spanish vowel sounds the 5 vowel sounds are very important to learn! a – sounds like the “a”...
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Spanish Vowel SoundsThe 5 vowel sounds are very important to learn!
a – sounds like the “a” when you sing “la-la-la”e – sounds like the “a” in the word “chaos”i – sounds like the “e” in “tee”o – sounds like the “o” in “nose”, but short & crispu – sounds like the “oo” in “soon”, again short & crisp
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Interrogatives(Question Words)
¿Quién? / ¿Quiénes? - who?
¿Qué? - what?
¿Cuándo? - when?
¿Dónde? - where?
¿Por qué? - why?
¿Cómo? – how?
¿Cuál? / ¿Cuáles? - Which? / What?
¿Cuánto? / ¿Cuánta? - How much?
¿Cuántos? / ¿Cuántas? - How many?
¿Adónde? - To where?
¿De dónde? - From where?
¿Para qué? - For what reason?
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Conjunctions(words that join 2+ words, phrases, or clauses)
“y” = and (sometimes “e”)
“ni” = nor, neither“pero” = but (in the negative = sino)
“o” = or, either (sometimes “u”)
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Back of Conjunctions• libros y revistas - books and magazines• Ni Juan ni su padre lo superion hasta ayer. - Neither John
nor his father found out until yesterday.• O me dices la verdad o vas a sentirlo. - Either you tell me
the truth or you're going to regret it.• Juan no bebe café pero bebe leche. - John does not drink
coffee, but he drinks milk.• Juan no bebe café sino leche.-John does not drink coffee,
but milk.
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Prepositions
• a = at, to• antes de = before• con = with• sin = without• de = of, from• después de = after
• en = in, on• hasta = until• para = in order to,
by, for• por = through, by
means of, for
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Por v. Para
• Por– in exchange for– measures a duration of
time– expresses rate (%, mph)– movement through space,
by means of
• Para– indicates a destination– means “intended for”– indicates a deadline, a time
by which something will be completed
– before an infinitive it means “in order to”
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Other Helpful Words• allí - there• aquí - here• antes - before• después - after• hoy - today• mañana - tomorrow• ayer - yesterday• bien - fine• mal - poorly
• mucho - a lot• muy - very• siempre - always• nunca - never• poco - a little• pronto - soon• también - also• tan - so• tanto - so much• tarde - late• temprano - early
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Common Negative Words
nada = nothingnadie = no oneni = neither, nor
no = no, notnunca = never
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Back of card #7
Affirmative Words• algo something
• alguien someone
• algún/alguno(a) some, any
• o… o either… or
• siempre always
• también also
Negative Words• nada nothing
• nadie no one, nobody
• ningún/ninguno(a) none, not any
• ni… ni neither… nor
• nunca never
• tampoco neither, not either
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Numbers (0-19)
0 = cero1 = uno2 = dos3 = tres4 = cuatro5 = cinco6 = seis7 = siete8 = ocho9 = nueve
10 = diez11 = once12 = doce13 = trece14 = catorce15 = quince16 = dieciséis17 = diecisiete18 = dieciocho19 = diecinueve
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Numbers (20-39)
20 = veinte21 = veintiuno22 = veintidós23 = veintitrés24 = veinticuatro25 = veinticinco26 = veintiséis27 = veintisiete28 = veintiocho29 = veintinueve
30 = treinta31 = treinta y uno32 = treinta y dos33 = treinta y tres34 = treinta y cuatro35 = treinta y cinco36 = treinta y seis37 = treinta y siete38 = treinta y ocho39 = treinta y nueve
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Benchmark Numbers40 = cuarenta50 = cincuenta60 = sesenta70 = setenta80 = ochenta90 = noventa100 = cien101 = ciento uno115 = ciento quince171 = ciento setenta y uno
200 = doscientos300 = trescientos400 = cuatrocientos500 = quinientos600 = seiscientos700 = setecientos800 = ochocientos900 = novecientos1,000 = mil2,000 = dos mil500,000 = quinientos mil1,000,000 = millón1,000,000,000 = billón
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Ordinal Numbers
1st - primero2nd - segundo3rd - tercero4th - cuarto5th - quinto
6th - sexto7th - séptimo8th - octavo9th - noveno10th - décimo
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Days of the Week
Monday = lunesTuesday = martesWednesday = miércolesThursday = juevesFriday = viernesSaturday = sábadoSunday = domingo
• To say that you do something “on Monday”, you say “el lunes”
• To say that you do something “on every Monday”, you say “los lunes”
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Months of the Year
January = eneroFebruary = febreroMarch = marzoApril = abrilMay = mayoJune = junio
July = julioAugust = agostoSeptember = septiembreOctober = octubreNovember = noviembreDecember = diciembre
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Saying Dates
December 25 = el veinticinco de diciembreJanuary 1 = el primero de eneroApril 15 = el quince de abrilJune 4, 2015 = el cuatro de junio de dos mil quince
1986 = mil novecientos ochenta y seis1504 = mil quinientos cuatro
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Adjectives
• is a word that describes a noun• comes after the noun in Spanish• matches the noun in # & gender
• a good book = un libro bueno• the tall girl = la chica alta• three new cars = tres carros nuevos
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Subject PronounsWho or what does the action of the verb
I we______ and I
you (informal) y’all (Spain ONLY: informal plural)
______ and youhesheitname nounyou (formal)
they----
namesnouns
you all (informal & formal plural)
_____ and ______
yo nosotrosnosotras
______ y yotú vosotros
vosotras______ y tú
élella--nombresustantivousted
ellosellas
--nombres
sustantivosustedes
_____ y ______
English Spanish
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Verbs
• words that narrate the action; they tell you what is going on
• INFINITIVE = verb in its simplest form • (end in -ar/-er/-ir)
• ending lets you know who is doing the action
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Present Tense action happens now
o amosas áisa an
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o emoses éise en6
o imoses íse en6
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4 41 1
2 2
3 3
-ar -er -ir
Meanings in English (example = to eat)Yo como el desayuno. =I eat breakfast.I do eat breakfast.I am eating breakfast.
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Irregular Present Tense(DIVES)
action happens now
doy damosdas daisda dan
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voy vamosvas vaisva van6
veo vemosves veisve ven6
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44
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dar ir ver
estoy estamosestás estáisestá están
soy somoseres soises son
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3 3
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estar ser
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ser v. estar(to be)
• ser– descriptions– origin– time or date– possession– profession, nationality, religion, political affiliation– where an event is taking place– what something is made of– math calculations
• estar– conditions or feelings– locations (but not of an event)– identify a change from the norm or emphasize the special state or
nature of something– certain weather conditions
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examples of ser v. estar• ser
– Los ojos de mi hijo son azules. - My son’s eyes are blue.– Ella es de Colombia. - She is from Colombia.– Hoy es el dos de febrero. - Today is February 2nd.– La guitarra es de Shakira. - The guitar is Shakira’s.– Mi abuelo es peruano. - My grandfather is Peruvian.– La fiesta de Año Nuevo es en Times Square. - The New Year’s party is in
Times Square.– Mi casa es de madera. - My house is made out of wood.– Tres y uno son cuatro. (3 + 1 = 4)
• estar– Estoy enfermo y voy al hospital. - I’m sick, and I’m going to the hospital.– Mis amigos están en la cocina ahora. - My friends are in the kitchen now.– ¡Estás muy guapo hoy! - You look great today!– Está soleado esta tarde en la playa. - It’s sunny this afternoon on the beach.
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saber v. conocer(to know)
• saber – facts or giving information– to say that someone knows
how to do something
• conocer– to be familiar with a place– to be acquainted with a
person
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sé sabemossabes sabéissabe saben
conozco conocemosconoces conocéisconoce conocen
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Simple Future Tense action is going to happen
voy vamosvas vaisva van
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5
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2
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ir a infinitive-ar-er-ir
All 3 words MUST be present to be grammaticallycorrect.
Los estudiantes van a estudiar mucho.
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Present Progressive Tense action is happening right now
estoy estamosestás estáisestá están
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5
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estar present participle-ar = ando-er -ir
Note: 1. If a word is an “-ir” stem changing verb in the presenttense, there is a single letter stem change in the presentparticiple: e = i; o = u
dormir = durmiendo; vestir = vistiendo2. If there are 3 vowels together and the middle one is an
unaccented “i”, that “i” changes to “y”: leer = leyendo; destruir = destruyendo
= iendo
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Simple Past Tense action has just happened
acabo acabamosacabas acabáisacaba acaban
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5
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acabar de infinitive-ar-er-ir
All 3 words MUST be present to be grammaticallycorrect.
Acabamos de comer el almuerzo.
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Preterite Tense action happened at a specific time in the past and is completed
é amosaste asteisó aron
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6 í imosiste isteisió ieron6
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-ar
-er/ -ir
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Preterite (back side)
Some indicators of specific times in the pastayer yesterdayanteayer day before yesterdayla semana pasada last weekel mes pasado last monthel año pasado last yearanoche last night
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Irregular Preterite Tense action happened at a specific time in the past and is completed
fui fuimosfuiste fuisteisfue fueron
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di dimosdiste disteisdio dieron6
vi vimosviste visteisvio vieron6
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ser/ir
dar
ver
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Irregular Preterite (back side)
Examples:
No fui muy inteligente. I wasn’t very smart.
No fui al cine ayer. I didn’t go to the movies yesterday.
Le diste demasiado dinero. You gave him too much money.
Vimos al gobernador la semana pasada. We saw the governor last week.
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i-stem Preterite Verbs HQDV (He Quit Doing Verbs)
hice hicimoshiciste hicisteishizo hicieron
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quise quisimosquisiste quisisteisquiso quisieron6
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2
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hacer querer
dije dijimosdijiste dijisteisdijo dijeron
vine vinimosviniste vinisteisvino vinieron
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3
44
5 5
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decir venir
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i-Stem Preterite (back side)These verbs have slightly different meanings in the preterite:
querer – to try (without necessarily succeeding)
no querer – to refuse
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pude pudimospudiste pudisteispudo pudieron
u-stem Preterite VerbsEAT SPP (EAT Sweet Potato Pie)
estuve estuvimos
estuviste estuvisteis
estuvo estuvieron
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anduve anduvimos
anduviste anduvisteis
anduvo anduvieron6
puse pusimos
pusiste pusisteis
puso pusieron
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5
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4
1
2
1
2
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3
estar andar
poder
tuve tuvimos
tuviste tuvisteis
tuvo tuvieron
supe supimos
supiste supisteis
supo supieron
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223
3
44
556
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tener saber poner1
2
3
45
6
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u-Stem Preterite (back side)These verbs have slightly different meanings in the preterite:
tener – to get; to receive
saber – to find out; to discover
poder – to manage to do; to succeed in doing
no poder – to be unable to (and not do)
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j-stem Preterite Verbs TCDT (Tom Conjugates During Track)
traje trajimostrajiste trajisteistrajo trajeron
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conduje condujimoscondujiste condujisteiscondujo condujeron6
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traer conducir
dije dijimosdijiste dijisteisdijo dijeron
traduje tradujimostradujiste tradujisteistradujo tradujeron
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3
44
5 5
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decir traducir
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Preterite v. Imperfect
• single, completed event• beginning or ending of
an action• when you tell how long
an action has lasted
• incomplete, ongoing event
• descriptions• telling time in the past• habitual actions
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Preterite Imperfect
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Imperfect Tense action was happening; action used to happen; ongoing, recurring or
incomplete action in the past
aba ábamosabas abaisaba aban
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ía íamosías íaisía ían6
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-ar -er/-ir
iba íbamosibas ibaisiba iban
veía veíamosveías veíaisveía veían
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ir verera éramos
eras eraisera eran
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ser
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Imperfect (back side)This verb tense has specific applications: 1. It indicates the continuance of a past action or event or to describe a situation in the past. Neither the beginning nor the end is indicated.2. It is used to describe persons or things in the past.3. It describes a state of mind in the past with verbs like: creer,
pensar, querer and saber4. It expresses the time of day in the past.5. When used with “hacía + expression of time + que + the imperfect
tense”, it describes an action or event that began in the past and continued in the past.
6. It is used with the preterite to describe a situation that was going on (imperfect) when an action/event occurred (it was begun or ended)
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Pronouns (PN)
me noste oslo, la los, las
1
2
3
4
5
6
me noste osle les6
5
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2
3
Direct Object DOP Indirect Object IOP
mi,mis nuestro(s)nuestra(s)
tu, tus vuestro(s)vuestra(s)
su, sus su, sus
mí conmigo
nosotrosnosotras
ti contigo vosotrosvosotras
élellausted
ellosellas
ustedes
11
2 2
3 3
445 5
6 6
Possessive AdjectivePrepositional PN
me nos
te osse se
1 4
2
Reflexive PN
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Reflexive VerbsReflexive verbs are indicated by the reflexive pronoun “se” attached to the infinitive. (ie: despertarse, ducharse, divertirse, etc. 1. To conjugate, remove the –se and place it in front of the conjugated verb. 2. Change the –se to match the subject (boxes MUST match!!!!)3. Conjugate the infinitive as normal.4. Remember, all boxes must agree: Subject/Reflexive Pronoun/Verb
ending – all must come from the SAME box. 5. Once the –se is removed, look at your infinitive, that is what
determines which group of endings to use!6. If the reflexive verb is part of a two verb tense (Simple Future,
Simple Past, etc.), you can leave it on the infinitive, but it still MUST match the box of the subject.
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Stem Changing Verbs – Present tenseStem – changing verbs in the present tense (aka: Boot Verbs) 1. Have one of four possible stem changes:
e – ieo - uee – i
o – u2. Changes occur only in Boxes 1, 2, 3, and 6 (yo, tú, él/ella/usted
and ellos/ellas/ustedes)3. Stem change the next to the last vowel4. Stem changing verbs CAN also be Irregular verbs (spelling change in Box 1). When this is the case, make the spelling change in Box 1 and then stem change in Boxes 2, 3, and 6 as usual
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Stem Changing Verbs – Preterit tenseStem – changing verbs in the preterite tense (aka: sandal Verbs) 1. Have one of two possible stem changes:
e – i o – u2. Changes occur only in Boxes 3, and 6 (él/ella/usted and
ellos/ellas/ustedes)3. Stem change the next to the last vowel4. Stem changing verbs in the preterite are only –ir verbs that stem changed in the present tense
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Irregular Verbs 1. Irregular verbs have a spelling change in Box 1 only.2. If a word is stem changing, the stem changes occur in the Present tense, Boxes 2, 3, and 6.3. There are Irregular verbs in Present, Preterite and Present Subjunctive. Spelling changes occur due to sound needs:
g + a/o/u has a hard g sound (like ‘g’ in ‘guy’)g + i/e has a soft h sound (like ‘h’ in ‘hairy’)c + a/o/u has a hard k sound (like ‘c’ in ‘cat’)c + i/e has a soft s sound (like ‘s’ in ‘sister’)
4. Every attempt is made to retain the original sound of the verb in the infinitive. So, when conjugation changes the sound of the original. Sometimes they completely change the sound (think –go verbs: hacer, tener, venir, salir, traer, oír, decir, etc.) Other times they add a ‘u’ after the ‘g’ to keep the hard sound, or a ‘z’ in front of a ‘c’ to keep the ‘s’ sound.
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Present Subjunctive Mood*action in subjunctive clause may or may not occur or be true
*speaker/writer is expressing uncertainty, doubt, emotion, desire, hope, recommendation, denial, or disbelief
e emoses éise en
1
2
3
4
5
6
a amosas áisa an6
5
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2
3
-ar -er/ -ir
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The SubjunctiveTo use:1. You must have 2 clauses.2. Each clause has a different Subject (doer of the action)3. Clauses are usually separated by “que”4. Verb in the 1st clause is a WEIRDO verb.
To form:5. Use the “yo” form of the verb (This includes the stem-change
form and the Irregular form, i.e. “quiero” or “tengo”)6. Drop the “o” and add “opposite” endings:
e emoses éise en
a amosas áisa an
-ar -er/-ir
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Commands --- Tú forms1. Commands have implied lead-in “I want you to . . .” even though
it is not explicitly stated. Therefore the subjunctive is use for most forms of command.
2. There are two types of commands: Positive (do NOT contain the word “No”) and Negative (DO contain the word “No”)
3. Positive Tú commands use the BOX 3 present tense form of the verb: ¡Camina! ¡Corre! ¡Escribe!1. There are some exceptions: hacer - ¡Haz!, decir - ¡Di!, salir -
¡Sal!, tener- ¡Ten!, ir - ¡ve!, poner - ¡pon!, venir - ¡ven!, ser - ¡sé!
4. Negative Tú commands use the BOX 2 form of the Subjunctive ¡No camines! ¡No corras! ¡No escribas! 1. There are four irregular forms: dar - ¡No des!, estar - ¡No
estés!, ir - ¡No vayas!, ser - ¡No seas!
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Commands --- Ud. & Uds. forms
1. Commands have implied lead-in “I want you to . . .” even though it is not explicitly stated. Therefore the subjunctive is used for most forms of command.
2. There are two types of commands: Positive (do NOT contain the word “No”) and Negative (DO contain the word “No”)
3. Positive Ud./Uds. commands use the BOX 3 or BOX 6 present subjunctive form of the verb: ¡Camine(n)! ¡Corra(n)! ¡Escriba(n)!1. There are some exceptions: saber - ¡sepa(n)!, ser - ¡sea(n)!, ir -
¡vaya(n)!, estar - ¡esté(n)!
4. Negative Ud./Uds. commands use the BOX 3 or Box 6 form of the Subjunctive with the Word “no” in front of it.
¡No camine(n)! ¡No corra(n)! ¡No escriba(n)! 1. There are the same four exceptions listed above.
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Future Tense action will happen
é emosás éisá án
1
2
3
4
5
6
Infinitive + endings
Infinitive +
Exceptions:haber habr- poner pondr- decir dir-poder podr- salir saldr- hacer har-querer querr- tener tendr-saber sabr- venir vendr-
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Conditional Tense action would happen
ía íamosías íaisía ían
1
2
3
4
5
6
Infinitive + endings
Infinitive +
Exceptions:haber habr- poner pondr- decir dir-poder podr- salir saldr- hacer har-querer querr- tener tendr-saber sabr- venir vendr-
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Present Perfect Tense action has happened
he hemoshas habéisha han
6
5
41
2
3
haber Past participle-ar = ado-er = ido-ir = ido
Both words MUST be present to be grammaticallycorrect.
Exceptions: Hacer = hecho decir = dicho escribir = escrito
Romper = roto abrir = abierto cubrir = cubierto
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Past Perfect Tense action had happened
había habíamoshabías habíaishabía habían
6
5
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2
3
haber Past participle-ar = ado-er = ido-ir = ido
Both words MUST be present to be grammaticallycorrect.
Exceptions: Hacer = hecho decir = dicho escribir = escrito
Romper = roto abrir = abierto cubrir = cubierto
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Future Perfect Tense action will have happened
Habré habremoshabrás habráishabrá habrán
6
5
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2
3
haber Past participle-ar = ado-er = ido-ir = ido
Both words MUST be present to be grammaticallycorrect.
Exceptions: Hacer = hecho decir = dicho escribir = escrito
Romper = roto abrir = abierto cubrir = cubierto
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Conditional Perfect Tense action would have happened
Habría habríamosHabrías habríaishabría habrían
6
5
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2
3
haber Past participle-ar = ado-er = ido-ir = ido
Both words MUST be present to be grammaticallycorrect.
Exceptions: Hacer = hecho decir = dicho escribir = escrito
Romper = roto abrir = abierto cubrir = cubierto
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Idiomatic Expressions and Proverbs
• dar las gracias - to thank• de repente - suddenly• de hoy en adelante - from
now on• echar al correo - to mail• estar de acuerdo (con) - to
agree (with)• extrañar el nido - to be
homesick• sano y salvo - safe and
sound• volverse loco - to go crazy
• tener cuidado - to be careful• tener en cuenta - to keep in
mind
• La práctica hace al maestro. - Practice makes perfect.
• Más vale tarde que nunca. - Better late than never.
• llover a cántaros - to rain a lot• No hay mal que por bien no
venga. - Every cloud has a silver lining.
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