space exploration - coast christian fellowship · dr. robert goddard konstantin tsiolkovsky. an...
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Space Exploration
Merit Badge Program
Keith Watts – Merit Badge CounselorRevised and Presented by Jason Machan April 2019
Space Exploration
• Job: Prepping payloads carrying scientific instruments 200 miles high
on a Nike-boosted Black Brant rocket at White Sands Missile Range in
New Mexico (close to where Von Braun tested his rockets after WW II)
– Payload was several hundred lbs (not including booster and
sustainer engine weights), total rocket was 43 feet long
• Rocket was a rail-rider – just like the rockets you will be building
• You can never tell where your hobbies and interests will take you!
Who Am I?
My background in Rocketry and Space
Exploration
• Flew model rockets as a boy and teen - much like you
– Flew them in a city park (lost a lot of rockets)
• Went to graduate school years later at USC, pursuing
my PhD in Electrical Engineering
– Held a summer job for two years working for the
Space Sciences Center
Space Exploration Requirements
5. Do TWO of the following:
a. Discuss with your counselor an unmanned space exploration
mission and an early manned mission. Tell about each
mission’s major discoveries, its importance, and what we
learned from it about the planets, moons, or regions of space
explored.
b. Using magazine photographs, news clippings, and electronic
articles (such as from the internet), make a scrap book about a
current planetary mission.
c. Design an unmanned mission to another planet or moon that
will return samples of its surface to the Earth. Name the planet
or moon your spacecraft will visit. Show how your design will
cope with the conditions of the planet’s or moon’s
environment.
Space Exploration Requirements
6. Describe the purpose, operation, and components of ONE of the
following:
a. Space shuttle
b. International Space Station
7. Design an inhabited base located on the Moon or Mars. Make
drawings or a model of your base. In your design, consider and
plan for the following:
a. Source of energy
b. How it will be constructed
c. Life-support system
d. Purpose and function
8. Discuss with your counselor two possible careers in space
exploration that interest you. Find out the qualifications, education,
and preparation required and discuss the major responsibilities of
those positions.
Space Exploration Where is space?
Q. Where does Space begin?
A. Space starts at an altitude of 100 kilometers.
Known as the Karman line. Atmosphere too thin to support
aeronautical flight, vehicle speed would exceed orbital
velocity
Space Exploration Space environment
• No air, a vacuum
• Temperature extremes+ 400 deg F sunlight (bake a cake at 350F)
- 400 shade (LN2, -377, 0 deg K -459 F)
• Radiation1 mSv-milli Siervert=3 chest X-rays=0.1 rem
Yearly dose on earth 2 mSv
Space station average 160-320 mSv/year
Damage to: electronics, plastics, optical components, etc.
• Weightless, micro-gravityDisorientation-space sickness
Height increase, fluid re-distribution
Bone, muscle and red blood cell loss
Space Exploration Why Explore Space?
Historic ReasonsMan’s curiosity since Biblical times about the
heavens and all the things he could see in it
• Astronomy– Galileo made first observations of the moons of
Jupiter in March 1610
• Jules Verne– Novelist who wrote “From the Earth to the
Moon” – an amazingly detailed prophetic novel
• Canals on Mars – Features described and sketched by Italian
astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli (NOT canals)
Space Exploration Why Explore Space?
Historic Reasons
• World war II- German V2, developed by Wernher Von Braun
- Quote: “The rocket worked perfectly except for
landing on the wrong planet”
• Cold war
• German technology transfer after WW II
• Nuclear weapon delivery
• Reconnaissance
Space Exploration Why Explore Space?
Historic Reasons, Space Race
• Oct 1957 - Sputnik 1, 1st man made object
• Nov 1957 -Sputnik 2, dog Laika for 7 days
• Jan, 1958 - Explorer 1, 1st U.S. satellite,
discovers Van Allen radiation belt.
• Jan, 1959 - Luna 1, 1st moon satellite
• Sept, 1959 - Luna 2 put Soviet coat of arms on
the moon
• April 1, 1960 - Tiros 1, US weather satellite
• April 12, 1961 - Vostok 1, 1st man, U.S.S.R.,
Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gargarin, orbits once.
• May 5, 1961 - Mercury Freedom 7 carries Alan
Shepard,1st U.S. Astronaut, suborbital flight
Space Exploration Why Explore Space?
Historic Reasons, Space Race• Feb, 1962 - Mercury Friendship 7, John Glenn, 1st
American in orbit, and orbits the Earth three times
• Gemini, 1965 – Two man capsules, space walks,
first rendezvous
• 1965 - Space Exploration merit badge started
• March 1966 - Soviet Venera 3 impacts on Venus,
the first spacecraft to reach another planet.
• June 1966 - Surveyor 1 is the first U.S. spacecraft
to soft-land on the Moon
• Oct 1968 - Apollo 7 1st Apollo mission
• Dec 1968 - Apollo 8 1st manned spacecraft to orbit
the Moon, making 10 orbits
• July 20, 1969 - Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin, Jr.
make the first manned soft landing on the Moon,
and the first moonwalk, using Apollo 11.
Space Exploration Why Explore Space?
Scientific Knowledge
• Study Environment, radiation belts
around Earth and impact on our
satelites
• Goal to put a man on the moon
- How to:
• navigate
• re-entry
• life support
• communicate
• Communications
- 1963 Syncom, 1st geosynchronous
(GEO) communications satellite
Space Exploration Why Explore Space?
Benefits
• Resources- Weather prediction
- Land management, food, flooding
• Technology spin offs- LEDs
- Space blankets
- Freeze dried foods
- Remote control technology
- Infrared thermometers
- Water purificaition
Space Exploration
Jules Verne HG Wells
The Dreamers
Wrote: “From the Earth to the Moon” Wrote: “War of the Worlds”
Space Exploration
Gene Roddenberry
The Dreamers
Arthur C. Clarke
Science fiction
author, given credit
for the idea of a GEO
communication
satellite in 1947
Creator of “Star Trek”
Elon Musk
Founder Space X
Both a Dreamer and
a Doer
Space Exploration The Doers
Dr. Robert Goddard
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
An American who is now called
"the father of modern rocketry"
Russian school teacher, figured out all the basic equations for rocketry in 1903.
Space Exploration
Dr. Wernher von Braun
The Doers
Head of German WWII rocket program and US Apollo program
“If our intention had been merely to bring back a handful of soil and rocks from the lunar gravel pit
and then forget the whole thing, we would certainly be history's biggest fools. But that is not our
intention now—it never will be. What we are seeking in tomorrow's [Apollo 11] trip is indeed that
key to our future on earth. We are expanding the mind of man. We are extending this God-given
brain and these God-given hands to their outermost limits and in so doing all mankind will benefit.
All mankind will reap the harvest…. What we will have attained when Neil Armstrong steps down
upon the moon is a completely new step in the evolution of man.”
Space Exploration
Alan Shepard, first American in space, 5/5/61
Mercury 7 Astronauts
The Doers
Space Exploration
Senator John Glenn
First American to orbit
the Earth, 2/20/62
The Doers
Space Exploration
Neil Armstrong
1st man on moonEdwin “Buzz” Aldrin
2nd man on moon
The Doers
Michael Collins
Command spacecraft
Apollo 11, July 20, 1969
Space Exploration Other Pioneers
Yuri Gagarin, first
man in spaceSally Ride, first American
female astronaut
Ed White, first
American space walk
Christine McAuliffe,
First teacher in space;
died in Challenger accident
Space Exploration Rocket parts
Identify and explain model rocket parts
1. Body tube- structure that holds all the pieces together,
contains engine, and recovery systems
2. Engine mount- holds the engine in position, transfers load
from engine to body tube
3. Fins- provide stabilization while in flight, see next page
4. Igniter- lights solid rocket propellant
5. Launch lug- provides initial guidance and stability
6. Nose cone- aerodynamic point for body tube
7. Payload- whatever rocket carries
8. Recovery system- parachute or streamer to slow decent,
minimizes damage from landing impact
9. Rocket engine-contains solid fuel propellant to provide thrust
Space Exploration The Way Things Work
Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
1. An object in motion tends to stay in motion, and an object
at rest tends to stay at rest, unless the object is acted
upon by an outside unbalanced force.
2. Force equals mass times acceleration.
3. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
These three laws of motion help make it easier to
understand how rockets, satellites, and spacecraft work.
Space Exploration Model Rocketry
How rocket engine works:
• Rapid burning of propellant
creates expanding gas that
is directed out the nozzle at
the bottom
• Non thrust delay allows
rocket to coast
• Ejection charge is directed
into body tube to force out
recovery system
Space Exploration Satellites
How do satellites stay in orbit?
Satellites stay in orbit due to the balance of two factors:
• Velocity, the speed at which it would travel in a straight line
• Gravitational pull between the Earth and the satellite
The satellite is constantly falling to Earth due to the pull of
gravity but due to it’s speed it stays in orbit
Space Exploration Space Shuttle
Space Shuttle
Space Exploration Space Shuttle
Space Shuttle
Purpose:
Partially reusable launch
system and orbital spacecraft
Operation:
Scientific research
Deploy payloads
ISS assembly
Components:
Orbiter
External tank
Solid rocket boosters
Space ExplorationNear-Earth
Space Habitats
International Space Station
ISS-Tour.mpgISS-Tour.mpg
Space Exploration International Space Station
Purpose:
The mission of the International Space Station (ISS) is to
enable long-term exploration of space and provide benefits
to people on Earth
Operation:
Scientific research
Micro gravity
Exploration, long duration mission effects
Education and cultural outreach
Components:
Pressurized modules
Power and thermal control, solar arrays
Life support, atmosphere, food, hygiene
Communication and computers
.
Earth Space
Space Exploration Biosphere2 Arizona
Skylab
Salyut
Artificial closed ecological system
Space Exploration Satellite pictures
How pictures are made and transmitted
Satellite takes this
picture and divides it
up into little squares
called pixels
• For each square it assigns a number which corresponds to
the brightness of each square in the image
• The numbers are send back to Earth by radio
• The picture is then reassembled in reverse order
Space Exploration
Rutan/Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne won the X-Prize
• Privately finances, builds & launches a spaceship, able to
carry three people to 100 kilometers (62.5 miles)
• Returns safely to Earth
• Repeats the launch with the same ship within 2 weeks
• Tickets cost $200K (a bargain)
Space tourism
Space Exploration – Curiosity Rover
• Curiosity Rover is currently exploring Mars, studying geology and chemistry
of the Martian surface
• Black and white photo was received from Curiosity last week (March 2019)
Drill hole from
Curiosity Rover
• James Webb Space Telescope is in final
integration and test steps
• JWST carries visible, near infra-red and mid-
wave infrared sensors
• JWST is planned for launch in 2021
Space Exploration – James Webb
Space Telescope
Space Exploration Careers in Space
64% of astronauts (present and former) were Boy Scouts
Getting Ready
Aerospace Engineers
Operations Technicians
Research Associates
Space Scientists
Systems Programmer
Systems Analyst• Math and Science
• Write and Speak clearly
• Languages
• College – tech major
Space Exploration
• How can I become an astronaut?
• Any adult man or woman in excellent physical condition who meets the
basic qualifications can be selected to enter astronaut training.
• For mission specialists and pilot astronauts, the minimum requirements
include a bachelor's degree in engineering, science or mathematics from
an accredited institution. Three years of related experience must follow
the degree, and an advanced degree is desirable.
• Pilot astronauts must have at least 1,000 hours of experience in jet
aircraft, and they need better vision than mission specialists.
• Competition is fierce, with an average of over 4,000 applicants for about
20 openings every 2 years.
• Astronaut recruiting occurs periodically
Astronaut Qualifications
Use 2 squares of wadding
