spanish labour market monitor - asempleo.com · 01 issue no. 111 | october 2016 social security...
TRANSCRIPT
01
Issue No. 111 October 2016|
Social Security enrolment maintained the same rate of job creation as in September, at 3% YoY.
The Afi-ASEMPLEO SLM Indicator points to job creation of 280,000 in EPA (labour force survey)
terms in 3Q16 and a 1.3 pp fall in the unemployment rate to 18.7%.
The final quarter of the year will be characterised by a slight slowdown in job creation, in line with the
signs of weakening in the economy.
The September Social Security enrolment data show a
monthly increase in employment of 12,000. In a month
with unfavourable seasonality, this figure means that job
creation maintains a cruising speed of 3% YoY for the
third consecutive month, leaving behind the slowdown
seen in the spring. Though the job losses in August were
larger than in previous years, the net change in Social
Security enrolment in 3Q16 (down 48,000) was an
improvement on 3Q15 (net loss of 66,000).
The Afi-ASEMPLEO SLM Indicator points to growth of
280,000 in EPA employment in 3Q16, notably more than
the 180,000 in the same quarter last year, due mainly to
the exceptional tourist season. The EPA unemployment
rate is estimated to have fallen from the 20% of 2Q16 to
18.7% in 3Q16, a fall of 1.3 percentage points (pp). This
fall would only be comparable to those seen in 3Q15 (-1.2
pp) and 2Q15 (-1.4 pp).
For the final quarter of 2016, the Afi-ASEMPLEO SLM
Indicator points to a slight slowdown in job creation, in
line with the signs of weakening in the economy indicated
by the recent leading indicators. These projections show
that EPA job creation will have averaged around 3% in
2016 (with GDP growth of 3.2%, according to Afi's
forecast) and the unemployment rate for the year as a
whole could be 19.6%.
The unemployment rate is estimated to have fallen by 1.3 percentage points in 3Q16, to 18.7%
EPA employment (thousands)
Cop
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6.
SLM monthly forecast of workers in employment (% YoY change)
Source: Afi. (*) Oct 2016-Dec 2016 figures are forecasts
Source: EPA (INE) and Afi forecasts
Labour Market MonitorSpanish
Key points of the month
2.9 3.0 3.0 2.9
3.0
3.03.1
3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.03.2 3.33.2
2.9
2.8
3.23.1
2.9 2.92.8 2.7 2.6
0
1
2
3
4
Jan Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Jan-15/Dec-15 Jan-16/Dec-16 (*)
17
.03
0
17
.16
1
17
.23
0
17
.13
5
16
.95
1 17
.35
3
17
.50
4
17
.56
9
17
.45
5 17
.86
7
18
.04
9
18
.09
4
18
.03
0
18
.30
1
18
.58
4
15.750
16.250
16.750
17.250
17.750
18.250
18.750
1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q
2013 2014 2015 2016
Forecast
YoY growth in Social Security enrolment again
accelerated slightly (to 3.04%), with a monthly rise of
some 12,000. Comparing this change with the same
month last year, three factors can be seen to coexist.
Firstly, stronger growth in employment in employment-
related activities, extractive industry and construction.
Secondly, there were fewer enrolment losses in hotels &
catering, due to the longer summer season, and in public
administration, due probably to the regional election
campaigns. Thirdly, the agrarian enrolment scheme
contributed an additional 28,000 jobs, though this
behaviour is normal in September.
Registered unemployment, on the other hand, continues
to fall at a YoY rate of 9.1% (an increase of 22,800 on the
previous month), while the growth in recruitment was
more contained (up 6.2% YoY). Nevertheless, the
dynamism of permanent and full-time hiring (up 11.8%
and 9.2% YoY respectively) is notable.
02
Mediation is the secret
It may be hard to believe, but the Spanish labour market has shown the same dynamism in the first three quarters of 2016 as it did in 2015. Moreover, in the third year of the employment recovery, certain phenomena are showing particular strength. One of the most significant is the active mediation between supply and demand for temporary labour, which is finding a vector of growing dynamism in the employment agencies, especially through the path of full-time hiring. In addition, while it is true that employment in general, both temporary and permanent, is being "masculinised" while registered unemployment is being "feminised", the mediation carried out by these agencies is concentrated among men of all ages.
The Spanish labour market has yet to identify the policies needed to reduce this duality to the minimum required from a functional point of view and meanwhile it is temporary employment that offers workers most opportunities for integration into the labour market. The recent data discussed below clearly show how active mediation is advancing rapidly, because it provides better results.
Hence, while we await real policies to reduce the duality in the Spanish labour market, we should continue to improve the active mediation mechanisms. The employment agencies will be capable of playing a greater role in mediating permanent employment than they do today, with the same effectiveness and efficiency that they do in temporary employment, when they are allowed to do so. They are already doing it to the extent permitted by the current scant regulatory incentives to stimulate permanent employment.
Issue No. 111 October 2016|
Since the onset of the economic and employment recovery, the sector of
employment-related activities, i.e. the temporary work agencies and the
employment agencies, has had a very favourable performance. Not only has it
managed to outperform the extraordinary growth in employment in the Spanish
economy as a whole, but it has become the sector which has directly created most
jobs since 2012. With regard to the average number of workers enrolled with the
Social Security between January and August (latest data available) in the general
and self-employed schemes, the number of workers hired in this sector increased
by 53.6% between 2012 and 2016 (compared to the average of 3.2% for all sectors
in the same period), to almost 176,000 today.
As noted above, this is the number of people who work directly in this sector as
mediators between job-seekers and companies seeking to fill vacancies. The
figure does not include those workers who found jobs with the aid of these
professionals. There are no statistics on such workers, but their number must have
increased greatly over the same period, judging by the growth in the numbers of
contracts mediated by temporary work agencies.
The employment agencies are those that create most jobs in the recovery phaseSince the onset of the economic and employment recovery in 2012, the sector has managed to increase the number of contracts it mediates by over 60% and its penetration rate by 2.8 pp. This increase has been higher in full-time contracts with men in practically all age groups.
03
Issue No. 111 October 2016|
Source: Ministry of Employment and Social Security
Variation in Social Security enrolment (general and self-employment schemes, Jan-Aug average) in 2016
Is it just chance?
It is not by chance that the employment agencies (EA) are leading job creation for yet another year. This provides more arguments to support the idea that the EA are a key component of an economy's employment recovery, especially in an economy like Spain's, which needs all its agents to find jobs for the great pool of unemployed workers that currently exists. Spain is the country seeing the greatest growth in employment agencies during the economic recovery and, if there are no surprises, we will once again experience the fastest creation of jobs in the eurozone. Temporary employment in Spain is a factor directly related to our economic structure and hence responds to the strong need for flexibility in our economy. However, we are undoubtedly speaking of temporary employment that responds directly to temporary causes and covers vacancies that are not permanent. In other words, professionalised management of temporary labour is one more way out of unemployment and a stepping stone into the labour market (in our case, 30% of those who join the labour market through an EA secure a permanent job. Thus, increased professional management of temporary work in Spain (bearing mind that the employment agencies handle only 18% of temporary work in Spain) would have a very positive effect on job creation in particular and on the economic recovery in general. This, together with greater efforts in job placement by organisations in both the public and private sectors, would stimulate the Spanish recovery above the rates currently being experienced.
Soc. Sec. enrolment (YoY growth %)
Reg
iste
red
un
em
plo
ym
en
t (Y
oY
gro
wth
%)
Cop
yrig
ht A
fi-A
SEM
PLEO
. Tod
os lo
s de
rech
os re
serv
ados
. 201
6.
Cop
yrig
ht A
fi-A
SEM
PLEO
. Tod
os lo
s de
rech
os re
serv
ados
. 201
6.
Social Security enrolment (general and self-employment schemes, 2012 = 100, Jan-Aug average)
Source: Ministry of Employment and Social Security
Andreu Cruañas. President of Asempleo José Antonio Herce, Associate Director Afi
Source: Ministry of Employment and Social Security
The employment agencies are those that create most jobs in the recovery phase...
Labour Market MonitorSpanish The Specialized
Labour Market ReviewAfi-ASEMPLEO SLM ‘clock’ 2014-2016
The assessment of The highlight of
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
0 1 2 3 4
January 14 (0.0; -3.3)
Sep 16 (3.0; -9.1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Employment-related activities Total
Pos Sector Var. 2016/12
1 Employment-related activities 53.6%
2 Metal minerals extraction 40.7%
3 Administration 34.6%
4 Other prof., scient., and tech., activities 31.6%
5 IT and consultancy 29.8%
6 Head office activities 29.3%
7 Decontamination 28.8%
8 Real estate 26.2%
9 Offshore organisations 25.0%
10 Sport, recreation & entertainmen 21.8%
YoY growth in Social Security enrolment again
accelerated slightly (to 3.04%), with a monthly rise of
some 12,000. Comparing this change with the same
month last year, three factors can be seen to coexist.
Firstly, stronger growth in employment in employment-
related activities, extractive industry and construction.
Secondly, there were fewer enrolment losses in hotels &
catering, due to the longer summer season, and in public
administration, due probably to the regional election
campaigns. Thirdly, the agrarian enrolment scheme
contributed an additional 28,000 jobs, though this
behaviour is normal in September.
Registered unemployment, on the other hand, continues
to fall at a YoY rate of 9.1% (an increase of 22,800 on the
previous month), while the growth in recruitment was
more contained (up 6.2% YoY). Nevertheless, the
dynamism of permanent and full-time hiring (up 11.8%
and 9.2% YoY respectively) is notable.
02
Mediation is the secret
It may be hard to believe, but the Spanish labour market has shown the same dynamism in the first three quarters of 2016 as it did in 2015. Moreover, in the third year of the employment recovery, certain phenomena are showing particular strength. One of the most significant is the active mediation between supply and demand for temporary labour, which is finding a vector of growing dynamism in the employment agencies, especially through the path of full-time hiring. In addition, while it is true that employment in general, both temporary and permanent, is being "masculinised" while registered unemployment is being "feminised", the mediation carried out by these agencies is concentrated among men of all ages.
The Spanish labour market has yet to identify the policies needed to reduce this duality to the minimum required from a functional point of view and meanwhile it is temporary employment that offers workers most opportunities for integration into the labour market. The recent data discussed below clearly show how active mediation is advancing rapidly, because it provides better results.
Hence, while we await real policies to reduce the duality in the Spanish labour market, we should continue to improve the active mediation mechanisms. The employment agencies will be capable of playing a greater role in mediating permanent employment than they do today, with the same effectiveness and efficiency that they do in temporary employment, when they are allowed to do so. They are already doing it to the extent permitted by the current scant regulatory incentives to stimulate permanent employment.
Issue No. 111 October 2016|
Since the onset of the economic and employment recovery, the sector of
employment-related activities, i.e. the temporary work agencies and the
employment agencies, has had a very favourable performance. Not only has it
managed to outperform the extraordinary growth in employment in the Spanish
economy as a whole, but it has become the sector which has directly created most
jobs since 2012. With regard to the average number of workers enrolled with the
Social Security between January and August (latest data available) in the general
and self-employed schemes, the number of workers hired in this sector increased
by 53.6% between 2012 and 2016 (compared to the average of 3.2% for all sectors
in the same period), to almost 176,000 today.
As noted above, this is the number of people who work directly in this sector as
mediators between job-seekers and companies seeking to fill vacancies. The
figure does not include those workers who found jobs with the aid of these
professionals. There are no statistics on such workers, but their number must have
increased greatly over the same period, judging by the growth in the numbers of
contracts mediated by temporary work agencies.
The employment agencies are those that create most jobs in the recovery phaseSince the onset of the economic and employment recovery in 2012, the sector has managed to increase the number of contracts it mediates by over 60% and its penetration rate by 2.8 pp. This increase has been higher in full-time contracts with men in practically all age groups.
03
Issue No. 111 October 2016|
Source: Ministry of Employment and Social Security
Variation in Social Security enrolment (general and self-employment schemes, Jan-Aug average) in 2016
Is it just chance?
It is not by chance that the employment agencies (EA) are leading job creation for yet another year. This provides more arguments to support the idea that the EA are a key component of an economy's employment recovery, especially in an economy like Spain's, which needs all its agents to find jobs for the great pool of unemployed workers that currently exists. Spain is the country seeing the greatest growth in employment agencies during the economic recovery and, if there are no surprises, we will once again experience the fastest creation of jobs in the eurozone. Temporary employment in Spain is a factor directly related to our economic structure and hence responds to the strong need for flexibility in our economy. However, we are undoubtedly speaking of temporary employment that responds directly to temporary causes and covers vacancies that are not permanent. In other words, professionalised management of temporary labour is one more way out of unemployment and a stepping stone into the labour market (in our case, 30% of those who join the labour market through an EA secure a permanent job. Thus, increased professional management of temporary work in Spain (bearing mind that the employment agencies handle only 18% of temporary work in Spain) would have a very positive effect on job creation in particular and on the economic recovery in general. This, together with greater efforts in job placement by organisations in both the public and private sectors, would stimulate the Spanish recovery above the rates currently being experienced.
Soc. Sec. enrolment (YoY growth %)
Reg
iste
red
un
em
plo
ym
en
t (Y
oY
gro
wth
%)
Cop
yrig
ht A
fi-A
SEM
PLEO
. Tod
os lo
s de
rech
os re
serv
ados
. 201
6.
Cop
yrig
ht A
fi-A
SEM
PLEO
. Tod
os lo
s de
rech
os re
serv
ados
. 201
6.
Social Security enrolment (general and self-employment schemes, 2012 = 100, Jan-Aug average)
Source: Ministry of Employment and Social Security
Andreu Cruañas. President of Asempleo José Antonio Herce, Associate Director Afi
Source: Ministry of Employment and Social Security
The employment agencies are those that create most jobs in the recovery phase...
Labour Market MonitorSpanish The Specialized
Labour Market ReviewAfi-ASEMPLEO SLM ‘clock’ 2014-2016
The assessment of The highlight of
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
0 1 2 3 4
January 14 (0.0; -3.3)
Sep 16 (3.0; -9.1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Employment-related activities Total
Pos Sector Var. 2016/12
1 Employment-related activities 53.6%
2 Metal minerals extraction 40.7%
3 Administration 34.6%
4 Other prof., scient., and tech., activities 31.6%
5 IT and consultancy 29.8%
6 Head office activities 29.3%
7 Decontamination 28.8%
8 Real estate 26.2%
9 Offshore organisations 25.0%
10 Sport, recreation & entertainmen 21.8%
Issue No. 111 October 2016|Issue No. 111 October 2016|
By provinces, those where the penetration rate of temporary work agencies
was already very significant in temporary labour hiring are those which have
seen the greatest increases in the recovery phase in the Spanish labour
market, allowing them to reinforce their labour mediation role. Thus, the
outstanding cases are those of Guadalajara, Murcia and Palencia, where the
penetration rates exceed the 40% threshold. The latter province, together with
Cadiz, is where the rate has increased most over the past four years (over 11
pp).
At the other extreme, the lowest penetration rates are found in the two
provinces of Extremadura, some Andalusian provinces and the Balearic
Islands, even though they do not have the lowest incidences of temporary
employment, but rather the contrary. Lastly, it should also be noted that the
penetration rate of temporary work agencies has declined in Salamanca and
Teruel, though this coincides with a lack of dynamism in job creation (since
2012, Social Security enrolment has remained flat in the former and fallen in
the latter).
Continuing with the same period of analysis (in this case the year-to-date figures for
August of each year), it can be seen that the number of temporary contracts
mediated by temporary work agencies has grown from 1.2 million in 2012 to 2.1
million in 2016, a rise of 66.1%. This growth, as noted above, is consistent with the
increase in the number of workers employed in the sector.
As a result of this higher growth in contracts mediated, the sector has been able to
increase its penetration rate (i.e. temporary contracts mediated by temporary work
agencies as a percentage of total contracts signed). Over the same period, this
indicator has risen from 15% to 17.8%, an increase of 2.8 pp.
As well as increasing the number of contracts and the penetration rate, the sector has
also managed to mediate a higher share of quality temporary jobs. For example, the
penetration rate of temporary work agencies in full-time contracts has risen by four
percentage points between 2012 and 2016, to 21% (somewhat more than three
percentage points above the average). In contrast, the penetration rate in part-time
temporary contracts has stagnated at 12%.
04 05
Penetration rate of temporary work agencies by length of working day in 2012 and 2016 (YTD August)
Source: ASEMPLEO, Ministry of Employment and Social Security
Contracts mediated by temporary work agencies (TWAs) and penetration rate 2012-2016 (YTD August)
Source: ASEMPLEO, Ministry of Employment and Social Security
By gender, it can be seen that the penetration rate of temporary work agencies
is generally higher among men than women; in 2012, for example, the
difference was about four percentage points. Moreover, during the recent
economic and employment recovery, the penetration rate increased most
among men (four percentage points higher in 2016 than in 2012), contributing
to widen the gender gap.
The temporary work agencies have increased their penetration rate in
practically all age groups, though particularly among the over 25s, since 2012.
Both in the 25-44 age groups and the over 45s, the penetration rate of
temporary work agencies has increased by three percentage points between
2012 and 2016. In the latter case, it is important to underline the employment
agencies' commitment to groups that experience difficulty in accessing the
labour market, such as those near retirement age.
The penetration rate has risen most in the provinces where it was highest before the recovery.
Tasa de penetración de Empresas de Trabajo Temporal por edad, 2012 y 2016 (acumulado enero-agosto)
Source: ASEMPLEO, Ministry of Employment and Social Security
... boosted by the higher number of contracts mediated and their growing penetration rate...
... for men...
... especially in full-time contracts...
... in practically all age groups.
Penetration rate of temporary work agencies by gender in 2012 and 2016 (YTD August)
Source: ASEMPLEO, Ministry of Employment and Social Security
Change (porcentualpoints), 2012-2016
9.1 / 12.06.1 / 9.03.1 / 6.00.1 / 3.0-0.1 / -3.0-3.1 / -6.0-6.1 / -9.0
Spanish average = 2.8
Penetration rate (%) 2016
Penetration rate of temporary work agencies (accumulated Jan-Aug)
Source: ASEMPLEO. Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social
17.8
%
12.0
%
11.2
%
8.3%
25.5
%
11.8
%
14.7
%
1.4%
4.4%
24.0
%
20.2
%
25.3
%
2.3%
16.4
%
21.9
%
21.8
%
3.5%
3.1%
14.0
%
6.5%
15.0
%
21.9
%
4.7%
42.4
%
10.7
%
10.9
%
1.8%
9.7%
20.1
%
8.7%
22.8
%
6.5%
40.2
%29
.6%
10.6
%
47.7
%
14.9
%
19.0
%
15.8
%
12.3
%
25.9
%
9.3%
10.3
%
20.3
%19
.3%
18.6
%
23.1
%
30.1
%
20.6
%17.8
%
27.2
%
Canta
bria
Alb
acete
Ciu
dad
Real
Cuenca
Guad
ala
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ovia
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ora
Barc
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Lle
ida
Giro
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Tarr
ag
ona
Alic
ante
Vale
ncia
Bad
ajo
zC
acere
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ña
Lug
o
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Navarr
e
Bis
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Gip
uzko
a
Sp
ain
Co
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Huelv
a
Jaen
Huesca
Teru
el
Astu
rias
Bale
aric Isla
nd
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Murc
ia
Cad
iz
Mála
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Sevill
e
Las P
alm
as
Sta
.Cru
z d
e T
enerife
To
led
o
Ávila
Burg
os
Leó
n
Pale
ncia
Sala
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So
ria
Caste
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Labour Market ReviewThe specialized Labour Market ReviewThe specialized
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13.5%
14.0%
14.5%
15.0%
15.5%
16.0%
16.5%
17.0%
17.5%
18.0%
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
TWA contracts Penetration rate (RH axis)
17%
21%
12% 12%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
2012 2016 2012 2016
Full-time Part-time
13%14%
17%
21%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
2012 2016 2012 2016
Women Men
15%16% 17%
20%
11%
14%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
2012 2016 2012 2016 2012 2016
<25s 25-44 >45s
Issue No. 111 October 2016|Issue No. 111 October 2016|
By provinces, those where the penetration rate of temporary work agencies
was already very significant in temporary labour hiring are those which have
seen the greatest increases in the recovery phase in the Spanish labour
market, allowing them to reinforce their labour mediation role. Thus, the
outstanding cases are those of Guadalajara, Murcia and Palencia, where the
penetration rates exceed the 40% threshold. The latter province, together with
Cadiz, is where the rate has increased most over the past four years (over 11
pp).
At the other extreme, the lowest penetration rates are found in the two
provinces of Extremadura, some Andalusian provinces and the Balearic
Islands, even though they do not have the lowest incidences of temporary
employment, but rather the contrary. Lastly, it should also be noted that the
penetration rate of temporary work agencies has declined in Salamanca and
Teruel, though this coincides with a lack of dynamism in job creation (since
2012, Social Security enrolment has remained flat in the former and fallen in
the latter).
Continuing with the same period of analysis (in this case the year-to-date figures for
August of each year), it can be seen that the number of temporary contracts
mediated by temporary work agencies has grown from 1.2 million in 2012 to 2.1
million in 2016, a rise of 66.1%. This growth, as noted above, is consistent with the
increase in the number of workers employed in the sector.
As a result of this higher growth in contracts mediated, the sector has been able to
increase its penetration rate (i.e. temporary contracts mediated by temporary work
agencies as a percentage of total contracts signed). Over the same period, this
indicator has risen from 15% to 17.8%, an increase of 2.8 pp.
As well as increasing the number of contracts and the penetration rate, the sector has
also managed to mediate a higher share of quality temporary jobs. For example, the
penetration rate of temporary work agencies in full-time contracts has risen by four
percentage points between 2012 and 2016, to 21% (somewhat more than three
percentage points above the average). In contrast, the penetration rate in part-time
temporary contracts has stagnated at 12%.
04 05
Penetration rate of temporary work agencies by length of working day in 2012 and 2016 (YTD August)
Source: ASEMPLEO, Ministry of Employment and Social Security
Contracts mediated by temporary work agencies (TWAs) and penetration rate 2012-2016 (YTD August)
Source: ASEMPLEO, Ministry of Employment and Social Security
By gender, it can be seen that the penetration rate of temporary work agencies
is generally higher among men than women; in 2012, for example, the
difference was about four percentage points. Moreover, during the recent
economic and employment recovery, the penetration rate increased most
among men (four percentage points higher in 2016 than in 2012), contributing
to widen the gender gap.
The temporary work agencies have increased their penetration rate in
practically all age groups, though particularly among the over 25s, since 2012.
Both in the 25-44 age groups and the over 45s, the penetration rate of
temporary work agencies has increased by three percentage points between
2012 and 2016. In the latter case, it is important to underline the employment
agencies' commitment to groups that experience difficulty in accessing the
labour market, such as those near retirement age.
The penetration rate has risen most in the provinces where it was highest before the recovery.
Tasa de penetración de Empresas de Trabajo Temporal por edad, 2012 y 2016 (acumulado enero-agosto)
Source: ASEMPLEO, Ministry of Employment and Social Security
... boosted by the higher number of contracts mediated and their growing penetration rate...
... for men...
... especially in full-time contracts...
... in practically all age groups.
Penetration rate of temporary work agencies by gender in 2012 and 2016 (YTD August)
Source: ASEMPLEO, Ministry of Employment and Social Security
Change (porcentualpoints), 2012-2016
9.1 / 12.06.1 / 9.03.1 / 6.00.1 / 3.0-0.1 / -3.0-3.1 / -6.0-6.1 / -9.0
Spanish average = 2.8
Penetration rate (%) 2016
Penetration rate of temporary work agencies (accumulated Jan-Aug)
Source: ASEMPLEO. Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social
17.8
%
12.0
%
11.2
%
8.3%
25.5
%
11.8
%
14.7
%
1.4%
4.4%
24.0
%
20.2
%
25.3
%
2.3%
16.4
%
21.9
%
21.8
%
3.5%
3.1%
14.0
%
6.5%
15.0
%
21.9
%
4.7%
42.4
%
10.7
%
10.9
%
1.8%
9.7%
20.1
%
8.7%
22.8
%
6.5%
40.2
%29
.6%
10.6
%
47.7
%
14.9
%
19.0
%
15.8
%
12.3
%
25.9
%
9.3%
10.3
%
20.3
%19
.3%
18.6
%
23.1
%
30.1
%
20.6
%17.8
%
27.2
%
Canta
bria
Alb
acete
Ciu
dad
Real
Cuenca
Guad
ala
jara
Seg
ovia
Valla
do
lidZam
ora
Barc
elo
na
Lle
ida
Giro
na
Tarr
ag
ona
Alic
ante
Vale
ncia
Bad
ajo
zC
acere
s
A C
oru
ña
Lug
o
Oure
nse
Navarr
e
Bis
cay
Gip
uzko
a
Sp
ain
Co
rdo
ba
Huelv
a
Jaen
Huesca
Teru
el
Astu
rias
Bale
aric Isla
nd
s
Murc
ia
Cad
iz
Mála
ga
Sevill
e
Las P
alm
as
Sta
.Cru
z d
e T
enerife
To
led
o
Ávila
Burg
os
Leó
n
Pale
ncia
Sala
manca
So
ria
Caste
llón
Po
nte
ved
ra
Mad
rid
Ála
va
La R
ioja
Gra
nad
a
Sara
go
ssa
Alm
eria
Labour Market ReviewThe specialized Labour Market ReviewThe specialized
Cop
yrig
ht A
fi-A
SEM
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right
s re
serv
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016.
Cop
yrig
ht A
fi-A
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right
s re
serv
ed. 2
016.
13.5%
14.0%
14.5%
15.0%
15.5%
16.0%
16.5%
17.0%
17.5%
18.0%
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
TWA contracts Penetration rate (RH axis)
17%
21%
12% 12%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
2012 2016 2012 2016
Full-time Part-time
13%14%
17%
21%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
2012 2016 2012 2016
Women Men
15%16% 17%
20%
11%
14%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
2012 2016 2012 2016 2012 2016
<25s 25-44 >45s