sophia thomas abdominal pain ppt · hirschsprung’sdisease(congenital’aganglionic ... sophia...

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8/30/15 1 Sophia L. Thomas APRN, FNPBC, PPCNPBC, FNAP, FAANP Objec-ves Identify common causes of abdominal pain seen in the Pediatric outpatient setting Discuss history and common presenting symptoms Describe examination assessment findings Identify pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments of pediatric abdominal pain Abdominal Pain… 24% of pediatric primary care outpatient visits Usually a selflimiting, benign condition, such as in gastroenteritis (most common), constipation, or viral illness 1% is surgical (appendicitis most common) Diagnosis • The MOST IMPORTANT step directing a clinician is a good history. • Distinguish between acute and chronic pain. – As a general rule the more recent the onset of the pain, the closer one must look for organic causes and proceed with a stepwise workup. 2 presentations… Stoic denies pain fear of further medical attention Histrionic exaggerates pain History Obtained from parents / guardians – they know their child best!! Ask how the child’s behavior compares to normal Where possible involve the child Be sympathetic Take time to build rapport and interact with them – history and examination must be informal and playful – use concepts the child understands

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Page 1: Sophia Thomas Abdominal Pain PPT · Hirschsprung’sdisease(congenital’aganglionic ... Sophia Thomas Abdominal Pain PPT.pptx Created Date: 20150831012629Z

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Sophia  L.  Thomas  APRN,  FNP-­‐BC,  PPCNP-­‐BC,  FNAP,  FAANP    

Objec-ves  �  Identify  common  causes  of  abdominal  pain  seen  in  the  Pediatric  outpatient  setting  

� Discuss  history  and  common  presenting  symptoms  � Describe  examination  assessment  findings  �  Identify  pharmacological  and  non-­‐pharmacological  treatments  of  pediatric  abdominal  pain  

Abdominal  Pain…  �  2-­‐4%  of  pediatric  primary  care  outpatient  visits  � Usually  a  self-­‐limiting,  benign  condition,  such  as  in  gastroenteritis  (most  common),  constipation,  or  viral  illness    

�  1%  is  surgical  (appendicitis  most  common)    

Diagnosis  •  The  MOST  IMPORTANT  step  directing  a  clinician  is  a  good  history.  •  Distinguish  between  acute  and  chronic  pain.  –  As  a  general  rule  the  more  recent  the  onset  of  the  pain,  the  closer  one  must  look  for  organic  causes  and  proceed  with  a  stepwise  workup.  

2  presentations…  

Stoic                      denies  pain                      fear  of  further  medical  attention      

Histrionic                              exaggerates  pain    

History  � Obtained  from  parents  /  guardians  –  they  know  their  child  best!!    

� Ask  how  the  child’s  behavior  compares  to  normal    � Where  possible  involve  the  child    � Be  sympathetic    � Take  time  to  build  rapport  and  interact  with  them  –  history  and  examination  must  be  informal  and  playful  –  use  concepts  the  child  understands    

 

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History-­‐  Key  Elements  PQRSTAAA  Place  (local  vs.  generalized)  Quality  (sharp,  dull,  etc)  Radiation  Severity  (1-­‐10)  Timing/Onset/Duration/Frequency/Pattern:  Mornings?    Mondays?    Bedtime?  

Alleviating  Factors  (food,  meds,  pooping,  rest?)  Aggravating  Factors  (food,  movement,  etc)  Associated  Symptoms  (n/v/d,  sweating,  fever,  sore  throat)  

   

History-­‐  Key  Elements      Bowel  Movements:    � Pattern,  consistency,  completeness,  flatus    �  Soiling  in  underwear    � What  is  “normal”????    

Choose  your  poo….   History  Dietary  History:  �  Imperative!  �  Changes  in  appetite?  �  Skipped  meals,  Hot  Fries/Hot  Cheetos?        Be  sure  to  include  a  thorough  review  of  systems  and  expand  on  it  if  any  screening  questions  are  positive.  

-­‐    ENT  –  sore  throat  (strep,  GERD)  –  CNS-­‐  migraines,  vision  problems  –  CVS/Respiratory-­‐  breathlessness,  chest  pain,  cough    –  GU-­‐  Sexually  active,  discharge,    Dysuria,  LMP?  –  Skin-­‐  rashes  •  Recent  use  of  medications,  food  changes  •  Social  history,  Family  history  

History-­‐  � Genetics/Family  medical  history  �  Illnesses  � Travel  �  Food  allergies  � Physical  and  sexual  abuse,  accidental  trauma  �  Stressful  life  experiences  � Excessive  parental  anxiety/parent  focusing  on  pain?  

Alarm  signals  in  the  History  �  Involuntary  weight  loss  �  Growth  retardation  �  Persistent  vomiting/bilious  vomiting  �  Peri-­‐rectal  disease  �  Dysphagia  �  Delayed  puberty  �  Unexplained  fever  �  Persistent  or  nocturnal  diarrhea  �  Any  GI  blood  loss  (stool/emesis)  �  arthritis,  rash  �  Family  history  of  GI  disease  �  Persistent  RUQ  or  LUQ  pain  �  Pain  that  wakes  •  Trauma  

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Remember:    

Children  are  poor  historians!    

Consider  a  1-­‐2  week  log!  

Possible  Causes….  

Physical  Examination  � Observe  child  while  you  are  chatting  and  taking  history  –  behavior,  dynamics  with  caretakers  

   � Abdominal  examination  must  be  done  methodically,  calmly  without  upsetting  the  child  

   � Be  gentle  /  use  toys  to  distract  /  examine  on  parent’s  lap  if  necessary    

 

Physical  Exam  �  Ask  child  to  show  you  with  one  finger  the  area  of  maximal  pain    

�  Ask  child  to  protrude  and  then  suck  in  their  abdomen  and  to  cough  and  jump  on  the  spot  –  unable  to  do  if  peritoneal  irritation  existent.  NO  ASSESSMENT  OF  REBOUND    

�  Palpate  all  quadrants    �  Hernial  orifices    �  External  genitalia    �  Rectal  examination  rarely  needed    �  Signs  of  hydration  –  mucous  membranes  /  sunken  eyes  /  decreased  skin  turgor  /  capillary  refill  time>2sec  /  decreased  temperature  /  sunken  fontanelle    

 

Physical  Examination  � Watch  child’s  reaction/facial  expressions  

� Assess  weight,  height  and  growth  patterns    � Examination  is  guided  by  the  history,  may  do  ENT,  Cardiac,  and  Pulmonary  assessments  

 

Alarm  Signals  in  the  P.E.  •  Localized  tenderness,  fullness  or  mass  effect  •  Hepatomegaly  •  Splenomegaly  •  Perianal  fissure  or  fistula  •  Visible  soiling  •  Guaiac-­‐positive  stools  

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Relevant  Physical  Findings  � Tachycardia  � Alert  and  active/still  and  silent  � Abdominal  rigidity/softness  � Bowel  sounds  � Peritoneal  signs  (tap,  jump)  �  Signs  of  other  infection  (otitis,  pharyngitis,  pneumonia)  

� Check  for  hernias  

Common  Causes  of  Abdominal  Pain  

Newborn      �  Intestinal  Obstruction  �  Intestinal  atresias  and  stenosis  �  Meconium  Ileus  and/or  irschsprung's  diseases  �  Malrotation  and  volvulus  �  Post  intra  abdominal  surgery  �  Peritonitis  �  Spontaneous  perforation  of  the  stomach  or  intestine  �  Due  to  intestinal  obstruction  �  Neonatal  necrotizing  enterocolitis  �  Others  �  Incarcerated  hernia  with  bowel  necrosis  or  ovarian  torsion  �  Gastroesophageal  reflux  �  Abdominal  trauma  (difficult  birth)          

   

Common  Causes  of  Abdominal  Pain  Infants  <  2  years  �  Colic  �  Infantile  dyschezia  �  Gastroesophageal  reflux  �  Non-­‐Gastrointestinal  causes  �  Intussusception  � Malrotation  and  volvulus  �  Incarcerated  hernia  with  bowel  necrosis  or  ovarian  torsion  �  Acute  gastroenteritis  �  Abdominal  trauma  �  Constipation  �  Toxin  ingestion  

Common  Causes  of  Abdominal  Pain  Children    (2-­‐18  years)  

     �  Acute  gastroenteritis  �  Urinary  tract  infection  �  Constipation  �  Streptococcal  pharyngitis  �  Food  poisoning  �  Mesenteric  lymphadenitis  �  Appendicitis  �  Intestinal  obstruction  �  Pneumonia  �  Abdominal  trauma  �  Testicular  torsion  �  Pancreatitis  �  Henoch-­‐Schnolein  purpura  �  Acute  cholecystitis  �  Abdominal  migraine      

Common  Causes  of  Abdominal  Pain  

Adolescents  (12-­‐18  years)      �  Suicidal  toxin  ingestion  (acetaminophen)  � Dysmenorrhea  � Mittleschmerz  � Pelvic  Inflammatory  Disease  � Threatened  abortion  � Ectopic  pregnancy    

Diagnosis  by  Location  gastroenteritis  early  appendicitis  PUD/reflux  pancreatitis  

non-­‐specific  colic  early  appendicitis    

Gallbladder  Hepatitis    

Spleen/EBV  Gastritis    

appendicitis  enteritis/IBD  ovarian  

constipation  UTI  pelvic  appendicitis  hernia  

constipation  non-­‐specific  ovarian  

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Possible  Workup  Urinalysis  (infection,  stones)  UPT  CBC  with  differential  Sedimentation  rate/CRP  Comprehensive  metabolic  panel        (Electrolytes,  BUN,  creatinine,  glucose,  albumin,  protein,  calcium,  alkaline  phosphatase,  AST,  ALT,  total  bilirubin)  

Amylase/lipase  H.  Pylori  Epstein  Barr  Ab  

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Other  Diagnostic  Tests  Abd  x-­‐ray  -­‐  constipation,  obstruction    Ultrasound-­‐gallbladder,  ovary,  kidney,  liver,  bladder,  uterus  (non-­‐invasive,  

radiation-­‐free,  less  expensive;  excessive  bowel  gas  may  preclude  u/s  examination)    

CT  Scan-­‐appendicitis,  etc  (more  accurate,  but  involves  radiation  and  contrast)  

 Stool  for  WBC’s/culture/OCP  Occult  blood  Other  tests  as  indicated  by  history  and  physical  exam  (rapid  strep,  monospot,  CXR)  

Relevant  X-­‐ray  Findings  �  Signs  of  obstruction  

�  air/fluid  levels  �  dilated  loops  �  air  in  the  rectum?  

�  Fecalith  � Paucity  of  air  in  the  right  side  � Constipation  

Common  Disorders  

Appendicitis  �  Fecalith  obstructs  appendiceal  lumen  causing  distension,  ischemia,  and  necrosis  

�  4  in  1000  children  aged  5-­‐14  yrs  yearly    �  70,000  pediatric  cases  per  year  in  the  USA    �  Extremely  rare  in  neonates    �  Incidence  of  1-­‐2  cases  per  10,000  children  per  year  between  birth  and  4  years    

�  Increases  to  25  cases  per  10,000  children  per  year  between  10  and  17  years  of  age    

�  Rate  of  perforation:  80-­‐100%  <3  yrs.  vs  <10-­‐20%  of  10-­‐17  yrs.  � Mortality  rate  –  0.1-­‐1%    � M:F  –  1.4:1      

Appendici-s  �  Vague  central  abdominal  pain  preceded  by  anorexia  and  vomiting.  Pain  shifts  and  settles  in  RLQ  6-­‐48  hours  

� Mild  pyrexia–high  fever  uncommon  unless  perforated    �  Tachycardia    �  Children  reluctant  to  move  as  pain  worsens    �  Only  1/3  of  children  with  appendicitis  have  classic  symptoms    

�  The  appendix  DOES  NOT  grumble–it  screams  or  remains  silent    

�  Particular  diagnostic  problem  in  the  extremes  of  age  range  –  in  the  younger  child  often  presents  late  with  rupture  

�  Physical  exam  is  the  mainstay  of  diagnosis    

Appendicitis  

� Rebound  tenderness  � McBurney  Sign:  pain  at  2/3  b/t  umbilicus  and  right  ASIS  

� Rovsing  Sign:  pain  RLQ  with  left  side  palpation  � Psoas  Sign:  RLQ  pain  when  child  on  left  and  R  hip  hyperextended  

� Obturator  Sign:  RLQ  pain  on  internal  rotation  of  flexed  R  thigh  

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Clinical  Scoring  Tools  Alvarado  (based  on  SSx  and  lab  values)    Signs  �  Right  Lower  Quadrant  Tenderness  +2  �  Elevated  Temperature  (37.3°C  or  99.1°F)  +1  �  Rebound  Tenderness  +1    Symptoms  �  Migration  of  Pain  to  the  Right  Lower  Quadrant  +1  �  Anorexia  +1  �  Nausea  or  Vomiting  +1    Laboratory  Values  �  Leukocytosis  >  10,000  +2  �  Leukocyte  Left  Shift  +1                                                                                                                                                                                      Scoring  0  =  Unlikely  appendicitis    5  =  possible  7  =  probable/likely  9=  definite  

Clinical  Scoring  Tools  Pediatric  Appendicitis  Score  (Samuel)  Signs  &  symptoms                                PAS  score    �  Cough/percussion  pain                                  2    �  Hopping  tenderness                                              1    �  Anorexia                                                                                        1    �  Pyrexia                                                                  1    �  Nausea/emesis                                        1    �  Tenderness  RLQ                                                            2    �  Leukocytosis  (wbc  >10k)        1    �  Migration  of  pain                              1        �  Score  ≤  5  Appendicitis  less  likely  �  Score  7-­‐10  high  probability  of  appendicitis      Performance:  Sensitivity  100%  Specificity  92%  Positive  predictive  value  96%  Negative  predictive  value  99%  

Appendicitis    � CT  Scan  with  Contrast  is  imaging  study  of  choice    � WBC  may  or  may  not  be  elevated!  

Constipation  

“failure  to  evacuate  the  lower  colon  completely”  3-­‐5%  of  Pediatric  outpatient  visits  Usually  first  appears  between  1-­‐4  years  1/3  of  kids  6-­‐12  report  it  in  any  given  year    �  Infrequent  BMs  (<3/week)  � Difficult/painful  BMs  � May  see  blood  in  stool  due  to  anal  fissures    

         Normal  Frequency  of  Bowel  Movements  in  Infants  and  Children            AGE                              MEAN  BM/WK        MEAN  BM/DAY

   �  0  to  3  months:              5  to  40                                              2.9    breastfed  �  0  to  3  months:              5  to  28                                              2.0    formula-­‐fed  �  6  to  12  months                  5  to  28                                              1.8    �  1    to  3  years            4  to  21                                                1.4    �  >  3  years                                  3  to  14                                                  1.0    

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Constipation:  organic  causes  

� Hirschsprung’s  disease  (congenital  aganglionic  megacolon)    

�  pseudoobstruction  �  spinal  cord  abnormality    � hypothyroidism  �  diabetes  insipidus    �  cystic  fibrosis  �   gluten  enteropathy  �  congenital  anorectal  malformation  

Warning  Signs  for  Organic  Causes  of  

Constipation  in  Infants  and  Children    WARNING  SIGNS  OR  SYMPTOMS  &  SUGGESTED  DIAGNOSIS    �  Passage  of  meconium  more  than  48  hours  after  delivery,  small-­‐caliber  stools,  failure  to  

thrive,  fever,  bloody  diarrhea,  bilious  vomiting,  tight  anal  sphincter,  and  empty  rectum  with  palpable  abdominal  fecal  mass:  Hirschsprung’s  disease  

   �  Abdominal  distention,  bilious  vomiting,  ileus:  Pseudo-­‐obstruction  

   �  Decrease  in  lower  extremity  reflexes  or  muscular  tone,  absence  of  anal  wink,  presence  of  

pilonidal  dimple  or  hair  tuft:  Spinal  cord  abnormalities:  tethered  cord,  spinal  cord  tumor,  myelomeningocele  

   �  Fatigue,  cold  intolerance,  bradycardia,  poor  growth:  Hypothyroidism      �  Polyuria,  polydipsia  :  Diabetes  insipidus  

   �  Diarrhea,  rash,  failure  to  thrive,  fever,  recurrent  pneumonia:  Cystic  fibrosis  

   �  Diarrhea  after  wheat  is  introduced  into  diet:  Gluten  enteropathy  

   �  Abnormal  position  or  appearance  of  anus  on  physical  examination:  Congenital  anorectal  

malformations:  imperforate  anus,  anal  stenosis,  anteriorly  displaced  anus    

Constipation  

� Most  often  functional:          Fecal  incontinence/soiling    “skid  marks”  (encopresis)          Incidence  2-­‐4  y/0  boys=girls          Age  5+  boys  3x  more  likely          Vicious  cycle:  functional  constipation  (stool  retention)    � Also  caused  by  low  fiber,  low  water  diet  and  high  milk  consumption  (>2-­‐3  cups/day)  

� Ask  about  toileting  behavior      

Findings  Consistent  with  Functional  Constipation    History    �  Stool  passed  within  48  hours  of  birth    � Extremely  hard  stools,  large-­‐caliber  stools    �  Fecal  soiling  (encopresis)    � Pain  or  discomfort  with  stool  passage;  withholding  of  stool    

� Blood  on  stools;  perianal  fissures    � Decreased  appetite,  waxing  and  waning  of  abdominal  pain  with  stool  passage    

� Diet  low  in  fiber  or  fluids,  high  in  dairy  products    � Hiding  while  defecating  before  toilet  training  is  completed;  avoiding  the  toilet    

Functional  Constipation  

Exam  �  Abdominal  tenderness  (LLQ  or  suprapubic)  �  Abdominal  or  rectal  distension    �  palpable  stool  in  left  lower  quadrant    �  Normal  placement  of  anus;  normal  anal  sphincter  tone

   �  Rectum  packed  with  stool;  rectum  distended    �  Presence  of  anal  wink  and  cremasteric  reflex  

�  If  digital  exam  done,  no  need  for  imaging.  May  do  x-­‐ray    

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Suggested  agents  for  disimpaction  for  Functional  Constipation  Infants  (younger  than  1  year)          �  Glycerin  suppositories-­‐No  side  effects      Children  (1  year  and  older)              Rapid  disimpaction          �  Enemas:  6  mL  per  kg  (maximum:  135  mL)  every  12  to  24  hours  one  to  three  times                                              Invasive,  risk  of  mechanical  trauma    �  Mineral  oil:        Feces  may  not  return  after  administration.                                                                Lubricates  hard  impaction    �  For  large  impaction,  administer  a  normal  saline  or  phosphate  enema  one  to  three  hours  after  the  

mineral  oil  enema.                  Normal  saline:        Abdominal  cramping                                                                            May  not  be  as  effective  as  hypertonic  phosphate  enema                  Hypertonic  phosphate:    Abdominal  cramping                                                                                                    Risk  of  hyperphosphatemia,  hypokalemia,  and  hypocalcemia,      esp  in                                                                                                  Hirschsprung’s  disease  or  renal  insuff,  or  if  hypertonic  solution  is  retained                                                                                                    Some  experts  do  not  recommend  phosphate  <4  y/o    �  Milk  &  molasses  1:1  �  Dark  Karo  Syrup    

Maintenance  � Teaching  is  key!    � Difficult  to  treat  and  relapse  rate  is  high  

� Bowel  training    � Diet  

�  Fiber  supplements  

Maintenance  medications            

Lubricant  -­‐  Softens  stool  and  eases  passage    �             Mineral  oil:  1  to  3  mL  /  kg/day    given  qD  or  divided  BID    (Chill  or  give  with  juice.)    

                                               Adherence  problems:  Leakage  may  occur  if  dose  is  too  high  or  impaction  is  present.    

Osmotic  laxatives  -­‐  Retain  water  in  stool,  which  adds  bulk  and  softness    �     Lactulose  (concentration:  10  g  per  15  mL):  1  to  3  mL/kg/day  divided  doses  BID  

                                 Abdominal  cramping,  flatus                                      Lactulose  is  a  synthetic  disaccharide.      

�   Magnesium  hydroxide  (milk  of  magnesia:  400  mg/5  mL):  1  to  3  mL/kg/day  divided  doses  BID    With  overdose  or  renal  insufficiency:  risk  of  hypermagnesemia,                                  

                                                                                 hypophosphatemia,  or  secondary  hypocalcemia      

�  Magnesium  hydroxide  (800  mg  /  5  mL):  0.5  mL  /kg  /day  divided  doses  BID        

�  Polyethylene  glycol  powder  (Miralax)  (17  g  /240  mL  water/juice):  1  g/kg/day  div  BID(15  mL/kg  /day)    Titrate  dosage  at  three-­‐day  intervals  to  achieve  mushy  stool  consistency.                                          Solution  may  be  prepared  in  advance  for  administration  over  one  to  two  days.  

                                                                               Better  adherance  �  Sorbitol:  1  to  3  mL  per  kg  per  day  given  in  divided  doses  twice  daily-­‐-­‐Less  costly  than  lactulose

       

Peptic  Ulcer  Disease  /  GERD  

�  5%  of  causes  of  Pediatric  Abdominal  Pain  �  Symptoms:  pain,  anorexia,  n/v,  early  satiety  �  “I  need  to  puke”,  “I  puked  in  my  mouth”    � DIET  IS  KEY!      

Peptic  Ulcer  Disease  /  GERD   H.  pylori  � Gram  negative  bacillus    �  Incidence  in  children  increases  with  age    � Positive  relationship  between  disease  and  low  socioeconomic  status  and  high  density  living  

 �   Increases  in  families  in  which  an  adult  has  had  an  ulcer  or  documented  H.  pylori.  

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H  Pylori  � Antral  gastritis  most  common  manifestation    in  children  

�  Serologic  or  Stool  Testing          H.  pylori  IGG:    opinions  vary,  but  generally  noted  to  be  highly  sensitive  test  for  children  

     If  serologic  testing  is  positive,  then  treatment  with  triple  therapy  is  indicated  (amoxil/clarithromycin/PPI  x  2  weeks)  

� H.  Pylori  stool  antigen  is  gold  standard  for  dx  in  Primary  Peds  

No  need  to  do  follow-­‐up  test  Refer  to  GI  for  recurrance  

Colic  

Colic  

� Rules  of  Three  Crying  for  >3  hrs  a  day,  >3  days/week,  for  >  3  weeks  in  an  infant  who  is  otherwise  healthy  �  5-­‐25%  of  infants  �  Incidence  breast=bottle  �  Infants  cry  on  average  of  2.2  hrs/day,  peaking  at  6  weeks  

� Motor  behaviors  associated  with  crying:  attacks  of  screaming  in  the  evening,  flushed  face,  furrowed  brow,  and  clenched  fists,  legs  pulled  up  to  abdomen,  and  infant  emits  a  piercing,  high-­‐pitched  scream.  

   

Colic  � Must  r/o  underlying  causes  of  excessive  crying.    Organic  causes  <5%  

� Gastrointestinal,  psychosocial,  and  neurodevelopmental  disorders  have  been  suggested  as  the  cause  of  colic:  

� GI        Conflicting  evidence  that  colic  caused  by  allergy  to  human/cow’s  milk  protein.          Speculated  that  abdominal  cramping  /colic  may  be  result  of  hyperperistalsis  (supported  by  evidence  that  the  use  of  anticholinergic  agents  decreases  colic  symptoms).    

Colic  � Psychosocial  causes  –    sign  of  future  temperament  problems,  parental  personality  or    anxiety          *no  studies  support  these  theories  In  families  w/colicky  infant,  may  be  problems  with  communication  /family  functioning,  as  well  as  parental  anxiety  and  fatigue.    

� Neurodevelopmental  Studies  suggest  that  colic  may  lie  at  upper  end  of  normal  distribution  of  crying  in  infants.    Crying  pattern  of  colicky  infants  (peaking  6weeks  w/  crying  late  afternoon/evening)  are  the  same  in  normal  infants.    Colicky  infants  cry  longer  and  are  more  difficult  to  soothe  once  crying  has  begun.  The  fact  that  most  infants  outgrow  colic  by  4  months  lends  support  to  neurodevelopmental  cause  of  colic  

Colic  � Physical  exam  is  normal,  weight  gain  normal  � Observe  in  room  �  Log  of  behavior,  feeding/stooling/fussiness  � What  relieves  the  crying?  

�  Lab  tests  usually  unnecessary  

� The  mainstay  of  colic  management  is  an  acknowledgment  by  the  NP  of  the  difficulties  the  parents  are  facing  and  sympathy/empathy  for  the  well-­‐being  of  the  parents  

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Colic  � Conflicting  evidence  on  changing  formulas,  some  recommend  soy,  others  recommend  hypoallergenic  formulas  

� Parents  often  desire  formula  change  �  Simethacone  (mylicon)  decreases  intraluminal  gas.    Results  =  placebo  

� Anticholinergenic  drugs  more  effective  than  placebo  in  studies,  but  dicyclomine  (Bentyl)is  assoc  w/apnea  and  no  longer  recommended  <6  mo  

Colic  �  “Gripe  Water”  includes  a  variety  of  herbs/herbal  oils:  cardamom,  chamomile,  cinnamon,  clove,  dill,  fennel,  ginger,  lemon  balm,  licorice,  peppermint,  and  yarrow.    

� Available  online  and  in  health  food  stores.    � Touted  to  provide  relief  from  flatulence/indigestion  but  is  not  without  risk.  Parents  who  choose  to  use  should  avoid  versions  made  with  sugar  or  alcohol  and  look  for  products  manufactured  in  the  US.    

�  Instruct  parents  to  be  wary  of  websites  that  offer  ‘cures’  that  are  not  from  reliable  sources  

Colic  Other  methods  proposed:  � White  noise    � Colic  holds  (put  pressure  on  abdomen)    � Riding  in  car    � Etc…..  

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Abdominal  Migraine  �  Occurs  in  1-­‐4%  of  children  �  Accounts  for  4-­‐15%  of  Pedi  GI  pts  with  chronic  idiopathic  abd  pain  

Diagnostic  Criteria:  �  Pain  must  be  midline/periumbilical,  dull  or  “sore”  and  moderate  to  severe  intensity  

�  The  pain  is  associated  with  2  or  more  of  the  following  –  Anorexia  –  Nausea  –  Vomiting  –  Photophobia  –  Pallor  �  No  evidence  of  organic  disease  

Abdominal  Migraine  •  Must  include  all  the  criteria  2  or  more  times  in  the  past  12  months  

–  Paroxysmal  episodes  of  intense,  acute  periumbilical  pain  that  lasts  for  1–  72  hours  

Intervening  periods  of  usual  health  lasting  weeks  to  months  –  The  pain  interferes  with  normal  activities  

Questions?  �               THANK  YOU