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Sophisticated In-situ-technologies to address
contaminants in complex geological structures –
Remediation in clay structures, layered aquifers,
and fractured bedrock
Remtech, Ferrara, 2019
Stephan Hüttmann
Gordon Bures
1. Targeted Solids Emplacement in Clay Structures
2. Hydraulic Cycles in Fractured Bedrock
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Sensatec GmbHHeadquarter: Kiel, Germany
Founding: 1.05.2005
Offices: Berlin Brandenburg Cologne Ulm
International Partners/ Representations:
Shenfu, Shanghai/ Beijing BAW, Saluzzo, Italy Remea, Paris, France Aquamatters, South Africa/Namibia
Remediation projects completed:
Approx. 500
Ongoing projects: Approx. 150
Active in countries Central Europe Scandinavia UK, Italy Northern Africa Asia (China, Kazakh.)
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Sensatec - Range of Services
Environmental Biotechnology and
Production of Microbial Cultures
Innovative drilling technologies
IntroducingInnovative Technologies for Soil
and Water Decontamination
Sensatec Company, GermanyProcess Laboratory for Feasibility
Studies and Molecular Biology
Dr. Stephan Huettmann, CEOEnvironmental Sensors and Remotely
Operated Systems
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TSE is a process where a
suspension or highly
viscous fluid is injected
into geological structures
under high pressure
which leads to a
controlled creation of a
network of passageways
through an impermeable
geological structure for
reagent distribution
purposes.
1.
2.
Technical solution:
TSE – Targeted Solids Emplacement
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The TSE©-technology enables intensified contact and significantly better distribution of injected
reagents, especially in soils with low hydraulic permeability (e.g. Kf < 1 x 10-6 m/s)
Different strategic options for TSE applications
Option 1: Increased extraction rates (for
pump and treat or soil vapor extraction) due
to placement of sandy structures for
improved conductivtiy
Option 2: Controlled distribution of solid
reagents in suspension, e.g. micro iron,
Permanganate, Chitin for the formation of a
reagent depot for long lasting remediation
effect
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TOTERRA Remediation Ltd.
Fracture filled
with sand for
remediation in
clay structures
Horizontally oriented
drainage channels
for the distribution of
reagents
Spreading of reagents
due to accelerated
diffusion, approx. + 15
cm in 2 months
kf-value in sand:
1 x 10-4 m/s
kf-value in clay:
3 x 10-8 m/s
Option 1: Increase of soil permeability by TSE
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KMnO4
Option 2: Direct injection of highly concentratedreagents (as a slurry) for increased contactbetween contaminants and reagents
Potassium Permanganate injected
as a liquid:
Max. 4% concentration will be
further diluted in the groundwater
Compared to Potassium
Permanganate injection with TSE
Up to 820 kg/m3 as a suspension
made possible through the carrier
gel
High permanganate
concentration gradients
lead to an accelerated
diffusion rate into the
contaminated clay
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Case study: Enhanced ISCR in fractured bedrock
Site characteristics
• Former US Airforce “Atlas 12” rocket launch
base
• TCE leakages (1960-1965)
• Contaminant distribution into the “Foxhill
Sandstone” aquifer (20m depth)
• Massive TCE contamination
• TCE-concentrations up to 4.000 µg/L
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Case study: Enhanced ISCR in fractured bedrock
Mapping of ZVI distribution (bird's - eye view)
7 injection drills with 53 controlled injections in contaminated source zone
Coloured discs = ZVI distribution as measured
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Case study: Enhanced ISCR in fractured bedrock
TCE-remediation: abiotic and biotic degradation in groundwater
Source zone:
▪ Start TCE-conc.:
> 2.000 – 4.000 µg/l
▪ After 12 months:
< 400 µg/l
▪ After 21 months:
<100 µg/l
Contaminant plume:
▪ Start TCE-conc.:
500 - 700 µg/L
▪ After 21 months:
200 - 400 µg/L
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Case study: Enhanced ISCR in fractured bedrock
◼ Contaminant source zone:
94% < 100 ppb TCE (RMC)
◼ Plume:
82% < TCE (RMC)
◼ Phase 2:
further 40 t ZVI injected.
August 2011:
TCE-Konz. n.n. -100µg/l
◼ Treatment costs:
8 $/t
◼ Registered as new technology for the remediation of rocket launch bases by US Corps of Engineers
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
% T
CE
re
sid
ual
mas
s
Months after injection
TCE mass reduction
Source Area - Volume-Weighted Average
Source Area - Concentration-Weighted Average
Whole Plume - Volume-Weighted Average
Whole Plume - Concentration-Weighted Average
21 Month Performance Evaluation
(Source: Journal of Remediation, Spring, 2012)
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TSE-application in Italy:
Mobile ISCO remediation Autostrada
gas station, Italy
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Aerobic biostimulation project
at Mercedes-Benz works, Stuttgart
In-situ remediation in fractured bedrock
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PCETetrachlorethene
TCETrichlorethene
DCEDichlorethene
G: -193 kJ/mol
G: -175 kJ/mol G: -152 kJ/mol
G: -185 kJ/mol
VCVinyl chloride
Ethene
Ethane
Reductive dechlorination
CO2, HCl, H2OOxidizing conditions
Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of
chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHC)
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Result: reduced degradation at oxygen levels exceeding 14 mg/l
Aerobic degradation of TCE - Sensitivity to high
oxygen levels - Microbial mixed
culture leads to rapid
and complete TCE
elimination
- No stable degradation
products
- High long term
stability
- TCE concentrations up
to 50 mg/l are
degraded
- Low oxygen levels are
sufficient
- High tolerance
towards temperature,
pH-value, starvation
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❖ Infavourable relation between reactive soil matrix and
groundwater flow
❖ Potentially high flow velocity, short residence time of water
and reagents in bioreaction zone to be established
❖ Low surface area for microbial settlement
❖ heterogeneous groundwater flow pattern
In-situ-biotreatment in fractured bedrock –
general issues
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❖ Re-introduction of microbial biomass
❖ Reduction of loss of reagents (in this case: O2)
❖ Longer reaction time of contaminated groundwater in
biostimulated zone
Technical solution: Establishment of a bio-
stimulation zone in a water cycle
O2-Gas
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Technical setup on site
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Aerobisierung mit Druckluft Aerobisierung mit Techn. Sauerstoff
Oxygen enrichment in groundwater
Pressurized air Pure oxygen gas
Oxygen
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TCE-development after start of oxygen injection
CH
C
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TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser
TC
E-I
soto
pe
sig
natu
re,
13C/12C-Isotope
development after start of injection
TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser
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❖ Fractured bedrock aquifers may be treated successfully by
in-situ remediation technology provided that reagents are
kept within the reaction zone (e.g. by groundwater
circulation). Lag phases and reaction speed may be
considerably slower.
❖ Structures with low hydraulic permeability can be made
accessible for in-situ remediation by using TSE injection
technology which injects sand structures or reagents
directly to these layers to address contaminants.
Conclusions for in-situ treatment in difficult
geological structures
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Invitation to live demonstration at
Remtec fair
1. Where: outside main entrance of
exhibition hall, on greenfield
2. When: today, 14.30
3. What: Live demonstration of MIP –
Membrane Interface Probe Drilling
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Thank you for your attention!
Technology contact: Sensatec company, Stephan Hüttmann
Mobile: ++49 17613890091; Mail: [email protected]; Web: www.sensatec.de