Soul Music“Soul” Applied to Culture 1903 “The Souls of Black Folk” W.E.B. DuBois“Soul” Applied to Music in 1960s

Ray Charles “Soul Brothers” (1958) & “Soul Meeting” (1962)

John Coltrane “Soultrane” (1960)

Soul MusicIdentified by Location: Motown, Memphis, Chicago, Philly, Las VegasMotown & Memphis dominated the 1960s

Motown vs. MemphisRefined GospelPolished Arrangements (Funk Brothers)Polite ScreamArtist DevelopmentBlack Studio Band

Sanctified GospelHard Bop Horn SoundGut Wrenching ScreamNo Artist Development

Mixed Raced Studio Band

Motown

Motown RecordsBerry Gordy Jr. (& Wife) 1959 Started Label (Tamla Records) After Several Years in the BizSpent Time Crafting their Sound

1. Infectious Intros & Hooks2. Gospel Sound (Tambourine)3. Sweet Soul (falsetto or Castrato)

Motown(cont.)4. Highly Syncopated Bass Lines5. Conga Drums6. Unusual Sounds

Tire Chains, Plywood Marching, Hollow

Percussive

MotownSpector-Like Studio Productions1. Harp, big band, strings2. Bells, celeste, cymbal bell3. Flutes, w/vocal group4. “Ahs” tamb, conga, bass line, huge vocals5. Spoken, fuzz guitar, strings6. Orch interlude7. group

MotownCorporate Production (“assembly-line’)Developed A Sound to Overcome Airwave SegregationSpent Time Developing Artists: Dance Lessons, Charm School

MotownProduction Teams: Holland-Dozier-Holland

Many Hits with the Supremes 1964-67Producers Had A Lock On An Act Until FailureMotown Moved to LA 1971Success eroded, the move? Too much time with Diana Ross?

Motown GroupsSmokey Robinson & the MiraclesAssociated with Gordy Before Motown“Shop Around” 1960, Motown’s first Million Seller“Second That Emotion” Smokey’s Sweet Soul voice & graceful Dance Steps

Motown Groups

Motown GroupsTemptations (1960 signed 1961)Variety of Sounds Sweet & Rougher“My Girl” (1965) 1st #1“Psychedelic Shack”

Motown GroupsFour Tops (1963)Had a Las Vegas Career before MotownHad a Harder Vocal SoundReach Out (1966)“Bernadette” (1966)

Motown GroupsMarvelettes (Female Group)“Please Mr. Postman” (1961) Motown’s 1st #1The Beatles Recorded it also

Motown GroupsMartha Reeves and the VandellasHits with H-D-H“Heat Wave” (1963)“Dancing in the Streets” (1964)

Motown GroupsDiana Ross and the SupremesSigned in 1961, no hits until H-D-H in 1963, also exposure from a Dick Clark Tour“Baby Love” (1964)“Stop in the Name of Love”

The Supremes

Motown GroupsJackson FiveSign in 1969, Father had been in Show BusinessYoung Michael was the star “Never Can Say Goodbye”

Motown Groups

Michael Jackson The Group left Motown in 1976 Signed with Columbia (Epic)“Thriller” (1982)Dancing a Major Influence on Pop CultureVideos Influenced the Genre

Motown Solo SingersMary Wells, Several hits 1962-65.She Left Motown, Gordy Focused His Attention on Diana Ross“My Guy”

Mary Wells & Beatles

Motown Solo Singers: Stevie Wonder

Signed at 11 Yrs. OldInfluenced by Ray Charles1st Hit “Fingertips Pt II” Harmonica“Up Tight” 1965“You Are The Sunshine of My Life”“Superstition” Beginning of Synthesizer Funk

Stevie Wonder & The Funk Brothers

Motown Solo Singers: Marvin Gaye

Started with the Moonglows Doo WopSeveral Hits But Motown Had Problems with His Direction, Wanted to Do Jazz“What’s Goin’ On” A Jazz Protest Album“Mercy Mercy Me” (The Ecology)

Memphis SoulStax & AtlanticStax Founded by Jim STewart (Banker & Country Fidler) and Estelle AXton 1958\Moved to Old Theater In MemphisHe “didn’t know what R&B was”

Memphis1960 Rufus Thomas (WDIA DJ) & Daughter, Carla Thomas Walked In.Atlantic records Noticed the SuccessStax & Atlantic Joined in Distribution Deal (So They Said)Atlantic Recorded in the Stax Studios

MemphisParted 1967, Realized that Atlantic Owned EverythingSplit: Atlantic recorded 15-20 weekends per YearAtlantic Moved across the River to Muscle Shoals, AL (Duane Alman connection)House Band Booker T. & the MGs with added horns became the Mar-Kays (Blues Brothers Band Members)

MemphisOtis Redding, Many Hits Before His Cross Over Hit“Got - Ta-Got-Tas”Wrote “Respect”Performed at Monterey Pop Festival 1967“Dock of the Bay” Major Hit, But Killed in Plane Crash 4 Days After Recording Session

Otis Redding

MemphisWilson Pickett, Had some Success as Lead Singer of the FalconsSigned With Atlantic/Recorded at Stax“Midnight Hour”“Land of A Thousand Dances”

Wilson Pickett

MemphisAretha Franklin, Daughter of Rev. C L Franklin, Child Gospel StarSigned by Hammond to Columbia, Marketed Her as A Jazz SingerSigned with Atlantic 1966, But They Offered Her to Stax“Respect”“Natural Woman”

Aretha Franklin

MemphisSam & Dave, Signed to Atlantic But Released on Stax“Soul Man” Also hit for the 1st Blues Brothers

MemphisIsaac Hayes, Stax Writer/Arranger20 Min Love Rap “By The Time I Get to Phoenix”Roots of Barry White Love Unlimited OrchBig Hit “Shaft”

Isaac Hayes

1960s Soul EndsAfter Break Up Stax Flounders: Sold and Repurchased, A Few Hits But Dead By 19761970s Brings Funk, Philly Soul and Disco