SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER ON

EARTHBY: VAIBHAVI KADUROLL NO – 20T.Y. B.Sc ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCETHE MAHARAJA SAYAJIRAO UNIVERSITY

CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION • WATER DEFINITION • WATER ON EARTH• DRINKING WATER• SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER• CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

• HYDROLOGY

Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution and quality of water on earth and other planets including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.

WATER ???

WATER ON EARTH

• There is no shortage of water on Earth. Most of our planet is covered by water, but very little amount of that water is available for humans to drink.

• Less than 3% of the planet’s water exists as fresh water.

• The earth is a watery place. Earth is covered by 70% of water so it is also called as “THE BLUE PLANET”.

DRINKING WATER

1) Free from pathogenic agents

2) Free from harmful chemical factors

3) Pleasure to the taste

4) Usable for domestic purpose

Sr.no

CHARACTERISTICS STANDARD

1 Colour (hazen) 52 Taste and odour Unobjection

able3 Turbidity (N.T.U) 54 PH 6.5-8.55 Total dissolved solids(mg/litre) 5006 Total hardness mg/l (as caco3) 3007 Chlorides (as Cl) mg/l 2508 Sulphates (as So4) mg/l 2009 Nitrates ( as No3) mg/l 4510 Fluorides (as F) mg/l 111 Calcium (as Ca) mg/l 7512 Free residual chlorine (as Cl)

mg/l0.2

13 Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.314 Manganese (As Mn) mg/l 0.115 Total coliforms (MPN/100ml) 0

WHO guidelines for drinking water quality

Sources of Drinking Water

Surface Water Ground Water

Stream

River

Pond

Lake Impounded Reservoir

Well Spring

Porous Pipe

Galleries

In-filtration Galleries

Rain water

STREAM AND RIVER• Stream is a small channel along which water is

continually flowing down a slope; and made of small gullies.

• River is a large channel along which water is continually flowing down a slope; and made of many streams that come together.

• All rivers and streams start at some high point. The high point can be a mountain, hill or another elevated area.

• Water from some source like a snow melt or a lake starts at the high point beings to flow down to lower points.

• As the water flows down, it may pick up more water from other small streams. These streams may slowly join together to become larger river.

River ganga

Stream

LAKE• Lakes are inland bodies of standing water.

• Lakes can be formed by glaciers, tectonic plate movement, river and wind currents.

• The quantity of water in the lakes depends on its basin capacity, catchment area, annual rainfall and porosity of ground etc.

• Millions of lakes are scattered over earth’s surface, most are located in higher latitudes and mountains areas.

• The great lakes of the united states and Canada are the world’s largest system of fresh water.

• Canada alone contains almost 50 percent of the world’s lake.

TITICACA LAKE, SOUTH AFRICA

POND

• A pond is a body of standing water, either natural or artificial, that is usually smaller than lake.

• They may arise naturally in floodplains as part of a river system.

RAIN-WATER

•  Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the Earth.

• Water vapor condenses and returns to Earth as precipitation, once again replenishing reservoirs, lakes, rivers, and other sources of water.

• Much of the rain that enters the ground filters down into subsurface water-bearing rocks (aquifers) and eventually reaches lakes, streams, and rivers where these surface-water bodies intercept the aquifers.

IMPOUNDED RESERVOIR

• A reservoir is an enlarged natural or artificial lake, storage pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water.

• It is also known as storage reservoir.

Sardar sarovar dam, Gujarat

SPRING• Springs typically are

present where the water table intersects the land surface.

• Springs can discharge fresh ground water either onto the ground surface, directly into the beds of rivers or streams, or directly into the oceans below sea level.

 Mill Run Spring in Bath County.

INFILTRATION GALLERIES • The ground water

while traveling can be obstructed by digging a trench or by constructing a tunnel with holes onside at right angle, to the direction of the flow of underground water.

• This underground water tunnel used for trapping underground water near rivers, lakes or streams are called infiltration galleries.

WELL• A water well is an excavation or structure created in

the ground by digging, driving, boring or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers.

• A well is a human-made hole in the ground specifically used for accessing groundwater. Wells come in different shapes and sizes, but their use is generally the same. 

• There are mainly three types of well:

1. Dug well2. Driven well3. Drilled well

DUG WELL • Dug wells were excavated by

hand shovel to below the water table until incoming water exceeded the digger’s bailing rate.

• The well was lined with stones, bricks, tile, or other material to prevent collapse, and was covered with a cap of wood, stone, or concrete tile.

• Dug wells have a large diameter and expose a large area to the aquifer. This well is able to obtain water from less-permeable materials such as very fine sand, silt, or clay.

DRIVEN WELL• Driven well are much more

common in today's society than dug wells because they are wells that are created with a small pipe driven into the ground.

• The pipe has a filter over the bottom to keep out as much sediment as possible, and that pipe is driven down into the ground until it reaches the water table.

• Once the well is deep enough, all of the dirt is washed out of the inside of the pipe, and a pump is installed so that water can be removed from the well.

DRILLED WELL

• These are most modern wells and are created by digging a hole in the ground with machinery and can reach deeper into the ground than both dug and driven wells.

• These wells can be drilled more than 1,000 feet deep.

• As a well is drilled, steel casing is inserted into the hole. This casing is secured 10 feet into bedrock. Drilling will continue deeper into bedrock until an adequate supply of water is discovered.

ARTESIAN WELL• An artesian well is simply a well

that doesn’t require a pump to bring water to the surface; this occurs when there is enough pressure in the aquifer. The pressure forces the water to the surface without any sort of assistance.• An aquifer is a geologic layer of permeable and porous rock such as sandstone or limestone and that provides the water source for the artesian well.

• The aquifer absorbs and stores water and in an artesian well the porous stone is sandwiched between a top and bottom layer of impermeable rock such as shale or clay. This causes positive pressure.

INFILTRATION WELL• Infiltration well are shallow wells which is constructed

under the bed of rivers -water infiltrates from both bottom and sides.

• A hand pump, windmill or power pump is used to pump out water from the well.

• Not affected by floods, silt/sand/gravel loads, and extremely low waters in rivers/streams.

• Provides better quality water throughout the year. (filtration)

• The well can have radial porous pipes. (jack wells)

CONCLUSION

• Although earth has an abundant amount of water resources but for drinking purpose we need fresh water which is very scarce. So we should start conserving our valuable water resources.

REFERENCES• http://

www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/freshwater_supply/freshwater.html

• http://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html

• http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/nwep7j.htm

• http://www.mbgnet.net/fresh/lakes/pond.htm

• http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/lake.aspx

• http://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesprings.html

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir

• http://healthvermont.gov/enviro/water/drilled_well.aspx

• http://study.com/academy/lesson/wells-definition-types.html

• http://www.wellowner.org/basics/types-of-wells/

Thank you..