spanish grammar guide

8/6/2019 Spanish Grammar Guide

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'I. ~INTRaDUCTION'

\!V h.m yo u lea.m 1,!,ioreignl:anguAg!:, in this 03J~eSpamShf YO llliI'WlS.t kw k at eacl1 word m th~~

ways.1. The meanin_g o.ftiheworn-- Ea~ English ~"{I:Iidmust he (nrmc~d toOl Spanlsh wordlliait hasan.equiv,alent m.earruing"

The:English .vord. book has Ittesame m~ as 'Ih~ Sprulis.]:I,V!.o"OfdJlib~~L

Words ~vith equivalent ~gs a;re learnedby mml!ilQrizingV0Q3.bu~ Somemnes MO words,~the sa_m.eO~ very s imi ll ia rm.o o tWrLEnglish ~ Spanish. These w ords aimcallO Ocognates and ar.e,of ceurse, easyro learn.

Sprni:5:\h~~Itepmihle!J'la,V'hi~,tl!r

English.~lligID.tprob[emlfilisIt

OQCa~aj].ykri t(!!wimg one Spamsh word will ,Mlp you lar:n another;

:KiP..owingthatmno means r o ysh ou ld h eJlpyou rneamlhatl1!iDaiisgirl; or moV!oin_gthathennano is Vroth . . ' ! ] ',slitotllJdhelpyourem.e:rrmettha,t ,h eD !ila na i s~er.

Usualy,howlffIler, lJhereis .Iittlesimilarity between words and.~owfung one Splll111shworo win .notheipyou le~ ,anoIlheI-At;;a geI le ra ll r ule , youm:uJ3tmemori:z:e~oh. vocaibtilamy'i l1 iemse:pMate~y:

Knowin g fu atm a l1 :i:s h am .fb rn lc 'l1UI1 !G ,thelp y ou lea rn that woman is :m1ll! j' I! l '-

Inaddi:tii!onFiheil\e aretimes when ~. in oorn:liIinanonta1:.ieon a special meatliD_g"

The Sparush word m.cer means to m a ,k e ,;eela Means ttJii.Howffii'!?:t ]1I!;U~B ceja, Dl~ tolinE.up, to , $ .&: ln r l 'i111 i f l e"

An expmsskmwhooemearumg a$. < !.w.hQL~(Meet enla) is dHfe lMr l!tfu om th e memllin g o ftO l!: in di-

vidual words (ha,~ and 'f:a~a)~s :ca1led an idiam- Pay spedaJ: aJWnt il ionto id:ioma;t.icID.])'I'ssionsinordereo :recognize them and use theFn~ctiy;

J:. Th,e d 31 ssm .c atian o fa J.word. -English and SiPanfush wordsare classified in e~ght ate~rle$called pou1:sof speech.. H ere is01 .IDjjs~Qfher-artso r$P~US1M. E n .Spalilillsh.

MW! ouiideV'eribp~noilll

a.djeJ:tiv~

a_dvewp.mpositioncruilj~on

EadlTh.art of speer:hm~mown p_l.e s fu r s!p eU~ p riJ:!1 un d< litio o! imd.U$--You ml!l !s~leam. to reoog '":~. what pad oispaech a worn is .in.order to moose fh e corred Span i sh eq ll l! jvaJeI I; t1 ,!~n.dkn,(!IlO'"what rules to a:pply.Lookatt i: l.e: wordthat in !he iOlli .UWIDg seflJ jel l l:Ce:S"

",.That girl .ismy s.ister"b, ~ is ilie carf - / ro th.eb~ugM,c, W~didn.'ttalk about tJmt,

The Eqglish word is tile ~, in aJ ITthr,ee sentences, but in Spamsh'~ d:iHerarutWQ]jlj$ w:iHbeusedbecause eachthat br::JO cr.1~o ~ d i~ l pad of spiW :h: a) 'D em o:ru;trativ eadjec.tiw, b ) Re: 1a~tl~~pI-onoM. 1 ;)De:mcm,s,tr,ative:pmnlfWl.

:'l.The U)Sl:o;i' < I,woroL - Award must' also be identified acoornrng to ~ role itpJays in the sen-tence,_ . ! lEac l 1 .w!!)td,whether English or Sr~h,. playsa $p~cific rol~" Detel ' I l" l! inmgthismE.eor :fuJ:l~~tioo win help ]~ouchoose th e oo~t Spam~hequjvam~tand m.ow which .rmes,to apply-Heee is alist ofrunctions:


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The n e -wre d shoes a :re o n th e.s ma ll ro un d ta ble .L.......!

subj~ctdirect objectiindir~ct objet;;t

object of a prepositionLetuSexamine ttle function of 'the worn hIm in the follo'wmg seDbIDces:

a, They don't s~ him.b. Iwro~ him iii.letter.c. Are you go!in,gwith him?

The Eng1ish weed is thE!same in an th r. . eesentences, but i:nSp~h 1l i 'u !eeill ffer&l:t words wil l beused. becai lle 'eachh im ha s a different functitm: a) D.i re ct obje ct~ b}Indb:ea ,o:bject,.c) ObjoctotOiplieposHjon

Carefu.

Learn to (~grtwze bolh the parto rspeech and 'the funct ion o reach won:!.in '!he sentenc,e. This isessential ~ecau:s.ewords in a Spanish :senl:emu:e.have


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'2 . WHATIS A.NOU.N?

A noun Isa word that ca n b e' t hename ofa person, animal, p lace ..thing, ev,ent,~or tdl ?a ;;

a peeson professor, down, stu.'denl,gid, babyDiI : .Soo th ,. B in , ~ .

or (Soncept:

e'lephanJl:,horse:rsn!do!~, eagleLassie,Bamb~, Garfield,. Teddyci~ sta.te ,C'O'lmIbryi oonMeli'II~Ma~rid,Michigan, Mexico.,Sou1JhAmerica

, 1 I f 1p1e .lamp , d ress, a iip .Wan ethe White, Hi(luse:, a Cill~rua('

g r- adua tio n, s hoppm .!5 ' ma rr ia ge " s kiin g,birththe Olympk~j 'I'hanksgiving

d~mDcraCYf WUIDJ): t~ti'ed, eh:!~ce, tim e

love" justice; poverty

an eventor activity

an kil.ea

A noun. can beawo.mlhitnam.e5 so:methin_g tl in.g:ible. ,.~t ts, SQ~dU:ng yC}U ca n tcnlci'l"such. as !reg'1o:m.Wbil,e oi l is a major ,source

,of inoom.efor Maicc amlIVtlle2;uda~ the ~ o .fseve-raW cth.eramntriesof liltiil.Amerimdepend upon. the praduditm and exp~tior:i of aJfjee,

lin Spa,nish

Nouns ar-e idmtmoo.m. the same Waif they aJiein E'ogHsh:lenTI.sus,edto talk about lI.{lUIRS:

'Gendu.- A noun has gendel;,fuat is, it can beda~sjfied according Ito whether it is roascufuu:~,i e :R1! in . i r l e ,er n . eu r e I ' .

NlUnber.- AOOm't has rliu mbatha:t' is .it ca n be idE!il"l;tlifiOO


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3. GENDER

Common nouns, in SVamsh (Le- th.o-se'whicihare not pwp~r nouns) .must' be either IDasculin~ Or.feminine in gender. For examp~e. cas.~-houseis ie.mirnine. in .gender andlren ..tmin Js .masculine- JJ ' !the vocabularyHsr for each u r u tyt)1l w infind the (oUrw.'ingmdieations as to th e genre of suchrrtQUOS., (m) for DtllSCl!:liD,Il! and (if) fOI feminine.

The' b a s icpattem;sfu]' th e fo tIl'll1 'ltio n o f th e g en de ~ o f th es ewoms in Spmish a rt! a s s il" low n . .in th etable:

abog:ado= =bwffi"pemil ~ dogaU o= tall

( n .mms and ad ;e ,c :l ive s)

abogada = fflm:loDelaweJ}pena"" bitehalta.~ taU

alemi!in= Germanp ro fe so !' '" .~es'Pafto~"" Spanish

alemana '" Grun:tanpro.eso!ra ""{emale} teacherespa iloJa ; :;Spanish

The~ rue!ome nouns (among whldt om : :malIlyindicating: professions) together w[~ somE!adjec~ri ve s, wh ic hhat r : oni.iyone f orm" val idW 'lboth: th e masculine and~e f :emimnr :l :.These a reindi-cated m t he v \o c< lb u Ja rylist for eadltmit in .the folJowingway: I(m.y f.).In dte~ Cil$e$ tlhe only f()lmaJ~ indication of the gender of die noun or adjectiv.e Is the agreement(o:[ oo.miClll'd)wwclt is seen. in . the'form of odler GO~ WiQ'r,d$.Po]' ,example:

el dentista ""tile d~tist Ia dentist--a '" the (f'9lale)' deDitistel m .ediC () '"1M doctor la medico .l::: the (female} doctorel vestido az-m""the blue dress la rorbata awl- the blue tie

You shou.ki r~he:rtlh;at mascullil~ pltn:aI :fOf[l:l$ may have' MO di_ifu~j n:I,eanirngsin Spanish,'One'ref~rrmg toa set of e;:;;du5ively masculine entiti:es~

TffigO dos rujos y rililgunahlja. ][have .tW'O sons and no daughter.Los nmo$ sa Ua:mmJos~ y Pedro. The boys' names are Jos~ and Pedro_

and .another in clu siv e m ean in g:~erTIn.g W'< i.mix .e d. s etof bo.tJh.masculine ,erditil.es,.aDd femfumrineentities;

Tieneeuatre hijo$: des Iili los y dos niifias,LosninO/il ss U~ Marla" Ana y Jooo.

He hasfour chiil.dH!n:two boys and two .gj:rls.The chiLdren's .nam.esare Marla, Ana a:nd.J i a s e .

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4 . GRAMMAT ICAL NJl:!'UBERINNOUNSANI) ADJECIIVlES

Spanish words (no,tmS,adjectivles,oOOswhich tiley i 3 1 c o , u : n p aPY,both VlliUI.regard to ~d!er{masLlldine o.rre~e)a!liJ.d with. leg


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the area which :is~e1ati.vely dose to the speakecE s tO l . Sgalas no sonmfas, These~sesare not mine-

an ililre~med.iate area ! T h I ' ,alternartively~ 'that a_r@whirn is reJativ'eiv dose to thehearer:,Esos,zapa:ws son bonitos. Those shoes are'nice.

.aquel!: die area which is relatively distant from boti-l the speaker and ' d Iehearer:Aqueill ~~,mi,ooche" That (0:!1) is my car.

'.' este:

8,. FO ,RM S O FAOO~E 5S :ru -USl,ED

Therear,!::! two tO l" rm o faddressfor speaking to rnhl1!':!: 'people in Spanish. H liIere are d:iffereru:esbetween the'speakers with regard to eocioeconomrcsiams- and especiallya,g@,jt is ljjbly that the,fonn IiIstfNfMIl be used (or the p~uralfl:sb!des). On ' theother hand, when sum dilfiereru;:,esdo notexist or are tgnored.(or example, in s~kiitng to members of the family, mends, coUeagues)1 thef'CillIiLused 'Wi J In on na 11 y b eti1 or ' H1_ep lu ra l ti orms vo so .timS andVO~OU3_5. T he 'U se of~Dltu,tOO' isgai:nmg ground in Spain. nevertheless. you should be caliefui in u~g this form, If . in dJoubtFuseuSired Or ustedes_

This norm refers to that v,ariety of Spanish which has been adepted 11:5the model in 'this:Course-How, 've .; -,the re a re a li te rvarhMi'e$ in Spain andin Latin Amerkain whlch the FOtmSVII)1Itl!: 'asn 'not' used,- [in thesevarielies u;sbi:des is 1 f I . e .only Om l: o ~address, wed in th~ p]u . ro1l1

Note Ilmtthese forms of address affect tha form of other words: ve~bs, possessives.andmliSt ressedi .

pronOl.ulswhirnareaddoo on ~ the end of the:verb. Thedetails here are asIo~'lows:'The f"(l'~ o f v erb s,possesstvesar:u: i!I!1!f iStressedpronounsw r umcor respond to 'U s te d a relihesame.;llstihose whkh ~'Ol:respond to ~~. or eU,,), and these ofastEd.f:s are the SmtE! as those which corre-spond to enos (or elias):

ustted viveelvivesu.billeteel bil!lerees s~yo

ustedes viven,elos vivende ell, de ella, de usted

e----usted.---

se llamasellama

The:r-e,a~al$O di__f i'e_rencesbetween ~fonns of the'imperative whlchare uS>edlwithru and V,OSOGG,5

-.iiS,OlilfiFI.eQnenand, an d lliOille:wh~ch ..


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9 . WHATIS A N A !D JE CTJV E?

~ . .a dje ct!i\l~ is awomthat descE.rhesa n ou n o ra p ro now ;'l. A diffie cti.ve s.amdOlS~ified ao:oril[]lg.II(J.the way they descrjbe a noun or pronoun:

D~S ocrlp:'liveAd j ectiW.- A des cr lpd llr eadf ec lI vemrn .c ate 5 a qual J: ty ;it ds>oiibesw fualllhe noun orpronOllil.is like_

She read .an interest.ingbook.He ha s . 1 :m iwn :eyes.-

lPOi5W" l~I,l_bj~

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- - - - - - - - - - - -


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~OQb

II

[ inJd.! : l ;gverb

nounsubject

smml.I

pmclica:liveadjective

attributiveadjoctive

house,

Iatm.bu.t:ive nON1. deso:!".ibedadljedive

InS:pani 'sh

The most im:parttmt dif.rerenc:e between Spaji ljshand English is that In Spani$hllley c~ge f:l)ITnS,In Spa:n:i$h.,an. a.djec~ve, pred!h;.ate and .i3 J,tttlb uH iv e,.a lwa ry s:a~ 'w ith fu enoUlllOII' prolilmm itmodrnes,;tha:tis~~t must (Jorrespond ln geooeI 'and mrmberto Its noun" Thus" lbeforel


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13 . 'NUMBERSnos N UM E R A I J E S )Card ina :1 num be rs ,I~Losc:arc5nales;)

0,00()

1 uno (un), una2dos3mes4cuatro5cm(:o,6 seis'i$:iJe~'8ocho9nueve10diez11 once

12dace13tmce14 cato.rce15 qetnce16 dieciseis

17 diecisiete18 di.eciJlolilo19 diednueve20vemw21 veintil!lTIO(v,einti.m)22 y,e_in ,t idU$

23 veh; rt lt res24 Y'einticuatro2S vein tic inc ;Q26 veintisiis

3(!1meini::a31trninta y un(o)32bl:'reintay des40 euarenta5!OcincuentaOOsesenb70setenl!a!8Oow,etIla

90 no'Vent:i100 den {dento)101 ciento WlQ:ffii) ciento dncuenta

2-00 dosci~I'I:to:sI(-as)3OO~tQs(~}400 cua!lIDCientos (-as)500 ,q um ~tos (~ )600 seisd.enito$ (-as)700~t>ecient'os (-as)800 echocientos {~as}900 noveelentos ,,~s)lOOOmN1150.mi I c ren to , c incu"en t a2 0C l 0dos mil100 000 den mi~1 0 00 '0 00un. miU6n2: 0 0 0 'O O C Ides :mi]]OTl.es1 000 f JOO( J ( J ! [ lmil miDones

~ Uno = u..nbeJiore~cu!linenouns, e.g. mnl'iuii discos. Unos = =unas indicates apl\oxi_~tion, , e , .g : , .unos cien gramo$about 100 grams; unas cincu.enta

pesetasabout fifty pesetl$c~ 'Gento ;;;;;;en bero:renouns, befure mil and miU.ones; den pesetas; ,cienmilpeseJas;,denmilhirus.

VII 'h ' ! IDstanding alone, both. cieB.anddem:to areacceptable. Tengoden ,or Tengocienw.~ From 200 cnwaeds the hundreds lila.ve'a.mmiinine'l)m:I: d l)S ri en ta s l .ihms200; trfSaentas

c i 7 l .CU ' nmpesetas.

MiIOn is f~]J!o'wed by de before nouns: un mil'{oo de toJ1ld~ de tU11'lJnjas ..

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14.WHAT liSA V.E~8CONJ IUGAr I ION?

A verb oanjugafun is a ]i:staf the SIXp~ib[e forms of lihe verb fur a pw1i_o:d03!j'"WnSe"fiGrearn

tense,mer.e]5 on e v er b W I ;T Iilf or e ac hof the sixp e:rs ore > u se d a sIlhesubject.offID ~verb.In E r n g li!s h

MO$tvelfos charngelJiery' ] [tile .V~ t u s lookaJ . tthe va ri ou s f o! l'm iof thevl1lirbo singwh_e ne ac h o fthepos5ibffi@!pro:nOWilS ]S the :subject.

~gu]!u1stperson:2nd.person::

I in gwi:1i!th e music.You sing M!1h.llie mrusk

He singswithlilite musil; ..She si~gs wilh the Musi!e.I~ singsMin the musk-

Plug~1 $tp~n;2ndpernon:31'd person:

~. singwith. ili.enm:&lc.You s l 11 i , g 'with fhemus:mc.They singwith th e m lU ls ic -

C.onjl1gar ting verbsinllnglis.h 1:$Jicl


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thls oourse you will ~eam p~ent indi~iItIDv,eorms


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Enitefll(k!rennendo enteJil.demosentiendes enb'lruieisrnt iende m,tbmden

Pooo~pued!opuedespusde

podemespOOJaSpUOOI! ! ' J : l ~

1 6 .. !E )(J P~ESS IINGHAB fliUAL . AN.D ' F rnURE AC'nONS AN'[I ACifIONSINPROGRESS: STlEU-OHANlG1!NGVIIHi!IS

11 . .S tem~Cha: n.g il il igv e rb s f unc ti on th e s ame a s r egula_ r ar j' - .[ l( f,i li lld~i!l.'v~s . in thepr~ent indtill.~live, ~e ve!ibsexpress habitw'd actions aswd! as ~ctions lnpr(lgtes5 and future actions, Theyhave the Sanle end:Ingsas regular 'li'eibs ~ ~eTl and-,~r verbs, Theyare dl ifOOrent ,. d1l.O'UJgh.n l t~t' !hereis a v 'UW't ilcOOngein. the last syl1ab~e of~e smm.You.lruav,~alrmdys~ .!I_nb:reguJa_l:'y~tb tlm.thas a srem~~ mer ( t i J . ene t ' l ,tienertienm)- s:ta-:ln.~_j)I!$ved.l$ ar.re ~.i."eferned as hootverbsIDhelp you ooro~be:!: in which. p ers on s fu :e c ha _o~OC~UT;

p.ido.pidl!!:spide

Pedirpedim~pedis:pjd~

JlllIgorjue~'Oju.~sju.eg:a

jll,[~"j~jl,il~gi1n

;:..1Entieoo~la explicad6n?M~a nQ~.Q if.pooimosagu


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L o s n i fi _ Q SCO l iJ : :! lt 1 li nbien.I II I

suhjed verb remainder

The ch il d rensiNgwell.

,Ca:nJtan bien los nm.os?. - l II Iverb subject rem.ainde.r

Do ,the ,c h il d re n si ng; rvcI1?

1!8.W H ATIS'THEP R E S E N TTENS!!:?

The p:re-.5entt,ense indicares that the action is happerung at the pr~ent time, It can be:

when the ~p~keJr is sp~akmg ;3 ;habltual ~cnon.. a general truth

I~you.He s m o k e s 'whem. he is nervous,11l1.esun.riseseveq day.

linEnglish

'Th~aiie 1 i l iYee$o~ ,ofthe ' I!. ,erblhatindicaJe 'the presf~liilt tensealtftough th~yhave sli:~jtlliydiffer-ent~gs.

Mary stud'ks in m eUbrary.Mary i s s tudyingin 'the Ubrnry.Maxy doesstuily In t h . . elilbra;ry.

pre . .o :en tp:~nt progressivepres>ent emp.ha, 'tic

Where does Mary study?VVhereisMcuystudying?Does Mazy study in t i l ,1 i !library.'?

Mary studiesrn the library..M~o/:is s:tudying in 'the Hbrazy.Yes,Mary ,does ~udy in th .elibrary:

In Spanish

The simple IJ'[\t'!senten~ C8i.n,be: used.to ,e~ress the meaning of the English pIe$~l{, presentpro-gr'!1'ssiv, and pres~ot ~mphatic tenses, In Spanish the Idea of the present tense is indkatedby theending of the:ve rb , w ithout any < lJu xiliary v erb su d! asis and , a .Q e$ .It is v ery import.IDt,the['C~fQ;re:,not toLTms.iam llhes~ English auxiliary verbs. Simply put the main v'e.rb i in thep.~ent tmse,

~ry Shllresin the library.

p r e- sen l: - >eshldia

l\tairy i s sh ll iu ingmilie library.r

pnlSml: progressive - > -e-studia

Mary aoo studyin the' ]ibrary.I

present eIDp~tic ~> e.studia

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I.s t p e rs on2nd person

:m . yYOUT

:J .stperson2nd person

ouryour

1 9. WHATfSA POSSSS~VEADJECTi lVE?

A possessive adjBctiv 'e!isa woro~ th~;t d~ribes a .OOtffl by showing who p oss ess es thethlng:orperso:n befu:gdiSlCusse;d- TheO'll'ilTh~f i~ ~:a]lro tJh.e"possesISior"wd tih .e no nn modl:f 1e d is ca lle d th eperson oflhing "possessed."

VVhosehouse: is :that? It's my hQ,use.Myi:s an adjecti 'V'e:lhail :te[ls .uSi wh.o~sthepossessoref the noun ho~se-

In I ! : ; r : tgItsh

HElre is a list of the po soo . o ; . : s i v ead.;&tiv,~:

Singi.t!lOll

Poslsessi'lle adjecti:ve~ n~vercl":!.angel1h~i!f OttIl, regardless of the thmg rOs$~ssed; th..eyo~ ~r~i!'toili '!pOO~SOf.

Is lhat your house?A:re tlose your keys?

es~it is my house.es.,ihey < ll re rny keys .

T he sam epO


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ihi s bookher bookyOUt' (fom:l..sing.) book 8\1 bbroti1J!m rbook .your (form, pi.) book

e] l i ib l 'Q1de e~ellihro d e e lL a.el libro de Ud.et libro de eON (eUas)ellibro de Uds..

2 0 .UN S T R E S S E DPOSSESS IVE A 1D J E C T I I V E S

Lets us look at the:unsttessd Spanish posses$hreadjectivesto see how theyare rorm~d,

lvf;(, YOUR (fam. sing.) HIS,.HER . .YOUR (form", sin:g.).,nmlR, ,and YOUR (fo'em. pl.)

In Spanish. eacn of these possessive adjectives has two forms depending on the number of menoun pos se ss ed :1. the s,in gular (the sam e forlIioth gend,er5), and .2 . th e plural (the sam e for bothgenders,). Here' are the steps you should fu]b .... in Choo~mg th e mrrect pO$s~~i!l'e adjootive.

1. Indrc;ate th e p ossesso r- T hisI .S ,shown by the tw o ]'efi~tsof the possessive a_Jj)jectivec

my ~iyour (fum. sing.}bLl

his }'r Iyour {('OEm..sling.)their I'your (form ..pl.) I

.2 .Choose lheendin,g i '!ooording to the number ofthe noun possessed,

NOUN 15SINGULAR ~> ~he fo!."Uiof tlhe possessive adjective does no~ change

Ana tee mi libro. Ana reads mybookAna leetu ,libr-o. Ana reads yrmrbook.Ana lee Sill ]ibro. Ana read~, (her, yuur, tJuir)'book.

NOUN IS PLURAL ._> add-s to the possessive adjective:

Ana leemis llbms, Ana reads mybooks.Ma leems lilbros., .Ana reads ~r books.Ana leesus libros. Ana reads h is (her, yo~ tlreir)books.

Since the word su has m.anypQS$~bleEngliS!h mearungs, Span:ish spea~ers on~. replace it ,'lliJththephrase: noun + -de :+ pcrep t ) .s : i , tiO I" l ! a lpronoun.

OUR,YOUR (fam. pl.)

In Spanish, th.esepos5eSsive adjectives ha'lr four forms depending: on the gender and number .o fthe noun pooS'E!Ssoo:Lth~ r,ru!: scu]jn~srng:1 .l1ar ;; . the : feJ l' li rWtesm,guJa t; ,3. the mascWine p]ura l.~ :4 .the fem:inine plural,

Here arethe smps you should. foUow in. ehoestngthe correct 'po.ss~ive ,adjective,

it I nd icat .e thePO f i S 'e i i SO r. .This is shown byfu~ first" r neUI1 ! ' l ' Sof the POS:5e-ss,iveadjec:tiv.e.

Qur' fiu,ElStt-

you {fam.pt} V11estr~

2. Cheese th.e1ending:acmrdingta the gender' and IUl'llIIber oftihe noun possessed.Place theunstressed possessive adjecti.v,e beFore 'the noun.

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-_

9S

Noun possessed is mascuJine smgular -> add -0Ana ~ee:n;qJe-Soolibro.. Ana r eads ,Qu rbook

Imasc.sing ..

Ana lee VlH~:Sb'O libro- Ana reads Jm . l rbook

Ana lee nuestra rsvista!

. r em.s: i :n ,g-Ana Ieevuestra revista

Ncunpossessed is masculine plural-s- add ~s

Ana lee nuestros libros_ Ana reads cur books.

Imasc pl,Ana lee Vl[,U~Sb::os libros,

NOlIn possessed is femininaplura] > add-asAna lee fll.u,esk3isrevistas.

~fem.pl,

Ana lee vu.e:stns revistas, Ana reads yourmagazines.

CCIII'eful

]n S panish andIn Eng;Liish,!he .subje


20/25

1 :he ~ of thes e ~ f~ is .nlieOO~n in.5pn.i~rban in English.

Ij_leihe!mSbleSsedlp~i\\!~ d ' I .e~~l~ o f lJ'Ie sbessed l .posses~ei!djetti"'~mH WI.~.

pOO .$~ IiO ~n d lie ~mg aJgr~ with'~ w tem .eli' pet'SQ li iI o s5~.s ~itw~ ~mF:je :.U'iIdre'pl'u'as>e:e JHhil 'O,rnyo(yew' &!ok) the firs,t le~t t :n . .O ilUte p~llve .!.'!djectiJvem .y;.~ ie l ' C~a .2nd lpeGm l .sing;u_Ql'p0S5'~$Q.rym~f; he ending-D i!iima.s~lI]m.esIDgu]~rto iJigrfi with l ibw which is mas~~ :singu-. IM ' :

H ere is ,~ U n o4 lhll!Sb:eSs;edpO~;!!ie5!5i'Wadjectiv,es 'used withiill.masadirn!! ~mgulu~lOU:n.

m. :WNYO.s~'~1:nl

Ha:ea:re I:Ilie$Iiep$you~ .rQlkrwin~ ihea:m i!!!!:it~ ~ve.~.

I. Imimb!'1n!: pos~:rc Thisb soown bylhe: fust ~tt~ o.fme.~ a4~

mine, .'O l f. mm e mii~YOitll; ,QtlyoU!~ (fun). sins.) , rury~

hisl o.f his }he~ ofh~,s. .. suy~~,!iIW,of yourrs (form. : !!m , g , ) :

o~ 0" Om'S; n~e$8!.}'OW', of yOW'S; ( fu lm.pl.) V1iI!~1:r-

th>e~~;o f t h e i:r :s ! l U y > "your,o :fyouc.s (ronn.pl.}j

2.,OitoMe Ith e~a(;rommg: 'k>'1ie~ ' .


21/25

~e cha:itsof yours areveryCC lm fC ! r t a b l e .1 - POSSESSOR : 2 ndperson smguiar2. GENDER M ID N UMB,ER OF N OUN POSSESSED:Liliss.H1as(chairs) a re em:in in eph.ttal_Estas Smas~M a s son mUiYcomeda s,

fern. pl.

21. EXPRESS:ING UKE :SAND DISliKES: 'GUSTAR ... INFIN ITIVE

1 . T h~ S p ,a nis hverb gustar E !xp r ce$ is e s themean ing QfEn :f ;l Ji s h[0 Wee.F rom ,a g ramma tic alpoint ofview, however, it is .used similaciy to the English exp~$~():n to be piM'Singto ~e,

Cannen Ukes'to1(JJa.

ThE verb lI,utu" is, usually used 'lVithpmnou11s ilhat tdl kI' w.1wmsOJ:llethingis pleasing_ He~ ,~the prnnoun forms.

~es , f{)yu'U(pl)fe s .t o them

:mt : tome'~ tlOyo :u :(liIiIi,)~e to you:(pol.)Ie to h imll e to her

nos f!Ous

-,Q:ue te gusta hacer?-Me gusea aprender eosas nuevas,-lQ~ Ies gu .s ta" h il Jcer?'~ os ' gu s,fa coci:l'lar.

~t do you like w do?I like to learn new things.V!Jh,atdo you like to do?We' like, to cook.

2. Since Ie gusb can refer to : ! /W i I ,him,or her and les gus:ta can ~cler to y o u(pt) or them,yo u m ayexpMd the ~!oonce to be more SPectfiCi. U,$-(ilphrases mill , iii .UO ' )like a 1J I i .p,ap,a (to my father)., a~Ulll (to Juan), and a los. f!:s,tudianms(to the srndet'lh!):.but do not forg et thepronoun Ie 0,iilS.

,A us'ted Ie ;gMSta Waval'SU, carro!--No~ no me gll$ta.-Lesgusta.a.campa:ra Gustavo ya ,E.rMsti:tD?Si..lesgusta mucho.

Do you Ute 'towash your t IC?No,. IdoD,'t lib Ut.Do Gustavo and Emestitonke to go c


22/25

In EnglishTIlE! progressive Wises al'Emade up o .f1he~uxilinSparus,n,How,evel '~,\W shallhere be roncemedonly Mth the pre$eilt progressive- The present progressive is made up of thepte-sent tense of ,e5ta:1"';' the present (lartictp]e of the main Verib.

iEstii:s,cjJ)_~il.d!Danor :of l !?I I

presenr tense Present participleof estar of ,cotner (to eat)

A~ y o u 'eafing now?

pre-sent tenseof est:li[

present p:artiopJeof Salll {t o leve}

In English

The progl1e5Sive l;enSes are used to descdbe habitua[ .;ictj,.l)nS,o :st!lite genera] truths, and to de-s(:rib~ an action that is ; happe:nki:g~t a specific II1OmeFlt. They are wed ta r more h~U)endy .m .EngUshthan.in Spanish_

InSpeni'm

The' propessive ~s,are used only to emphasilze an action that is hap~ at a pi3Jmcu]armoment Of to stressthe contirruily of an act ion.The Spanishprogressive: t.enses cannot be used todescribeha,bitualac:tion or to :sta'le genE!!',al' I rPtm.

John . .what ilm \ fOU.studying'in school?I - r-

p(~ent tense -'> e,studias

The p 'r es en t te ns e1$ used in Spanishi1leca~ YUIl ar e askWgwhat JO 'M is stud yin gin genera] . o ;v.era .periedoftime.

[ohn, what am you studyingnow?I . ' ! -p~t progres$ ,we-:> est;iis.eswdia.ndo

The pre-sent progms:sive is used in Spanish because the word n owiniljcates that you.want to know, , , , , h a tJohn issrudymgiltthis partioilar ti.n'le O lSopposed to a ll o th er times.

MaIy,arlYOu ~wking' for the gevemment?I I

p!!"~tt.ense- >braba,jas

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23/25

l'he pIesent tense is used in Spamshbeause you aJreasll:mgwhere Maryi& w( .1 :r lldngin gene'l"alcnr,l(lir;'i pt1i [~odof t ime"

Maryf i!~rYo:u'workingriWttnow?

presentprogresiS[V~->estasb'aibaj


24/25

24. WHAT ISIHE FIJruRJET E N S E ?

~ .m tw :c l:" en .:S


25/25

prese:n~ tense future tenseir + a ... inf:inLtiveI am 8,o ingtof1; ( lv.e l ..1will t raveL

Note that 'litea has no Engtish ,eq_mMalent;it mus~appear in the Spanlish ~cel how-ever. In ,oo'l1ersatio,nalSpamsh ir a +mfimti"re often replaces the future ~erue. Some-times the pre~ent ten:se is used to express a future: idea especially when discussing afut:ul'e,event mt isp~angedJ and ,certain tohappen,

Mai'iana Himen un xaJ'lleIl!.p1Fsmt tense

Tom o T ' tOW y o uwiU have an e x am .~_______I

Voy 3i leer el p!I!lJiiidico. I tim. going to mad the newspaper.This is haw to ~~S ~t is going to h.a$l'F,en0'1 wha:ts;omeone is goingro do in, th e i.mmem

spanish grammar guide

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