnumbersisspreadout.(Avarianceofzero

indicates that all the values are identical.) A nonzero variance is always positive. A small

variance indicatesthatthedatapointstendtobeveryclosetothemean(expectedvalue)and

hence toeachother,whileahighvariance indicates that thedatapointsareveryspreadout

fromthemeanandfromeachother.ForunivariatedataY1,Y2, ...,YN,Variance isexpressedas

theaverageofthesquareddifferencesfromtheMean

2 =N

YY 2)( whereYisthemean,sisthestandarddeviation,andNisthenumberofdatapointsStandard deviation () It shows how much variation or dispersion from the average exists. A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be very close to the mean (also called expected value); a

high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a large range of values.

Standard deviation is expressed as the square root of the Variance.

=N

YY 2)(

xiii

Skewness: It is a measure of the asymmetry of theprobability distributionof areal

valuedrandomvariableaboutitsmean.Theskewnessvaluecanbepositiveornegative,oreven

undefined. The skewness does not determine the relationship of mean and median. As a

general rule, most of the time for data skewed to the right that it is positively skewed, the

mean will be greater than the mode and median where mode < median < mean. A

distributionwithnegative skew that is skewed to the leftmostof the time canhaveamean

lower than median and mode (mean < median < mode). For univariate dataY1,Y2, ...,YN,

Skewnessisdefinedbythefollowingformula

Skewness = = Ni sN YYi1 33

)1()(

whereYisthemean,sisthestandarddeviation,andNisthenumberofdatapoints.

1. Negative skew: The left tail is longer indicating that the mass of the distribution isconcentratedontherightofthefigure.Thedistribution issaidtobeleftskewed,lefttailed,orskewedtotheleft.

2. Positive skew: The right tail is longer indicating the mass of the distribution isconcentratedontheleftofthefigure.Thedistributionissaidtoberightskewed,righttailed,orskewedtotheright.

Kurtosis: Kurtosis is ameasureofwhether thedata arepeakedor flat relative to anormal

distribution.It isalsoanotherstatisticalmeasureusedtodescribethedistributionofobserved

data around themean.As in the caseofskewness,kurtosis is adescriptorof the shapeof a

probabilitydistribution.Thatis,datasetswithhighkurtosistendtohaveadistinctpeaknearthe

mean,declineratherrapidly,andhaveheavytails.Datasetswithlowkurtosistendtohaveaflat

topnearthemeanratherthanasharppeak.Auniformdistributionwouldbetheextremecase.

ForunivariatedataY1,Y2,...,YN,Kurtosisisdefinedbythefollowingformula

Kurtosis = = Ni sN YYi1 44

)1()(

whereYisthemean,sisthestandarddeviation,andNisthenumberofdatapoints.

b. StudyofHistograms:Ahistogramisagraphicalrepresentationofthedistribution

ofdataandformsoneoftheSevenBasicToolsofQuality.Itisanestimateofthe

probability distribution of a continuous variable and an important tool for

xiv

exploratorydataanalysis.Ahistogramconveysthefollowing informationabout

thedata.

I. shapeofthefrequencydistribution(probabilitydistribution)

II. symmetry(skewness)ofthedistribution

III. modality(unimodal,bimodal,multimodal)

c. Thedistributionpatternofthe importantoxidesandelementsmustbestudied

usinghistograms.

MultivariateAnalysis

Multivariate statistics enables us to simultaneous observation and analysis of more than one

variable. Itallowsustolookathowmultiplevariableschangetogether.Itdealswiththe

statisticalproceduresusedtodescribetherelationshipbetweentwoormorevariables.

Ingeochemicalmappingmorethanonevariable(oxide/element) ismeasuredoneach

observationunit (sample).Different variablesmeasuredon the same sample tend to

changetogether insomemanner,basedontheirgeochemicalaffinity.Variableswhich

havenorelationtoeachotheraresaidtobemutuallyindependent;thatis,anincrease

or decrease in one variable is not accompanied by predictable change in another

variable.Similarly,someelementstendtovarycoherentlyornoncoherentlywithsome

otherelements.Becauseelementalassociationisruledbygeochemistry,wemusthave

somemeasure todescribe theirmutual interaction.The followingmethods shouldbe

usedtoascertainthedegreeofassociationamongelements.

ScatterPlots

Scatter Plots are used to investigate the possible relationship between a pair of

variablesrelatedtothesame"event."Astraightlineofbestfit(usingtheleastsquares

method)isdrawntomeasurethedegreeofvariability.Theimportantcharacteristicsof

the scatter plots used for determining themutual relationships among elements are

describedbelow.

Ifthepointscluster inabandrunningfrom lower lefttoupperright,there isapositivecorrelation(ifxincreases,yincreases).

xv

Ifthepointsclusterinabandfromupperlefttolowerright,thereisanegativecorrelation(ifxincreases,ydecreases).

Thebestfitstraightlineorcurvedrawnthroughthedataindicatesthedegreeofrelationship between a pair of variables. Themore the points cluster closely

aroundthebestfitline,thestrongertherelationshipbetweenthetwovariables.

If it is hard to determine where to draw a line, and if the points show nosignificantclustering,thereisprobablynocorrelation.

Scatter plots should be prepared for each pairs of elements to know the mutual

relationshipamongelements.

CorrelationCoefficient

Correlation Coefficient (R) is a measure of strength and direction of the linear

relationship between two variables that is defined in terms of the covariance of the

variablesdividedbytheirstandarddeviations.AsincaseofNGCM,severalvariablesor

pairs of variables are to be studied, a correlation coefficientmatrix is calculated for

understanding therelationshipofeachoxide/elementwitheachotheroxide/element.

Thecorelationcoefficientvariesbetween1to+1.

I. Highpositivecorrelation(valuecloseto+1)betweenapairofoxides/elements

indicateshighdegreeofgeochemicalaffinitybetweenthepair.

II. Highnegativecorrelation(valuecloseto1)betweenapairofoxides/elements

indicateshighnegativegeochemicalaffinitybetweenthepair.Ifthevalueofone

element increases, that of the other elementdecreases.A typical example of

suchnegativecorrelationisnormallyobservedbetweenSiO2andFe2O3.

Mission-IRectangle

Mission-IRectangle

Mission-IRectangle

Au Si Al Fe Ca Mg K Mn Ti P LI Be B V Cr Co Ni Cu Zn As Sr Y Nb Mo Ag Cd Sn Sb Ba La Ce W Pb Bi ZrAu 1.00Si 0.04 1.00Al -0.03 0.13 1.00Fe 0.09 -0.32 0.49 1.00Ca -0.06 -0.76 -0.57 -0.27 1.00Mg 0.02 -0.56 0.10 0.60 0.17 1.00K 0.02 0.51 0.22 -0.42 -0.33 -0.53 1.00Mn -0.13 -0.16 0.10 0.26 0.00 0.25 -0.37 1.00Ti 0.03 0.01 -0.03 0.53 -0.22 0.13 -0.28 0.27 1.00P 0.06 -0.25 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.23 0.10 -0.11 -0.13 1.00LI 0.02 0.15 0.16 -0.08 -0.18 0.00 0.15 -0.08 -0.14 0.02 1.00Be 0.04 -0.20 -0.03 -0.12 0.30 -0.01 0.11 -0.03 -0.19 -0.05 -0.08 1.00B 0.11 0.14 -0.05 0.11 -0.14 -0.02 0.11 -0.15 0.32 -0.01 -0.14 0.02 1.00V 0.08 -0.30 0.38 0.93 -0.24 0.55 -0.48 0.22 0.57 0.10 -0.08 -0.25 0.04 1.00Cr -0.02 -0.20 0.22 0.44 -0.10 0.57 -0.18 0.14 0.19 0.07 0.07 -0.04 0.12 0.38 1.00Co 0.04 -0.41 0.32 0.88 -0.10 0.70 -0.61 0.37 0.44 0.10 0.02 -0.14 -0.01 0.86 0.52 1.00Ni -0.05 -0.35 0.25 0.53 0.02 0.66 -0.46 0.19 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.02 0.00 0.48 0.78 0.72 1.00Cu 0.08 -0.24 0.48 0.77 -0.22 0.48 -0.36 0.03 0.29 0.17 0.01 0.11 0.08 0.69 0.34 0.74 0.62 1.00Zn 0.11 -0.21 0.44 0.77 -0.27 0.42 -0.16 0.16 0.41 0.31 0.07 -0.12 0.19 0.70 0.36 0.62 0.35 0.59 1.00As 0.32 -0.05 -0.03 0.14 0.00 0.06 -0.24 -0.13 -0.01 0.11 0.09 -0.14 -0.03 0.21 0.01 0.20 0.20 0.23 0.12 1.00Sr -0.05 0.30 -0.09 -0.61 0.01 -0.39 0.56 -0.22 -0.30 -0.08 0.01 0.24 0.00 -0.62 -0.27 -0.67 -0.45 -0.53 -0.50 -0.26 1.00Y 0.02 0.01 0.07 0.33 -0.16 0.07 -0.17 0.19 0.49 -0.06 0.35 -0.16 -0.12 0.40 0.11 0.37 0.18 0.18 0.31 0.12 -0.16 1.00Nb -0.07 -0.22 -0.27 -0.16 0.31 0.03 -0.16 0.28 -0.10 0.03 0.11 -0.42 -0.29 -0.01 0.00 -0.04 -0.10 -0.50 -0.11 0.02 -0.07 0.12 1.00Mo 0.03 -0.18 0.11 0.44 -0.07 0.25 -0.27 0.07 0.27 0.18 0.16 -0.33 -0.06 0.57 0.21 0.45 0.27 0.30 0.40 0.41 -0.37 0.33 0.23 1.00Ag -0.01 -0.05 0.12 -0.01 0.05 0.01 0.12 -0.08 -0.07 0.05 -0.07 0.37 0.06 -0.14 0.02 -0.04 0.09 0.18 0.02 -0.16 0.15 -0.12 -0.41 -0.28 1.00Cd -0.02 -0.34 0.10 0.23 0.22 0.35 -0.21 0.28 0.01 0.03 -0.15 0.47 0.05 0.06 0.18 0.27 0.29 0.33 0.11 -0.16 -0.06 -0.11 -0.35 -0.11 0.30 1.00Sn -0.03 -0.04 -0.02 0.05 -0.03 0.12 -0.25 -0.17 -0.07 0.07 0.16 -0.34 -0.16 0.20 0.04 0.16 0.23 0.15 0.01 0.60 -0.25 0.11 0.19 0.42 -0.27 -0.28 1.00Sb -0.01 -0.12 0.04 0.10 0.08 0.06 -0.12 -0.11 0.09 0.11 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.09 0.03 0.15 0.25 0.23 0.08 0.17 -0.08 0.04 -0.19 -0.03 0.23 0.05 0.15 1.00Ba -0.08 0.53 -0.02 -0.69 -0.17 -0.65 0.67 -0.21 -0.29 -0.17 0.15 0.11 0.02 -0.71 -0.30 -0.70 -0.46 -0.53 -0.50 -0.22 0.69 -0.16 -0.11 -0.45 0.11 -0.20 -0.20 -0.01 1.00La -0.05 0.27 -0.09 -0.51 0.01 -0.44 0.41 -0.11 -0.14 -0.05 0.48 0.14 -0.08 -0.51 -0.18 -0.43 -0.23 -0.40 -0.30 -0.10 0.47 0.41 0.04 -0.16 0.06 -0.15 -0.12 0.02 0.60 1.00Ce 0.02 0.31 0.00 -0.14 -0.17 -0.27 0.24 -0.24 0.06 -0.05 0.26 0.15 0.13 -0.21 -0.08 -0.13 -0.04 -0.02 -0.14 -0.03 0.34 0.29 -0.33 -0.11 0.19 -0.03 -0.22 0.14 0.34 0.54 1.00W 0.10 -0.08 0.15 0.21 -0.06 0.21 -0.02 -0.04 -0.03 -0.04 -0.14 0.23 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.17 0.12 0.22 0.06 0.01 0.07 -0.12 -0.35 -0.22 0.28 0.29 -0.13 0.00 -0.09 -0.18 0.17 1.00Pb 0.12 -0.11 0.02 0.15 0.08 0.11 0.04 -0.50 0.03 0.04 -0.03 0.45 0.21 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.17 0.40 0.08 -0.03 0.06 -0.04 -0.60 -0.17 0.38 0.30 -0.12 0.16 -0.06 -0.04 0.29 0.35 1.00Bi 0.01 -0.18 0.09 0.02 0.16 0.03 0.09 0.05 -0.06 -0.01 -0.01 0.55 -0.01 -0.07 0.09 0.01 0.09 0.15 0.05 -0.25 0.06 0.02 -0.30 -0.22 0.31 0.46 -0.34 0.03 0.04 0.20 0.02 0.15 0.33 1.00Zr -0.02 0.26 -0.04 -0.27 -0.09 -0.39 0.29 -0.03 0.09 -0.12 0.07 0.07 -0.05 -0.25 -0.13 -0.30 -0.20 -0.24 -0.24 -0.09 0.38 0.44 -0.04 -0.13 0.04 -0.09 -0.11 0.04 0.40 0.62 0.48 -0.09 -0.05 0.17 1.00Note:

Au is in ppb; Si to P are oxides in percentage; and other elements are in ppm

Annexure-1: Correlation Matrix for gold and 34 major and trace elements in 1318 stream sediment samples data of Hutti-Maski area, GSI-BRGM Project

Mission-IRectangle

Annexure 2 : Correlation matrix of the 56 major and trace element data of 1149 stream sediment samples

S

i

O

2

_

%

A

l

2

O

3

_

%

F

e

2

O

3

_

%

T

i

O

2

_

%

C

a

O

_

%

M

g

O

_

%

M

n

O

_

%

N

a

2

O

_

%

K

2

O

_

%

P

2

O

5

_

%

B

a

_

p

p

m

C

o

_

p

p

m

C

r

_

p

p

m

C

u

_

p

p

m

G

a

_

p

p

m

N

b

_

p

p

m

N

i

_

p

p

m

P

b

_

p

p

m

R

b

_

p

p

m

S

c

_

p

p

m

S

r

_

p

p

m

T

h

_

p

p

m

V

_

p

p

m

Y

_

p

p

m

Z

n

_

p

p

m

Z

r

_

p

p

m

B

e

_

p

p

m

G

e

_

p

p

m

L

a

_

p

p

m

C

e

_

p

p

m

P

r

_

p

p

m

N

d

_

p

p

m

S

m

_

p

p

m

E

u

_

p

p

m

G

d

_

p

p

m

T

b

_

p

p

m

D

y

_

p

p

m

H

o

_

p

p

m

E

r

_

p

p

m

T

m

_

p

p

m

Y

b

_

p

p

m

L

u

_

p

p

m

SiO2_% 1.00Al2O3_% -0.25 1.00Fe2O3_% -0.68 0.41 1.00TiO2_% -0.27 -0.03 0.58 1.00CaO_% -0.76 -0.22 0.22 0.02 1.00MgO_% -0.72 -0.12 0.52 0.26 0.59 1.00MnO_% -0.62 -0.07 0.66 0.43 0.38 0.78 1.00Na2O_% 0.32 0.15 -0.28 -0.18 -0.36 -0.49 -0.42 1.00K2O_% 0.51 0.35 -0.41 -0.27 -0.55 -0.71 -0.69 0.47 1.00P2O5_% -0.35 0.31 0.32 0.09 0.15 0.12 0.08 0.03 0.07 1.00Ba_ppm 0.03 0.51 -0.07 -0.18 -0.21 -0.29 -0.26 0.23 0.44 0.33 1.00Co_ppm -0.52 0.09 0.63 0.29 0.32 0.51 0.60 -0.35 -0.50 0.07 -0.30 1.00Cr_ppm -0.45 0.02 0.62 0.30 0.26 0.58 0.58 -0.34 -0.46 0.05 -0.32 0.64 1.00Cu_ppm -0.49 -0.03 0.70 0.61 0.23 0.50 0.64 -0.44 -0.50 0.06 -0.35 0.63 0.58 1.00Ga_ppm -0.22 0.78 0.36 -0.01 -0.19 -0.12 -0.04 0.18 0.36 0.40 0.48 0.10 0.03 0.01 1.00Nb_ppm -0.16 0.12 0.24 0.45 -0.03 0.07 0.16 -0.07 0.04 0.32 0.10 0.06 -0.04 0.12 0.13 1.00Ni_ppm -0.53 0.02 0.63 0.29 0.30 0.62 0.69 -0.52 -0.59 0.01 -0.30 0.70 0.77 0.77 -0.01 0.02 1.00Pb_ppm 0.30 0.25 -0.19 -0.12 -0.44 -0.45 -0.29 0.30 0.58 0.00 0.22 -0.38 -0.34 -0.34 0.27 0.15 -0.37 1.00Rb_ppm 0.46 0.14 -0.46 -0.25 -0.45 -0.52 -0.51 0.29 0.81 -0.11 0.16 -0.41 -0.40 -0.40 0.20 0.15 -0.43 0.59 1.00Sc_ppm -0.45 -0.11 0.56 0.36 0.33 0.48 0.61 -0.31 -0.49 0.11 -0.33 0.60 0.67 0.61 0.04 -0.02 0.66 -0.33 -0.43 1.00Sr_ppm 0.02 0.41 -0.04 -0.19 -0.10 -0.23 -0.24 0.37 0.22 0.33 0.62 -0.27 -0.31 -0.40 0.50 -0.07 -0.41 0.13 -0.10 -0.27 1.00Th_ppm 0.46 -0.10 -0.49 -0.26 -0.28 -0.41 -0.43 0.16 0.51 -0.17 -0.03 -0.33 -0.36 -0.37 -0.03 0.01 -0.41 0.40 0.59 -0.38 -0.12 1.00V_ppm -0.40 0.09 0.72 0.72 0.11 0.38 0.55 -0.27 -0.39 0.10 -0.24 0.55 0.52 0.69 0.14 0.19 0.53 -0.22 -0.35 0.68 -0.18 -0.36 1.00Y_ppm 0.34 -0.01 -0.36 -0.27 -0.27 -0.31 -0.27 0.19 0.49 0.04 0.03 -0.25 -0.26 -0.38 0.13 0.31 -0.32 0.39 0.68 -0.24 -0.07 0.65 -0.33 1.00Zn_ppm -0.68 0.33 0.75 0.37 0.29 0.56 0.59 -0.30 -0.38 0.54 0.03 0.51 0.49 0.57 0.41 0.24 0.54 -0.25 -0.41 0.52 0.07 -0.43 0.55 -0.23 1.00Zr_ppm 0.15 0.22 0.01 0.05 -0.22 -0.32 -0.21 0.26 0.31 0.41 0.43 -0.24 -0.26 -0.31 0.26 0.58 -0.36 0.26 0.08 -0.21 0.44 0.10 -0.12 0.35 0.03 1.00Be_ppm 0.05 0.32 -0.05 -0.11 -0.25 -0.18 -0.17 0.13 0.43 0.19 0.33 -0.24 -0.24 -0.18 0.45 0.34 -0.16 0.45 0.53 -0.26 0.21 0.24 -0.14 0.44 0.05 0.31 1.00Ge_ppm -0.10 0.22 0.20 0.06 -0.06 0.04 0.05 -0.11 0.09 0.10 0.04 0.10 0.12 0.17 0.21 0.11 0.15 0.03 0.09 0.10 -0.03 -0.03 0.12 0.03 0.21 0.02 0.23 1.00La_ppm 0.11 0.14 -0.09 -0.07 -0.16 -0.22 -0.21 0.13 0.27 0.24 0.23 -0.20 -0.24 -0.22 0.21 0.26 -0.26 0.32 0.20 -0.21 0.18 0.58 -0.14 0.41 0.01 0.44 0.36 0.07 1.00Ce_ppm 0.10 0.13 -0.07 -0.05 -0.17 -0.17 -0.16 0.11 0.25 0.26 0.22 -0.19 -0.24 -0.19 0.19 0.32 -0.23 0.33 0.20 -0.21 0.17 0.57 -0.13 0.45 0.03 0.46 0.39 0.08 0.98 1.00Pr_ppm 0.09 0.16 -0.06 -0.06 -0.15 -0.20 -0.19 0.13 0.28 0.30 0.25 -0.20 -0.23 -0.21 0.24 0.29 -0.26 0.31 0.20 -0.19 0.22 0.57 -0.12 0.45 0.04 0.48 0.40 0.09 0.99 0.98 1.00Nd_ppm 0.05 0.17 -0.02 -0.04 -0.13 -0.17 -0.16 0.13 0.25 0.34 0.25 -0.17 -0.21 -0.18 0.26 0.32 -0.24 0.30 0.17 -0.16 0.24 0.53 -0.09 0.45 0.09 0.50 0.40 0.09 0.97 0.97 0.99 1.00Sm_ppm 0.03 0.19 0.02 -0.01 -0.12 -0.16 -0.13 0.14 0.26 0.39 0.26 -0.17 -0.19 -0.16 0.31 0.37 -0.23 0.30 0.17 -0.13 0.26 0.51 -0.06 0.48 0.13 0.55 0.43 0.11 0.93 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.00Eu_ppm -0.41 0.44 0.42 0.13 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.03 -0.06 0.64 0.43 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.54 0.39 0.00 -0.03 -0.25 0.13 0.53 -0.20 0.18 0.03 0.55 0.54 0.27 0.13 0.42 0.44 0.48 0.54 0.60 1.00Gd_ppm 0.03 0.15 0.12 0.05 -0.11 -0.18 -0.10 0.02 0.18 0.36 0.17 -0.01 -0.08 0.05 0.25 0.36 0.02 0.16 0.08 -0.01 0.13 0.40 0.02 0.40 0.16 0.50 0.35 0.15 0.78 0.79 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.50 1.00Tb_ppm -0.17 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.08 0.18 0.13 0.14 0.02 0.15 0.08 -0.14 -0.06 -0.22 0.15 0.18 -0.32 0.21 0.10 -0.04 0.16 0.05 -0.01 0.23 0.12 0.14 0.19 -0.01 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.33 -0.21 1.00Dy_ppm -0.15 0.17 0.24 0.12 0.00 0.02 0.11 0.03 0.09 0.43 0.12 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.32 0.54 -0.01 0.20 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.25 0.10 0.54 0.31 0.57 0.45 0.19 0.66 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.84 0.66 0.79 0.31 1.00Ho_ppm -0.12 0.15 0.21 0.10 -0.01 0.01 0.09 0.04 0.09 0.38 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.25 0.53 -0.03 0.20 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.20 0.09 0.54 0.25 0.56 0.39 0.14 0.53 0.58 0.59 0.64 0.70 0.56 0.68 0.28 0.90 1.00Er_ppm -0.19 0.18 0.29 0.14 0.01 0.05 0.16 0.01 0.06 0.42 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.32 0.59 0.03 0.18 0.08 0.16 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.52 0.34 0.60 0.45 0.20 0.50 0.55 0.57 0.62 0.70 0.64 0.69 0.29 0.97 0.90 1.00Tm_ppm -0.17 0.20 0.28 0.15 -0.01 0.02 0.14 0.03 0.08 0.43 0.16 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.33 0.60 0.00 0.19 0.08 0.14 0.16 0.07 0.13 0.49 0.32 0.65 0.45 0.18 0.46 0.51 0.53 0.58 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.29 0.93 0.87 0.97 1.00Yb_ppm -0.14 0.22 0.26 0.14 -0.04 -0.02 0.10 0.05 0.12 0.42 0.19 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.34 0.62 -0.03 0.21 0.11 0.11 0.19 0.06 0.11 0.51 0.30 0.69 0.47 0.19 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.27 0.91 0.87 0.98 0.97 1.00Lu_ppm -0.13 0.26 0.26 0.14 -0.06 -0.05 0.08 0.08 0.14 0.45 0.27 0.00 -0.03 -0.03 0.37 0.61 -0.07 0.22 0.09 0.08 0.29 0.02 0.10 0.45 0.29 0.75 0.46 0.17 0.43 0.47 0.50 0.54 0.63 0.67 0.62 0.26 0.86 0.82 0.93 0.96 0.98 1.00Hf_ppm 0.15 0.19 0.01 0.04 -0.21 -0.31 -0.21 0.24 0.29 0.38 0.38 -0.22 -0.24 -0.27 0.24 0.56 -0.33 0.23 0.07 -0.18 0.40 0.13 -0.11 0.35 0.03 0.96 0.32 0.05 0.47 0.50 0.51 0.54 0.58 0.55 0.56 0.12 0.61 0.60 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.77Ta_ppm 0.09 0.05 0.09 0.35 -0.21 -0.14 -0.01 0.08 0.17 0.16 0.06 -0.08 -0.08 0.02 0.09 0.67 -0.12 0.24 0.25 -0.05 -0.05 0.10 0.16 0.32 0.05 0.47 0.38 0.11 0.24 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.32 0.23 0.29 0.17 0.44 0.44 0.47 0.48 0.51 0.50U_ppm 0.34 -0.10 -0.32 -0.14 -0.28 -0.32 -0.29 0.25 0.35 -0.04 0.02 -0.31 -0.31 -0.26 -0.04 0.10 -0.31 0.38 0.37 -0.27 -0.01 0.53 -0.25 0.43 -0.29 0.24 0.24 -0.01 0.41 0.42 0.41 0.39 0.39 -0.06 0.34 0.01 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.17 0.16LREE_ppm 0.09 0.15 -0.06 -0.05 -0.15 -0.18 -0.17 0.12 0.26 0.29 0.24 -0.19 -0.23 -0.20 0.22 0.31 -0.24 0.32 0.19 -0.20 0.20 0.56 -0.12 0.44 0.05 0.48 0.39 0.08 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.96 0.47 0.81 0.22 0.72 0.59 0.56 0.53 0.50 0.49HREE_ppm -0.12 0.20 0.21 0.10 -0.03 -0.02 0.06 0.06 0.13 0.45 0.17 -0.01 -0.04 0.00 0.34 0.55 -0.07 0.24 0.12 0.07 0.17 0.27 0.08 0.54 0.29 0.62 0.47 0.18 0.70 0.74 0.76 0.80 0.87 0.68 0.81 0.32 0.99 0.91 0.96 0.93 0.92 0.88Au_ppb 0.11 -0.12 -0.04 0.00 -0.08 0.01 0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.04 -0.14 0.05 0.09 0.06 -0.05 -0.06 0.04 -0.09 0.02 0.16 -0.11 -0.01 0.11 0.04 0.05 -0.08 -0.02 0.05 -0.06 -0.06 -0.05 -0.05 -0.04 -0.08 -0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00 -0.02Li_ppm -0.49 0.19 0.32 0.10 0.24 0.46 0.32 -0.27 -0.16 0.22 0.05 0.11 0.22 0.23 0.15 0.27 0.25 -0.07 -0.05 0.10 -0.12 -0.20 0.15 -0.08 0.43 -0.06 0.30 0.23 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.24 -0.05 0.34 0.20 0.14 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.17As_ppm -0.16 -0.06 0.08 0.03 0.10 0.26 0.22 -0.17 -0.21 -0.07 -0.07 0.09 0.21 0.12 -0.09 -0.04 0.25 -0.16 -0.10 0.14 -0.15 -0.16 0.07 -0.09 0.17 -0.14 0.01 0.01 -0.10 -0.09 -0.10 -0.12 -0.13 -0.06 -0.10 -0.02 -0.07 -0.07 -0.05 -0.05 -0.06 -0.07Sb_ppm -0.35 -0.12 0.21 0.06 0.28 0.49 0.46 -0.36 -0.43 -0.11 -0.14 0.34 0.34 0.29 -0.15 -0.02 0.46 -0.21 -0.24 0.31 -0.25 -0.24 0.18 -0.17 0.22 -0.29 -0.12 0.03 -0.20 -0.17 -0.20 -0.20 -0.21 -0.10 -0.17 -0.01 -0.09 -0.09 -0.06 -0.07 -0.10 -0.12Bi_ppm 0.01 0.05 0.02 -0.01 -0.04 -0.03 0.00 0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.00 -0.03 0.02 -0.07 0.07 0.01 -0.04 0.14 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.07 0.05 -0.03 0.01 0.12 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.03 0.08 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05Se_ppm -0.11 0.34 0.19 -0.02 -0.10 -0.12 -0.07 0.23 0.18 0.26 0.20 0.00 0.06 -0.04 0.34 -0.03 -0.01 0.13 0.01 0.12 0.21 -0.15 0.11 -0.12 0.17 0.16 0.09 0.01 0.08 0.05 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.24 0.09 0.00 0.08 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.14F_ppm -0.49 0.13 0.23 0.03 0.40 0.41 0.22 -0.18 -0.20 0.38 0.20 0.06 0.04 0.14 0.15 0.22 0.13 -0.31 -0.22 0.02 0.18 -0.19 0.00 -0.10 0.42 0.12 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.15 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.48 0.20 0.13 0.28 0.20 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.27Ag_ppb -0.14 0.10 0.12 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.04 -0.09 -0.01 0.20 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.13 0.13 0.06 0.12 -0.12 -0.04 0.06 0.06 -0.05 0.06 -0.02 0.21 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.17 0.18 -0.10 0.12 0.03 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11Hg_ppb -0.13 0.16 0.20 -0.01 0.02 0.03 0.09 0.00 -0.02 0.15 0.01 0.20 0.12 0.09 0.17 -0.01 0.09 -0.01 -0.04 0.21 0.00 -0.09 0.13 0.00 0.21 -0.01 0.00 0.05 -0.03 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0.10 0.00 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07Pt_ppb -0.29 0.00 0.35 0.17 0.18 0.27 0.34 -0.17 -0.25 0.01 -0.12 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.00 -0.04 0.40 -0.14 -0.20 0.40 -0.19 -0.20 0.30 -0.17 0.23 -0.19 -0.14 0.01 -0.15 -0.14 -0.14 -0.13 -0.12 0.01 -0.05 -0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.00 -0.02Pd_ppb -0.50 -0.01 0.57 0.37 0.31 0.48 0.54 -0.34 -0.39 0.10 -0.24 0.48 0.48 0.76 0.04 0.05 0.59 -0.29 -0.31 0.47 -0.30 -0.30 0.47 -0.30 0.42 -0.27 -0.13 0.14 -0.19 -0.17 -0.17 -0.15 -0.12 0.06 -0.02 -0.05 0.05 0.02 0.07 0.04 0.01 -0.02Note

Cd, Cs, W, Mo & Sn have not been considered for the correlation study as more than 90 % data are below the Detection Limit.

1

Mission-IRectangle

Mission-IRectangle

Mission-IRectangle

Mission-IRectangle