south asia: the land ch. 23 sec. 1. separate land mountains form a border from the rest of asia ...
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South Asia: The South Asia: The LandLand
Ch. 23 Sec. 1
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Separate LandSeparate Land• Mountains form a border
from the rest of AsiaMaking a subcontinent
•Large, distinct landmass that’s joined to a continent
• Half the size of continental U.S.
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Separate LandSeparate Land• 3 bodies of water border the
subcontinent:–Arabian Sea West
–Bay of Bengal East
–Indian Ocean South
INDIAN OCEAN
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Land of VarietyLand of Variety• Young, high mountains (in N)
& old, eroded mountains (in S)
• High deserts & rich, lush valleys (N)
• Flat plateaus & terraced foothills (S)
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The HimalayaThe Himalaya• Formed when the Indian
subcontinent collided with Eurasian plate–Indian subcontinent used to be
connected to Africa, then broke away
–Mt. Everest (highest point on Earth): 29,035 ft.
–Still growing! (0.5 cm per yr)
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Pangaea: 300 million years ago
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Continental ConvergenceContinental Convergence
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Other Northern Mts.Other Northern Mts.• Karakoram Mts. (most N)
-K2• Hindu Kush (NW)
–Complete the wall of mts. b/w S. Asia & the rest of Asia
–Narrow passes allowed few invaders in (Khyber Pass- b/w Pakistan & Afghanistan)
–Protected region from outside influence
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KARAKORAM MTS.KARAKORAM MTS.HighestConcentrationof peaks overfive miles inheight to befoundanywhere onEarth!
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Khyber PassKhyber Pass•Recorded use as far back as Alexander the Great!
•Many Afghan wars fought here
•Used by NATO forces now, Taliban attempts to blow up passes/bridges
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Vindhya RangeVindhya Range• Caused by previous convergence
of plates not as tall as Himalaya
• Divides India into N & S regions (in Central India)–2 distinct cultures *
–Arid to NW
–Fertile to NE
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Southern HighlandsSouthern Highlands• Eastern and Western Ghats
–Eroded mts. (why?)• Triangle of rugged ‘hills’• E.G. older than W.G. (formed w/ diff. super continents)
–W.G. formed as Deccan Plateau faulted from super continent (150 mil. yrs ago)
–W.G. are a biodiversity hotspot!
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In WG: about 6,000 plant species and 1,250 animal
species47% endemic!
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Southern HighlandsSouthern Highlands• Deccan Plateau
–Once covered in lava (eruptions occurred millions of yrs ago) now has rich black soil, BUT…
–W.G. prevent rain from reaching D.P. very arid
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Deccan Plateau
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Southern HighlandsSouthern Highlands
• Karnataka Plateau–S. of Deccan
–Receives rain instead lush and green
–Lots of spices, plantations, rain forests
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IslandsIslands• Sri Lanka broke away from the
Indian mass
• Maldives are small coral atolls (22-26) –Create over 1,000 islets (250
inhabited)–Smallest in Asia–350,000 ppl live here
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IsletIslet
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Water SystemsWater Systems• Rivers are the most impt. to
life• All start in the Himalaya• 3 main rivers:
–Indus–Brahmaputra–Ganges
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Indus RiverIndus River• Mainly thru Pakistan,
empties into Arabian Sea
• Waters orchards, transportation route
• One of earliest
civilization sitesIndus Valley Civilization
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Brahmaputra RiverBrahmaputra River• Winds thru Himalaya, India, &
Bangladesh• Meets w/ Ganges R. to form a
delta at Bay of Bengal• Major inland waterway, travel
from bay 800 miles• Provides 50% of hydroelectricity
to Bangladesh
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Ganges RiverGanges River• Most important by far• Begins in ice cave in Him.,
–About 1,560 miles long–Basin about 400,000 sq. miles
• Keeps size during dry season, but floods during summer monsoons
• Revered as sacred by Hindus
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Delta of Ganges & Brahmaputra
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Indo-Gangetic PlainIndo-Gangetic Plain• AKA- North Indian River plain• River creates world’s longest
fertile, alluvial plain–Over 1/7 of world population
lives here–Grasslands/forest cleared for
crops (rice, sesame, sugarcane, jute)
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Natural ResourcesNatural Resources• Water:
–Fertile soil, drinking H20, transportation, hydroelectricity, & fish
–Countries work together to harness power (India & Bhutan)
–Build dams for power & open up new farmland consistent irrigation
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Natural ResourcesNatural Resources
• Water cont’d–Challenges
•Dams threaten to flood settlements resistance
•The Tarbela Dam (Pakistan) will be unusable soon from built up silt
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Actually began with treaty b/w India and Pakistan--- Pakistan gets stored water, independent of India’s control over upper river (1960)
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Natural ResourcesNatural Resources
• There are oil reserves, but still depend on imported oil
• There’s natural gas & uranium, too
• Most still depend on hydroelectricity, fuel wood, & coal
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Natural ResourcesNatural Resources
• India exports 90% of world’s mica (makes electrical equip.)
• India- leading exporter of iron ore
• Sri Lanka- a top exporter of graphite (lead)–Also a variety of precious stones
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Natural ResourcesNatural Resources• Timber
–Nepal & Bhutan are covered with conifers (valuable hardwoods)• Overcutting is major prob.
soil erosion
–India has prized sandalwood
–Sri Lanka banned timber exports in 1977 to protect environment