ENERGY SOURCES( ORIGIN POINT )

SOURCE

wind Wood Sun

Nuclear energy

Coal Geothermal

NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

The sources which once used are Lost forever and can’t be replenished.

Causes pollution.

Conventional sources.

Exhaustible sources.

• Eg. Firewood , Diesel , charcoal …….

The sources that have inherent capacity to reappear or replenish themselves by quick cycling, reproduction and replacement within a reasonable time.

Do not cause pollution.

Non-conventional sources.

Inexhaustible sources.

• Eg . Wind energy , Tidal energy …..

WIND ENERGY :( WIND-moving air )

High pressur

e

Low pressure

•Whirligig

Hurricanes

Tornados

•Winnowing

Wind mill(Wind energy-Electrical energy)

1. No. of blades 2. Shape of the blades3. Height of the

windmill

WIND VELOCITY

Wind energy farm

TIDAL ENERGY :

LIMITATIONS OF TIDAL ENERGY :

(Tide –Movement of water level along shore.)

High TideGenerator

Reservoir

SeaDam

Low Tide

Sea

Dam

Generator

Reservoir

1) Rise and fall of water is insufficient to generate electricity on large scale.

2) There are very few sites suitable to construct such dams along a sea shore.

UPPERMOST SURFACE

SOIL / STONES

WATER

ROCKS

SPOTS

“MAGMA”(MOLTEN ROCKS)

GEYSER

Generator

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY :GEOTHERMAL

HEATEARTH

ENERGY FROM FLOWING WATER

GENERATOR

(HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT )

LIMITATIONS :

1) Very few sites available .

2) problem of rehabilitation .

MINI HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER

PLANTS…….

TURBIN

ES

Solar energy:

(Energy obtained from sun)

Production of solar energy :

Nuclear fusion reaction

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS

+ ENERGY (heat+light)

[Energy received /sec = 1.8 x 10¹¹ Mw.]

ADVANTAGES OF USING SOLAR ENERGY :

1) Solar energy is a very large & inexhaustible source of energy.

2) Solar energy is a clean source of energy & it does not cause pollution.

Diameter : 1.4 x 10⁶ km.Temperature : (2 x 10⁷)°CDistance : 1.5 x 10⁸ km.

Mass : 2 x 1030 kg.

mass difference - Energy

E = mc²

H

H

H

H

LIMITATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY:1) Solar energy is a dilute source of energy.

•Even in Hottest tropical region , solar energy/sec on 1m², Is less than 1000 joule.

•Very high amt. of energy – Technological applications.

COST IS VERY HIGH.

2) The problem of availability .•Available only during day time.

•Varies with time.

•Varies with seasons.

•Local weather conditions. (cloud cover , wind etc.)COST IS VERY HIGHLA

RGE

STORI

NG

EQUI

PMEN

TSLARGE

COLL

ECTI

NG

SURFA

CES

dilute

SOLAR COOKER

30º 30º

MIRROR

INSULATED BOX

TRANSPARENTGLASS COVER

COOKING POTS

SOLAR COOKER

4 cm4 cm

REAL SOLAR COOKERDIAGRAM

The box - insulating materials. (plastic / fiberglass / wood)The inner surface – BLACK. The walls – Thick. •Avoids dust particles to enter in the box.The plane mirror - maximum heat radiations are reflected in the box.The outer surface of cooking pots – BLACK.The temperature - 100°C -140°C. {2 hours} The food cooked which requires slow heating. Viz. Dal , Rice, Pulses, Vegitables.etc.

Solar cooker:

Insulated box

Mirror

(98% incident heat radiations)(To prevent loss of heat)

Transparent Cover

The glass cover . • Retains heat inside the box.

Solar dryer:Used to remove the moisture from the grapes.

Solar cells : solar energy – electrical energy.

(Photovoltaic cells)

easily available in abundance & eco friendly.

A typical solar cell -2 cm² Piece of pure silicon. o.7 Watt electricity.

Large no. of solar cells are combined together “SOLAR PANEL”

Uses :T. V . relay stations , traffic signals ,stations in the remote area.

Calculators & toys.

To pump the water for irrigation.

For lightening the rural area.

SILICON

Flat platecollector

Main coldWater line

Cold water tank

InsulatedStorage tank

Solar radiations

Hot water to tap

SOLAR WATER HEATER

SOLAR WATER HEATER

Flat plate collector. Insulated storage tank. Copper pipes – coils – outer surface - black. Coils – bending provides more area for absorption of heat. All connecting pipes – copper(good conductor of heat).

CONSTRUCTION :

WORKING :

Cold water from tank – Insulated storage tank with pressure. From insulated storage tank – Flat plate collector. Solar radiations , water – Hot – Lighter - goes up - Enters into tank. Hot water being lighter remains at the top. Hot water from tank, through copper pipes - connected to hot water tap.

Flat platecollector

Main coldWater line

Cold water tank

InsulatedStorage tank

Solar radiations

Hot water to tap

Flat platecollector

Main coldWater line

Cold water tank

InsulatedStorage tank

Solar radiations

Hot water to tap

SOLAR WATER HEATER

CA

DM

IU

MC

AD

MI

UM

CADM

IUM

²³⁵U

Ba

n

Kr

²³⁵U

Ba

Kr

n

n

²³⁵U

Ba

Kr

n

n

n

²³⁵U

Ba

Kr

n

n

n

Nuclear fission fission Splitting up of nucleus

²³⁵U

²³⁸UU²³⁴U

Isotopes

More than 99%

Nuclear energy :Energy – Nucleus of an atom

Nuclear fusion

n

n

n

ENERGY….(HEAT)

n

ENERGY….

(HEAT)

ENERGY….

(HEAT)

ENERGY….

(HEAT)

BURNER REACTIONBURNER REACTOR

CONTROLLEDCONTROLLED CHAIN REACTION

UNCONTROLLED

CHAIN REACTIONS

FISSIBLE MATERIAL

FERTILE MATERIAL

239

Pu

BREEDER REACTIONS

BREEDER REACTOR

1 cubic meter

NUCLEAR FUSIONFUSION2

1HDeuteron

2

1H

2

1H

2

1H

2

1H

2

1H

2

1H

2

1H

2

1H

COMBINATION

12 x 109 kJ (kilo-joules)

2

1H2

1H

2

1H

2

1H

2

1H

2

1H

2

1H

2

1H

2

1H

Biomass energy :

(Biomass – Forest ,wood , Agricultural land , Sea animals , Human waste)

DIRECT METHOD INDIRECT METHODBurning

Traditional chulhas

Efficiency – less than 15%

Biologicalconversion

(Converting – solid / liquid / gases)

Fermentation(Decomposition)

Thermochemicalconversion

Gasifier

Bio massPlants & animalsmaterials

N₂ H₂ CO₂

CO CH4complex simple

Biofuels :Solid

Liquid

Seeds of soyabean & corn.

Renewable energy source.Non-poisonous.Bio-degradableReplacement of diesel in diesel industry.

NAGCHAMPA

Gaseous

CHARCOAL

Fuels -Biomass

JATHROPHA CLEAN SOURCE

No sulphur

No aromatics10% oxygen inbuilt

BIODIESEL

BIOGASGaseous fuel - Microbial decomposition - Organic matter - In absence of oxygenMethane (CH4) ,Carbon dioxide (CO2) ,Hydrogen (H2) ,Hydrogen sulphide (H2S).

USES : Clean combustible fuel.Cooking , Space heating , Lightning, etc..

BIOGAS PLANT :Dome

Digestor

SludgeSlurry

Valve

80% methane, [excellent fuel , burns without smoke.]

BIOGAS PLANT :CONSTRUCTION :

Digestor , DomeTwo main parts -

Dome

Fixed type Floating type

DIGESTOR Well like structure containing Animal waste in the form of slurry

Below the ground level

TWO PIPES Feeding animal waste , SLURRY (Cow dung and water)

Taking out the used slurry “SLUDGE”.

VALVE Like a tap

WORKIING : Slurry – slurry tank - DIGESTOR Anaerobic microorganisms decomposes the slurry in presence of water. In few days BIOGAS is evolved.

(CO2), (H2), (H2S).

Biogas – DOME.through valve can be used Residue left behind–“SLUDGE”-sludge tank

SLUDGE – very good fertilizer Rich in N2, P,K. –excellent fertilizers.

Dome

Digestor

SludgeSlurry

Valve

FUELSFuels are the substances which on combustion produces energy in the form of heat.

GaseousSolid Liquid Wood

Coal

Coke

Chief constituent - CELLULOSE (C6H10O5)n

Wood CO2 + H2O + energy (Heat+Light)

Amorphous carbon & carbon compounds

Peat ,Lignite, Bituminous , Anthracite.

Coal (In absence of air)

Coke

90 -95% carbonBurns without smokeProduces more heat than coal

Coke - superior fuel than Coal

GaseousLiquid

FUELSFuels are the substances which on combustion produces energy in the form of heat.

PetroleumComplex mixture of Hydrocarbons

Extracted from earth’s crust

Thick , black liquid

‘’ FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION ’’

Petrol , diesel , kerosene , paraffin wax….

Crude oil

ArtificialNaturalC.N.G.

( Compressed natural gas ) Coal gas

Oil gas

Petrol gas

Water gas

Producer gas

Fractional distillation of coke

Cracking of kerosene

Cracking of petrol

CO + N2 + OTHER GASES

30% 60% 10%

White hot coalsteam

Q

Q 1Q 2

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUELThe heat liberated in joule on complete burning of one unit of fuel is called as calorific value.

Q = Heat liberated by ‘m’ mass of fuel.Q1 = Heat absorbed by water.Q2= Heat absorbed by container.

m = Mass of fuel.m1 =Mass of water.m2 =Mass of container.

C1= Specific heat capacity of water.

C2= Specific heat capacity of container.

Q = Q1 + Q2 m1c1t(diff) +m2c2t(diff)

-m= Calorific value Units

Joule / kg Calorie / gram

MKS CGS

Q

Name of fuel Calorific value : (joule/kg)

CHARCOAL 33

COAL 25 – 33

WOOD 17

COW DUNG CAKE 7 – 8

KEROSENE 48

FUEL OIL 45

ETHANOL ( ALCOHOL )

30

HYDROGEN 150METHANE 55

BUTANE ( LPG ) 55

BIOGAS 35 - 40

STATE OF FUEL

SOLID

LIQUID

GASES

HYDROGEN – MAXIMUM CALORIFIC VALUECalorific value of Ethane is lower than Methane

methane

C

H

HH

H

Calorific value of Carbohydrates is lower than Hydrocarbons

Ethane

C CH

H

H HH

H

C H

Hydrocarbons Carbohydrates

CHO

10 C - 40 H10 C - 30 H

( CH4 ) ( C2 H6 )

BURNING BURNING