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South Saskatchewan Region Biodiversity Management Framework


V.1.0 November 20, 2015


Contents

1. Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. 5

2. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 6

3. Purpose .................................................................................................................................................. 7

3.1. The South Saskatchewan Regional Plan Context ......................................................................... 7

3.2. Goals of the Framework ................................................................................................................ 8

3.3. Overview of Biodiversity in the South Saskatchewan Region ..................................................... 8

3.4. Framework Development ............................................................................................................ 10

4. Key Concepts and Principles .............................................................................................................. 12

4.1. Provincial Policy Direction ......................................................................................................... 12

4.2. Cumulative Effects Management and the Adaptive Management Model .................................. 12

4.3. Biodiversity Monitoring .............................................................................................................. 13

4.4. Scale ............................................................................................................................................ 14

4.5. Human Land Use and Footprint .................................................................................................. 14

4.6. Biodiversity Key Principles ........................................................................................................ 14

4.6.1. Maintains Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function ................................................................ 14

4.6.2. Applies a Regional Perspective ........................................................................................... 14

4.6.3. Complements Existing Legislation, Regulations and Policies ............................................ 14

4.6.4. Incorporates Flexibility and Adaptability ........................................................................... 14

4.6.5. Clearly Communicates ........................................................................................................ 15

4.6.6. Involves Collaboration ........................................................................................................ 15

4.6.7. Considers Constitutionally Protected Rights of First Nations ............................................ 15

5. The Current Biodiversity Management System .................................................................................. 16

5.1. Regulatory and Non-regulatory Context ..................................................................................... 16

5.1.1. Species at Risk Management .............................................................................................. 18

5.1.2. Greater Sage-grouse Management ...................................................................................... 18

5.1.3. Grizzly Bear Management .................................................................................................. 19

5.1.4. Westslope Cutthroat Trout Management ............................................................................ 19

5.2. Current Biodiversity Monitoring Initiatives in the Region ......................................................... 20

5.2.1. Alberta Environmental Monitoring Evaluation and Reporting Agency ............................. 20

5.2.2. Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute ........................................................................... 20

5.2.3. Alberta Environment and Parks .......................................................................................... 20


5.2.4. Other Monitoring Initiatives ............................................................................................... 21

5.3. Modelling: A Tool for Assessment and Planning ....................................................................... 21

6. Regional Objective .............................................................................................................................. 22

6.1. Cultural Sustainability and Aboriginal Peoples .......................................................................... 22

6.2. Biodiversity Indicators ................................................................................................................ 23

6.2.1. Pyramid Structure for Indicators ......................................................................................... 23

6.2.2. Indicator Selection Criteria ................................................................................................. 25

6.2.3. Indicators Related to Cultural and Social Values ............................................................... 25

6.2.4. Reference Condition and Current Condition ....................................................................... 26

6.2.5. Indicators for the South Saskatchewan Region ................................................................... 26

6.3. Linkages among Indicators ......................................................................................................... 33

6.4. Triggers ....................................................................................................................................... 35

6.4.1. Setting Triggers ................................................................................................................... 36

6.4.2. Accounting for Improvement in Indicator Condition ......................................................... 39

7. Management System ........................................................................................................................... 41

7.1. Foundations of Biodiversity Management in Alberta and the South Saskatchewan Region ...... 42

7.2. Proactive Management Actions under the Biodiversity Management Framework .................... 43

7.3. Linkages with Other Key Programs and Initiatives .................................................................... 44

7.3.1. Programs related to Stewardship and Conservation on Private Land ................................. 44

7.3.2. Management of Species at Risk .......................................................................................... 45

7.3.3. Programs Linking Natural Disturbance and Biodiversity ................................................... 45

7.3.4. Watershed Resiliency and Restoration Program ................................................................. 45

7.3.5. Southern Alberta Fisheries Enhancement and Sustainability Program (FISHES) .............. 46

7.4. Monitoring and Assignment of Management Levels .................................................................. 46

7.5. Reporting..................................................................................................................................... 47

7.5.1. Reporting on Ambient Condition ........................................................................................ 47

7.5.2. Reporting on Management Response.................................................................................. 47

7.5.3. Reporting on Proactive Management Actions .................................................................... 47

7.6. Management Response ............................................................................................................... 47

7.6.1. Verification and Preliminary Assessment ........................................................................... 50

7.6.2. Investigation ........................................................................................................................ 50

7.6.3. Management Actions .......................................................................................................... 51


7.6.4. Oversight/Delivery of Management Actions ...................................................................... 53

7.6.5. Assessment of Implementation Effectiveness ..................................................................... 53

7.6.6. Communication ................................................................................................................... 54

8. Implementation ................................................................................................................................... 55

8.1. Roles and Responsibilities .......................................................................................................... 55

8.1.1. Alberta Environment and Parks .......................................................................................... 55

8.1.2. Alberta Environmental Monitoring Evaluation and Reporting Agency ............................. 56

8.1.3. Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute ........................................................................... 56

8.1.4. Regulatory Agencies ........................................................................................................... 56

8.1.5. Collaborative Approaches ................................................................................................... 56

8.2. Integration ................................................................................................................................... 56

9. Abbreviations and Acronyms.............................................................................................................. 58

10. Terminology .................................................................................................................................... 59

11. References ....................................................................................................................................... 61

12. Appendices ...................................................................................................................................... 63

12.1. Appendix A: Designated species at risk that occur in the South Saskatchewan Region ........ 63

12.2. Appendix B. Species at risk that occur in the South Saskatchewan Region with Recovery

Plans or Management Plans .................................................................................................................... 67

12.3. Appendix C. Examples of select species included in the Terrestrial and Aquatic/wetland

biodiversity intactness indicators ............................................................................................................ 69

12.4. Appendix D: Information Used to Support Trigger Development ......................................... 71

13. List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. 72

14. List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. 73

South Saskatchewan Region Biodiversity Management Framework 5

1. Executive Summary The draft Biodiversity Management Framework (the framework) has been developed for the South Saskatchewan Region using input from First Nations stakeholders and communities. The framework is designed to support biodiversity monitoring and management within the South Saskatchewan Region using a systematic and credible approach. The framework uses monitoring of biodiversity indicators, representing species and habitats from both terrestrial (land) and aquatic (water) ecosystems, against trigger values. A key goal is to drive improved land use practices so that the biodiversity we see today will be maintained into the future. The framework follows an adaptive management model where planners and decision-makers are able to adapt to changing environmental, social and economic expectations and demands based on new information and learnings.

The framework specifically addresses the regional environmental objectives of the South Saskatchewan Regional Plan while considering the social and economic objectives. In considering the regional plan outcomes and objectives, it is recognized that biodiversity and ecosystem function will change over time. Some indicators may fluctuate from current conditions in certain periods of time as land use is managed. However, the intent is that regional biodiversity is maintained. This means that key elements of regional biodiversity and ecosystems are sustained, and that cumulative effects to biodiversity are managed while meeting the overall vision of the regional plan.

Biodiversity indicators were chosen using selection criteria and information from a number of sources including land users within the region. These indicators are measures of biodiversity that help to determine whether the overall biodiversity objectives for the region are being achieved. The indicators in this framework represent key terrestrial and aquatic species and habitats, and combined, they help us understand the condition of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

Triggers are developed for each indicator in Tier 1 and 2 of the framework. These triggers are the quantitative basis for evaluating biodiversity condition and assessing if the framework objectives are being achieved. The development of triggers for biodiversity indicators is an emerging practice that is dependent on up-to-date science; the growing body of knowledge on the relationship between human activity and biological indicators; extensive monitoring data; and input from First Nations, stakeholders and communities. It is important to note that international, national or provincial guidance is limited in relation to biodiversity thresholds, especially when compared to air and water quality where specific human or environmental health thresholds are well defined. Currently there are limited internationally, nationally or provincially accepted standards or guidelines for biodiversity thresholds that can be applied in this framework. The approaches used within the framework recognize the relevant emerging research and acknowledge any associated limitations.

By monitoring and reporting on biodiversity indicators for the South Saskatchewan Region, and assessing the performance of each indicator against its trigger values, the framework will help drive improved practices and land use within the region. In this way the framework is achieving its goals, meeting the regional plan objectives and ensuring that biodiversity, and all of the benefits it provides, are enjoyed now and in the future by Albertans.


2. Introduction The Government of Alberta is committed to an Integrated Resource Management System (IRMS). Regional planning and related initiatives under the Land-use Framework are components of this system. The IRMS is based upon principles of cumulative effects management – the management of the combined effects of past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future activities on the environment, economy, and society. The IRMS will support responsible resource management in the province, in part, through the implementation of environmental management frameworks.

Environmental management frameworks for the South Saskatchewan Region have been developed using input from First Nations, stakeholders, and communities. The South Saskatchewan Regional Plan includes environmental, social and economic outcomes for the region. These management frameworks serve to proactively manage cumulative effects to biodiversity, air quality and surface water quality within the region, consistent with these outcomes. The management frameworks, and their associated thresholds, provide the context for development and related planning and decision making processes. They are intended to add to and complement, not replace, existing policies, legislation, regulations and management tools. The frameworks are policy documents that are implemented and given legal authority as specified in the regional plan, and through Environment and Parks and potentially other departments’ mandates and legislation.

The Air Quality Management Framework provides an additional component for the region in the overall air quality management system. This includes setting ambient air quality triggers and limits for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with guidance for long-term decision making and management.

The Surface Water Quality Management Framework focuses on the mainstem reaches of the Bow, Milk, Oldman, and South Saskatchewan rivers. It sets surface water quality triggers and limits for 15 indicators measured at nine monitoring stations on those rivers. In addition, the Surface Water Quality Management Framework allows for six secondary indicators to be monitored.


3. Purpose The Biodiversity Management Framework (the framework) is a new approach to support cumulative effects management for biodiversity. The goal of the framework is to provide a systematic, credible approach to supporting the management of important elements of biodiversity that are affected by land use activity while contributing to the achievement of the environmental, economic and social outcomes of the South Saskatchewan Regional Plan.

Understanding the scope of the framework is important. The framework is not intended to address all aspects of biodiversity – it is intended to support the management of species and habitats affected by human disturbance through land use activity in the region. However, biodiversity is complex. Biologists, ecologists and conservationists have collected a wealth of information on the distribution, abundance and diversity of many plant, animal and fungal species. But, as most of these data were collected to answer species-specific questions, our knowledge of communities and ecosystem processes, and the interactions between them, is limited by comparison. Efforts to understand ecosystem function and the resilience of species will continue; until then we can measure changes in biodiversity through the monitoring of key species or important habitats. This approach is widely accepted world-wide.

The framework uses biodiversity indicators representing species and habitats from both terrestrial (land) and aquatic (water) ecosystems. Triggers have been established for these indicators and the biodiversity indicators are measured against triggers (Section 6). Ongoing monitoring of biodiversity indicators against triggers allows for the assessment of changes in biodiversity as a result of land use activity over time. Regular reporting on the condition of indicators against triggers allows for undesirable changes to be identified early. If triggers are crossed, a management response process is initiated, and the trigger approach requires an increase in actions as needed. This informs the management of cumulative effects, drives improved land use practices, and minimizes long-term effects on biodiversity.

The framework will add to and complement existing federal, provincial and local legislation, regulations and initiatives that support biodiversity. For example, this framework complements the national Canadian Biodiversity Strategy (1995), provincial biodiversity policy, existing industrial operating conditions and standards, invasive species management programs, species at risk management and recovery plans, fish and wildlife management, grassland and rangeland management, and reforestation standards to support and maintain biodiversity for future Albertans. The framework applies to all of the South Saskatchewan Region (Figure 1). While the objectives set in this framework apply to the entire South Saskatchewan Region it is recognized that actions on private land by landowners towards meeting the objectives are voluntary and subject to the availability of tools that support their stewardship efforts. The South Saskatchewan Regional Plan recognizes the importance of the contributions from stewardship and conservation on private lands. As part of a provincial approach for management of ecosystem services, new methods and strategies must be explored and developed to encourage the provision of a broad suite of ecosystem services by private landowners. There is a commitment to the exploration and facilitation of economic tools, such as financial incentives, as well as the development of market-based instruments that are voluntary in nature. It is recognized that the Government of Alberta has a key role to play in the development of these tools.

3.1. The South Saskatchewan Regional Plan Context A vision, strategic directions and outcomes for the region are provided in the South Saskatchewan Regional Plan. From an environment and resource management perspective, steps must be taken to ensure the responsible management of our environment for the benefit of current and future generations of Albertans. From an economic perspective, the responsible development and use of Alberta’s agricultural and natural resources will continue to be the platform for continued economic growth and success. This growth brings many benefits to the people of Alberta and Canada. The South Saskatchewan Region has a diversified economy which contributes to the vitality and prosperity of communities within the region. While agriculture will continue to be a dominant economic driver, other sectors, such as oil


and gas, aggregate mining, coal production, renewable energies, forestry, tourism and other industries and service providers contribute to the economic vitality and prosperity of the region. In alignment with this strategic direction the regional plan includes two key economic and social outcomes:

• The region’s economy is growing and diversified.

• Community development needs are anticipated and accommodated.

It is recognized that biodiversity and ecosystem function will change over time and across the region (including condition of some indicators being reduced from current levels in certain periods of time) in order to meet the above established outcomes. This framework is intended to ensure that key elements of regional biodiversity and ecosystems are sustained, and that cumulative effects to biodiversity are managed while meeting the economic and social outcomes, and the overall vision of the regional plan.

3.2. Goals of the Framework • Adopt cumulative effects management at the regional level to proactively maintain biodiversity.

• Drive improved practices by industry and other land users to maximize opportunities to enhance management of biodiversity and ecosystem function through the careful planning, development and recovery of land disturbance.

• Use a monitoring and management system to support adaptive management as our understanding grows.

• Improve sharing of knowledge and information.

3.3. Overview of Biodiversity in the South Saskatchewan Region The South Saskatchewan Region is located in the south of Alberta, bordered by Montana, U.S.A. and Waterton Lakes National Park in the south; British Columbia and Banff National Park to the west; Saskatchewan to the east; and the Red Deer Region (i.e. Mountain View, Kneehill and Starland counties) to the north. The region covers 83,764 km2 or about 12.6 % of the province’s land base. The South Saskatchewan Region includes five cities, seven First Nation communities and numerous municipalities, districts, towns and villages. The majority of the region is private land in the White Area (Figure 1).

The region is ecologically diverse, spanning four of Alberta’s six Natural Regions – Grassland, Parkland, Foothills and Rocky Mountains – and eleven of Alberta’s 21 Natural Subregions. Importantly, five of Alberta’s Natural Subregions are found only in the South Saskatchewan Region, contributing to this unique landscape. The Grassland Natural Region occupies 43% of the South Saskatchewan Region, supporting various grass species, from needle and thread (Hesperostipa comata) and blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) in the dry areas, to rough fescue (Festuca scabrella) and Parry’s oat grass (Danthonia parryi) in moister areas. The presence of aspen (Populus tremuloides) in the north and west signals the transition from grassland into the Parkland Natural Region as the topography and climate shift. The Rocky Mountain Natural Region runs along the Continental Divide supporting montane, alpine and subalpine

The benefits received from biodiversity and healthy

functioning ecosystems are critical to the ongoing

prosperity and quality of life of all Albertans.

Ecosystem Services are the benefits people receive from nature, such as oxygen to breathe, clean water to drink, fertile soil for food production, physical materials for shelter and landscapes for recreational opportunities.

The following are examples of these services:

• Supporting services - nutrient cycling for healthy soils, and the dispersal of seeds

• Provisioning services - in the form of food, fibre, energy and fresh water

• Regulating services - climate regulation, carbon sequestration and soil formation

• Cultural services - benefitting spiritual, recreational and aesthetic beliefs


communities. A small portion of the Foothills Natural Region extends into the South Saskatchewan Region, providing areas of mixed forest.

The terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the South Saskatchewan Region support a wide varietyof plant and animal species. For example, the region provides habitat, food and breeding grounds for 17 sport fish species, over 700 vascular plants, and numerous bird and mammal species. Healthy, functioning ecosystems also supports a number of ecosystem services that provide benefits to Albertans (see text box). Healthy soils are an essential element of the terrestrial ecosystems especially in this region with the importance of rangelands and cultivation.

Historical activities were important in shaping the biodiversity of the South Saskatchwan Region. Primary natural disturbances in the region included fire, floods, drought, and disturbances associated with herbivory by animals such as bison. Indigenous people also influenced biodiversity through prescribed burning practices and hunting. Biodiversity has changed over time. The region was home to large herds of bison, pronghorn antelope and elk; large predators such as wolves and Great Plains grizzly bears were common, as were species such as the swift fox, american badger, black-tailed prairie dog and trumpeter swan.

Natural disturbances and activities continue to shape biodiversity in the region. Forest fire is an important natural disturbance in the forested part of the region, while prescribed burning is used as a management tool in the grasslands region. Grazing, particularly by domestic cattle, is a widespread land use in the region, and affects biodiversity similarly to the historical impacts of wild herbivores. Although the impact of grazing on biodiversity can range from positive to negative, generally biodiversity is higher in grazed native grasslands compared to cultivated land and other developed areas.

The landscape of the South Saskatchewan Region, especially the Grasslands, Parkland and Foothills Natural Regions have changed significantly over time due to anthropogenic disturbance, largely as a result of land use changes in support of significant economic development and population growth. Agriculture in particular has been an important driver in the region; starting in the early 1900’s, much of the native prairie has been converted to cropland, leading to significant declines in extent of native wetland, grassland and parkland ecosystems. More recently, oil and gas development, and increasing urban development have contributed to the conversion and fragmentation of natural habitat, and subsequent impacts to biodiversity. Additional pressures on biodiversity in the region include pollution, recreational activities, the spread of non-native species, water supply pressures and hunting, trapping and fishing. Each individual pressure may not result in a substantial impact on biodiversity or ecosystem function but cumulatively they can have significant impacts.

Eighty percent of the province’s species at risk are found within the South Saskatchewan Region. These include iconic species such as the greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), western spiderwort (Tradescantia occidentalis) and short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi). The grassland part of the South Saskatchewan Region is part of the North American Great Plains, one of the world’s most endangered ecosystems.


Figure 1. Map of the South Saskatchewan Region

3.4. Framework Development An initial engagement process to support development of the framework was led by Environment and Parks. This process involved First Nations, stakeholders and communities within the South Saskatchewan Region and included working sessions and acceptance of written feedback about the development of the framework. The drafting of this framework relied on the input received from this engagement process.

What We Heard

Formal feedback from many different groups and individuals through both written submission and hundreds of comments generated during the engagement sessions were received. This valuable information was reviewed and considered in the development of the framework. The following summarizes some key points that were raised: • Overall support for the proposed framework objective to maintain terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity,

with some desire for stronger communication of an intent to increase biodiversity in certain areas. o Feedback received about the need to manage for existing vulnerable species and habitats.

• General support for the proposed Tier 1 and Tier 2 indicators (i.e. that the proposed indicators are

representative of regional biodiversity). o Questions about how the proposed indicators reflect the condition of biodiversity across the

very different landscapes found in the region.


o Some concern about the focus on temporary/seasonal wetlands due to seasonality and monitoring challenges; suggestion to incorporate all types of wetlands in the wetland indicator.

• Suggestions for a wide range of Tier 3 indicators to be considered in the final framework. o For example: northern pintails, cottonwood trees, russian olive, beaver, riparian condition,

rangeland health, rainbow and cutthroat trout, cougars, grizzly bear, moose, trumpeter swan.

• Overall support for the trigger approach, with some desire for a commitment to look towards setting limits in the future.

o Some concern that Tier 3 indicators do not have triggers applied. o Some desire for additional clarity in the framework on how the natural range of variation is

considered in trigger setting process and as part of the management response.

• Suggestion that triggers need to be established in consideration of the long history of land use in the region, and the need to balance economic and environmental considerations.

• Desire for clarity on how existing stewardship efforts/local initiatives will be reflected in the Biodiversity Management Framework system.

o Desire for consistency and alignment, where possible. o Desire to partner to support biodiversity monitoring, habitat protection and enhancement.

• General support for the management response process, it is systematic and logical. o Significant interest by many stakeholders to support the management response (including

municipalities). o Encouragement for early communication at reporting time to ensure stakeholders have

sufficient time to respond.

• Consideration should be given to the cost implications of monitoring. This framework for the South Saskatchewan Region is the second to be completed in Alberta. The development of regional biodiversity indicators and triggers remains an emerging practice that will be continuously improved over time as science and monitoring technologies are updated, and our knowledge increases. The framework’s adaptive management approach will provide the necessary flexibility to ensure that improved information and knowledge are incorporated to achieve desired regional outcomes and objectives. There will be ongoing work on the indicators and triggers included in the framework as described in later sections. In addition, the intention would be to review the framework as part of the 5-year review of the South Saskatchewan Regional Plan.

The success of the framework relies on continued collaboration and communication with First Nations, stakeholders and communities within the region. The Government of Alberta is committed to continuing to work with First Nations, stakeholders and communities as the framework is implemented. This is described in Section 8 of the framework.


4. Key Concepts and Principles

4.1. Provincial Policy Direction One of the purposes of regional plans is to translate provincial policy to the regional scale. The Biodiversity Management Framework helps to do that. The framework comes into place in line with national and provincial policy on biodiversity. Alberta, along with other Canadian jurisdictions, has agreed to use the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy as a guide for action. The province is completing an Alberta Biodiversity Policy that consolidates and confirms the province’s overarching directions and commitments for management of biodiversity, and provides high level guidance for management activities.

4.2. Cumulative Effects Management and the Adaptive Management Model The Government of Alberta is committed to cumulative effects management. The management of cumulative effects focuses on the achievement of outcomes and understanding the effects of multiple development pressures (existing and new). Cumulative effects management relies on assessing potential risks; working collaboratively with a shared responsibility for management actions; and improved integration of economic, environmental, and social considerations. It follows an adaptive management model where decision-makers are able to adapt to changing environmental, social and economic expectations and demands based on new information and learnings. Performance measurement is essential to providing information on environmental conditions and identifies the need for adjustments on an ongoing basis. The development of environmental management frameworks is an important addition to accomplish this shift to cumulative effects management. Management frameworks play a key role in long-term planning and decision making in accordance with the outcomes defined in the regional plan.

The framework builds on the existing management framework approach and enables a proactive management response. This addresses the need to actively manage land disturbance in the region (Figure 2).


Figure 2. The Biodiversity Management Framework Approach

4.3. Biodiversity Monitoring A formalized system to measure and monitor the condition of biodiversity helps decision-makers and land managers more easily understand, predict, minimize and prevent cumulative impacts to biodiversity from land use activities. However, biodiversity is complex and dynamic, and it is a concept with multiple meanings because people value biodiversity in different ways. Numerous programs have been launched world-wide over the past 15 years to monitor biodiversity and, in some cases, mitigate the effects of land use disturbance on biodiversity; for example, the international Energy and Biodiversity Initiative, the Stockholm Environmental Institute, the program for the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, and, more locally, the Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute (ABMI).

Determining what elements of biodiversity, be it species or habitats, should be monitored is difficult. Biodiversity varies across geographic regions; what we would like to monitor is not always physically or economically possible; and complex interactions among elements of biodiversity can result in data that are difficult to interpret. Further, cumulative effects management for biodiversity relies on detecting change in biodiversity as a result of land use. However, natural disturbances and natural fluctuations in biodiversity can make this challenging as these effects must also be identified and considered. To date, numerous biodiversity monitoring initiatives have adopted biodiversity indicators as a means of monitoring and understanding biodiversity broadly. Several monitoring and management agencies around the world have set targets or thresholds to assist in identifying and quantifying changes in biodiversity to determine if their goals have been met. For cumulative effects management under this framework, the Government of Alberta is using the best available information and using approaches that will help maintain biodiversity, while recognizing there are natural changes and cycles in biodiversity.


4.4. Scale Consideration of scale is important when seeking to understand biodiversity and measure specific species, habitats, and landscapes; developing policy; and determining management approaches to be used. The framework is a regional initiative. The objectives and indicators have been chosen to reflect the regional scale. However, it is understood that biodiversity is not always distributed evenly across regions, nor does biodiversity respect regional boundaries. This is particularly true for the South Saskatchewan Region, which spans varied geography, including mountains in the west to dry grasslands in the east. As the framework is implemented, the sub-regional and local scales will inform geographic areas or biodiversity indicators needing more specific monitoring, and will be important considerations in the steps of a management response as described later in this framework.

4.5. Human Land Use and Footprint Tracking changes in human land use and associated footprint is essential to understanding the state of biodiversity. Human footprint can be monitored through a variety of means, including remote sensing through satellite imagery or aerial photography, and industry submissions. For the purpose of the framework, human footprint refers to the alteration of native ecosystems to support residential, recreational or industrial land uses. This includes permanent changes such as those due to cities, roads or agriculture, and temporary changes such as forest cut blocks. The impacts of human footprint on biodiversity will vary depending on the characteristics of the footprint (e.g., the type of footprint and/or the age of the footprint) as well by the specific element of biodiversity (i.e., species or habitat) involved.

4.6. Biodiversity Key Principles The following are key principles that form the foundation for the framework:

4.6.1. Maintains Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function

• The conservation, stewardship and sustainable use of Alberta’s native biodiversity are foundations for our continued prosperity and high quality of life.

4.6.2. Applies a Regional Perspective

• The framework identifies indicators that represent the broad range of biodiversity in the region.

• As development proceeds and land use grows, the use of triggers will help ensure that land use at various scales is managed so developments do not, collectively, result in unacceptable impacts to biodiversity and ecosystem function in the region.

4.6.3. Complements Existing Legislation, Regulations and Policies

• The framework is intended to complement, not replace, existing management frameworks, policies and plans, legislation and regulations.

• The framework is consistent with national and provincial policies, strategies and frameworks, and within the stated desired outcomes for the region.

4.6.4. Incorporates Flexibility and Adaptability

• Flexibility and adaptability result when place-based management actions are tailored to address specific issues associated with impacts to biodiversity. A range of management actions and potential tools will be used to meet the needs of biodiversity while maintaining opportunities for various forms of development.

• Flexibility and adaptability will ensure that improved information and knowledge will be incorporated to achieve desired regional outcomes and objectives.


4.6.5. Clearly Communicates

• The framework supports long-term certainty in Alberta’s policy and regulatory process and non-regulatory programs.

• The system described in this framework and the expectations for management actions are defined and transparent.

4.6.6. Involves Collaboration

• First Nations, stakeholders, communities and government must share the responsibility for management of biodiversity. Where possible, parties are encouraged to work together to identify ways that stewardship and land management efforts can be targeted to achieve multiple goals, create efficiencies and yield the greatest benefits. As with framework development, Environment and Parks will continue to involve First Nations, stakeholders and communities, and those who live in the South Saskatchewan Region as the framework is implemented.

4.6.7. Considers Constitutionally Protected Rights of First Nations

• The Government of Alberta is committed to working with First Nations to consider how the exercise of constitutionally protected rights to hunt, fish and trap for food can continue to occur in the region. Further detail on cultural sustainability and aboriginal peoples can be found in Section 6.1.


5. The Current Biodiversity Management System

5.1. Regulatory and Non-regulatory Context The Government of Alberta remains committed to maintaining Alberta’s biodiversity. Management of Alberta’s biodiversity is currently supported by an existing system of legislation, regulations, policies, and strategies (Table 1). At the international level, Canada is a signatory of the United Nations 2010 Convention on Biological Diversity that produced the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. At a national level, the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy provides guidance for conserving biodiversity, and is strongly aligned with the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 themes. Provincially, the Land-use Framework outlines a number of strategies for achieving environmental goals including cumulative effects management. Under the South Saskatchewan Regional Plan, the Biodiversity Management Framework (the framework) will provide an approach for understanding and managing cumulative effects on biodiversity at the regional scale. The framework is linked to linear footprint management planning, recreation management planning and forest management planning in the region. At a more local scale, environmental impact assessments are used, for example, to assess individual projects to help inform operating approvals.

In addition, the Government of Alberta manages biodiversity through a number of programs and plans, often in partnership with individuals, organizations, aboriginal peoples, the private sector and other governments. These include species at risk recovery programs; forest management; municipal plans and strategies; invasive species management; wildfire management; management practices to minimize impacts on biodiversity; educational and research programs; support for environmental stewardship; and monitoring and reporting activities. These regulatory and non-regulatory approaches and these partnerships will continue to be instrumental for the successful implementation of the framework.

Table 1. Key Components of Management of Biodiversity in the South Saskatchewan Region

Governance Jurisdiction

Acts and Regulations

Alberta Land Stewardship Act Alberta/Regional

Canadian Environmental Assessment Act Canada

Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act Alberta

Fisheries (Alberta) Act and General Fisheries (Alberta) Regulation Alberta

Fisheries Act Canada

Forests Act and Timber Management Regulation Alberta

Forest and Prairie Protection Act Alberta

Migratory Birds Convention Act Canada/International

Protecting Alberta’s Environment Act Alberta

Provincial Parks Act Alberta

Public Lands Act and Public Lands Administration Regulation Alberta

Species at Risk Act Canada


Governance Jurisdiction

Water Act Alberta

Wilderness Areas, Ecological Reserves, Natural Areas and Heritage

Rangelands Act Alberta

Wildlife Act and Wildlife Regulation Alberta

Policies and Strategies

Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk National

Alberta’s Biodiversity Policy (under development) Alberta

Alberta Timber Harvest Planning and Operating Ground Rules

Framework for Renewal Alberta

Alberta Wetland Policy Alberta

Alberta’s Strategy for the Management of Species at Risk (2009-2014) Alberta

Canadian Biodiversity Strategy National

Fish Conservation and Management Strategy for Alberta Alberta

Integrated Standards and Guidelines – Enhanced Approval Process Alberta

Land-use Framework Alberta/Regional

National Framework for Species at Risk Conservation National

Alberta’s Forest Strategy (under development) Alberta

Petroleum Industry Activity Guidelines for Wildlife Species at Risk in

the Prairie and Northern Region National

Plan for Parks Alberta

Strategy for the Protection of the Aquatic Environment Alberta

Water for Life: Alberta’s Strategy for Sustainability Alberta

Weed Control Act Alberta

Programs

Aquatic Invasive Species Program Alberta

Environmental Flows Program Alberta

Habitat Stewardship Program for Species at Risk National

Species at Risk Program Alberta

Table 1a. Key Partnerships and Non-Profit Organizations

Partnerships and Organizations

Alberta Conservation Association

Alberta Fish and Game Association


Alberta Native Plant Council

Alberta Wilderness Association

Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society

Cows and Fish (the Alberta Riparian Habitat Management Society)

Ducks Unlimited Canada

Federation of Alberta Naturalists

Multiple Species at Risk (MULTISAR) Program

Nature Alberta

Nature Conservancy of Canada

Operation Grassland Community

Prairie Conservation Forum

Society of Grassland Naturalists

Watershed Planning and Advisory Councils and Watershed Stewardship Groups and Land Trusts

5.1.1. Species at Risk Management

Species at risk are highly vulnerable components of biodiversity. There are currently 70 species in the South Saskatchewan Region that have been listed by the Federal and/or Provincial Government as needing special protection and management (Appendix A). For example, some well-known species like the greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) and westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkia lewisi) that have habitat in the region and are actively managed species at risk.

Currently, Alberta Environment and Parks invests significant resources in maintaining and recovering species at risk across the province. At a federal level, Alberta signed the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk in 1996, committing to a national approach to developing laws and programs for the protection of species at risk, and their habitats, as identified under the Species at Risk Act. The provincial Wildlife Act prioritizes the status of species at risk specifically within Alberta and supports the federal Species at Risk Act. These acts are further supported by Alberta’s Strategy for the Management of Species at Risk (2009-2014), which provides the framework for species at risk management and the prevention of further declines in Alberta. The provincial species at risk acts and policies are supported and informed by the 2010 General Status of Alberta Wild Species report. This report details information relating to species and populations that may be at risk; and various provincial and federal species-specific recovery plans. Several recovery and management plans for species at risk, including limber pine (Pinus flexilis) and whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), are in place or under development in the South Saskatchewan Region

(Appendix B). The Multiple Species at Risk (MULTISAR) Program is a collaborative effort among government and non-government organizations and landowners focused on multi-species conservation at the landscape level and stewardship through voluntary participation of landowners on both public and private lands. By maintaining aquatic and terrestrial habitat at the regional scale, the framework complements these initiatives and supports species at risk; species-specific examples are described below.

5.1.2. Greater Sage-grouse Management

Greater sage-grouse are found in the southeastern corner of the South Saskatchewan Region, south and east of Manyberries, in native prairie and sagebrush flats. The species is entirely dependent on silver sagebrush (Artemisia cana) for food and shelter. Sage-grouse have experienced declines in their range


and have been designated as endangered since 1998. Contributing factors to their decline include conversion of native habitat to cropland, drought, increasing industrial activity, predation and general human disturbance. Sage-grouse require interior habitat; that is, patches of native land cover which are away from edge effects of human footprint such as cultivation. The Government of Alberta, through Environment and Parks, has made substantial commitments to preventing further declines, managing land use in and around sage-grouse habitat, and continued support of sage-grouse research and education.

Currently, Environment and Parks implements the Alberta Greater Sage-grouse Recovery Plan 2013-2018 in alignment with the federal Recovery Strategy for the Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus urophasianus) in Canada. These plans guide the recovery of sage-grouse by monitoring populations, and managing ranching and industrial activities near sage-grouse habitat. The recent Environmental Protection Order for greater sage-grouse now provides specific direction for all activities within the designated area. Groups such as the Alberta Conservation Association and Nature Alberta offer educational outreach and resources for private land owners.

5.1.3. Grizzly Bear Management

Grizzly bears are found throughout the foothills of the Rocky Mountains and as far east as High Level and Slave Lake. Being a large predator, grizzly bears have sizeable home ranges between 150 to 4,750 km2 and are often considered umbrella species in terms of management for this reason. Grizzly bear range has been restricted largely to the eastern slopes and foothills of the Rocky Mountains, and due to lower population numbers, have been designated as a species at risk within Alberta. The main threats identified to grizzly bears include limited distribution, low reproductive rates, habitat loss and human-caused mortalities. The Alberta Grizzly Bear Recovery Plan 2008-2013 detailed a number of management and recovery strategies. For example, moratorium on hunting; fines for poaching; the identification and development of Grizzly Bear Priority Areas and reduced open route densities within these areas; and reduction of bear-human conflict education programs such as Alberta Bear Smart. These management and conservation actions have been used to inform industry-based land access, enhanced approvals processes, public land use zones and compliance assurance programs.

Several non-government groups have made efforts to achieve the outcomes of the recovery plan. The Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society and Nature Alberta, for example, have been strong advocates, dedicated to realizing the recovery plan objectives. The Foothills Research Institute has played an active research role in recommending road density limits, adjustments to bear management areas and conservation actions. A new grizzly bear recovery plan for Alberta is scheduled to be released soon. The existing recovery plan describes loss of landscape connectivity as a threat to grizzly bear populations, as it leads to population isolation which can in turn lead to changes in genetic composition. Connectivity is a key biodiversity element addressed within the framework in the suite of indicators (Section 6).

5.1.4. Westslope Cutthroat Trout Management

The westslope cutthroat trout are a cool-water species restricted to the cold fluvial waters of the southern Rocky Mountains in Alberta. The majority of individuals are found within the Bow and Oldman River drainages, representing approximately 5 % of their historical Alberta range. The Alberta Westslope Cutthroat Trout Recovery Plan 2012-2017 highlights a number of threats to the species. The continued introduction and spread of invasive species through recreational and illegal stocking activities has severe impacts on cutthroat trout populations; additionally habitat alteration and loss poses a threat to the remaining population. Pressures from angling are largely managed through the Fisheries Act and the Alberta Guide to Sportfishing Regulations. There are other regulatory requirements and management approaches that are used to manage impacts on surface water quality and cumulative effects of development. This includes regulation of wastewater discharges under the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act and the implementation of the South Saskatchewan region Surface Water Quality Management Framework. Monitoring and management efforts continue to inform industrial approvals, compliance programs and land access.


5.2. Current Biodiversity Monitoring Initiatives in the Region Some key questions addressed by monitoring include what biodiversity do we have, and how do we know if it is changing? In Alberta, monitoring data are used to determine ambient biodiversity conditions and support evaluation of environmental conditions over time. At the regional scale, monitoring assesses the combined impact of all stressors to biodiversity on the landscape. In Alberta, this is the responsibility of Alberta Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Agency (AEMERA). The intent of regional monitoring is to track performance relative to policy outcomes and plan direction, including environmental thresholds. Monitoring is also required at the local scale to support regulatory decision-making and compliance by industry.

5.2.1. Alberta Environmental Monitoring Evaluation and Reporting Agency

AEMERA is an arms-length organization established in 2014 to monitor, evaluate and report on key environmental indicators to better inform decision-making by policy makers, regulators, planners, researchers, communities, industries and the public. AEMERA will be responsible for monitoring and reporting the ambient condition of the biodiversity indicators in this framework and leading efforts to incorporate community monitoring in the environmental monitoring system.

5.2.2. Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute

The Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute (ABMI) is an independent, scientific, non-profit organization that has been monitoring biodiversity throughout Alberta for over seven years. The ABMI collects data on more than 2,500 species and habitats across both terrestrial and wetland areas. Using a systematic grid the ABMI monitors biodiversity at 1656 permanent sites that are 20 km apart. The ABMI operates on a five-year rotational sampling basis; one-fifth of the sites are sampled in year one, the next fifth in year two, and so on until the last set of sites are visited in year five and the cycle resets. To date, the ABMI has been monitoring human footprint, mammals, birds, vascular plants, lichens, mosses, aquatic invertebrates and soil mites at these sites. Along with this site-based sampling, ABMI also creates province-wide maps of human footprint and land cover.

Within the South Saskatchewan Region the ABMI monitors 211 permanent sites. Throughout the five year rotation approximately 40 of these are visited each year. These field data are supplemented by aerial photography and satellite imagery, to monitor change in species, habitats, and human land use. The ABMI analyzes and summarizes these data to communicate on the ambient condition of biodiversity.

The ABMI has collected a wealth of information on Alberta’s biodiversity and has proven the effectiveness of their methods over time. Several of the current ABMI methods have been adopted in the development of the framework biodiversity indicators and monitoring methods. The ABMI will continue to work with AEMERA and the Government of Alberta to improve biodiversity monitoring for the province.

5.2.3. Alberta Environment and Parks

An important part of the mandate of Environment and Parks is fish and wildlife population management, range management and the leading of species at risk management and recovery efforts. As part of this responsibility, Environment and Parks routinely collects data associated with fish and wildlife allocations, range health, and species at risk management. This information allows decisions to be made regarding the allocation of resources, the development and delivery of regulatory obligations, and the ongoing performance assessment of regulations and compliance. These data also provide a strong foundation for biodiversity monitoring within the province. Some of the existing programs will contribute to the framework; for example, identification of invasive species as part of range health surveys will be integrated with other sources of data on non-native vascular plants.


5.2.4. Other Monitoring Initiatives

Many biodiversity monitoring programs and research initiatives operate within the South Saskatchewan Region. These range from larger scale efforts (e.g., Cows and Fish riparian health assessments and MULTISAR habitat inventories and wildlife assessments), to localized assessments (e.g., research conducted at Mattheis Research Ranch and the Foothills Research Institute), and to industry monitoring as part of regulatory requirements. All of these monitoring and data collection efforts contribute to our understanding of species and habitats within the South Saskatchewan Region, and each of these efforts may inform a management response under the framework.

Community-based monitoring or citizen-based science may also have a role to play in supporting the implementation of the framework. Existing programs include the Alberta Volunteer Amphibian Monitoring Program and Alberta Plant Watch. Other opportunities include involvement of First Nations in monitoring efforts to better incorporate traditional ecological knowledge into biodiversity assessments. All types of monitoring programs (from industry collected data to citizen science) offer the potential for additional information to support evaluations of biodiversity over time. To support this, there may be a need for standardized monitoring protocols and approaches to ensure data are compiled, validated and easily accessible to users.

Additionally, many efforts have been undertaken to synthesize and assess the current state of biodiversity in the region. Examples include inventories of range health, riparian health and forest health done by government, industry and/or non-for-profit organizations, as well as State of the Watershed Reports and Integrated Watershed Management Plans completed by Watershed Planning and Advisory Councils. The intent is that the framework will draw upon all available sources of information. This information has informed development of the framework and will continue to be valuable as the framework is implemented.

5.3. Modelling: A Tool for Assessment and Planning Biodiversity modelling is a useful tool to support biodiversity assessment and planning. Models can be used to represent the changes in species abundance and distribution and habitat quality in response to modified resources and disturbance on the landscape, both natural and human-made. In the South Saskatchewan Region, a variety of modelling approaches were used to understand biodiversity and the potential effects of development. As it is not feasible to measure the condition of biodiversity at every location in the South Saskatchewan Region, models can help inform investigation and planning processes at the regional scale.

Species distribution models are particularly useful in relating human-made effects to patterns in biodiversity. These models relate field observations to environmental predictor variables controlling species; these relationships can further vary by scale. It is important that ecological theory be incorporated in model development. Statistical methodology can be used to model a species response, for example species presence or absence, to a set of predictor variables to estimate spatial patterns of biodiversity on the landscape. Advances in technology have allowed for improved methodology for detecting species in the field, which can improve species distribution models. Some examples include camera traps, acoustic recorders, and radio collars. In addition, advances in remote sensing data sets such as satellite imagery, can also contribute to the development of species distribution models for both flora and fauna. Models can be very informative, but it is important to understand the limitations related to the supporting data used in model development and the appropriate scale at which a model can be applied.

Models to understand biodiversity in the South Saskatchewan Region will continue to be a valuable resource to inform indicators in the framework. For example, ABMI has developed a Biodiversity Intactness Index to assess the status of species including birds, mammals, soil mites, vascular plants, mosses and lichens in a given area using statistically derived relationships between species responses, the habitat and human footprint at a location.


6. Regional Objective The Biodiversity Management Framework (the framework) supports the achievement of the regional outcome, that biodiversity and ecosystem function are sustained through shared stewardship. The primary objective under this framework is that terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity are maintained. Along with this primary objective, a suite of complementary regional objectives will be supported.

• Terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity are maintained.

• Biodiversity and healthy, functioning ecosystems continue to provide a range of benefits to Albertans and communities in the region, including First Nations’ continued ability to exercise constitutionally protected rights to hunt, fish and trap for food; and other First Nations cultural practices.

• Long-term ecosystem health and resiliency are sustained.

• Species at risk are recovered and no new species at risk are designated.1

• Intact grassland habitat is sustained.

In order to assess whether regional objectives and outcomes are being met, biodiversity indicators have been chosen with input from First Nations, stakeholders and communities. In line with the objective to maintain biodiversity, the focus of the framework is from today into the future where information on current conditions along with information from modeled predictions of past conditions informs decision-making about desired future conditions.

6.1. Cultural Sustainability and Aboriginal Peoples Biodiversity is important for the continued practice of the Aboriginal way of life. Healthy and functioning ecosystems provide significant benefits to aboriginal peoples. They support livelihoods, maintain the effective transmission of traditional knowledge between generations, and sustain constitutionally protected rights such as First Nations’ treaty rights. To sustain treaty rights, and continue the environmental conditions required for the exercise of those rights, and to support other cultural practices, a healthy ecosystem and supporting biodiversity is important. The framework aims to maintain ecosystem function and biodiversity for future generations, providing significant benefits to all people including the continued ability to exercise constitutionally protected First Nations rights to hunt, trap and fish for food, and other First Nations’ cultural practices.

Recognizing the complexity of biodiversity and its interactions, indicators have been designed to work together, with linkages and overlap among them, to provide a more holistic and complete understanding of the condition of biodiversity within the region. Numerous indicators will be monitored that focus on specific elements of biodiversity, some of which are important to exercise of First Nations constitutionally protected rights to hunt, trap, and fish for food, as well as other First Nations cultural practices. Should monitoring show an undesirable trend in an indicator, a management response may be initiated under the framework (as described in Section 7.6).

The monitoring program to support the framework is intended to complement existing, and establish new monitoring, and support an increased understanding of the condition of indicators that are related to cultural and social values. Under the regional plan the Government of Alberta is committed to working with First Nations in the region to explore and present potential new approaches to draw on the rich,

1 This objective accounts for known species at risk that occur in Alberta. Species at risk that may be identified in the future will be evaluated in the context of this framework.


cultural, ecological and traditional land-use knowledge and stewardship practices of Aboriginal communities.

6.2. Biodiversity Indicators Biodiversity indicators have been selected to determine whether the overall biodiversity objectives for the region are being achieved. The indicators in this framework represent key terrestrial and aquatic species and habitats. Combined, these indicators help us understand the condition of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Figure 3). In the following sections the suite of indicators used by the framework will be described in detail.

Figure 3. Biodiversity is complex, with many values, components and relationships. This biodiversity wheel is intended to represent the connections between species from terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the South Saskatchewan Region, and the supporting terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The centre represents the social and cultural values associated with biodiversity.

6.2.1. Pyramid Structure for Indicators

The framework includes both species and habitat indicators, from both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, to create four categories of biodiversity indicators. The indicators within these categories are designed to


complement each other, and have a degree of overlap among the categories, to ensure that regional biodiversity is represented in a comprehensive manner. These four indicator categories are depicted using a pyramid structure (Figure 4) and described as follows:

(1) Terrestrial Habitat Pyramid – represents the condition of various terrestrial habitats. (2) Aquatic Habitat Pyramid – represents the condition of various aquatic and wetland habitats. (3) Terrestrial Species Pyramid – represents the condition of key terrestrial species. (4) Aquatic Species Pyramid – represents the condition of key aquatic and wetland species.

Figure 4. Four categories of indicator pyramids

Each indicator pyramid is subdivided into four tiers (Figure 5). There will be a total of twelve Tier 1 and Tier 2 indicators; the condition of these 12 indicators will be regularly reported against triggers to help assess whether the regional objectives are being met. Supporting indicators are included in Tier 3 of each pyramid; these indicators will be reported on at the same frequency as Tier 1 and Tier 2, but do not have triggers. Other supporting data and information, including raw data and that from complementary monitoring, are housed in Tier 4.

The following is a brief description of the tiers of the four indicator pyramids:

• Tier 1 – Composite indicators communicating the general state of biodiversity within the region; these indicators have triggers. Where appropriate, the Tier 1 indicators will remain consistent across planning regions to allow for a provincial scale comparison. A composite indicator is made up of several individual indicators in a single measure. For example, the terrestrial biodiversity intactness indicator represents the condition of several individual taxa (see definition) in a single measure (e.g., soil mites, mammals, birds, lichens, mosses).

• Tier 2 – Indicators of regional significance (may be composite or individual indicators); these indicators have triggers. Tier 2 indicators are tailored to the region; as their selection is based on their responsiveness to region-specific human pressures.

• Tier 3 – Additional indicators that complement Tier 1 and 2 indicators or are related to cultural and social values. This includes indicators representing individual components of the Tier 1 and 2 composite indicators, or providing further insight on the performance of a Tier 1 or 2 indicator. Tier 3 indicators do not have triggers, but a management response may be initiated for any Tier 3 indicator displaying an undesirable trend.

• Tier 4 – Supporting data providing valuable additional information regarding the condition of biodiversity within the region. This includes data which aid in various steps of the management response.


The suite of indicators described above is intended to function to provide an overall assessment of biodiversity in the region.

Figure 5. Tiers of the indicator pyramids

6.2.2. Indicator Selection Criteria

The following selection criteria were developed for the framework to guide the selection of biodiversity indicators. Each Tier 1 and 2 indicator should be:

• Relevant to the regional plan objectives;

• Representative of regional scale biodiversity in the South Saskatchewan region;

• Ecologically relevant – reflective of biodiversity interactions and ecosystem functions in the region at multiple spatial scales;

• Responsive to land use activity and management; and

• Feasible to monitor – cost effective.

Supporting indicators, at Tier 3, will be monitored in addition to the Tier 1 and 2 indicators to ensure a broad representation of regional scale biodiversity and biodiversity elements of cultural and social value. These Tier 3 indicators do not necessarily satisfy all the indicator selection criteria. More information on all of the indicators and how they will be used as the framework is implemented is provided in the following sections.

6.2.3. Indicators Related to Cultural and Social Values

A number of species and habitats related to cultural and social value have been identified by people living in the area. A number of the indicators within Tier 1 and 2, and particularly within the supporting Tier 3


indicators (see Appendix B) reflect these values. For example, berry-producing shrubs are culturally valued by people. An index of berry-producing shrubs is included as an individual Tier 3 indicator, in addition to being part of the composite Terrestrial biodiversity intactness indicator in Tier 1. Individual plant species found in riparian habitats, such as cottonwood trees and willows, are ecologically important and valued by people and support the Tier 2 Riparian habitat indicator. The intent is to represent individual important species (including medicinal or ceremonial plants), where appropriate, as individual indicators within Tier 3 because they support the Tier 2 indicator.

There can also be continuing discussion to identify any additional indicators related to cultural and social values appropriate for inclusion in the framework.

6.2.4. Reference Condition and Current Condition

6.2.4.1. Reference Condition

In the context of this framework, reference condition is the expected condition of an indicator when unaffected by human disturbance. The approach to determining reference condition is different depending on the indicator. For many indicators requiring information on habitat, the approach is to use information from the surrounding landscape to simulate what today’s landscape would look like if human footprint were removed and replaced with natural features. For several species-based indicators, the reference condition is based on abundance of a species in an undisturbed area in the region.

6.2.4.2. Current Condition

Current condition is defined as the most recent and scientifically reliable measure of the indicator – essentially today’s condition. The current condition for each indicator is determined using data sourced from existing monitoring programs and initiatives throughout the South Saskatchewan Region. For some indicators, the ability to determine the reference and current condition is hampered because of limitations in the available monitoring data or the absence of relevant monitoring data. The intention is that these data needs will be addressed within two years.

6.2.5. Indicators for the South Saskatchewan Region

Table 2 lists the twelve Tier 1 and Tier 2 indicators selected for the South Saskatchewan Region. The indicators are at varying stages of development due to the availability of current and historical data at a regional scale. In line with the indicator selection criteria, indicators in the framework must be able to be regularly assessed. Depending on the indicator, methods to assess the indicators rely on a combination of supporting field monitoring programs and updated geospatial information at the regional scale. All habitat indicators and certain species indicators rely on regularly updated geospatial information on human footprint and vegetation inventories (e.g., Alberta Vegetation Inventory, Ducks Unlimited Wetland Inventory, Grassland Vegetation Inventory, Alberta Merged Wetland Inventory). The majority of species data will be generated by monitoring programs historically implemented by the Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute (ABMI) and Environment and Parks. Under the direction of AEMERA, modifications or enhancements of current programs may be required to ensure that the monitoring design and sampling frequencies are adequate to meet the needs of the framework. Likewise, improvements to the human footprint layer are anticipated through enhancements of available datasets through initiatives such as the Alberta Human Footprint Monitoring Program. Additional monitoring programs and existing local initiatives may supplement those listed. Reporting under the framework will occur every two years.

Over the next two years, work will continue on developing several of the aquatic species indicators in particular. For the Amphibian community and Fish community indicators, the focus will be on developing regional scale aquatic monitoring programs and refining the indicator definitions. Likewise, additional work is required to define the Species of potential conservation concern indicator. Amendments to the framework to include these three indicators are planned as part of the 5-year review of the South Saskatchewan Regional Plan.


Individual indicators may also be removed and replaced over time as needed and identified through implementation. For example, it may become apparent that an indicator does not meet the selection criteria as intended. Throughout the implementation of the framework, Environment and Parks will provide leadership in working with relevant parties including First Nations, stakeholders and communities to review and update the framework, including continuing to adapt and refine indicators and triggers as knowledge improves.

Table 2. Summary of Tier 1 and Tier 2 indicators for the South Saskatchewan Region

Pyramid

Habitat Species

Terrestrial Aquatic Terrestrial Aquatic

Indicator Tier

Tier 1 Terrestrial native

cover

Aquatic and

wetland native

cover

Terrestrial

biodiversity

intactness

Aquatic and

wetland

biodiversity

intactness

Tier 2 Patch size

Wetland habitat Species of

potential

conservation

concern*

Fish community*

Interior habitat Riparian habitat Non-native

vascular plants

Amphibian

community*

* Denotes where work is continuing to further develop or refine the indicators and supporting monitoring programs

The following tables (Tables 3-6) provide more detailed information for each of the Tier 1 and 2 indicators, including rationale for selection and the definition. Examples of supporting Tier 3 indicators are provided in Tables 3-6. Further technical information relating to the indicators, monitoring methods and Tier 3 support is provided in the Science Support for the South Saskatchewan Region Biodiversity Management Framework document. This document is available on request from Environment and Parks.


Table 3. Terrestrial habitat indicators

Tier 1 Terrestrial native cover

Rationale – Habitat loss and land conversion are recognized as major causes of biodiversity loss. By monitoring terrestrial native cover in the region we get a clear picture of changes in habitat due to cumulative effects of human disturbance.

Definition – Terrestrial native cover refers to the amount of terrestrial (upland) area within the region that is free of human footprint.

Tier 2 Patch size

Rationale – The size and connectivity of habitat patches are important to biodiversity, as they facilitate dispersal, foraging and reproductive behaviours. Continued fragmentation of native land cover can negatively impact these species biodiversity e.g., grizzly bear and pronghorn antelope.

Definition – The Patch size indicator is calculated based on fragmentation of the landscape by obstructive barriers caused by large-scale human disturbances (e.g., cultivation, residential development and paved roads).

Tier 2 Interior Habitat

Rationale - Interior habitat refers to the proportion of native land cover (both terrestrial and aquatic) away from edge effects due to human footprint. Interior habitat reflects habitat quality, as many species such as the ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis) require large tracts of intact “core” habitat.

Definition - Interior habitat is calculated as the percent of the South Saskatchewan region that is interior habitat; that is, native cover that is a defined buffer distance from human footprint. These buffer distances are tailored for varied footprint types and for both open habitats and forested areas within the region

Tier 3 Supporting indicators

In Tier 3, supplementary information will be provided to assess the condition of terrestrial habitat and its representation on the landscape. Several metrics will be derived from smaller spatial units, such as reporting on the Tier 1 and 2 indicators by Natural Subregion or reporting on sub-components of land cover type. Examples include:

• Total amount of Terrestrial native cover, Patch size and Interior habitat within each Natural Region.

• Indicators of habitat quality, such as rangeland health.

• Relative abundance of terrestrial land cover types (e.g., fescue grassland, mixed grassland, cottonwood) in the region and in Natural Regions.

• Condition of interior habitat within individual land cover types.


Table 4. Aquatic habitat indicators

Tier 1 Aquatic and wetland native cover

Rationale – Habitat loss and conversion are recognized as major components of biodiversity loss. By monitoring Aquatic native cover in the region we get a clear picture of change in habitat due to cumulative effects of human disturbance.

Definition –Aquatic native cover refers to the amount of aquatic and wetland (lowland) area within the region that is free of human footprint. Aquatic native cover, as differentiated from terrestrial, includes open-water, semi-permanent flooded vegetation, seasonally flooded vegetation (i.e., riparian) and aquatic plants. It includes major water bodies, wetlands (e.g., swamps and marshes) and riparian habitats.

Tier 2 Wetland habitat

Rationale – Wetlands are essential in supporting a wide array of species biodiversity, (e.g., waterfowl, shorebirds, semi-aquatic mammals, amphibians and invertebrates) and ecosystem services (e.g., water purification, flood attenuation). Wetlands, especially smaller wetlands, are susceptible to conversion through agricultural, industrial and urban land uses.

Definition – The indicator reflects the state of both number and area of standing water (lentic) wetlands in the region.

Tier 2 Riparian habitat

Rationale – Riparian ecosystems are dynamic landscape features that are highly productive as a result of abundant water and nutrients. This productivity supports vast numbers of species and provides several ecosystem services. Riparian habitat can be affected by land disturbance.

Definition – Riparian areas are transitional areas between upland and aquatic ecosystems associated with flowing water (i.e. rivers and streams). Riparian habitat will be calculated as the area of riparian habitat free of human footprint.

Tier 3 Supporting indicators

In Tier 3, supplementary information will be provided to assess the condition of aquatic habitat. Several supporting metrics will be derived on smaller geospatial units, such as reporting the Tier 1 and 2 indicators by major watersheds or sub-watersheds or reporting on the sub-components of the aquatic cover type. Examples include:

• Aquatic native cover, Wetland habitat and Riparian habitat by major watershed or sub-watershed.

• Area and number of wetlands by major watershed or sub-watershed.


Table 5. Terrestrial species indicators

Tier 1 Terrestrial biodiversity intactness

Rationale – Maintenance of species biodiversity is a priority for the region. The intactness index is a broad, species-based, biodiversity indicator, particularly in relation to habitat loss and degradation, which are recognized as major contributors to biodiversity loss.

Definition – An index of Terrestrial biodiversity intactness is currently monitored by the Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute (ABMI). This indicator is based on assessing abundance of species within certain taxa (birds, soil mites, mammals, vascular plants, lichens and bryophytes) across the region, against the abundance that would be expected without disturbance. This indicator is built on modelled relationships between human land use, habitats and species abundance. A full list of species that comprise the Aquatic and Wetland, and Terrestrial biodiversity intactness indicators is presented in Appendix C.

Tier 2 Species of potential conservation concern

Rationale – Mitigation of species loss due to human activity is a priority for the region. This indicator will serve as an early warning system by tracking the conditions of vulnerable species that are not yet considered “at risk” in the region.

Definition – The Species of potential conservation concern index will be a composite metric that reflects the condition of vulnerable species. The species included in this indicator will be those that are not listed under Alberta’s Wildlife Act as “threatened” or “endangered”, but have been assessed as vulnerable. An example of an indication of vulnerability is the inclusion of a species under the federal Species at Risk Act. The methodology for this indicator is still under development.

Tier 2 Non-native vascular plants

Rationale – Non-native vascular plant species can respond quickly and aggressively to land disturbance. They can ultimately become a major ecological concern by impairing habitat quality and decreasing native biodiversity.

Definition –The indicator reflects the condition of invasive species across the region. The indicator is based on the probability of a site within the region being “invaded” and is informed by data from ABMI’s field monitoring. Invaded refers to sites which are not intentionally managed to produce non-native vascular plant species, but which either have a legislated species present, or are dominated by any non-native vascular plant species. Non-native vascular plants are those species that have been introduced, intentionally or otherwise, into new areas beyond their natural habitat. Legislated species are those assessed as Noxious or Proh

south saskatchewan region · and aquatic (water) ecosystems. triggers have been established for...

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