sorting out a taxonomic mess: mimulus montioides (phrymaceae)—one species or five? naomi s. fraga...

Sorting out a taxonomic mess: Mimulus montioides (Phrymaceae)—one species or five?

Naomi S. Fraga

Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont Graduate University

Mimulus montioides

Mimulus (monkeyflowers)

‣ Phrymaceae (Scrophulariaceae)

‣ ca. 90-150 species

‣ 75% occur in North America (67 species in CA)

Mimulus fremontii

Mimulus nanus

Phryma leptostachyamissouriplants.com

Mimulus (monkeyflowers)

‣ Primarily annuals and herbaceous perennials

‣ Floral variation

‣ Wide range of habitats

Mimulus cardinalis

Mimulus androsaceus

Mimulus aurantiacus

Mimulus palmeri

Overview

‣Minute annual herbs

‣Subgenus Mimulus

‣Section Paradanthus

‣Taxonomic confusion (7-12)

‣Montane/desert transition

‣Several species with narrow distributions

The “Mimulus palmeri clade”

Beardsley et al. 2004Subgenus Mimulus

Combined MP analysis trnL-F ITS ETS

Mimulus palmeri clade


M. androsaceus

M. shevockii

M. purpureus

M. palmeri

M. gracilipes

M. suksdorfii

M. montioides

M. montioides [M. barbatus]

100%

100%

47%

100%

100%

63%

48%

Beardsley et al. 2004

Combined MP analysis trnL-F ITS ETS


M. androsaceus M. barbatus M. diffusus M. discolor M. gracilipes M. montioides

slender stalkedmonkeyflower

M. palmeri M. purpureus M. shevockii M. suksdorfii “M. ignotus” “M. calcicolus”



M. palmeri M. purpureus M. shevockii M. suksdorfii

Sampled by Beardsley

“M. ignotus” “M. calcicolus”



M. palmeri M. purpureus M. shevockii M. suksdorfii “M. calcicolus”

Mimulus montioides species complex

“M. ignotus”

Mimulus palmeri cladeCurrent Treatment in TJM (1993)

Currently recognized taxa Synonym

Mimulus androsaceous Mimulus palmeri var. androsaceous

Mimulus gracillipes none

Mimulus montioides M. barbatus, M. deflexus, M. discolor, M. rubellus var. latiflorus, “M. calcicolus”, “M. ignotus”

Mimulus palmeri M. diffusus

Mimulus purpureus none

Mimulus shevockii none

Mimulus suksdorfii none

Currently recognized taxa Synonym

Mimulus androsaceous Mimulus palmeri var. androsaceous

Mimulus gracillipes none

Mimulus montioides M. barbatus, M. deflexus, M. discolor, M. rubellus var. latiflorus, “M. calcicolus”, “M. ignotus”

Mimulus palmeri M. diffusus

Mimulus purpureus none

Mimulus shevockii none

Mimulus suksdorfii none

Mimulus palmeri cladeCurrent Treatment in TJM (1993)

Mimulus palmeri cladePrevious Work

E.L. Greene (1885) 3 species in Studies in the Botany of California and Parts Adjacent

A. Gray (1886) 4 species in Synoptic Flora of North America

A.L. Grant (1925), F.W. Pennell (1951), P.A. Munz (1968) 9 species in Monograph of Mimulus

D.M. Thompson (1993) 7 species The Jepson Manual

N.S. Fraga (Unpublished) 12 species Unpublished

Species Protologue (A. Gray 1868)

Mimulus montioides

Mimulus montioides

Overview

‣Five syntypes

- Brewer 1864 High Sierra, Tulare County, CA

- Anderson 1865, Carson City, Nevada

- Torrey, Empire City, Nevada

- Bolander, Mono Pass, California

- Parry 1864, Middle Park, CO

Mimulus suksdorfii (1886)

Mimulus montioides

Overview

‣Five syntypes

- Brewer 1864 High Sierra, Tulare County, CA

- Anderson 1865, Carson City, Nevada

- Torrey, Empire City, Nevada

- Bolander, Mono Pass, California

- Parry 1864, Middle Park, CO

Mimulus suksdorfii (1886)

Lectotype

Herbarium specimens


Mimulus discolor Mimulus montioides Mimulus barbatus


Mimulus ignotus ined.Short nodes, spatulate leaves, striate on adaxial surface of corolla

Mimulus barbatus GreeneUpper corolla lobe reflexed, tube (3-4) 5-8mm long, pedicles spreading at maturity, flower color varies.

Mimulus montioides A. GrayCorolla lobes entire, no markings on adaxial surface, beardless

Mimulus calcicolus ined.Ovate leaves, stalked glands, flower color varies, tube/throat short and wide, flowers last one day

Mimulus discolor A.L. GrantFlower color varies,yellow form has red pigment on adaxial surface of floral tube/throat, lacks a beard

“Mimulus ignotus”

Mimulus montioides

Mimulus barbatus

“Mimulus calcicolus”

Mimulus discolor

Mimulus montioides

‣ Published 1868 A. Gray

‣ Sparsely hairy and nearly entire corolla lobes

‣ High central Sierra Nevada

‣ Elevation 6,800-9,500 ft

‣ Understory of lodgepole pine forest

‣ Dry granitic sand

Overview

Mimulus montioides

Mimulus barbatus

‣ Published 1884 (M. deflexus 1889)

‣ Long floral tube, upper lip reflexed, bicolored or all yellow.

‣ Eastern Sierra, Kern Plateau

‣ Elevation 6,000-11,000 ft.

‣ Montane meadow and stream edges

‣ Moist granitic sand, or frost heaved loamy soil

Overview

Mimulus barbatus

Mimulus discolor

‣ Published 1924 A.L. Grant

‣ Pink and yellow color morphs, red on adaxial surface of floral tube

‣ Southern Sierra, Kern County


‣ Jeffrey pine to desert chaparral

‣ Vernally moist granitic sand along stream beds and seeps

Overview

Mimulus discolor


‣ Discovered in the herbarium

‣ Thick ribbed calyx, densely glandular

‣ Death Valley NP, W. Nevada

‣ Pinyon Juniper to Creosote Bush Scrub

‣ Elevation 3,600- 6800 ft

‣ Carbonate substrates

Overview



‣ Listed as a syntype for M. montioides

‣ Large nectar guides, red stripes

‣ 10 historic locations (2 known extant)


‣ Flats dominated by sagebrush or bitterbrush

‣ Sandy decomposed granitic soil

Overview



Conservation Implications

Cryptic species in Mimulus

‣ Potentially many more undescribed species in Mimulus

‣ Conservation implications

‣ Annuals that primarily differ in floral features require careful field work

• Photography

• Microhabitat characterization

Summary

Mimulus purpureus

Future Directions

‣ Examine type specimens G, MO, ND, US

‣ Morphometric study

‣ Improved resolution of relationships

‣ITS, CYCLOIDEA, rpl32-trnL, trnQ5’-rps16, 3’rpS16-5’trnk

‣ Study reproductive biology• Pollinators, UV photography, floral

pigments, nectar properties• Genetic diversity to characterize

breeding system

Overview

Mimulus shevockii

Thank you!CommitteeElizabeth FriarLucinda McDadeJ. Mark Porter

Assistance

Steve Boyd

Daniel Brock

Duncan Bell

Joanna Clines

Shelley Ellis

LeRoy Gross

Genie Fraga

Elizabeth Kempton

Shawn Krosnick

Steve Matson

Jim Morefield

Jerry Mumford

Linda Prince

Michelle Slaton

Alison Sheehey

Mimulus montioides

Steve ScheonigTim ThomasMichael WallDana York

FundingCNPS BristleconeCNPS SacramentoCalifornia Desert Research FundRancho Santa Ana Botanic GardenGoldhamer Scholarship AwardTorrey Botanical Society

HerbariaRSA-POMCAS/DSUC/JEPSRENOSBBGSDUNLV

Mimulus palmeri cladePrevious Work

Author Publication # of Species Recognized

E.L. Greene Studies in the Botany of California… (1885) 3

A. Gray Synoptic Flora of North America (1886) 4

A.L. Grant A Monograph of the Genus Mimulus (1924) 9

Pennell, Munz IFPS (1951), A California Flora (1968) 9

D.M. Thompson

The Jepson Manual Treatment (1993) 7

N.S. Fraga Unpublished data 12

sorting out a taxonomic mess: mimulus montioides (phrymaceae)—one species or five? naomi s. fraga...

Documents

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