sources and credits - multimedia universitypesona.mmu.edu.my/~hairul/files/publication...

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Sources and Credits

Th e author wishes to acknowledge and thank the following, and to note that because extracts were selected to give examples of good writing, graphs and tables were not included:

Adler, S.B. (2000) Limitations of charge-transfer models for mixed-conducting oxygen electrodes. Solid State Ionics Vol. 135, No. 1: 603.

Burrows, P.E. et al. (1995). Organic vapor phase deposition: A new method for the growth of organic thin fi lms with large optical non-linearities. Journal of Crystal Growth Vol. 156, Issue 1–2: 91–98.

Clark, T., Stephenson, T. and Pearce, P.A. (1997). Phosphorus removal by chemical precipitation in a biological aerated fi lter. Water Research Vol. 31, No. 10: 2557–2563.

Fardad, M.A., Yeatman, E.M., Dawnay, E.J.C., Green, M. and Horowitz, F. (1995). Eff ects of H2O on structure of acid-catalysed SiO2 sol-gel fi lms. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 183: 261–263.

Favro, L.D. et al. (2000). Infrared imaging of defects heated by a sonic pulse. Review of Scientifi c Instruments Vol. 71, No. 6: 2418–2421.

Graham, N., Chu, W. and Lau, C. (2003). Observations of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol degradation by ozone. Chemosphere Vol. 51, Issue 4: 237–243.

Guay, M. and McLean, D.D. (1995). Optimization and sensitivity analysis for multiresponse parameter estimation in systems of ordinary diff erential equations. Computers and Chemical Engineering Vol. 19, No. 12: 1271.

Ince, B.K., Ince, O., Sallis, P.J. and Anderton, G.K. (2000). Inert COD production in a membrane anaerobic reactor treating brewery wastewater. Water Research Vol: 34, Issue 16: 3943–3948.

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Kittler, J. et al. (1998). On combining classifi ers. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Archive Vol. 20, Issue 3: 238.

Müller, D.J. and Engel, A. (1997). Th e height of biomolecules measured with the atomic force microscope depends on electrostatic interactions. Biophysical Journal 73:1633–1644.

Nair, D. et al. (2001). Semi-continuous nanofi ltration-coupled Heck reactions as a new approach to improve productivity of homogeneous catalysts. Tetrahedron Letters Vol. 42, Issue 46: 8219–8222.

Pavlovic, M.N., Arnaout, S. and Hitchings, D. (1997). Finite element modelling of sewer linings. Computers & Structures Vol. 63, Issue 4: 837–848.

Pendry, J.B. and MacKinnon, A. (1992). Calculation of photon dispersion relations. London Physical Review Letters Vol. 69, Issue 19: 2772.

Smith, W.R. et al. (1998). Generalized thermodynamic perturbation theory for polyatomic fl uid mixtures. I. Formulation and results for chemical potentials. Journal of Chemical Physics Vol. 109, Issue 3: 1060–1061.

Sparks, T.H., Jeff ree, E.P. and Jeff ree, C.E. (2000). An examination of the relationship between fl owering times and temperature at the national scale using long-term phenological records from the UK. International Journal of Biometeorology Vol. 44, No. 2: 82–87.

Virmani, S., Sacchi, M.F., Plenio, M.B. and Markham, D. (2001). Optimal local discrimination of two multipartite pure states. Physics Letters A Vol. 288, Issue 2: 62–68.

Yan, J. et al. (1998). Ras isoforms vary in their ability to activate Raf-1 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 273, Issue 37: 24052.

In addition, I would like to express my gratitude to my colleagues at the English Language Support Programme at Imperial College London for all their suggestions, and to the many students at Imperial College London who have provided research articles and input for this book over the years.

I also thank my dear children Ben, Daniel, Liora, Yoel and Alex, for their enthusiasm and support.

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Useful Resources and Further Reading

Day, R. and Gastel, B. (2006). How to Write and Publish a Scientifi c Paper (6th Edition). Greenwood Press, California.

Hewings, M. (2005). Advanced Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Holtom, D. and Fisher, E. (1999). Enjoy Writing Your Science Th esis or Dissertation! Imperial College Press, London.

Huth, E.J. (1994). Scientifi c Style and Format: Th e CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Jordan, R. (1990). Academic Writing Course. Collins ELT, London.Krause Neufeld, J. (1987). A Handbook for Technical Communication.

Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliff s, New Jersey.Masters, P. (2004). English Grammar and Technical Writing. US State

Department.Michaelson, H. (1990). How to Write & Publish Engineering Papers and

Reports. Oryx Press, Arizona.Oshima, A. and Hogue, A. (1999). Writing Academic English, Th ird Edition.

Longman, New York.Skelton, J.R. and Edwards, S.J.L. (2000). Th e function of the discussion

section in academic medical writing — Education and Debate. British Medical Journal 320: 1269–1270

Swales, J.M. and Feak, C.B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. University of Michigan Press, Michigan.

Swales, J.M. (1990). Genre Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Weissberg, R. and Buker, S. (1990). Writing Up Research. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliff s, New Jersey.

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Appendix A: Abbreviations Usedin Science Writing

ABBREVIATION FULL WORD/PHRASE MEANING

c. (or ca.) circa about approximatelyaround

cf. confer compare

et al. et alii and others

vs. versus as opposed toagainstin contrast to

i.e. id est that isin other words

e.g. exempli gratia for example

N.B. nota bene please notenote well

p.a. per annum per yearyearly

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COLUMN A

MEANING

____________________above/more____________________aft er____________________again____________________against____________________apart/away____________________around____________________backwards____________________bad/badly____________________before____________________between____________________change____________________colour____________________diff erent____________________equal____________________fi rst____________________half____________________hundred(th)____________________into/inside

COLUMN B

PREFIX

1. circum- 2. pre- 3. fore- 4. ante- 5. anti- 6. contra- 7. counter- 8. auto- 9. co- 10. dis- 11. de- 12. hyper- 13. super- 14. ir- 15. im- 16. in- 17. un- 18. dis-

Appendix B: Prefi xes Used in Science Writing

Match each prefi x in Column B to the correct meaning in Column A. If two or more prefi xes have the same meaning, they will be listed together. For example poly- and multi- have the same meaning (they both mean many) so they are listed together as 29 and 30 in Column B. Notice that the prefi x dis- appears twice, because it has two diff erent meanings.

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Appendix B 235

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____________________large/million____________________many____________________new____________________not____________________one/single____________________same____________________self____________________similar____________________thousand____________________thousandth____________________time____________________too____________________two____________________far/distant____________________under____________________with/together____________________wrong

19. non- 20. a-21. an- 22. inter- 23. intr- 24. mal- 25. ill- 26. mis- 27. neo- 28. post- 29. poly- 30. multi- 31. uni- 32. mono- 33. di- 34. bi- 35. semi- 36. re- 37. retro- 38. sub- 39. hypo- 40. infra- 41. hetero- 42. homo- 43. milli- 44. kilo- 45. cent- 46. chron- 47. chrom- 48. iso- 49. equi- 50. over- 51. mega- 52. para- 53. prim- 54. proto-55. tele-56. meta-



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KEY

MEANING PREFIX EXAMPLES

above/more 12.13.

hyper- super-

hyperactive, hyperallergenic supernatural, supersonic

aft er 28. post- postgraduate, postwar

again 36. re- rebuild, rewrite

against 5. 6. 7.

anti- contra- counter-

antioxidant, antiseptic contradict, contraindicationcounteract, counterpoint

apart/away 10.11.

dis-de-

disarmament, disintegratedecompose, dehydrate

around 1. circum- circumference, circumnavigate

backwards 37. retro- retroactive, retrovirus

bad/badly 24.25.

mal- ill-

malformed, malfunctionill-defi ned, ill-judged

before 2. 3. 4.

pre- fore- ante-

preexisting, pretestforecast, foreseeantechamber, antenatal

between 22. inter- interact, interface

change 56. meta- metamorphosis, metastasis

colour 47. chrom- chromaticity, chromosome

diff erent 41. hetero- heterogeneous, heterosexual

equal 4849.

iso- equi-

isometric, isosceles equidistant, equilateral

fi rst 53.54.

prim-proto-

primitive, primordialprotoplasm, prototype


Appendix B 237

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half 35. semi- semi-automatic, semicircle

hundred/th 45. cent- centigrade, centimetre

into/inside 23. intr- intravenous, introduction

large/million 51. mega- megabyte, megaphone

many 29.30.

poly- multi-

polysaccharide, polyvalentmulticoloured, multicellular

new 27. neo- neonatal, neo-Darwinism

not 14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.

ir-im-in-un-dis-non-a- an-

irrelevant, irreversibleimprecise, impureinaccurate, inconsistentunbend, uncoupledissatisfi ed, dissimilar nonexistent, non-standardasymmetrical, atypicalanaerobic, anhydrous

one/single 3132

uni- mono-

unicellular, uniform monomer, monotone

same 42. homo- homogeneous, homosexual

self 8. auto- autonomous, autopilot

similar 52. para- paramedic, parapsychology

thousand 44. kilo- kilogram, kilowatt

thousandth 43. milli- millisecond, millimeter

time 46. chron- chronological, chronometer

too 50. over- overheat, oversimplify



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two 33.34.

di- bi-

dichloride, dioxidebicarbonate, bisect

far/distant 55. tele- telemetry, telescope

under 38.39.40.

sub- hypo- infra-

subset, subtitle hypoallergenic, hypothermiainfrared, infrastructure

with/together

9. co- coauthor, coordinate

wrong 26. mis- misjudge, misread


239

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Appendix C: Latin and GreekSingular and Plural Forms

Singular Plural

algaanalysisantennaappendixaxisbacteriumbasiscrisiscriterioncurriculumdatumdiagnosisformulagenushypothesisindexlocusmatrix mediumnucleusovumphenomenonpsychosisradius

algaeanalysesantennaeappendicesaxesbacteriabasescrisescriteriacurriculadatadiagnosesformulaegenerahypothesesindexes/indiceslocimatrixes/matricesmedia/mediumsnucleiovaphenomenapsychosesradii

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Singular Plural

serum spectrumstimulusthesisvertebravortex

seraspectrastimulithesesvertebraevortices

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241

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Appendix D: Useful Verbs

accelerateaccommodateaccompanyaccount forachieveacquireadaptaddaddressadjustadoptaff ectallowalteranalyseapplyarguearise arrangeassembleassess assistassociateassumeattachattempt

corroboratecreatedeal withdebatedeclinedecreasedefi nedelaydemonstratederivedescribedesigndetectdeterminedevelopdevisediscarddiscoverdiscussdisplaydisprovedistributedividedropeff ectelicit

implyimproveincludeincorporate increaseindicateinfl uenceinhibit initiateinsert installinterpret introduceinvertinvestigateisolate limitlinklocatemaintainmanage tomatchmaximisemeasureminimisemirror

proposeproveprovidepublishpurchaseput forwardquantifyrealiserecogniserecommendrecordreducerefi nerefuteregulatereinforcerelateremainremoverepeatreportrepresentresolverestrictretainreveal

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avoidbring aboutbroadencalculatecarry outcategorise causechallengechangechooseclaimclassifycollectcombinecomparecompensate computeconcentrateconcludeconcur conductconfi rmconnect toconsiderconsolidateconstructcontradictcontribute controlconvertcorrelatecorrespond

eliminate employenableenhanceensure establishestimateevaluateexamineexistexpandexpectexplainexploreexpose extendextractfacilitatefallfi lterfi ndfocus onformulategenerategive rise toguarantee help toidentifyillustrateimmerse implement

miscalculatemisjudgemisunderstandmodelmodifymonitorneglectnoteobserveobtain occuroff eroperateoptimiseoriginate outlineoutperformovercomeoverlookpeakperformpermitplotpoint outpositionprecedepredictpreferpreparepresentpreventproduce

reviewreviserisesamplescoreselectseparateshowsimulatesolvestabilisestatestudysubstitutesucceedsuggestsummarisesupporttesttracktransfertreattriggerundertakeuseutilisevalidatevaryverifyyield

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Index of Contents

‘a’ and ‘the’ 51–55adverbs and adverb location 56–57agentless passives 11–12, 47–50

causality 108–111citation reference 19–22, 142–143compound nouns 225–226connecting sentences 7–11countable nouns 50–53

evaluation, language of 140–142

frequency, language of 99–102

guide for Authors 44, 91, 199

implications (of Results) 119–120, 147–149, 175–177 in methodology 65–66, 86–87 in results 121–122, 144–147

justifying choices 60–61, 82–83

Latin and Greek words 239–240location, language of 78–80

modal verbs 158–167

paragraphing 12–15passive/active use 11–12, 47–50prefi xes 234–238prepositions 226–227pronouns and pro-forms 8

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quantity language 102–108

referencing 19–22, 142–143referring to graphs, tables and fi gures 102–108, 138–142

sequence, language of 94–99signalling language 7–11skimming 12–15spatial location, language of 78–80

titles, creating 224–227

uncountable nouns 50–53useful verbs 241–242

verb tense 4–7, 18, 20, 23, 48–50, 147, 201–204

‘we’ 11–12

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Index of Vocabulary

(data not shown) 138(fi g. 1) 138(see also fi g. 1) 138(see fi gs. 1–3) 138

a factor in 109a few 105aforementioned 137a great deal 105a little 105a need for 192a novel step was 85a number (of) 105, 217able to 39, 190above 79absence of 37abundant 141accelerate 140, 141acceptable 86accompany 109according to 85, 138account for 109accurate 39, 84, 190, 220achieve 36, 82, 219, 220acquire 77adapt 81, 85,add 81address 36, 218adequate 141adjacent 79adjust 81, 85adopt 36

advantage 34, 81, 190aff ect 109aft er 98aft erwards 98, 99aim 40, 217align 79all 77, 84, 140allow 82, 220almost 141almost never 101almost the same 85also 11alter 85alternative approach 37, 218although 10, 218always 84, 100ambiguous 37analogous to 188analyse 36, 218apart from that 11apparently 110, 148applicability 220apply 36, 81, 193, 220appreciable 105, 141appreciably 105approach 39appropriate 84, 141, 190approximately 105argue 36, 218arise 109arrange 81as 9, 99

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as a result (of which) 9as a rule 100as anticipated 143as can be seen from/in fi g. 1 138as described by/in 85as detailed in fi g. 1 139as discussed previously 137as evident from/in the fi gure 139as expected 143as explained by/in 85as far as possible 87as few as 105as illustrated by fi g. 1 139as in 85as indicated in. fi g. 1 139as listed in fi g.1 139as many as 105as mentioned earlier 137as oft en as not 101as outlined above 137as predicted by 143as proposed in 85as reported by/in 85, 143as reported (previously) 85, 137as shown in fi g. 1 139as soon as 99as suggested by/in 85as we can see from/in fi g. 1 139ascribe to 109assemble 81, 219assess 82assist 190associate 109, 148assume 36, 81, 217at fi rst 98at least 84, 105at no time 101at present 192at that point 99at the beginning 98at the end 99at the front/back 79at the same time 99at the start 98

at times 101attach 79, 81attempt 36, 39attracted much attention 34attractive 190attribute to 109avoid 82

barely 105barely ever 101based on 85, 217basic issue 34because 9, 82before long 98beforehand 98begin by/with 40below 79, 105benefi cial 34, 190besides 11better 190, 220better than 143beyond the scope of this study 144bisect 79border 79both 77, 84boundary 79brief 141bring about 109broaden 188but 10by contrast 10by doing…, we were able to 82by far 105

calculate 36, 81, 219calibrate 81can 160can be appliedcan be found in 85, 139can be identifi ed from/in fi g. 1 139can be observed in fi g. 1 139can be seen from/in fi g. 1 139carefully 84carry out 36, 77, 81


Index of Vocabulary 247

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categorise 36cause 109, 219caused by 144central problem 34challenge 37, 188change 85, 140characterise 81choose 36, 77chosen for 82chosen to 82circular 79claim 36classic feature 34classify 36clear 141, 190close (to) 105close attention is paid to 40collect 36, 77, 81combine 81come from 109commercial interest 34commercially available 77common issue 34common technique 217commonly 101comparable 141, 188compare 36, 39, 188, 217, 218compare well 143, 190, 220comparing fi gs. 1 and 4 shows that

139compatible with 188compelling 189compensate 82completely 84complicated 218comprehensive 190computationally demanding 37compute 81concentrate on 36, 39conclude 36, 39, 220concur 143conduct 36, 77confi ned to 38confi rm 36, 82, 143, 188, 190

confused 37conical 79connect to 79, 109consequence 109consequently 9consider 36, 218considerable 105, 141considerably 105, 141consistent 141, 143, 188, 220consolidate 81constant 84, 140construct 36, 81, 219contain 138contradict 188contrary to 143contribute to 109control 81convenient 190converge 79convert 81convincing 190correct 84, 190correlate 36, 143correspond 138, 188corroborate 143, 188cost-eff ective 190could 160could account for 148could be attributed to 148could be due to 148could be explained by 148could be interpreted as 148could be seen as 148could lead to 190couple (onto) 79covered with/by 79create 81, 109crucial 34, 189current problem 34currently in progress 144currently underway 144

data in fi g. 1 suggest that 139deal with 36



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debate 36decline 140decrease 140, 219defect 37defi cient 37defi ne 36delay 140demand clarifi cation 38demonstrate 36, 138, 220derive 81, 109describe 36, 39, 218design 36, 81desirable 218despite 10, 144details are given in 85detect 36determine 36, 82, 217develop 36devise 77diff erent 140diff ers (from) 188diffi cult 144diffi culty 37, 218directly 84disadvantage 37, 218disagree 38discard 81discover 36discuss 36, 39, 218display 138displayed in fi g. 1 139disprove 143distinct 141distribute 81divide 81dominant 141doubtful 37downstream (of) 79dramatic 34, 141, 189drastic 141drawback 37, 218drop 140due to 9, 109, 144during the past two decades 34

each (of) 77, 84each/every time 100earlier 98easily (over/under) 105easy 190economically important 34edge 79eff ect 109eff ective 39, 190, 220effi cient 39, 190elicit 109eliminate 81embed 79emphasise 218employ 81enable 39, 82, 190encased (in) 79encouraging 190, 192enhance 36, 82, 190, 220ensure 82, 190, 220entirely 84equal 140equally spaced 79equidistant 79equipment 77equivalent 141error 37essential 34, 141, 218essentially identical 85essentially the same 85establish 36, 82estimate 36, 81evaluate 36, 39, 219even (higher/lower) 105even so 10even though 10eventually 98, 99, 193every/each 84evidence for this is in fi g. 1 139evident 190evidently 148exact 190, 220examine 36, 217, 218excellent 39, 141, 189



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exceptional 141, 189exceptionally 105, 141excessive 141exciting 189exist 140, 217expand 140, 188expect 39expensive 37experiments 77explain 36explore 36expose 81extend 36, 79, 188, 218extensive 141extensively studied 34extract 81extraordinary 190extreme 141extremely (high/low) 105

facilitate 40, 82, 190facing 79fail 38fairly 105, 141fall 140fall short of 38false 37far (above/below) 105far from perfect 37far side/end 79fastened (to) 79feasible 190few 38, 105, 141fewer (than) 105fi lter 81fi nally 99fi nd 36, 140fi rmly 84fi rstly 98fi tted (with) 79fi xed (to) 79fl aw 37fl exible 190focus on 34, 36

for a number of years 34for many years 34for the fi rst time 220for the purpose of 82for the sake of 82formerly 98formulate 36, 81, 219found 77, 140, 219frequently 34, 84, 101, 217freshly 84from fi g. 1 it can be seen that 139from time to time 101fruitful 192fully 84fundamental issue 34further investigations 192further work is needed 192further work is planned 145, 192furthermore 11future directions 221future work should 145, 192, 221future work will 145, 192

gap in our knowledge 37generally 100, 138, 142, 217generate 36, 77, 81, 109gently 84give 138give rise to 109given by/in 85, 139goal 40goes against 188good 84, 142greater (than) 105growth in popularity 34guarantee 83, 220

habitually 100hard to (control) 144hardly 105hardly ever 101have potential 193have to 160help to 190



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hence 9here 40high 142higher 79, 140highest 140holds promise 192horizontal 79however 10, 218

ideal 190identical 84, 85, 140, 143, 188, 219identify 36, 83, 219ill-defi ned 37illustrate 36, 40, 138immaterial 144immediately 84, 99immense 142immerse 81imperceptible 141implement 36, 193imply 36, 148important 34, 141, 190impossible 144impractical 37, 218, 144improbable 37improve 36, 40, 83, 190, 220in accordance with 85in addition 11in advance 98in an attempt to 82in contradiction to 188in contrast to 188in essence 85in fi g. 1 we compare/present 139in front (of) 79in future, care should be taken 145, 192in future, it is advised that 145, 192in general 138in good agreement 143, 188, 220in line with 85, 143, 188in most/all cases 138in order to 82, 137, 217in particular 141in principle 85, 141

in some cases 105in some circumstances 148in spite of 10in the beginning 98in the end 99in the front/back 79in the main 138in the meantime 99in the second place 11in this section 138in time 98in view of (the fact that) 9inaccurate 37, 218inadequate 37, 141incapable (of) 37include 81, 83, 218incompatible 37incomplete 37, 144inconclusive 37inconsistent 37, 143inconvenient 37, 218incorporate 36, 81incorrect 37increase 83, 140, 219increasing number 34independently 84indicate 36, 148, 220individually 84ineff ective 38ineffi cient 38inevitable 144inevitably 144inferior 38infi nitesimal 105, 144infl exible 38infl uence 109, 217infrequently 101inhibit 81initially 98initiate 109inner 79innovation 39insert 81insignifi cant 144



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inspection of fi g. 1 indicates 139install 81instruments 77insuffi cient 38intention 40interesting 34, 141, 192interpret 36intersect 79introduce 36, 218invaluable 190invariably 100invert 81investigate 36, 78, 137, 217isolate 81it appears that 110, 141, 148it may be inferred that 110, 148it could be assumed that 110, 148it could be concluded that 148it could be inferred that 148it could be speculated that 148it has recently been shown that 217it is (very) probable/likely that 110it is (widely) accepted that 110, 217it is apparent that 138it is conceivable that 148it is evident from the results that 138it is evident that 148it is known that 137, 217it is logical that 148it is necessary to 38it is recognised that 110it may be thought/believed that 110, 220it is thought/said/recognised that 110it is widely accepted that 217it is reasonable to suppose that 110it is thought that 148it is/may/can be assumed that 110it seems (likely) that 110it seems (highly) probable that 110it seems plausible that 148it seems that 148it should be noted that 144it should be possible to 218it was noted that 219

it was possible to 82it would be benefi cial/useful 192it would seem/appear that 110

join 79just 105just then 99

key technique 34

lack 37large/ly 141largely the same 85lastly 99later 98, 99later on 98, 99lateral 79lead to 193leading cause 34lends support to 188less 105less than ideal 144less than perfect 144likelihood 141likely 148limit 83, 218limitation 37link 109linked to 148list 138little 105little evidence is available 38little work has been done 38locate 79, 81loosely based on 86low 141low-cost 190lower 79, 140

main 141maintain 81major issue 34majority 77make it possible to 220



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manage to 40many 34, 77margin 79marginal 105marginally (higher/lower) 105marked 105, 141markedly 105match 140, 143may 160materials 77maximise 81mean (that) 148, 220meaningless 38meanwhile 99measurable 141measure 36, 81, 219might 160mild 141minimal 141minimize 40, 81, 83minor defi cit 144mirror 188miscalculate 38misjudge 38misleading 38misunderstand 38model 36, 77, 219moderate 105modify 77, 81, 85, 188monitor 36more (than) 105more oft en than not 101more or less 85, 141more work is needed 38moreover 11most 34, 77, 105, 141mounted (on) 79much 105much study in recent years 34must 160

near side 79nearly 105

necessarily 87need for (clarifi cation) 37, 217need to re-examine 38neglect 38negligible 105, 141, 144never 84, 101nevertheless 10, 144new 39, 220next 98next step 37no correlation 37none 140nonetheless 10non-existent 38normalize 81normally 100not able to 218not addressed 38not always accurate 144not always reliable 144not apparent 38not attempted 144not completely clear 144not dealt with 38not dissimilar (to) 143not examined 144not explored in this study 144not ideal 144not identical 144not investigated 144not once 101not perfect 144not precise 144not repeatable 38not signifi cant 144, 221not studied 38not suffi ciently 38not the focus of this paper 144not well understood 38not within the scope of this study

144not/no longer useful 38note 36



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noticeable 105, 141noticeably 105, 141notwithstanding 10novel 39, 190, 220now and then 101nowadays 34numerous 105numerous investigations 34

objective 40observe 36, 219obstacle 37obtain 36, 77, 81, 83, 219, 220obvious 141occasionally 101occupy 79occur 140, 217, 219of great concern 34of growing interest 34of little value 38of no consequence 144of no/little signifi cance 144off er 40, 190off er a means of 82oft en 34, 101, 217on account of (the fact that) 9on both sides 79on each side 79on each/every occasion 100on either side 79on no occasion 101on some occasions 101on the front/back 79on the other hand 10on the right/left 79on the whole 138on top (of) 79once 98one of the best-known 34one way to avoid 82only 84, 105, 141, 144operate 81opposite 79

optimize 81organised as follows 39originally 98originate in 109ought to 160our aim was to 82our approach 217out of range 79outer 79outline 40outperform 190outstanding 190over 79, 105over the past ten years 34overcome 36, 83overlook 38over-simplistic 38overview 40overwhelming 141, 189owing to 148

parallel 79, 143particularly 105peak 140perfect 189perform 36, 78, 219perhaps 148permit 83perpendicular 79placed 79play a key role 34play a major part 34plenty 105plot 81, 139point out 36poor 38, 141popular 34, 217position 79, 81possibility 110possible benefi ts 34possible direction 192possible source of error 144possibly 148



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potential applications 34potential use 220potentially 148powerful 34, 39, 142, 189practical 39practically 85, 105precede 140precisely 84predict 36, 40, 137prefer 36preliminary attempt 144, 221prepare 81present 36, 40, 139, 140, 218, 219present work 39presented in detail 39presumably 148prevent 83previously 98prior to 98probably 148problem 37, 218problematic 38produce 36, 109, 140, 193, 217, 219productive 190profi table 34project 39promising 192propose 36, 40, 218prove 36, 143, 188, 190provide 36, 40, 78, 83, 139provide a framework 190provide a way of 82provide compelling evidence 148provide insight into 188, 190provide the fi rst evidence 190provides support for 188publish 36purchase 78purpose 40put forward 36

quantify 81questionable 38

quick 142quite 105

radical 142randomly 84range 34rapid 34, 142rapidly 84rarely 101rather time-consuming 87realize 36realistic 190reason 137reasonable results were obtained 144reasonably 105recent decades 34recent research 217recent studies 217recently 34, 217recognize 36recommend 36, 192record 36, 81, 219rectangular 79reduce 83, 140redundant 38refi ne 85refute 143, 188regardless of 10regularly 100regulate 81reinforce 143relate 109related to 148, 217relatively 105relevant 190, 220reliably 84remain constant 140remain to be (identifi ed) 192remain unstudied 38remarkable 34, 141, 189remove 81, 83remove the need for 190repeat 81



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repeated 84repeatedly 100report 36, 39, 139, 218represent 139,represent a new approach to 190require 218require clarifi cation 38research opportunities 192resembling 141restrict 38, 81result from 109result in 109, 219result of 109results are given in fi g. 1 139retain 81reveal 36, 40, 139, 190review 36, 218revise 36, 85rigorously 84rise 140risk 37, 218robust 190room for improvement 145rule out 190

sample 77, 81satisfactory 141scarce 141scarcely ever 101score 81secondly 11, 98section 39seem to 148seen 140seldom 101select 81selected on the basis of 82separate 81, 84serious 141set out as follows 39severe 141sharp 141shortly aft er 98

should 160should be explored 192should be replicated 192should be validated 192should be verifi ed 192show 36, 139, 218side 79signifi cant 34, 105, 141, 220signifi cantly 105, 141similar 85, 141, 143, 188simple 40, 141, 190, 220simulate 36, 81simultaneously 99since 9situated 79slight 105slight mismatch 145slightly disappointing 145slightly modifi ed 85slightly 221small 105smooth/ly 84, 141so 9, 82, 105so (high/low) 105so as to 82so that 82sole 140solve 36, 190some 105sometimes 101somewhat 105, 141, 145soon 98, 193stabilize 81stable 190starting point 192state 36steep 141stem from 109straight away 99straightforward 40, 190striking 34, 141, 189strong 141, 190,study 36, 39, 217, 219



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subsequently 98substantial 105, 141substantially 105, 141substitute 81succeed 40, 190successful 40, 190successfully 84such that 82sudden 141suff er 38suffi cient 141suggest 36, 148, 220suitable 84, 141, 220summarise 139superior 190, 220supplied 78support 36, 143, 148, 188, 190surprising 141, 189surrounded (by) 79

take advantage of 82technicality 145tend to 148tendency 141, 148tends to refute 188test 36, 77the aim of this study 217the evidence points to 110the evidence suggests that 110the fi rst of its kind 188the majority of 141the next stage 192the overall response was 138the results are divided into two parts 138the same as that of/in 85then 98there is a strong possibility that 110there is an urgent need 38there is evidence to indicate that 110,

148there is growing concern 38there seems to be/is a tendency to 110thereby 82therefore 9, 82

this implies/seems to imply that 110

this is not the case 38thoroughly 84though 10thus 82tightly 84time-consuming 38, 218tip 79to begin with 98to some extent 105to start with 98to the right/left 79today 34too 141towards the end 98track 81traditional 34transfer 81treat 81, 219trials 77trigger 109typical 34

unaff ected 140, 219unanswered 38unavailable 144unavoidable 144uncertain 38unchanged 140unclear 38undeniable 189, 190under 79, 105underneath 79undertake 36uneconomic 38unexpected 141, 144unfortunately 38, 144unfounded 38uniform 140uniformly 84unimportant 145unique 189unlike 143, 188



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unlikely 38, 148unnecessary 38unprecedented 189unpredictable 144unproven 38unrealistic 38unresolved 38unsatisfactory 38unsolved 38unsuccessful 38, 218unsupported 38unusual 142, 189unworkable 144upon 99upper 79upstream 79upwards of 105urgent 192use 36, 193, 219, 220useful 34, 190using the method 85, 138usually 34, 100utilise 36, 81, 193

valid 190validate 83, 143, 220valuable 40, 142, 190vary 81, 85, 140verify 143, 188vertical 79very 142vigorously 84

virtually 85, 105, 142visible in fi g. 1 139vital 34, 189

we could infer that 148we have confi dence that 148we observe from fi g. 1 that 139weakness 37well (under/over) 105well-documented 34well-known 34what is more 11when 99whereas 10which is why 9while 10, 99widely recognized 34widespread 34with some adjustments 85with some alterations 85with some changes 85with some modifi cations 85with the aim of 217with the intention of 82within range (of) 79without exception 100work 40worthwhile 34, 192would seem to suggest/indicate 148

yet 10yield 109, 190, 219


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