Space – The Final FrontierSpace – The Final Frontier

Early astronomersEarly astronomers

Astronomer - Astronomer - AstronomersAstronomers use the principles of physics and mathematics use the principles of physics and mathematics to learn about the fundamental nature of the universe, including the sun, moon, to learn about the fundamental nature of the universe, including the sun, moon, planets, stars, planets, stars, ......

Nicholas Copernicus – (1473 – 1543) the first astronomer to teach that the sun Nicholas Copernicus – (1473 – 1543) the first astronomer to teach that the sun (not the Earth) was the center of the solar system. (not the Earth) was the center of the solar system.

GalileoGalileo Galilei Galilei – – built the first telescope in 1609 and proved built the first telescope in 1609 and proved Copernicus correct. Copernicus correct.

What is out there?What is out there?

Ever since mankind has looked up at the Ever since mankind has looked up at the moon and stars, we have wandered about moon and stars, we have wandered about life in the universe.life in the universe.

How big is the universe?How big is the universe?

Billions of stars – planets – galaxies Billions of stars – planets – galaxies

What is the difference between a solar What is the difference between a solar system, galaxy, and the universe?system, galaxy, and the universe?

Solar System – our solar system includes Solar System – our solar system includes our sun, moon, asteroid belt, and 9 planetsour sun, moon, asteroid belt, and 9 planets

Our solar system is part of the Milky way Our solar system is part of the Milky way Galaxy.Galaxy.

The universe is made up of many galaxies.The universe is made up of many galaxies.

The UniverseThe Universe

We can observe only a portion of the entire We can observe only a portion of the entire universe. Because the universe is only about 14 universe. Because the universe is only about 14 billion years old, light has only had about 14 billion billion years old, light has only had about 14 billion years to travel through it. Therefore, the most years to travel through it. Therefore, the most distant regions of the universe we can see are distant regions of the universe we can see are about 14 billion light-years away. This is the extent about 14 billion light-years away. This is the extent of the "observable universe," but the entire of the "observable universe," but the entire universe is probably much larger. It could even universe is probably much larger. It could even extend infinitely in all directions.extend infinitely in all directions.

The name of our galaxy is:The name of our galaxy is:

The name of our galaxy is the Milky Way. The name of our galaxy is the Milky Way. Our Sun and all of the stars that you see at Our Sun and all of the stars that you see at night belong to the Milky Way. When you go night belong to the Milky Way. When you go outside on a dark night and look up, you will outside on a dark night and look up, you will see a milky, misty-looking band stretching see a milky, misty-looking band stretching across the sky. When you look at this band, across the sky. When you look at this band, you are looking into the densest parts of the you are looking into the densest parts of the Milky Way, the "disk" and the "bulge." Milky Way, the "disk" and the "bulge."

The Milky way GalaxyThe Milky way Galaxy

A galaxy is an enormous collection of gas, A galaxy is an enormous collection of gas, dust and billions of stars held together by dust and billions of stars held together by gravity. One galaxy can have hundreds of gravity. One galaxy can have hundreds of billions of stars and be as large as 200,000 billions of stars and be as large as 200,000 light years across. light years across.

Our solar system is located in the outer reaches of the Milky Way Galaxy, which is a spiral galaxy. The Milky Way Galaxy contains roughly 200 billion stars. Most of these stars are not visible from Earth. Almost everything that we can see in the sky belongs to the Milky Way Galaxy.

Earth in the Milky WayEarth in the Milky Way

Solar SystemSolar System The solar system consists of the The solar system consists of the SunSun; the eight ; the eight

official planets, at least three "dwarf planets", more official planets, at least three "dwarf planets", more than 130 satellites of the planets, a large number than 130 satellites of the planets, a large number of of small bodiessmall bodies (the comets and asteroids), and (the comets and asteroids), and the interplanetary medium. (There are probably the interplanetary medium. (There are probably also many more planetary satellites that have not also many more planetary satellites that have not yet been discovered.) yet been discovered.)

The The innerinner solar system contains the solar system contains the SunSun, , MercuryMercury, , VenusVenus, , EarthEarth and and MarsMars: :

The The outerouter system contains system contains Jupiter, Saturn, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and NeptuneUranus, and Neptune

Facts About EarthFacts About Earth

Distance from the sun - 93 million milesDistance from the sun - 93 million miles Distance from the moon - 240,000 milesDistance from the moon - 240,000 miles Circumference - 25,000 milesCircumference - 25,000 miles

Chuck YeagerChuck Yeager

Chuck Yeager of WVChuck Yeager of WV

Chuck Yeager was born and raised in WV.Chuck Yeager was born and raised in WV. In 1947, Chuck Yeager drove the first plane In 1947, Chuck Yeager drove the first plane

to break the sound barrier.to break the sound barrier. US was ahead of the world in the space US was ahead of the world in the space

race.race.

But then………But then………

Space Race BeginsSpace Race Begins

History changed on October 4, 1957, when the History changed on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a basketball, weighed only 183 pounds, and took a basketball, weighed only 183 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. That launch ushered in new political, military, path. That launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. While technological, and scientific developments. While the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.R the start of the space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.R space race. space race.

Sputnik 1

VanguardVanguard

The US thought they would be the first to The US thought they would be the first to successfully launch a satellite into space. successfully launch a satellite into space. They put together a scientific team and They put together a scientific team and began working on Vanguard.began working on Vanguard.

Vanguard

US vs RussiaUS vs Russia

The Sputnik launch changed everything. As a The Sputnik launch changed everything. As a technical achievement, Sputnik caught the world's technical achievement, Sputnik caught the world's attention and the American public off-guard. Its attention and the American public off-guard. Its size was more impressive than Vanguard's size was more impressive than Vanguard's intended 3.5-pound payload. In addition, the public intended 3.5-pound payload. In addition, the public feared that the Soviets' ability to launch satellites feared that the Soviets' ability to launch satellites also translated into the capability to launch ballistic also translated into the capability to launch ballistic missiles that could carry nuclear weapons from missiles that could carry nuclear weapons from Europe to the U.S. Then the Soviets struck again; Europe to the U.S. Then the Soviets struck again; on November 3, Sputnik II was launched, carrying on November 3, Sputnik II was launched, carrying a much heavier payload, including a dog named a much heavier payload, including a dog named Laika.  Laika. 

Explorer 1Explorer 1

Explorer project – 4 months after Sputnik Explorer project – 4 months after Sputnik US sent Explorer 1 into space.US sent Explorer 1 into space.

Mariner ProjectMariner Project

The Mariner Project was a series of US The Mariner Project was a series of US space probes build to provide information on space probes build to provide information on the inner planets – Mercury, Venus, and the inner planets – Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Mars.

Mariner 2 launched in 1962.Mariner 2 launched in 1962. Many embarrassing disasters on the launch Many embarrassing disasters on the launch

pad at Cape Canaveral. pad at Cape Canaveral.

Mariner I failed on launch pad.

VoyagerVoyager

The Mariner Project was renamedThe Mariner Project was renamed

Voyager.Voyager.

Voyager 1 launched from Kennedy Space Voyager 1 launched from Kennedy Space Center September 1977. In 1980 it Center September 1977. In 1980 it approached Saturn.approached Saturn.

Voyager 2 launched from Cape Canaveral in Voyager 2 launched from Cape Canaveral in 1977 also.1977 also.

Voyager images

Space Probes (Satellites) Space Probes (Satellites)

MarinerMariner Viking 1 and 2 (summer 1976) 1Viking 1 and 2 (summer 1976) 1stst successful successful

landing on mars. Designed to explore inner landing on mars. Designed to explore inner planetsplanets

Voyager 1 and 2 designed to explore outer planetsVoyager 1 and 2 designed to explore outer planets Galileo – 1989 – The 1Galileo – 1989 – The 1stst probe to orbit Jupiter and probe to orbit Jupiter and

sent a smaller probe into it’s atmosphere. sent a smaller probe into it’s atmosphere. Launched from a space shuttle.Launched from a space shuttle.

NASANASA

The The National Aeronautics and Space National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationAdministration ( (NASANASA) is an agency of the ) is an agency of the United StatesUnited States federal governmentfederal government, , responsible for the nation's public responsible for the nation's public space programspace program. Established on . Established on July 29July 29, , 19581958, by the , by the National Aeronautics and Space ActNational Aeronautics and Space Act..

Space CentersSpace Centers

Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Mostly a manned spacecraft center. Mostly a manned spacecraft center. Established in 1965.Established in 1965.

Kennedy Space Center – Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center – Cape Canaveral Florida. Mostly a satellite and shuttle center.Florida. Mostly a satellite and shuttle center.

Other places include Mississippi.Other places include Mississippi.

Manned Space ProgramManned Space Program

Mercury ProgramMercury Program

Mercury ProgramMercury Program

The Mercury Program (1960 – 1962)The Mercury Program (1960 – 1962) 11stst program to put an astronaut into space. program to put an astronaut into space.

Mercury-Redstone 3FREEDOM 7May 5, 1961

Alan B. Shepard, Jr.15 minutes, 28 seconds

Suborbital flight that successfully put the first American in space.

Gemini ProgramGemini Program

Was a manned space program to put 2 men Was a manned space program to put 2 men into space – hence the name Gemini which into space – hence the name Gemini which means twin.means twin.

•To subject man and equipment to space flight up to two weeks in duration. •To rendezvous and dock with orbiting vehicles and to maneuver the docked combination by using the target vehicle's propulsion system; •To perfect methods of entering the atmosphere and landing at a preselected point on land. Its goals were also met, with the exception of a land landing, which was cancelled in 1964.

Gemini Launch

The Apollo ProgramThe Apollo Program

Project ApolloProject Apollo was a series of was a series of human spaceflighthuman spaceflight missions undertaken by missions undertaken by NASANASA, on behalf of the , on behalf of the United States of AmericaUnited States of America. The program used the . The program used the Apollo spacecraftApollo spacecraft and and Saturn launch vehicleSaturn launch vehicle, and , and was conducted during the years 1961 – 1975. It was was conducted during the years 1961 – 1975. It was devoted to the goal (in devoted to the goal (in U.S. PresidentU.S. President John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy's famous words) of "landing a man 's famous words) of "landing a man on the on the MoonMoon and returning him safely to the Earth" and returning him safely to the Earth" within the decade of the 1960s. This goal was within the decade of the 1960s. This goal was achieved with the achieved with the Apollo 11Apollo 11 mission in July 1969. mission in July 1969.

The US Space ShuttleThe US Space Shuttle

The US space shuttle was designed to be The US space shuttle was designed to be launched into space by rockets and then to launched into space by rockets and then to return to the Earth’s surface by gliding down return to the Earth’s surface by gliding down and landing on a runway. It was first used in and landing on a runway. It was first used in the 1980’s. the 1980’s.

It is the first reusable spacecraft. It is the first reusable spacecraft.

Shuttle MissionsShuttle Missions

ColumbiaColumbia, , ChallengerChallenger, , DiscoveryDiscovery and and AtlantisAtlantis. . ChallengerChallenger was destroyed on was destroyed on launch in 1986, and launch in 1986, and EndeavourEndeavour was built as was built as a replacement. a replacement. ColumbiaColumbia was destroyed on was destroyed on re-entry in 2003. re-entry in 2003.

Challenger Crew

The International Space StationThe International Space Station

A joint effort between 5 space agencies.A joint effort between 5 space agencies. The agencies include the US, Russia, The agencies include the US, Russia,

Japan, Canada, and Europe.Japan, Canada, and Europe. It orbits in low earth orbit.It orbits in low earth orbit. The station has continuous people staying The station has continuous people staying

since it was first occupied in 2000.since it was first occupied in 2000.

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