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Spatial Interactions of the Indonesian Sebatik Island

By Helman*) and Sri Handoyo**)

Abstract

The paper presents the internal spatial interactions between villages in the Indonesian part of Sebatik Island and also the external spatial interaction between Sebatik Island and Tawau in Malysia. The spatial interactions, as the estimates of flow of persons, goods, and information, are measured and calculated as gravity attractions between villages/towns using the Gravitation Formula.

Spatial Interactions are the movement of people, goods and information from one location to another, based on the complementary demand and supply of goods, the ability to move people, goods and information, as well as theintervening opportunities.

The strongest external gravity value of 92.75 is found between Sebatik Island and Tawau. The weakest value, 0.49, of internal gravity is between Sebatik Island and Tarakan. One of the reasons is due to the population of Tawau which is much more compared with the population Tarakan Island.

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Sebatik island is one of the 12 islands in Indonesia which are directly close

to international boundaries with other countries. As Sebatik has direct border line

with Malaysia, therefore, Sebatik locals of Indonesia interact with Malaysian

locals to fulfill their needs for living and trades. The other 11 islands are the

islands of Rondo, Berhala, Sekatung, Maratua, Fani, Mapia, Enu, Asutubun,

Dana, Raijua and Salura, see Figure 1.

*) Drs. Helman, M.Si is a researcher at the Geomatics Research Division, BAKOSURTANAL.**) Dr. Sri Handoyo is a researcher at the Center for Boundary Mapping, BAKOSURTANAL.***) Paper submitted in the Internasional Seminar: Seasc 2009, Nusadua, Bali.

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Figure 1. Map of the 12 islands which have direct boundary lines with other countries (Source: Center for Marine Resorces Surveys, BAKOSURTANAL, 2005)

Besides, the Indonesian Sebatik Island is also not far from Ambalat and

Karang Unarang areas that have been claimed by Malaysia as part of their

territory as for now they already have Sipadan and Ligitan islands, see Figure 2.

Ambalat, a sea area, is located in the East of East Kalimantan (the Indonesian

Borneo), i.e. between Tarakan Island and Nunukan. Ambalat can be reached from

Tarakan town using a speed boat in 3 hours. Karang Unarang is also not a land

area.

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Figure 2. Map of Indonesian Sebatik Island and the Ambalat area of concession.

This paper is to describe the research aim which is to analyse both internal

and external spatial interactions within, from, and to the Indonesian Sebatik Island

and its surroundings. The internal spatial interactions are shown by the estimate of

flow (persons, goods, and information) between villages, suburbans, and towns in

the island. While the external spatial interactions occur between the Indonesian

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Sebatik Island and the other islands in Indonesia and Tarakan and also the town of

Tawau in Malaysia.

II. Research Methods

Method of research was choosed in the form of descriptive and quantitative

approaches. To observe, measure, and analyse the spatial interactions for both

internal and external within and with the Sebatik Island there are influencing

factors to be considered and calculated. These factors are: number of populations

and migrations, family and incomes, and facilities and types of tranportations, and

lastly, means of communications. This approach for the research then based the

data collection to decide.

2.1 Data

Data which are collected from the field and related offices in Sebatik Island,

evaluated, and classified are as in the following Tables.

Table 1. Numbers and developments of population in 2002–2005

No. VillagesNumber of Populations

Annual Developments

(%)

2002 2003 2004 2005 2002 - 20051 Pancang * 6,383 8,400 9,419 9,492 14.832 Sungainyamuk 5,466 6,012 6,078 6,369 5.293 Tanjungaru 4,158 4,331 4,441 4,653 3.844 Tanjungkarang 2,615 2,820 2,970 3,112 5.985 Setabu ** 4,185 6,440 6,855 6,484 18.306 Binalawan** - - - - -7 Liangbunyu ** - - - - -8 Ajikuning* - - - - -

Total 22,807 28,003 29,763 30,110 10.08Notes:* Pancang and Ajikuning villages were still a village** Setabu, Binalawan, and Liangbunyu villages were still a villageSources: 1. ”BAPPEDA Provinsi Kalimantan Timur”, 2006 2. ”Penyediaan Data Dasar 12 Pulau Kecil Prioritas”, 2004

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Table 2. Number of families and poor families

No. VillagesTotal

Percentages of the Poor Families (%)Families Poor Families

1 Pancang 2,016 797 39.532 Sungainyamuk 3,453 564 16.333 Tanjungaru 1,101 333 30.254 Tanjungkarang 2,168 628 28.975 Setabu 429 208 48.486 Binalawan 394 234 59.397 Liangbunyu 499 249 49.908 Ajikuning 1,473 371 25.19

Sources: “Pemerintah Kabupaten Nunukan”, Subdistrict of Sebatik in 2005

Figure 3. Administrative Boundary Map of the Indonesian Sebatik Island in 2005Sources: “Bappeda Provinsi Kalimantan Timur in 2001” and “Pemerintah Kabupaten Nunukan”,

Subdistrict of Sebatik in 2005

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Table 3. Visitors from Sebatik Island to the Town of Tawau

No.

Visitors to Town of Tawau

PurposesNumber of Visitors (%)

1 Family and social visits shoppings 852 Medicals and health consultations 103 Bussiness 54 Going to schools for family members 0

The average number of monthly visits is three times Source: Abubakar, 2004

Table 4. Migration of peoples in 2007

No. Villages

MigrationsIn/Come Out/Move Additions

Males Females Males Females Males Females

1 Pancang 65 43 10 2 55 412 Sungainyamuk - - - - - -3 Tanjungaru - - - - - -4 Tanjungkarang 304 303 7 5 297 2985 Setabu - - 8 - 8 -6 Binalawan 5 4 4 2 1 27 Liangbunyu 2 1 2 3 0 28 Ajikuning 2,105* 2,105* 2,105* 2,105* 0 0

Total 2,481 2,456 2,136 2,117 345 339Notes: 2,105* is the number of non-permanent populations who often

migrate to the town of ke Tawau. Souce: Forms of questionairs

Table 5. Monthly income of the Ajikuning village peoples

No. Monthly IncomesPercentages of Populations (%)

1 ≤ Rp 250,000 332 > Rp 250,000 – Rp 400,000 383 > Rp 400,000 – Rp 600,000 144 > Rp 600,000 – Rp 1000,000 105 > Rp 1000,000 5

Souce: Forms of questionairs

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Table 6. Migrations Law

Facts RemarksMigrations occur in short distants There are limitations of technologies, transportations,

and communications, peoples know mostly the local opportunities only.

Migrations occur in faces People move from villages to small towns, then to medium towns to big towns.

Movements of peoples are to or dispersally away from big towns

Richer peoples move away from the town center and become comuters, this is the beginning of counter-urbanization.

Long distant Migrations are to big towns Peoples only know that the opportunities are there in big cities far away from their home villages.

Women migrate more in short distants rather than men do

It happens particularly to married women and within societies that women social status is relatively low

Migrations develop according to the technological developments

It is developed by the developments of transportations, communications, and informations.

Source: Ravenstein, 1889

Figure 4. Spatial Interaction ConceptsSourcer: http//www.geography.cccsu.edu, 29 June 2007

The following are the Migration Theories that also give the basic

understanding of the causalities to the analyses of both internal and external

spatial interactions.

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The 2nd Migration Theory: Push-Pull (Factors Theory-Everett Lee)

Figure 5. The 2nd Migration Theory Source: Lee, 1966

The 3rd Migration Theory: Intervening Opportunities (Stouffer)

Figure 6. The 3rd Migration Theory Source: Stouffer Samuel A, 1940

PUSH PULLRURAL

InstabilityPoor villagesLess work opportunitiesPopulations pressures

Plenty of work opportunitiesBetter social servicesModern town circumstancesRelatively no problems

MIGRATION18-35

Origin Destination

Migration

Obstructions

- Positive factors- Neutral factors- Negative factors

- Encouraged by expectations of better living situations

- The situations at the destination are better considered than the distances and other obstructions

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The 4th Migration Theory: Mobility Factors (Lewis)

Figure 7. The 4th Migration Theory Source: Lewis, 1960

Table 7. The Length and Type of Roads in Sebatik Island

No. Villages

Length and Type of RoadsStates Province District Villages

Length(kms)

% Length(kms)

% Length(kms)

% Length(kms)

%

1. Pancang - - 7.40 28 6.32 15 11.74 92. Sungainyamuk - - 1.50 5 2.00 5 38.50 293. Tanjungaru - - 2.00 7 5.00 12 30.00 224. Tanjungkarang - - - - - - 4.40 35. Setabu - - 4.50 17 3.35 8 11.25 86. Binalawan - - - - 0.25 1 20.35 157. Liangbunyu - - 10.50 40 17.00 40 4.40 38. Ajikuning 2.00 100 0.75 3 7.81 19 14.78 11

Total 2.00 100 26.65 100 41.73 100 135.42 100

Source: The Government of Nunukan District, Sub-district of Sebatik in 2005

Table 8. Sea Transportation Facility at Sebatik Island

No. VillagesType of the Sea Transportation Facilities

Boats ShipsNumber of % Number of %

1. Pancang 60 34.09 12 36.372. Sungainyamuk 36 20.45 - -3. Tanjungaru 3 1.71 1 3.024. Tanjungkarang - - 5 15.155. Setabu 17 9.66 12 36.376. Liangbunyu 50 28.41 - -7. Binalawan 10 5.68 - -8. Ajikuning - - 3 9.09

Total 176 100.00 33 100.00

Source : Forms of questionairs

Less employees, high wages

More employees, low wages

Migration

Mobility of Human Resources:- Part of the market mechanism in

the balance of labour supply and demand

- Accelerated by the expansions or economic activity growth

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Table 9. Land Transportation Facility at Sebatik Island

No. Villages

Type of the Land Transportation Facilities

Buses TrucksAngkutan perdesaan

Motor cycles

Number of

%Number

of%

Number of

%Number

of%

1. Pancang - - 10 71.44 9 12.16 - -2. Sungainyamuk 1 33.34 1 7.14 37 50.00 53 16.713. Tanjungaru - - - 4 5.40 57 17.994. Tanjungkarang 1 33.33 1 7.14 6 8.11 50 15.775. Setabu 1 33.33 1 7.14 4 5.40 57 17.996. Liangbunyu - - - 5 6.76 50 15.777. Binalawan - - 1 7.14 5 6.76 50 15.778. Ajikuning - - - 4 5.41 - -

Total 3 100.00 14 100.00 74 100.00 317 100.00

Source: The Government of Nunukan District, Sub-district of Sebatik in 2005

Table 10. Communication Facilities in the Villages of Sebatik Island

No. Villages

Telephoneboots/

telephone shops

Private Tele

phones

Internet

shops

Post office

s

Post Office Branches

Radiotransmitter

s

Private

radio orgs

RadioTV

relay station

s

Televisions

Private TV

recorder (RCTI)

Parabola (Sat. Disk)

1. Pancang 1 74 - 1 1 1 1 450 1 495 1 22. Sungainyamuk 1 - 1 1 1 - - - - 976 - 6133. Tanjungaru 1 - - - 1 - - - - 608 - -4. Tanjungkarang - - - - - - - 150 400 - --5. Setabu 2 - - - - - - - - - - -6. Liangbunyu 1 200 - - - - - 100 - 70 - 187. Binalawan - - - - - - - - - - - -8. Ajikuning - - - - - - - - - - - -

Total 6 274 1 2 3 1 1 700 1 2.549 1 633Source : Forms of questionairs

2.2 Method

The values of both internal and external spatial interactions have to be

quantified in order to conduct the analyses. In this case the following gravitation

formula is used for the method of calculations:

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Where:

Fij : gravitational attractions between villages/towns i and j

Pi : population number of the villages/towns i

Pj : population number of the villages/towns j

Dij: distances between villages/towns i and j.

III. Results and Evaluation

Spatial interaction is a movement of persons/populations, goods, and

information from a location to another location. These are due to the existence of

complementary supplies and demands of goods, capabilities of persons/people

transferabilities including goods and information, and no other intervening

opportunities to choose. Magnitudeof the spatial interactions depend on the

magnitude of the gravitational forces between locations, either villages or towns.

Spatial interactions at Sebatik Island consist of internal interactions between

villages/towns in the island and external interactions between the island and towns

outside, either inside or outside the country.

3.1 Internal Interactions between Villages/Towns in Sebatik Island

Internal interactions between villages/towns in Sebatik island are

interactions between villages and or towns within the island. The villages are

villages of Pancang, Sungainyamuk, and Tanjungaru. While the town is

Tanjungkarang as the capital of Sebatik Sub-district. Villages in the West Sebatik

Sub-district are Setabu, Liangbunyu, and Ajikuning, and Binalawan is the only

town.

To calculate the spatial interactions data of population in the villages/towns

and distances between those villages/towns in Sebatik Island are needed. The

distances are the shortest distances between villages/towns. The data are in the

following Table 11.

2

i jij

ij

PPF

D

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Table 11. Population and Distances between Villages/Towns in Sebatik Island

Villages/TownsDistances (kms)

Population1 1 2 3 4 5 6 8

Liangbunyu 2.89 2,395Binalawan 3.33 1,736Setabu 16.35 2,017Tanjung Karang

5.95 2,970

Tanjungaru 3.62 4,460Sungai Nyamuk

1.95 6,078

Pancang 6.76 5,041Ajikuning 3,296

On the above Table the longest distance is between the villages of Setabu

and Tanjungkarang i.e. 16.35 kms, and the shortest distance is between the

villages of Sungainyamuk and Pancang i.e. 1.95 kms. The largest population is of

Sungainyamuk village i.e. 6,078 persons, and the smallest population is of

Binalawan town i.e. 1,736 persons, in other words the population of the town is

not always more than the populations in the villages.

Using the mentioned gravitation formula the gravitational values can be

calculated between villages/towns in Sebatik Island as in the following Table 12.

Table 12. Gravitational Values between Villages/Towns in Sebatik Island

Villages/Towns

Gravitations (F)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Liangbunyu 1 0.46Binalawan 2 0.32Setabu 3 0.02Tanjung Karang

40.04

Tanjungaru 5 1.69Sungai nyamuk

6 7.66

Pancang 7 0.36Ajikuning 8 0.02

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The gravitational values are classified into 5 (five) classes and these are very

strong, strong, medium, weak, and very weak.

1. > 7.66 : very strong

2. 6.13 -7.66 : strong

3. 3.07 - 4.60 : medium

4. 1.54 - 3.07 : weak

5. 0.01 - 1.54 : very weak

Based on the above Tables and the gravitational values it is understood that

the strongets interaction happened between the villages of Sungainyamuk and

Pancang which is 7.66 value. Weak interaction value is between the villages of

Tanjungaru-Sungainyamuk which is 1.69. The very weak interaction value is

between villages of Liangbunyu-Binalawan, Binalawan–Setabu, Setabu-

Tanjungkarang, Tanjungkarang–Tanjungaru, Pancang-Ajikuning, and Ajikuning-

Liangbunyu.

The populations are classified into 5 (five) classes are these are very large,

large, medium, less, very less, as follows:

1. 6,078 jiwa : very large number of population

2. 4,992- 6,078 : large number

3. 3,906- < 4,992: medium

4. 2,820- < 3,906: less number

5. 1,734- < 2,820: veru less number population

Distances in kilometers between villages/towns are classified into 5 (five)

classes which are very far, far, medium, close, very close, as follows:

1. 25.31-31.19: very far

2. 19.47-25.31: far

3. 13.63-19.47: medium

4. 7.79-13.63 : close

5. 1.95-7.79 : very close

To present the schemes of the spatial interaction patterns the next symbols

and its relations are used.

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Gravitational values are:

1. Very strong :

2. Strong :

3. Medium :

4. Weak :

5. Very weak :

Populations:

1. Very large :

2. Large :

3. Medium :

4. Less :

5. Very less :

The following is the internal gravitational scheme between villages/towns in

Sebatik Island as in Figure 8.

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Figure 8. Internal Gravitational Scheme between Villages/Towns in Sebatik Island

This internal gravitational scheme shows the development of the town area

as being in the Stage 1 according to Rostow-Taaffe growth model. The Stage 1

model is indicated by some small sea ports on the shores separated one from

another. Each port has a trading location inside the land. Generally the villages

and towns in land are not influenced by the trading location on the shore. Peoples

carry out the cultivation in a subsystem way, trading activities with other areas are

rarely done.

People in the border areas are almost every day crossing the state

(international) borderline with no fences to visit the family, to go to school, to

shop, and to collect some water. Some of the people even have their houses

physically divided by the borderline. In Sebatik Island the movement of people

are to Mentadak, Kampong Limau, and Kampong Melayu in Malaysia.

AjikuningPancang

Sungai Nyamuk

Tanjung Aru

Tanjung KarangSetabuBinalawan

Liangbunyu

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In the aspect of security there are matters occur such as illegal border

crossing from Indonesia to Malaysia, smugling of plant fertilizers, logs, and fuel.

Smugling from malaysia to Indonesia are for examples electronics, canned foods

and soft drinks.

3.2 External Interactions between Sebatik Island and Other Towns In or Outside the Country

The external interactions between Sebatik Island and other towns in or

outside the country are the interactions with town of Tawau in Malaysia and also

with towns of Nunukan and Tarakan in Indonesia. To calculate the external

interactions first the list population numbers have to be prepared.

Table 13. Populations and Distances between Sebatik Island and the Towns in andoutside the Country

LocationsDistances (kms) Populations

1 2 3 4Sebatik Island 1 98.19 29.60 10.99 27,993Tarakan (Ind) 2 94.58 169,951Nunukan (Ind) 3 30.41 45,746Tawau (Mal) 4 400,200

The populations are classified into 5 (five) classes which are very large,

large, medium, less, very less, as follows:

1. 325,757 – 400,200 jiwa : very large number of population

2. 251,316 – 325,757 jiwa : large

3. 176,875 – 251,316 jiwa : medium

4. 102,434 – 176,875 jiwa : less

5. 27,993 – 102,434 jiwa : very less number of population

Out of the above populations and distances the external gravitational

scheme can be resulted as in the following Table.

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Table 14. External Gravitational Scheme between Sebatik Island and the Towns of Nunukan, Tarakan, and Tawau

Locations Gravitations (F)1 2 3 4

Sebatik island 1 0.49 1.46 92.75Tarakan (Ind) 2 0.87 -Nunukan (Ind) 3 19.80Tawau (Mal) 4

Gravitational values are classified into 5 (five) classes: very strong, strong,

medium, weak, and very weak.

1. 74.29 – 92.75 : very strong

2. 55.84 – 74.29 : strong

3. 37.39 – 55.84 : medium

4. 18.94 – 37.39 : weak

5. 0.49 – 18.94 : very weak

To present the schemes of the spatial interaction patterns the next symbols

and its relations are used.

Nilai gravitasi digambarkan sebagai berikut:

Very strong :

Strong :

Medium :

Weak :

Very weak :

Populations:

Very large :

Large :

Medium :

Less :

Very less :

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Below is the gravitational scheme between Sebatik Island and the towns of

Nunukan, Tarakan, and Tawau as in the next figure.

Figure 9. External Gravitational Scheme between Sebatik Island and Other Towns in and outside the Country

From Figure 9 can be understood that the strongest gravity occur between

Sebatik Island-Tawau town with the magnitude of 92.75. On the other hand the

weakest one is Nunukan-Tawau towns of 19.80. Gravitational values of Sebatik

Island-Nunukan (1.46), Sebatik Island-Tarakan (0.49), and Nunukan-Tarakan

towns (0.87) are also very weak.

3.3 Some Notes on the Movements of Persons, Goods, and Information

Field surveys has been conducted to collect relevant data and information

and resulting in some notes among other data as movement of persons, goods, and

information from and to Sebatik Island.

Tawau

SebatikIsland

Tarakan

Nunukan

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a. Movement of Persons

Movement of persons from Sebatik Island to Tawau in average of three

times a month to visit family and to shop (85%), to buy some medicines (10%),

and bussiness (5%). Around 60% of Tawau people are originally from South

Sulawesi of which generally became citizens of malaysia. People of Sebatik go to

medical doctors in Sebatik but buy some medicines in Tawau town.

People of Tawau go to Sebatik Island for social visit such as invitation of

wedding ceremony or other traditional events.

There are people of Sebatik Island works in Tawau irregular (part times),

particularly from Ajikuning village (around 43% of the population). The reason of

working abroad is generally due to poor living in the island. For examples, around

38% of the Ajikuning population has the income of only Rp.250,000-Rp.400,000

per month. The wages in Tawau can be three times larger than in Sebatik Island.

More over, living expences in Tawau is lower than in the island.

From Sebatik Island to Tawau town there are 24 hour border crossings using

the crossing pass that can be obtained cheaply.

b. Movement of Goods

Movement of goods from and to Sebatik Island is in harmony with the

movement of persons. Goods that are taken by the people of Sebatik to Tawau is

in form of plant crops and fishery, such as cacao, bananas, and fish. Fish are

caught by the fishermen of Sebatik and sold at Tawau, but if the people from

Sebatik Island need to have fish they have to buy them in Tawau. This happens

because there is no place for fish trading and cooler site to keep the fish in

Sebatik.

Almost all of goods from Tawau are goods of living needs. For examples,

rice, vegetables, chickens, eggs, milks, fish, meats, and canned foods and soft

drinks, block ice, gas, electronics, machineries, clothes, and fish net. Transactions

are within Malaysian Ringgit.

To transport persons and goods vehicles are used, normally villages

transportations. Number of the transportations mostly from the village of

Sungainyamuk. While motorcycles are also available as transportations in almost

all vilages and towns.

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Land transportations facilities are more available as village roads and mostly

in Sungainyamuk. While the sea transportations means are speedboat mostly in

Pancang village.

c. Movement of Information

Movement of information to Sebatik Island is especially from the Malaysian

TV shows. This is unfortunately due to the Indonesian TV broadcastings are

difficult to be reiceived in Sebatik Island unless relatively expensive parabola dish

is used. Luckily there are now relatively cheap cable televisions available for the

Sebatik people to subscribe.

IV. Conclusions

Based on the discussions as in chapter III there are conclusions to draw as

follows.

Internal spatial interactions between villages in Sebatik Island have various

structures where the strongest interaction is between Sungainyamuk and Pancang

villages based on the distances and populations factors.

External spatial interactions between Sebatik Island with the central of

activities in the Indonesian side, Tarakan and Nunukan, and the central of

activities in Tawau of Malaysia shows that Tawau is having much more attractive

power compares to Tarakan and Nunukan. This means that living dependency of

Sebatik Island is more influenced by the central of activities in Tawau.

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