space mission output optimization considering the human side of human-machine interaction in space
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Space Mission Output Space Mission Output OptimizationOptimization
Considering the Human Side Considering the Human Side of Human-Machine Interaction of Human-Machine Interaction
In SpaceIn Space
Malfunctioning Machines
• Several disasters accompanied rapid and exciting development of space technology
• Apollo 1 – electrical spark, 1967 • Space Shuttle Challenger (Video) –
upon launch, 1986• Columbia – disintegrated in
atmosphere (material failure), 2003
Approach• Balance complementarity between Balance complementarity between
man & machineman & machine• Account for psychology of human Account for psychology of human
operatoroperator• Tailor design to human operator:Tailor design to human operator:
– Malleable interfacesMalleable interfaces– Tactile interfaceTactile interface– Augmented RealityAugmented Reality
Financial ConcernsFinancial Concerns
• Expensive space exploration – Hubble Expensive space exploration – Hubble Telescope approx $3 billionTelescope approx $3 billion
• Cost minimization is a large part of Cost minimization is a large part of NASA’s agendaNASA’s agenda
• Need better use of resources – not just Need better use of resources – not just strict screening and peak proficiency strict screening and peak proficiency trainingtraining
Role of man vs. role of machines
• In past, man was just a In past, man was just a mere passive observer mere passive observer
•Progressed so that man & Progressed so that man & machine shared machine shared complimentary relationshipcomplimentary relationship
•Yet, man not offered many Yet, man not offered many degrees of freedomdegrees of freedom
Psychiatric Morbidity
• Spaceflight is hazardous to man’s psyche
• Antarctic space-analog simulation program had startling results
• Participants experienced mood, adjustment, sleep, & personality disorders
• Anxiety/state of discomfort highly correlates with performance!
Antarctic Space-Analog Results• 12.1% of participants had symptoms
that met DSM-IV criteria• 31.6% - mood & adjustment disorders• 21% - sleep related disorders• 10.5% - substance related disorders• 7.9% - personality disorders
• Results suggest psychological factors should not be neglected
TrainingTraining
• Training should provide technical Training should provide technical mastery of the machine and a mastery of the machine and a remedy to space anxietyremedy to space anxiety
• Simulation is main form of Simulation is main form of trainingtraining
• However, the only advances However, the only advances made on simulators have been made on simulators have been electrical & mechanicalelectrical & mechanical
Two Approaches to Space Flight:
• NASANASA– High-tech shuttlesHigh-tech shuttles
• Scaled CompositesScaled Composites– Private companyPrivate company– Simple approach: Simple approach:
• Interface consists of Interface consists of stick and rudder stick and rudder controls, similar to a controls, similar to a small planesmall plane
• Shows the range of Shows the range of interfaces possibleinterfaces possible
Daniel Barry, *77
Brian Binnie, *78
Malleable InterfaceMalleable Interface
• Advanced Technology Branch – NASAAdvanced Technology Branch – NASA• Manual navigation according to personal Manual navigation according to personal
judgment not pre-programmed machine judgment not pre-programmed machine commands commands
• Open loop system with feedback and feed- Open loop system with feedback and feed- forwardforward
• Ideology: full control of machine is better Ideology: full control of machine is better for psychefor psyche
• User performance increasedUser performance increased
Haptic Interface
• Multiple sensory Multiple sensory inputs through inputs through tactors to tactors to communicate with communicate with surrounding surrounding machinesmachines
• Ideology: decrease Ideology: decrease workload of visual workload of visual sensory system – sensory system – less anxietyless anxiety
Augmented Reality InterfaceAugmented Reality Interface
• Combine real & synthetic features to Combine real & synthetic features to control human operator attentioncontrol human operator attention
• Improves synchronization between Improves synchronization between computer generated info & realitycomputer generated info & reality
• Not substitute for reality but Not substitute for reality but maintains situational awarenessmaintains situational awareness
• Ideology: attention is not captured by Ideology: attention is not captured by past information; lagging due to real-past information; lagging due to real-time lapsetime lapse
Conclusion• Human performance needs to be Human performance needs to be
optimized in tandem with optimized in tandem with machine performancemachine performance
• Therefore, training and interface Therefore, training and interface should be tailored to the human should be tailored to the human
• Cost will be worth the lowered Cost will be worth the lowered ratio of shuttle cost to expected ratio of shuttle cost to expected number of flightsnumber of flights