SOURCESSOURCESOFOF

AIR POLLUTANTSAIR POLLUTANTS

COURSE COMMUNICATIONCOURSE COMMUNICATION

http://www.uea.ac.uk/~e490/e3c62.htm Timetable: http://www.uea.ac.uk/~e490/e3c62/

e3c62tt.htm Email: P.Brimblecombe@uea.ac.uk Open office

ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

Non graded problem sheet literary seminar presentation for Journalistic essay 16th March(?)

Journalistic essay – New Scientist style Introduced 30 Jan and due March ??

Exam

FUELS as HYDROCARBONSFUELS as HYDROCARBONS

Hydrogen and other fuels

Fate of carbon and hydrogen in combustion

Effect of oxygen limitation

Smoke

PAH

PAHPAH

Condensation in flames

Optimum temperatures in wood burning relatively low

GHOST MONEYGHOST MONEY

“Ghost month” = “smoke month”

90,700 tonne of money are burned

burning paper money releases benzene or furfural?

~27 kg BaP (if furnaces) cf UK 11000 kg/annum

http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/07/26/2003418575http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/07/26/2003418575

July 2008: EPA sealed a Land July 2008: EPA sealed a Land God Temple’s (God Temple’s ( 土地公廟土地公廟 ) ) furnace in Bade Village (furnace in Bade Village ( 八德八德 ) ) Lungtan Township (Lungtan Township ( 龍潭龍潭 ), ),

NITROGEN NITROGEN and AIRand AIR

Zeldovic cycle N+ O2

Prompt nitrogen CH + N2 HCN + N

HCN CN NO Oxygen balance

different for CO and NO

AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONSAUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONSBalancing carbon and nitrogenBalancing carbon and nitrogen

CO + O2 CO2 N2 + O2 N O

NONO22

Satellite images show strong association with cities – especially motor vehicles

SULFUR EMISSIONSSULFUR EMISSIONS

Sulfur as an impurity in fuel High sulfur coals Higher in fuel oils- low in petrol

Globally emissions from ships are an increasing source sulfur

CHLORINE CHEMISTRYCHLORINE CHEMISTRY

Coal and wood can have high chlorine concentrations. Emissions as HCl (or CH3Cl)

HCl HNO3

H2SO4

10 hours25 hours

DAMAGE TO CARSDAMAGE TO CARS

Paintwork exposed to simulated raindrops

SALT RAIN

SALT RAINWITH RUST

ACID RAIN WITH RUST

ACID RAIN pH 3.7

salts accumulate on rust particles

DISCOLOURATION

1 mm

Mark Guishard

NITRO/CHLORO/SULFUR PAHNITRO/CHLORO/SULFUR PAH

METALS IN PARTICLES –METALS IN PARTICLES – IMPURITIES IN FUELSIMPURITIES IN FUELS

Vanadium Nickel

…so we get V2O5, V2O4, V2O3 and even 2NiO.V2O5

Porphyrins combine readily with metals

ADDITIVESADDITIVES

Boron Chlorine – lowers

PAH? Tetra ethyl lead

The C-Pb bond is quite weak, so fragments producing lead and C2H5 radicals which can help terminate the combustion process by radical reactions.

METHYLCYCLOPENTADIENYL METHYLCYCLOPENTADIENYL MANGANESETRICARBONYLMANGANESETRICARBONYL (MMT) (MMT)

Approved by US-EPA at 1ounce per gallon of gasoline for street-vehicles

Fears of links between manganese and brain damage

Battle between Ethyl Corp and EPAs

Even after coal - still an urban problem Diesel – unburnt carbon Less that 10 or even 2.5 m

FINE PARTICULATE MATTERFINE PARTICULATE MATTER

Phillip Tan

BRICKMAKINGBRICKMAKING

K2Al4(Si6Al2O20)(OH)4 + SiO2

2KAlSi3O8 + 2Al2SiO5 + 2H2O

K2Al4(Si6Al2O20)(OH)2F2 + SiO2

2KAlSi3O8 + 2Al2SiO5 + 2HF

muscovite

silica

sillimanitemicrocline

INCINERATORSINCINERATORS

Metals – mercury! SO2 from fuel NO HCl from PVC etc Dioxin… how to make

SUDBURYSUDBURY

Ni2S3 + 4O2 2NiO + 3SO2

CELEBRATING POLLUTIONCELEBRATING POLLUTION

DEMOLITIONDEMOLITION

Building dusts – lots of trace contaminants

AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

Dispersive sources

Ploughing

Pesticides

Pollen dispersal

DISPERSIVE PROCESSESDISPERSIVE PROCESSES

ORGANICS ORGANICACIDS

NEUTRALIZATIONHNO3

H2SO4

DUST EMISSION

Mining, agriculture, construction, roads

OXIDATION

VEHICLE WEARVEHICLE WEAR

Wear: Cu, Zn, Cd, Sb, Ba, Pb

Brakes Cu, Ba, Sb

Diesels Ba, Sb

ASIA - MOTORCYCLESASIA - MOTORCYCLES

Traditionally 2-stroke engines lots of organic matter and particles – with organic material

Electric power Air power

EUROPEAN EUROPEAN CONTROLSCONTROLS

Ever tightening regulations as part of a recognition of the role of motor vehicles

CARBON FOOTPRINT ALSOCARBON FOOTPRINT ALSO