sound waves - wisco science 15/15.1b... · clarinet. 38 may 13 9:59 am 2:1 2/1 octave 800 hz/400hz...

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1 May 10 11:45 AM Sound Waves and their characteristics 1) Frequency (pitch) 2) Intensity (loudness) 3) Harmonic Content

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Page 1: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

1May 10 ­ 11:45 AM

Sound Wavesand their characteristics

1) Frequency (pitch)

2) Intensity (loudness)

3)  Harmonic Content

Page 2: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

2May 9 ­ 9:02 AM

http://positron.ps.uci.edu/~dkirkby/music/html/demos/PlaneWave/SoundWave.htmlparticle motion

sound waves and the ear drumhttp://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/waves/edl.cfm

this one

Page 3: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

3May 7­6:52 AM

sound waves and the ear drum

Page 4: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

4May 10­7:30 AM

Page 5: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

5May 10­7:30 AM

Page 6: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

6May 7­6:56 AM

sound as a pressure wave

Page 7: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

7May 9 ­ 10:16 AM

vs = 331 m/s at 0 C+ .6 m/s per  C

at 20 C the velocity of sound would be?

20 C (.6 m/s/ C) = 12 m/s

therefore, at 20 C,                    331 m/s + 12 m/s = 343 m/s

Soundthe speed of sound

Page 8: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

8May 9 ­ 10:18 AM

Sound is a longitudinal (compressional) wave

the base wave equation is:  vs = fλ characteristics:1)  Frequency

humans hear between 20 Hz ­ 20,000 Hz(pitch)    determined by source

lowest sound = 20 Hzv = fλ        λ = v/f = 340 m/s/20 Hz = 17 m

highest sound = 20,000 Hzv = fλ        λ = v/f = 340 m/s/20,000 Hz = 0.017 m

lower vs higher frequency pitch

Page 9: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

9May 9 ­ 9:49 AM

speech

thresholdof hearing threshold 

of painWhat is the softestthe sound can beto be heard.

At what loudnessdo the sound causepain.

Page 10: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

10May 9 ­ 12:07 PM

Difference between a high frequency sound and a low frequency sound.

Page 11: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

11May 9 ­ 9:07 AM

noise vs tone

Page 12: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

12May 9 ­ 9:49 AM

http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/doppler/doppler.html

Doppler Shift

car hornstillslower than vs

vs

faster than vs

Page 13: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

13May 8­6:56 AM

listener velocity(detector)

Source velocity

Velocityof sound

Source frequency

Frequencyyou hear

Page 14: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

14May 13 ­ 10:21 AM

multiplier

Page 15: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

15May 13 ­ 10:29 AM

multiplier

Page 16: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

16May 10 ­ 9:33 AM

bullet at mach 1.01, note shock wave just in front of the bullet

Page 17: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

17May 10 ­ 9:35 AM

bullet at mach 2.45

Page 18: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

18May 10 ­ 9:33 AM

Page 19: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

19May 9 ­ 12:08 PM

2)  Difference in amplitudes­ loudness

Page 20: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

20May 9 ­ 12:42 PM

  Difference in Intensities

Page 21: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

21May 10 ­ 10:15 AM

Range of Intensities we hear

softest  10­12 W/m2

threshold of hearing

loudest  100 W/m2  (1 W/m2)threshold of pain

1012 range in intensities­­­­that's alot

Page 22: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

22May 9 ­ 10:46 AM

ex:  A sound is radiated from a source at 25 watts of power and is 10 m away.  What is the intensity of the sound?

Loudness 

I = P/ 4πr 2= 25 W/ 4π(10m) 2

I = .02 W/m2

Area the sound wave covers per unit of time isthe surface area of a sphere A = 4πr2

Power = P = E/t = W/t = Fd/t, or Fv

Page 23: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

23May 9 ­ 11:28 AM

Page 24: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

24May 18­7:28 AM

Page 25: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

25May 18­7:29 AM

Page 26: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

26May 10 ­ 10:18 AM

Page 27: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

27May 10 ­ 8:09 AM

sound at threshold of pain

Page 28: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

28May 9 ­ 9:26 AM

http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/rad2/mdq.html

sound wave field from speakerhttp://www.mediacollege.com/audio/01/sound­waves.html

water

sound

Page 29: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

29May 9­7:00 AM

http://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/TuningFork/fork­modes.html

tuning forks:

http://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/guitars/hummingbird.html

Modal Analysis of an Acoustic Folk Guitar

http://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/Rackets/Racket.html

Vibrational Modes of a Racquetball Racket

Page 30: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

30May 9 ­ 9:43 AM

http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/propagation/propagation.html

Reflected sound wave

all the way down

Page 31: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

31May 10 ­ 7:24 AM

10 ­ 120 in middle of graph are called "phons"

They relate a sound at any frequency to a 1000 Hz sound at___db's

Page 32: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

32May 9 ­ 9:51 AM

Page 33: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

33May 10 ­ 7:51 AM

Page 34: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

34May 8­6:58 AM

3)  Quality

Determined by 1number, 2placement, and 3intensity (amplitude) of harmonics present in the sound

Harmonic Content

Page 35: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

35May 8­6:59 AM

The top graph is the tone of a wooden organ pipe

The bottom graph is the same two tones played by my computer!

The quality of the wooden organ pipe is enhanced by the added harmonic.

Page 36: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

36May 13 ­ 10:42 AM

trumpet

french horn

clarinet ­ (I can't play!)

Page 37: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

37May 18­6:33 AM

Clarinet

Page 38: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

38May 13 ­ 9:59 AM

2:1     2/1    octave     800 Hz/400Hz

2:3     2/3    perfect     400 Hz/600Hz                      fifth      

3:4     3/4    perfect    900Hz/1200Hz         fourth

4:5     4/5    major      200 Hz/250Hz                    third

ratio: name example:

Page 39: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

39May 8­8:41 AM

Here's what sound waves look like. The caption reads, "A visible pattern of sound waves. This new technique of studying sound demonstrates the focusing effect of an acoustical lens on sound waves issuing from the horn at extreme left. Wave pattern is produced by a scanning technique . . ." Bell Telephone Laboratories (external link) <http://www.lucent.com/> photograph, from the book The First Book of Sound: A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin Watts, Inc. New York (1960). p. 80Sound waves are acoustic waves, with no electrical component. They are simply vibrations in the air, a physical pressure made by the utterance of the speaker.In somewhat challenging yet elegant writing, A.T.&T. once described sound in these terms, "Audible sound is thus defined as a disturbance in the atmosphere whereby a form of wave motion is propagated from some source at a velocity of 1,075 feet per second, the transmission being accomplished by alternating condensations and rarefacations of the atmosphere in cycles having a fundamental frequency ranging somewhere between 16 per second and 32,000 per second." Principles of Electricity applied to Telephone and Telegraph Work, American Telephone and Telegraph. C.F. Myers, Supervisor of Instruction. Murray Hills, New Jersey? 1939. p.66

Page 40: Sound Waves - WISCO Science 15/15.1b... · Clarinet. 38 May 13 9:59 AM 2:1 2/1 octave 800 Hz/400Hz 2:3 2/3 ... A Basic Guide to the Science of Acoustics by David C. Knight, Franklin

40May 8­10:17 AM