spatial part-6
TRANSCRIPT
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Part 6 B. Blijie (2005) “The Impact of Accessibility on Residential Choice: Empirical Results of a Discrete Choice Model” Presented at the 45th Congress of the European Regional Science Association, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
TH
Co
ng
ress
of
the
Eu
rop
ean
Reg
ion
al
Sci
ence
Ass
oci
ati
on
2
3-2
7 A
ug
ust
20
05
, V
rije
Un
iver
site
it A
mst
erd
am
TH
E I
MP
AC
T O
F A
CC
ES
SIB
ILIT
Y O
N R
ES
IDE
NT
IAL
CH
OIC
E:
EM
PIR
ICA
L R
ES
UL
TS
OF
A D
ISC
RE
TE
CH
OIC
E M
OD
EL
Ber
ry B
liji
e D
elft
Un
iver
sity
of
Tec
hn
olo
gy
D
epar
tmen
t o
f T
ran
spo
rtat
ion
and
Pla
nn
ing
P
.O. B
ox
50
48
, 2
60
0 G
A D
elft
, T
he
Net
her
lands
Em
ail:
h.p
.bli
jie@
citg
.tu
del
ft.n
l
AB
ST
RA
CT
Tra
nsp
ort
in g
ener
al,
and
acc
essi
bil
ity
of
peo
ple
, jo
bs
and
ser
vic
es i
n p
arti
cula
r, i
s as
sum
ed t
o
hav
e an
im
po
rtan
t im
pac
t o
n t
he
resi
den
tial
ch
oic
e b
ehav
ior
of
ho
use
ho
lds.
Aft
er a
ll,
the
amo
un
t o
f ac
tiv
itie
s th
at c
an b
e d
eplo
yed
by t
he
hou
seho
ld m
emb
ers,
wh
eth
er l
abo
r, l
eisu
re o
r so
cial
ly
asso
ciat
ed, is
det
erm
ined
by
the
acce
ssib
ilit
y o
f a
loca
tion
.
Th
e p
ast
dec
ades
th
e re
sid
enti
al l
oca
tio
n c
ho
ice
of
ho
use
ho
lds
has
bee
n s
ub
ject
of
stu
dy
in
man
y
rese
arch
es.
Nev
erth
eles
s, t
he
rela
tio
n b
etw
een
acc
essi
bil
ity
an
d r
esid
enti
al c
ho
ice
has
sh
ow
n t
o
be
har
d t
o v
erif
y e
mp
iric
ally
. S
uch
(em
pir
ical
) k
no
wle
dg
e, h
ow
ever
, ca
n h
elp
ad
dre
ss m
any
of
the
pro
ble
ms
that
urb
an r
egio
ns
are
faci
ng n
ow
aday
s, l
ike
the
(re-
)lo
cati
on o
f re
siden
tial
are
as
and
jo
bs,
th
e p
lan
nin
g o
f n
ew i
nfr
astr
uct
ure
and
pre
dic
tin
g t
he
amo
un
t o
f tr
affi
c g
ener
ated
by
co
mm
uti
ng
an
d l
eisu
re a
ctiv
itie
s.
Th
e fi
rst
par
t o
f th
is p
aper
giv
es a
n o
ver
vie
w o
f th
e li
tera
ture
on
res
iden
tial
ch
oic
e b
ehav
ior,
wit
h
an
emp
has
is
on
re
sear
ch
that
st
ud
ied
th
e re
lati
on
w
ith
acce
ssib
ilit
y.
In
the
seco
nd
hal
f a
theo
reti
cal
mo
del
fo
r re
sid
enti
al c
ho
ice
wil
l b
e p
rese
nte
d,
foll
ow
ed b
y t
he
esti
mat
ion
res
ult
s. T
he
mo
del
is
esti
mat
ed o
n r
evea
led
dat
a d
eriv
ed f
rom
th
e N
atio
nal
Ho
usi
ng
Su
rvey
, in
wh
ich
ov
er 7
5
tho
usa
nd
D
utc
h
ho
use
ho
lds
wer
e in
qu
ired
o
n
thei
r cu
rren
t an
d
pre
vio
us
ho
usi
ng
si
tuat
ion
. D
iffe
ren
t as
pec
ts o
f th
e re
sid
enti
al
cho
ice
dec
isio
n
are
inco
rpo
rate
d
in
the
mod
el,
lik
e th
e dw
elli
ng t
ype,
the
loca
tion o
f th
e dw
elli
ng
, th
e ch
arac
teri
stic
s of
the
hou
sehold
, an
d t
he
infl
uen
ce
of
acce
ssib
ilit
y.
Th
e re
sult
s sh
ow
th
at
so-c
alle
d
ind
ivid
ual
ac
cess
ibil
ity
m
easu
res,
li
ke
mig
rati
on
d
ista
nce
, co
mm
uti
ng
d
ista
nce
an
d
acce
ss
to
pu
bli
c tr
ansp
ort
fo
r h
ou
seh
old
s w
ith
ou
t a
car,
h
ave
a si
gn
ific
ant
infl
uen
ce o
n th
e re
sid
enti
al ch
oic
e b
ehav
ior
of
mo
st o
f th
e h
ou
seh
old
ty
pes
w
e co
nst
ruct
ed.
Nev
erth
eles
s, d
wel
lin
g c
har
acte
rist
ics
and
so
cial
nei
gh
bo
rho
od
qu
alit
ies
are
ver
y
infl
uen
tial
as
wel
l.
KE
YW
OR
DS
: R
esid
enti
al c
ho
ice,
ho
usi
ng
mar
ket
, ac
cess
ibil
ity
, d
iscr
ete
cho
ice.
2
1.
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
Th
e p
ast
dec
ade
maj
or
chan
ges
hav
e o
ccu
rred
in
th
e D
utc
h h
ou
sin
g m
ark
et,
bo
th i
n t
erm
s o
f th
e
dem
and
, q
uan
tita
tiv
e as
wel
l as
qu
alit
ativ
e, a
nd
th
e su
pp
ly s
ide
of
the
mar
ket
. T
he
new
dem
and
is m
ain
ly a
res
ult
of
dem
og
rap
hic
pro
cess
es:
ph
eno
men
a li
ke
agei
ng
of
the
popu
lati
on a
nd t
he
ind
ivid
ual
izat
ion
of
peo
ple
in
crea
sed
th
e d
eman
d f
or
mo
re (
smal
ler)
dw
elli
ng
s. F
urt
her
mo
re,
alte
red
co
mp
osi
tio
ns
of
ho
use
ho
lds
and
w
elfa
re
situ
atio
ns
lead
to
d
iffe
ren
t p
refe
ren
ces
for
ho
usi
ng
ty
pe
and
att
rib
ute
s. T
he
ho
usi
ng
su
pp
ly f
aces
dif
ficu
ltie
s to
mat
ch t
his
(n
ew)
dem
and
.
This
is
mai
nly
cau
sed b
y t
he
lack
of
avai
lable
lan
d i
n u
rban
ized
are
as a
nd
the
smal
l pro
fits
th
at
can
be
ach
iev
ed b
y b
uil
din
g f
irm
s. T
his
sit
uat
ion
is
also
ack
now
ledged
by t
he
Dutc
h g
ov
ern
men
t
(Min
iste
rie
van
Vo
lksh
uis
ves
tin
g, R
uim
teli
jke
Ord
enin
g e
n M
ilie
ub
ehee
r, 2
00
4).
Th
e ch
ang
ing
ho
usi
ng
mar
ket
in
crea
ses
the
nee
d f
or
a h
ou
seh
old
to
be
flex
ible
wh
en s
earc
hin
g
for
a d
wel
lin
g i
n t
erm
s o
f th
e lo
cati
on
and
th
e d
wel
lin
g t
yp
e. T
he
rela
tiv
ely
wel
l-d
evel
op
ed
tran
spo
rt s
yst
em i
n t
he
Net
her
lan
ds
is p
artl
y a
ble
to
fac
ilit
ate
this
fle
xib
ilit
y.
On
th
e o
ther
han
d,
incr
easi
ng c
onges
tion p
rob
lem
s or
the
abse
nce
of
good p
ubli
c tr
ansp
ort
may
mak
e a
loca
tion l
ess
attr
acti
ve
to s
ettl
e. T
he
cho
ice
to w
hic
h d
wel
ling
a h
ou
seh
old
fin
ally
rel
oca
tes
is d
eter
min
ed b
y
the
resi
den
tial
cho
ice
beh
avio
r.
Th
e re
sid
enti
al c
ho
ice
beh
avio
r is
an
im
po
rt i
ssu
e in
th
e h
ou
sin
g m
ark
et.
We
def
ine
this
beh
avio
r
as t
he
cho
ice
for
a d
wel
lin
g o
n a
lo
cati
on
by
a h
ou
seh
old
. W
e as
sum
e th
at t
his
beh
avio
r is
det
erm
ined
by
th
ree
typ
es o
f ch
arac
teri
stic
s, n
amel
y a
spec
ts o
f th
e d
wel
ling
, th
e lo
cati
on
of
the
dw
elli
ng
an
d t
he
ho
use
ho
ld t
hat
is
relo
cati
ng
. T
o u
nd
erst
and
th
e co
nse
qu
ence
s o
f ch
ang
es a
nd
(po
licy
) in
terf
eren
ce i
n t
he
hou
sing
mar
ket
, w
e n
eed
to
kno
w m
ore
of
this
beh
avio
r.
Th
is p
aper
des
crib
es t
he
resu
lts
of
an e
mp
iric
al m
od
el t
hat
ex
pla
ins
resi
den
tial
beh
avio
r. T
he
cen
tral
go
al o
f th
is p
aper
is
to r
evea
l th
e in
flu
ence
of
acce
ssib
ilit
y o
n r
esid
enti
al c
ho
ice
beh
avio
r,
wh
ile
con
tro
llin
g f
or
oth
er r
elo
cati
on
iss
ues
. In
this
stu
dy
we
def
ine
acce
ssib
ilit
y a
s th
e re
lati
ve
ease
th
at i
s ta
kes
to
rea
ch c
erta
in f
un
ctio
ns,
in
ter
ms
of
tim
e an
d/o
r m
on
ey (
Geu
rs &
Rit
sem
a v
an
Eck
, 2
00
1).
In
ord
er t
o d
o t
his
, w
e es
tim
ated
a d
iscr
ete
cho
ice
mo
del
on
rev
eale
d p
refe
ren
ce d
ata
(i.e
. a
larg
e su
rvey
on
ho
usi
ng
dem
and
in
th
e N
eth
erla
nd
s).
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3
Th
e n
oti
on
of
a ce
ntr
al r
ole
of
acce
ssib
ilit
y i
n r
esid
enti
al b
ehav
ior
is m
oti
vat
ed i
n t
he
seco
nd
par
agra
ph o
f th
is s
ecti
on.
Nev
erth
eles
s, a
s w
e w
ill
see
from
in t
he
lite
ratu
re r
evie
w,
acce
ssib
ilit
y
is n
ot
oft
en a
ver
y s
tron
g e
xp
lan
ato
ry v
aria
ble
in r
esid
enti
al c
ho
ice
mo
del
s, a
t le
ast
no
t in
ter
ms
of
clas
sica
l, m
ore
gen
eric
acc
essi
bil
ity
mea
sure
s, l
ike
the
nu
mb
er o
f in
hab
itan
ts o
r jo
bs
wit
hin
a
par
ticu
lar
amo
un
t o
f tr
avel
ti
me.
T
his
is
w
hy
w
e w
ant
to
focu
s o
n
so-c
alle
d
ind
ivid
ual
acce
ssib
ilit
y m
atte
rs,
wh
ich
co
mes
clo
ser
to t
he
actu
al h
ou
seh
old
’s p
erce
pti
on
of
acce
ssib
ilit
y,
nam
ely
th
e ea
se t
hat
(fr
equ
entl
y c
on
du
cted
) ac
tiv
itie
s ca
n b
e d
eplo
yed
.
2.
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
Nu
mer
ou
s m
eth
od
s h
ave
bee
n d
evel
op
ed a
nd
ap
pli
ed t
o d
eriv
e th
e d
eter
min
ing
fac
tors
of
the
resi
den
tial
ch
oic
e b
ehav
ior
of
ho
use
ho
lds.
Ev
en t
he
trad
itio
nal
mo
del
s, l
ike
Alo
nso
’s r
esid
enti
al
loca
tio
n m
od
el (
Alo
nso
, 1
96
4),
res
erv
e a
do
min
ant
pla
ce f
or
acce
ssib
ilit
y.
Th
at i
s, t
he
cho
ice
wh
ere
to s
ettl
e in
an
urb
an a
rea
was
det
erm
ined
by
th
e co
mb
inat
ion
of
inco
me,
the
cost
s fo
r
ho
usi
ng
an
d t
he
dis
tan
ce t
o e
mp
loy
men
t (l
oca
ted
in
th
e ce
ntr
al b
usi
nes
s d
istr
ict)
. S
ince
then
man
y v
arie
ties
hav
e b
een
mad
e o
n t
he
Alo
nso
’s w
ork
an
d i
t to
ok
un
til
the
mid
-sev
enti
es t
hat
rese
arch
ers
emp
loy
ed n
ew t
ech
niq
ues
fo
r th
is t
op
ic.
Th
e o
ver
vie
w t
hat
Cla
rk a
nd
van
Lie
rop
mad
e in
1986 g
ives
a g
ood
insi
ght
into
th
e b
est
pra
ctic
e
of
resi
den
tial
ch
oic
e m
od
elin
g a
t th
at t
ime.
Fro
m t
his
res
earc
h a
nd
sev
eral
oth
er p
ub
lica
tio
ns,
it
sho
ws
that
th
e m
ost
ap
pli
ed t
ech
niq
ues
are
th
e h
edo
nic
pri
ce m
eth
od
, w
hic
h c
alcu
late
s th
e ef
fect
of
ho
usi
ng
att
rib
ute
s o
n t
he
pri
ce p
aid
fo
r a
dw
elli
ng
, an
d t
he
ran
do
m u
tili
ty t
heo
ry.
Th
e la
tter
theo
ry i
s b
ased
on
th
e n
oti
on
th
at a
hu
man
is
try
ing
to
max
imiz
e it
s u
tili
ty w
hen
ch
oo
sin
g a
dw
elli
ng
. N
ext
the
chan
ce t
hat
an
alt
ern
ativ
e is
ch
ose
n f
rom
a s
et o
f al
tern
ativ
es c
an b
e d
eriv
ed
fro
m t
hes
e u
tili
ties
. C
lass
ical
ex
amp
les
of
the
appli
cati
on
of
the
hed
on
ic p
rice
met
hod
and
dis
cret
e ch
oic
e m
odel
ing i
n t
he
resi
den
tial
choic
e co
nte
xt
can
be
fou
nd
in
, re
spec
tiv
ely
, R
ose
n
(19
74
) an
d M
cFad
den
(1
97
8).
Mo
re r
ecen
t ex
amp
les
of
tech
niq
ues
fo
r re
sid
enti
al c
ho
ice
mo
del
ing
are
dis
cuss
ed i
n D
iele
man
(20
01
). I
n t
his
art
icle
he
des
crib
es t
he
new
ch
alle
ng
es i
n r
esid
enti
al c
ho
ice
mo
del
ing
an
d h
ow
they
ca
n
be
face
d.
He
exp
ects
a
lot
of
new
re
sear
ch
top
ics
lik
e jo
int
dec
isio
n
mak
ing
4
(Mo
lin
,19
99
) an
d d
ecis
ion
s w
hen
th
e p
refe
rred
dw
elli
ng i
s not
read
ily a
vai
lable
(G
ärli
ng
and
Fri
man
, 2
00
1).
Ho
wev
er,
Die
lem
an s
tres
ses
that
th
e fr
on
tier
in
th
e re
sear
ch f
ield
of
resi
den
tial
relo
cati
on
see
ms
to l
ie i
n h
ow
cir
cum
stan
ces
in l
oca
l an
d n
atio
nal
ho
usi
ng
mar
ket
s af
fect
th
e
dec
isio
n m
akin
g a
nd
wh
eth
er c
han
ges
over
spac
e an
d t
ime
infl
uen
ce t
he
cho
ice
beh
avio
r. F
or
this
la
st
sub
ject
, lo
ng
itu
din
al
stu
die
s in
to
the
housi
ng
care
ers
of
peo
ple
co
uld
giv
e new
,
inte
rest
ing
in
sig
hts
, li
ke
Fei
jten
has
sh
ow
n i
n h
er d
isse
rtat
ion
(F
eijt
en, 2
00
5)
.
Fo
r th
is r
esea
rch
we
hav
e ch
ose
n t
o u
se t
he
dis
cret
e ch
oic
e m
eth
od
, si
nce
it
has
pro
ven
to
be
a
sou
nd
app
roac
h t
o i
nv
esti
gat
e w
hic
h a
ttri
bu
tes
hav
e a
sig
nif
ican
t in
flu
ence
on
th
e re
sid
enti
al
cho
ice
beh
avio
r, e
ven
co
mp
ared
wit
h o
ther
met
ho
ds
(Cla
rk e
n v
an L
iero
p (
19
86
); F
oll
ain
and
Jim
enez
(1
98
4))
. H
ow
ever
, th
e fi
nal
dec
isio
n t
o c
arry
ou
t th
is r
esea
rch
wit
h d
iscr
ete
cho
ice
mo
del
ing
is
bas
ed o
n t
wo
iss
ues
: d
ata
avai
lab
ilit
y a
nd
th
e p
refe
rred
dis
agg
reg
ated
lev
el o
f d
etai
l.
The
firs
t is
sue
wil
l b
e cl
arif
ied i
n c
hap
ter
4:
“Dat
a u
sed”.
Th
e se
cond i
ssu
e is
suppo
rt b
y M
ille
r
et a
l. (
20
04
), w
her
e th
e au
tho
rs s
tres
s o
ut
that
dis
cret
e ch
oic
e m
od
elin
g c
an b
e ap
pli
ed t
o s
tudy
the
effe
ct o
f th
e ch
oic
e m
aker
’s c
har
acte
rist
ics
on
a m
icro
lev
el.
Th
is g
ives
us
the
po
ssib
ilit
y t
o
stu
dy
th
e ro
le o
f in
div
idu
al a
cces
sib
ilit
y m
easu
res
in t
he
ho
use
ho
ld’s
rel
oca
tio
n d
ecis
ion
. T
he
nex
t p
arag
rap
hs
dis
cuss
th
e re
sult
s o
f p
rev
iou
s re
sear
ch o
n d
iscr
ete
cho
ice
mo
del
s fo
r re
sid
enti
al
choic
e lo
cati
on
.
2.1
.R
esid
enti
al
cho
ice
mo
del
ing
wit
h d
iscr
ete
cho
ice
Th
is s
ecti
on
dis
cuss
es s
om
e o
f th
e o
utc
om
es o
f re
sid
enti
al c
ho
ice
mo
del
s, c
arri
ed o
ut
wit
h
dis
cret
e ch
oic
e m
od
els.
Sin
ce t
hes
e m
od
els
all
hav
e th
e sa
me
theo
reti
cal
bac
kg
roun
d,
we
do n
ot
mak
e a
dis
tin
ctio
n
bet
wee
n
the
dif
fere
nt
mo
del
ing
te
chn
iqu
es
that
w
ere
app
lied
, li
ke
Mu
ltin
om
ial
Lo
git
, N
este
d l
og
it o
r P
rob
it.
Fo
r a
met
ho
do
log
ical
des
crip
tio
n o
f th
ese
met
ho
ds
we
refe
r to
Tra
in (
2003).
Ho
usi
ng
typ
e a
ttri
bu
tes
Man
y
rese
arch
es
stud
ied
th
e ch
oic
e o
f m
erel
y
the
typ
e o
f dw
elli
ng
, dis
reg
ard
ing
it
s
nei
ghbo
rhood
an
d
loca
tion
(Bö
rsch
-Sup
an
(1987
),
Rouw
endal
(1
989)
and
Tiw
ari,
P
.an
d
Has
egaw
a, H
. (2
00
4))
. T
he
ou
tco
mes
of
thes
e re
sear
ches
are
rea
son
able
an
d q
uit
e si
mil
ar:
larg
er
fam
ilie
s pre
fer
mo
re b
edro
om
s, w
hil
e th
e in
com
e of
the
house
hold
det
erm
ines
the
type
of
tenure
and
(m
on
thly
) h
ou
sin
g c
ost
s.
![Page 5: Spatial part-6](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55838349d8b42a88578b524d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Nei
gh
bo
rho
od
att
rib
ute
s
In o
ther
stu
die
s th
e ch
arac
teri
stic
s o
f th
e n
eig
hb
orh
oo
d a
re i
nco
rpo
rate
d.
This
can
be
do
ne
as a
du
mm
y-v
aria
ble
fo
r a
cert
ain
ar
ea
(Dökm
eci,
V
. an
d
L.
Ber
köz
(1999))
, but
also
w
ith
char
acte
rist
ics
of
the
nei
ghborh
ood.
So
cial
-eco
no
mic
asp
ects
of
the
nei
gh
bo
rho
od
lik
e av
erag
e
inco
me,
lo
cal
exp
end
itu
res
for
edu
cati
on
, ra
cial
ly e
qu
ival
ence
wit
h i
nh
abit
ants
and
cri
me
rate
seem
to
be
a good e
xpla
nat
ory
var
iab
le (
Bo
ehm
, 1982;
Quig
ley
, 1985;
Co
lum
bin
o, 2
00
1).
Acc
essi
bil
ity
att
rib
ute
s
Th
e ro
le o
f “g
ener
al”
acce
ssib
ilit
y,
lik
e th
e m
ass
of
labo
ur,
peo
ple
or
serv
ices
wit
hin
30
min
ute
s,
seem
s d
iffi
cult
to
q
uan
tify
in
re
siden
tial
ch
oic
e m
od
els.
(M
oli
n
and
T
imm
erm
ans,
2003
).
Wad
del
l (1
99
6)
even
fin
ds
a n
egat
ive,
or
in o
ther
cas
es i
nsi
gn
ific
ant
rela
tio
n b
etw
een
res
iden
tial
loca
tion
cho
ice
and
acc
essi
bil
ity
of
job
s an
d i
nhab
itan
ts.
Th
is i
s pro
bab
ly d
ue
to t
he
fact
th
at i
n
this
cas
e th
ese
mea
sure
s in
dic
ate
mo
re o
r le
ss t
o t
he
pre
fere
nce
fo
r th
e am
oun
t o
f u
rban
ism
or
urb
an d
ensi
ty.
Sro
ur
et a
l. (
20
02
) o
bse
rve
a p
osi
tiv
e in
flu
ence
of
a (l
og
sum
) ac
cess
ibil
ity
of
job
s
on
res
iden
tial
lo
cati
on
ch
oic
e, a
lth
ou
gh
th
ey h
ave
on
ly i
nco
rpo
rate
d a
cces
sib
ilit
y m
easu
res,
so
no
thin
g c
an b
e sa
id a
bout
sub
stit
uti
on
eff
ects
wit
h o
ther
res
iden
tial
cho
ice
fact
ors
.
On
th
e o
ther
h
and
, co
mm
uti
ng
d
ista
nce
is
o
bse
rved
se
ver
al
tim
es
as
an
infl
uen
tial
fa
cto
r
(Wei
sbro
d e
.a.,
19
80
; Q
uig
ley
, 1985;
Ever
s, 1990
; M
oli
n an
d T
imm
erm
ans,
2003),
al
so in
com
bin
atio
n w
ith
th
e av
aila
bil
ity
of
pu
bli
c tr
ansp
ort
(O
rtu
zar,
20
00
). R
ecen
tly
, n
ew i
nsi
gh
ts l
ook
mo
re a
t a
house
hold
’s i
ndiv
idu
al s
ituat
ion,
by
tak
ing a
long p
erso
nal
, sp
atia
l re
lati
ons
(e.g
. w
ork
loca
tio
n,
po
siti
on
of
the
kid
s’ s
chool)
an
d h
ow
thes
e re
late
to d
aily
act
ivit
y p
atte
rns
and
lo
ng
-
term
lo
cati
on
ch
oic
es (
Ax
hau
sen
e.a
., 2
00
1).
2.2
.C
on
clu
sio
ns
Th
e li
tera
ture
ex
amin
ed s
ho
ws
that
th
e in
flu
ence
of
acce
ssib
ilit
y o
n r
esid
enti
al c
ho
ice
beh
avio
r is
no
t ea
sy
to
gra
sp.
Mo
reo
ver
, it
se
ems
that
d
wel
lin
g
attr
ibu
tes
and
th
e so
cial
st
atu
s o
f a
nei
gh
bo
rho
od
hav
e (f
ar)
mo
re i
nfl
uen
ce o
n t
he
relo
cati
on
dec
isio
n.
Nev
erth
eles
s, t
he
pro
spec
t o
f
(new
) d
irec
tio
ns
into
a m
ore
in
div
idu
al a
pp
roac
h o
f ac
cess
ibil
ity
, li
ke
com
mu
tin
g d
ista
nce
or
dis
tan
ce t
o f
req
uen
tly
vis
ited
lo
cati
on
s, s
eem
to
ad
d n
ew p
ersp
ecti
ves
to t
he
rese
arch
fie
ld.
We
wil
l u
se
this
kno
wle
dge
in
the
nex
t ch
apte
r, w
hen
w
e fo
rmu
late
th
e th
eore
tica
l m
od
el
for
resi
den
tial
ch
oic
e.
6
3.
TH
EO
RE
TIC
AL
MO
DE
L F
OR
RE
SID
EN
TIA
L C
HO
ICE
We
hav
e d
esig
ned
a t
heo
reti
cal
mod
el t
o e
stim
ate
the
effe
ct o
f ac
cess
ibil
ity
on
res
iden
tial
ch
oic
e
beh
avio
r b
y h
ou
seh
old
s. T
he
mo
del
is
rou
gh
ly b
ased
on
th
e o
ne
pre
sen
ted
by
Bro
wn
an
d M
oo
re
in 1
97
0.
Th
is c
ho
ice
beh
avio
r is
par
t o
f a
big
ger
mig
rati
on
pro
cess
, w
hic
h c
on
sist
s o
f th
ree
step
s:
resi
den
tial
mo
bil
ity
, re
sid
enti
al s
earc
h a
nd
res
iden
tial
ch
oic
e. O
ur
focu
s, h
ow
ever
, is
on
th
e la
st
two
ste
ps.
Th
e th
eore
tica
l m
od
el w
e u
sed
fo
r th
is r
esea
rch
is
dep
icte
d i
n f
igu
re 1
and
des
crib
ed i
n
this
ch
apte
r. F
irst
we
wil
l cl
arif
y t
he
tota
l m
igra
tio
n p
roce
ss.
Res
iden
tial
mo
bil
ity
is
def
ined
as
the
dec
isio
n w
hen
an
d o
n w
hic
h g
rou
nd
s to
mo
ve.
Th
e ch
oic
e
wh
eth
er t
o m
igra
te i
s m
ost
ly c
ause
d b
y d
emog
rap
hic
rea
son
s o
r h
ou
seh
old
in
tern
al p
roce
sses
th
at
occ
ur
in t
he
life
-cy
cle
of
a h
ou
sehold
(C
lark
and
Die
lem
an,
1996
). S
ince
this
ty
pe
of
relo
cati
on
mo
stly
cau
sed
by
dis
sati
sfac
tio
n w
ith
th
e cu
rren
t d
wel
lin
g o
r th
e (l
oca
l) l
ivin
g e
nv
iro
nm
ent,
th
e
mig
rati
on
dis
tan
ce i
s o
ften
ver
y s
mal
l: a
ccord
ing
to
ou
r su
rvey
, 80
% o
f th
ese
relo
cati
on
s ar
e
mad
e w
ithin
10
km
.
Th
ere
is a
lso
a s
tro
ng
rel
atio
n b
etw
een
the
ho
usi
ng
car
eer
and
oth
er t
yp
es o
f ev
ents
in
th
e li
fe o
f
a h
ou
seh
old
or
per
son
. T
hes
e ar
e as
soci
ated
wit
h h
ou
seh
old
fo
rmat
ion
an
d d
isso
luti
on
an
d t
he
edu
cati
on
al a
nd j
ob
car
eer.
Th
ese
relo
cati
on
s o
ften
yie
ld a
lo
ng
er m
igra
tion
dis
tan
ce,
sin
ce t
he
ho
use
ho
ld w
ants
to
dec
reas
e it
s (n
ew)
com
mu
tin
g d
ista
nce
or
mo
ve
tow
ard
s o
r fr
om
a c
erta
in
ho
use
ho
ld s
itu
atio
n (
Mu
lder
an
d H
oo
imei
jer,
19
99
).
Wh
en
the
hou
sehold
h
as
a p
rop
ensi
ty
to
mo
ve,
it
st
arts
se
arch
ing
fo
r su
itab
le,
alte
rnat
ive
loca
tion
s to
fo
rm a
ch
oic
e se
t. T
he
form
atio
n o
f th
e ch
oic
e se
t is
bas
ed o
n t
he
awar
enes
s o
f
spac
e, w
hic
h i
s a
resu
lt o
f th
e h
ou
seh
old
’s i
nfo
rmat
ion
on
th
e cu
rren
t h
ou
sin
g s
up
ply
by
dif
fere
nt
med
ia,
a re
al-e
stat
e ag
enci
es o
r o
wn
sou
rces
(B
row
n a
nd
Mo
ore
, 1
97
0).
Oth
er a
spec
ts o
f th
e
resi
den
tial
cho
ice,
lik
e dw
elli
ng
pri
ce a
nd
siz
e, c
an r
estr
ict
the
cho
ice
set
as w
ell.
Lat
er o
n i
n t
his
pap
er w
e w
ill
sho
w h
ow
we
gen
erat
ed t
he
cho
ice
set
for
this
res
earc
h.
Fin
ally
, w
hen
th
e ch
oic
e
set
has
bee
n c
om
po
sed
, th
e h
ou
seh
old
mak
es a
sel
ecti
on
bas
ed o
n u
tili
ty m
axim
izat
ion
. T
he
theo
reti
c b
ack
gro
un
d b
ehin
d t
his
is
dis
cuss
ed i
n t
he
nex
t se
ctio
n.
![Page 6: Spatial part-6](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55838349d8b42a88578b524d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
7
Ho
useh
old
Dw
elli
ng
House
hold
chara
cters
tics
- educa
tion le
vel h
ead
- si
ze (
# m
em
bers
)-
soci
al-eco
nom
ic s
tate
- lo
catio
ns
of act
iviti
es
mem
bers
(work
, sc
hool,
leis
ure
)
Ava
ilable
alte
rnativ
es:
Phys
ical:
- s
ize (
# r
oom
s) -
housi
ng c
ost
s -
dw
elli
ng typ
e -
tenure
Loca
tion:
- s
oci
al-eco
nom
ic s
tate
- a
ccess
ibili
ty -
build
ing s
tyle
Searc
h p
roce
ss:
Choic
e s
et C
j
Util
ity funct
ion U
:util
ity for
all
alte
rnativ
es
inch
oic
e s
et C
j
Res
iden
tial
choi
ce: P
Cj(i
)
additi
on
house
hold
typolo
gy
Incl
ined
to m
ove
Fig
ure
1:
Sch
eme
of
theo
reti
cal
model
3.1
.R
esid
enti
al
cho
ice
Th
e ch
oic
e fo
r a
dw
elli
ng
fro
m a
set
of
alte
rnat
ives
is
a co
nd
itio
nal
dec
isio
n w
hic
h w
ill
be
mo
del
ed i
n t
he
form
of
an m
ult
ino
mia
l lo
git
(M
NL
) m
od
el,
bas
ed o
n r
and
om
uti
lity
th
eory
(McF
add
en,
19
74
). A
cco
rdin
g t
o t
his
th
eory
we
assu
me
that
a h
ou
seh
old
att
ach
es a
uti
lity
to
each
al
tern
ativ
e in
a
sub
set
of
alte
rnat
ive
loca
tion
s th
at
are
consi
der
ed.
Sub
sequ
entl
y,
the
dw
elli
ng
wit
h t
he
larg
est
uti
lity
als
o r
ecei
ves
the
larg
est
chan
ce t
o b
e ch
ose
n.
Th
e u
tili
ty o
f
dw
elli
ng
i i
s co
mpose
d o
f an
ob
serv
ed a
nd a
ran
dom
, u
nobse
rved
par
t:
8
ii
iV
U
Eq
uat
ion
1
wit
h:
Ui
: th
e u
tili
ty o
f lo
cati
on
i
Vi
:
the
ob
serv
ed u
tili
ty o
f lo
cati
on
i
i :
th
e ra
nd
om
, u
no
bse
rved
uti
lity
of
loca
tio
n i
µ
:
mo
del
sp
ecif
ic s
cale
fac
tor
If w
e as
sum
e th
at t
he
ran
do
m c
om
po
nen
t o
f u
tili
ty i
s G
um
bel
dis
trib
ute
d,
it c
an b
e d
isca
rded
fro
m
the
pro
bab
ilit
y
fun
ctio
n
(McF
add
en,
19
74
).
Th
e re
mai
nin
g
mu
ltin
om
ial
log
it
mo
del
des
crib
es t
he
pro
bab
ilit
y t
hat
ho
use
ho
ld j
cho
ose
s d
wel
lin
g i
fro
m a
su
bse
t C
i wit
h K
alt
ern
ativ
e
dw
elli
ng
s:
j
k
i
j
ck
V
V
Ce
ei
P)
(
E
qu
atio
n 2
The
obse
rved
uti
lity
funct
ion i
n t
he
pre
sente
d m
od
el h
as t
he
form
of
a li
nea
r ad
dit
ive
uti
lity
funct
ion
(eq
uat
ion
3).
For
each
house
hold
ty
pe
a se
par
ate
cho
ice
mo
del
has
bee
n e
stim
ated
.
N nn
in
ix
V1
E
qu
atio
n 3
Wit
h:
n
: u
tili
ty c
oef
fici
ent
of
attr
ibu
te n
xn
i :
gen
eric
att
rib
ute
m f
or
loca
tio
n j
Th
e at
trib
ute
s in
th
e u
tili
ty f
un
ctio
n r
efle
ct v
ario
us
asp
ects
th
at c
on
trib
ute
to
th
e u
tili
ty o
f a
dw
elli
ng
fo
r hou
seho
ld.
Th
ese
con
sist
o
f,
abo
ve
all,
ac
cess
ibil
ity
m
easu
res,
bu
t al
so
of
![Page 7: Spatial part-6](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55838349d8b42a88578b524d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
9
char
acte
rist
ics
of
the
dw
elli
ng
an
d i
ts n
eig
hb
orh
oo
d. A
mo
re d
etai
led
des
crip
tio
n o
f th
e at
trib
ute
s
use
d i
n t
his
mo
del
wil
l b
e g
iven
lat
er o
n.
3.2
.H
ou
seh
old
ty
polo
gy
In o
ur
sear
ch f
or
adeq
uat
e h
ou
seh
old
ty
pes
, w
e p
erfo
rmed
a s
ensi
tiv
ity
an
aly
sis
on
th
e m
igra
ted
ho
use
ho
lds’
ch
arac
teri
stic
s an
d t
he
attr
ibu
tes
of
the
cho
sen
dw
elli
ng
. It
app
eare
d t
hat
th
e n
um
ber
of
per
son
s, t
he
edu
cati
on
lev
el o
f th
e h
ead
1 o
f th
e h
ou
seh
old
, th
e ag
e o
f th
e h
ead
an
d t
he
mig
rati
on
rea
son
wer
e th
e m
ost
dis
tin
ctiv
e d
imen
sio
ns.
Th
e m
ost
im
po
rtan
t ar
e su
mm
ed u
p a
nd
mo
tiv
ated
bel
ow
:
-H
ou
seh
old
siz
e: I
t tu
rned
ou
t th
at t
he
nu
mb
er o
f h
ou
seh
old
mem
ber
s n
ot
on
ly d
eter
min
es
the
choic
e fo
r d
wel
ling
ty
pe
and s
ize,
bu
t al
so t
he
cho
ice
of
nei
ghb
orh
ood
. In
co
mp
aris
on
wit
h s
ingle
s, f
amil
ies
(esp
ecia
lly
wit
h c
hil
dre
n)
mo
ve
mo
re f
requ
entl
y t
o q
uie
ter
and
mo
re s
pac
iou
s n
eig
hb
orh
oo
ds
(Fae
ssen
, 2
00
2).
-E
du
cati
on o
f th
e hea
d:
Alt
hough t
his
hou
seho
ld c
har
acte
rist
ic i
s ver
y c
lose
ly c
orr
elat
ed
wit
h t
he
inco
me
of
the
ho
use
ho
ld,
edu
cati
on
see
ms
mo
re d
iscr
imin
atin
g t
han
in
com
e in
term
s o
f th
e d
ista
nce
s to
mig
rati
on
, w
ork
pla
ce,
and
urb
an c
ente
rs.
Th
e la
tter
can
be
expla
ined
by
the
inte
rest
fo
r ar
eas
wit
h
cult
ura
l,
recr
eati
onal
an
d
reta
il
serv
ices
.
Ano
ther
re
ason to
pre
fer
educa
tion
to
in
com
e is
th
at due
to p
rivac
y m
atte
rs su
rvey
qu
esti
on
s re
gar
din
g
inco
me
are
oft
en
no
t or
inco
rrec
tly
an
swer
ed.
Of
cou
rse,
in
com
e is
sti
ll a
gu
idin
g m
atte
r fo
r th
e ch
oic
e o
f te
nu
re a
nd
ho
usi
ng
co
sts.
We
pla
n t
o e
nte
r th
is i
n t
he
mo
del
wit
h i
nte
ract
ion
var
iab
les.
-A
ge
of
hea
d:
Esp
ecia
lly
eld
erly
(~
peo
ple
ag
ed o
ver
60
yea
rs)
sho
w a
dif
fere
nt
cho
ice
beh
avio
r in
ter
ms
of
dw
elli
ng
ty
pe
and
nei
gh
bo
rho
od
. M
ore
ov
er,
they
hav
e sp
ecia
l n
eed
s
for
serv
ices
(hea
lthca
re)
and p
ubli
c tr
ansp
ort
.
-W
ork
in
stig
ated
mig
rati
on
s: M
igra
tio
ns
mad
e d
ue
to w
ork
rea
son
s ar
e a
sub
ject
of
thei
r
ow
n.
Res
earc
h s
ho
wed
th
at a
ho
use
ho
ld t
hat
mig
rate
s fo
r w
ork
rea
son
s u
nd
erta
ke
a la
rge
mig
rati
on
dis
tan
ce t
o d
ecre
ase
its
com
mu
tin
g d
ista
nce
(M
uld
er &
Ho
oim
eije
r, 1
99
9).
Fu
rth
erm
ore
, th
e fi
rst
mo
ve
is
mad
e p
rim
ary
to
li
ve
clo
ser
to
the
wo
rkp
lace
: o
ther
attr
ibute
s se
em o
f le
sser
im
po
rtan
ce.
In a
fo
llo
w-u
p r
elo
cati
on
, w
hic
h i
s o
ften
mad
e
1 T
he
hea
d o
f a
house
ho
ld i
s def
ined
as
the
per
son w
ith t
he
hig
hes
t m
onth
ly n
et i
nco
me,
reg
ardle
ss o
f gen
der
and
age.
10
rela
tivel
y s
ho
rtly
aft
er t
he
firs
t one,
the
house
hold
has
mo
re i
nfo
rmat
ion
on
its
new
liv
ing
env
iro
nm
ent
and
is
able
to
sea
rch
bet
ter
for
a d
wel
lin
g a
nd
a n
eig
hb
orh
oo
d w
ith
mo
re
uti
lity
.
Th
ese
dis
tin
ctiv
e h
ou
seh
old
ch
arac
teri
stic
s le
ad t
o t
he
foll
ow
ing
ho
use
ho
ld t
yp
olo
gy
:
Hou
seho
ld t
ype
Des
crip
tio
n
1L
S
ing
le h
ou
seh
old
, lo
w e
du
cate
d (
low
er t
han
co
lleg
e d
egre
e)
1H
S
ing
le h
ou
seh
old
, h
igh
ly e
du
cate
d (
coll
ege
deg
ree
or
hig
her
) 2
+L
H
ou
seh
old
wit
h t
wo
or
mo
re p
erso
ns,
wit
h a
lo
w e
du
cate
d h
ead
.
2+
H
Hou
seh
old
wit
h t
wo
or
mo
re p
erso
ns,
wit
h a
hig
h e
du
cate
d h
ead
.
60
+
Hou
seh
old
wit
h a
hea
d w
ith
ag
e 6
0 y
ears
or
old
er
WO
RK
H
ou
seh
old
s w
ho
se m
igra
tio
n i
s w
ork
-rel
ated
3.3
.C
hoic
e se
t g
ener
ati
on
Idea
lly
, w
e w
ant
to e
stim
ate
the
cho
ice
beh
avio
r o
n t
he
actu
al,
reg
ard
ed c
ho
ice
set
of
alte
rnat
ive
dw
elli
ng
s. H
ow
ever
, th
is i
nfo
rmat
ion
is
alm
ost
nev
er a
vai
lab
le i
n r
evea
led
dat
a se
ts.
Th
is i
s w
hy
we
hav
e ch
ose
n t
o g
ener
ate
a sy
stem
atic
ch
oic
e se
t. T
his
ch
oic
e se
t is
a r
and
om
sam
ple
tak
en
form
th
e fu
ll s
et o
f av
aila
ble
alt
ern
ativ
es i
n t
he
per
iod
of
mig
rati
on
. W
e u
se a
sam
ple
bec
ause
th
e
full
set
wou
ld b
e to
o l
arg
e to
est
imat
e th
e m
od
el o
n,
sin
ce w
e w
ork
on
th
e lo
wes
t le
vel
of
det
ail,
nam
ely
(physi
cal)
dw
elli
ngs
on
a l
oca
tion
. A
fu
ll s
et i
n t
his
cas
e w
ould
mea
n t
hou
sands
of
alte
rnat
ives
, w
hic
h m
akes
it
imp
ract
ical
(an
d i
llo
gic
al)
to a
pp
ly.
Ho
wev
er,
McF
add
en (
19
78
) h
as
pro
ven
in
his
est
imat
ion
of
a d
iscr
ete
mo
del
fo
r re
sid
enti
al c
ho
ice
that
a r
and
om
sam
ple
dra
wn
fro
m t
he
full
set
of
avai
lab
le a
lter
nat
ives
yie
lds
con
sist
ent
esti
mat
es.
Th
e ch
oic
e se
ts f
or
each
ho
use
ho
ld i
s g
ener
ated
acc
ord
ing
to
th
e ap
pro
ach
wh
ich
is
oft
en u
sed
in
rou
te c
ho
ice
mo
del
ing
an
d d
escr
ibed
by
Bo
vy a
nd
Ste
rn (
1990).
T
hey
des
crib
e a
step
wis
e
form
ula
tio
n o
f su
bse
ts:
-S
et o
f ex
isti
ng
alt
ern
ativ
es:
all
exis
tin
g d
wel
lin
gs
in t
he
Net
her
lan
ds.
-S
et o
f av
aila
ble
alt
ern
ativ
es:
alte
rnat
ives
th
at w
ere
avai
lab
le i
n t
he
per
iod o
f m
igra
tion.
-S
et o
f fe
asib
le a
lter
nat
ives
: al
l av
aila
ble
dw
elli
ng
s in
a c
on
stru
cted
sea
rch
are
a. S
ince
mig
rati
on an
d co
mm
uti
ng
dis
tan
ce ar
e do
min
ant
aspec
ts in
th
e se
arch
b
ehav
ior,
w
e
con
stru
cted
a s
earc
h a
rea
for
each
ho
use
ho
ld t
yp
e ar
ound
thes
e lo
cati
ons.
Fro
m t
his
are
a
![Page 8: Spatial part-6](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55838349d8b42a88578b524d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
11
a ra
nd
om
set
of
alte
rnat
ives
can
be
dra
wn
to
form
a c
ho
ice
set.
Th
e se
arch
are
a is
dep
icte
d
in
fig
ure
2
, th
e m
easu
res
of
the
area
fo
r ea
ch
ho
use
ho
ld
typ
e in
ta
ble
6
.
Ex
plo
rati
on
of
the
mig
rati
on
dat
a sh
ow
ed t
hat
all
ho
use
ho
ld t
yp
es o
ccu
r in
all
dw
elli
ng
typ
es s
o w
e d
id n
ot
hav
e to
mak
e a
dis
tin
ctio
n i
n d
wel
lin
g c
har
acte
rist
ics,
lik
e co
sts
or
size
, in
gen
erat
ing
th
e ch
oic
e se
t.
-C
ho
ice
set:
th
e ch
ose
n a
lter
nat
ive
and
59
oth
er a
lter
nat
ive
dw
elli
ng
s, w
hic
h a
re d
raw
n
ran
do
mly
fro
m t
he
sear
ch a
rea.
The
(rel
ativ
ely
) la
rge
nu
mb
er o
f al
tern
ativ
es i
s ch
ose
n
bec
ause
it
imp
rov
es t
he
per
form
ance
of
the
mo
del
, in
ter
ms
of
signif
ican
ce l
evel
s of
the
par
amet
ers,
wit
hout
over
load
ing t
he
esti
mat
ion s
oft
war
e.
Wo
rkp
lace
he
ad
Old
dw
elli
ng
dm
ax
dm
ax
95
%
Fig
ure
2:
Con
stru
ctio
n o
f se
arch
are
a
Sin
gle
, lo
w
edu
cate
dS
ingle
, h
igh
ed
uca
ted
Tw
o +
, lo
w
edu
cate
dT
wo
+,
hig
h
edu
cate
d6
0+
yrs
W
ork
in
stig
.d
max
95%
40
km
4
0 k
m30
km
40
km
70
km
7
0 k
m
4.
DA
TA
US
ED
Th
e re
sid
enti
al c
ho
ice
mo
del
is
esti
mat
ed o
n r
evea
led
dat
a fr
om
th
e H
ou
sin
g D
eman
d S
urv
ey (
in
Du
tch
: H
et
Wo
nin
gb
eho
efte
O
nd
erzo
ek
(WB
O);
M
inis
teri
e v
an
Ru
imte
lijk
e O
rden
ing
an
d
Min
iste
rie
van
Vo
lksh
uis
ves
tin
g,
Ruim
teli
jke
Ord
enin
g e
n M
ilie
ub
ehee
r (2
00
3))
. T
his
is
a la
rge
surv
ey h
eld
un
der
ap
pro
xim
atel
y 7
5,0
00
ho
use
ho
lds.
Ab
ou
t 1
1,0
00
mig
rate
d h
ou
seh
old
s w
ere
der
ived
fro
m t
his
su
rvey
, p
rov
idin
g i
nfo
rmat
ion
on
the
new
and
pre
vio
us
dw
elli
ng
type
and
resi
den
tial
lo
cati
on
. W
e h
ave
on
ly i
nfo
rmat
ion
on
th
e m
igra
tio
n b
etw
een
20
00
an
d 2
00
2.
Th
e
12
lev
el o
f d
etai
l o
f re
sid
enti
al l
oca
tio
n a
re 4
-dig
it p
ost
al z
on
es,
wh
ich
hav
e an
av
erag
e si
ze o
f n
ine
squ
are
kil
om
eter
s, v
ary
ing
fro
m a
few
sq
uar
e k
ilo
met
ers
in u
rban
ized
are
as t
o 1
00
km
2 i
n r
ura
l
env
iro
nm
ents
. T
his
rel
ativ
ely
lo
w l
evel
of
spat
ial
det
ail
giv
es t
he
po
ssib
ilit
y t
o a
dd
det
aile
d d
ata
to t
he
mig
rati
on
, li
ke
acce
ssib
ilit
y m
easu
res,
so
cial
-eco
no
mic
sta
tus
and
gen
eral
nei
gh
bo
rho
od
char
acte
rist
ics.
Th
e ac
cess
ibil
ity
mea
sure
s u
sed
in
th
e m
od
el c
an b
e d
ivid
ed i
nto
tw
o g
rou
ps:
tra
vel
tim
es a
nd
the
acce
ssib
ilit
y o
f lo
cati
ons.
Th
e tr
avel
tim
es a
re d
eriv
ed f
rom
th
e N
atio
nal
Model
Sy
stem
(in
Du
tch
: L
and
elij
k M
od
el S
yst
em,
LM
S)
and
are
use
d t
o a
dd
mig
rati
on
an
d c
om
mu
tin
g d
ista
nce
to
the
relo
cati
ons.
Th
e se
cond
gro
up
of
mea
sure
s pro
vid
es i
nfo
rmat
ion
on
th
e lo
cal
acce
ssib
ilit
y
situ
atio
n,
lik
e th
e d
ista
nce
to
rai
lway
sta
tio
ns,
hig
hw
ay o
n-r
amp
s an
d t
he
qu
alit
y o
f p
ub
lic
tran
spo
rt.
Th
e la
tter
is
a sc
ore
bet
wee
n m
inu
s an
d p
lus
on
e, r
epre
sen
tin
g t
he
avai
lab
ilit
y o
f p
ub
lic
tran
spo
rt.
As
we
cou
ld s
ee i
n t
he
lite
ratu
re r
evie
w,
the
soci
al-e
con
om
ical
sta
te o
f a
nei
gh
bo
rho
od
is
also
an
imp
ort
ant
exp
lan
ato
ry f
acto
r in
res
iden
tial
ch
oic
e.
We
hav
e g
ath
ered
dat
a o
n s
oci
al e
con
om
ic
issu
es
fro
m
sev
eral
so
urc
es.
The
So
cial
an
d
Cu
ltura
l P
lan
nin
g
Off
ice
of
the
Net
her
land
s
calc
ula
ted
a s
oci
al s
tatu
s sc
ore
. T
his
fac
tor
sco
re v
arie
s b
etw
een
min
us
3 a
nd
plu
s 6
an
d i
s a
com
bin
atio
n o
f ed
uca
tio
n l
evel
, em
plo
ym
ent,
in
com
e si
tuat
ion
and
cri
me
rate
of
a n
eig
hb
orh
oo
d
(fo
r a
des
crip
tion, se
e: (
SC
P,
1998))
.
Co
nce
rnin
g t
he
per
cen
tag
e o
f n
on
-wes
tern
fo
reig
ner
s in
a n
eig
hb
orh
oo
d,
we
had
to
co
nst
ruct
a
mea
sure
du
e to
th
e h
igh
co
rrel
atio
n b
etw
een
th
e “p
lain
“ p
erce
nta
ge
and
th
e h
ou
sin
g d
ensi
ty.
Th
is
is t
he
dif
fere
nce
bet
wee
n t
he
actu
al p
erce
nta
ge
and
the
“ex
pec
ted
” p
erce
nta
ge
of
no
n-w
este
rn
fore
ign
ers
per
den
sity
cla
ss (
i.e.
th
e m
edia
n o
f th
e p
erce
nta
ges
). I
n p
ract
ice
this
mea
ns
that
sco
res
aro
un
d z
ero
(i.
e. n
o d
iffe
ren
ce)
ind
icat
e a
per
cen
tag
e o
f fo
reig
ner
s, w
hic
h i
s cl
ose
to
th
e ex
pec
ted
val
ue
for
a nei
ghbo
rhood
wit
h t
hat
den
sity
.
Fin
ally
, th
e L
ivin
g E
nv
iro
nm
ent
Dat
abas
e p
rovid
es u
s gen
eral
nei
ghborh
ood
ch
arac
teri
stic
s li
ke
the
do
min
atin
g b
uil
din
g a
rea,
th
e p
erce
nta
ge
of
sin
gle
-fam
ily
ho
use
s, a
nd
a c
lass
ific
atio
n o
f fi
ve
liv
ing
en
vir
on
men
ts,
var
yin
g f
rom
cen
tral
urb
an t
o h
igh
ly r
ura
l an
d i
s an
in
dic
ato
r fo
r th
e d
egre
e
of
urb
aniz
atio
n a
nd
nea
rnes
s o
f u
rban
ser
vic
es.
![Page 9: Spatial part-6](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55838349d8b42a88578b524d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
13
Th
e ch
oic
e se
t o
f av
aila
ble
dw
elli
ng
s is
dra
wn
fro
m t
he
SY
SW
OV
dat
abas
e (H
ou
sin
g S
up
ply
Sy
stem
, in
Du
tch
: S
yst
eem
Wo
nin
gv
oo
rraa
dg
egev
ens)
. T
his
dat
abas
e h
old
s th
e am
ou
nt
of
vac
ant
dw
elli
ngs
on f
our-
dig
it p
ost
al z
on
es a
nd
is
a si
mu
late
d s
up
ply
, b
ased
on
tw
o-a
nn
ual
(m
easu
red
)
fig
ure
s. T
her
e is
on
ly l
imit
ed i
nfo
rmat
ion
av
aila
ble
ab
ou
t th
e v
acan
t d
wel
lin
gs.
Th
is r
elat
es t
o
clas
sifi
cati
on
s o
f si
ze,
dw
elli
ng
ty
pe,
te
nu
re an
d p
rice
(s
ee
tab
le
1).
A
co
mb
inat
ion
o
f al
l
clas
sifi
cati
on
s le
ads
to 2
4 d
wel
lin
g t
yp
es.
Th
e ab
bre
via
tio
ns
are
use
d t
o r
efer
to
a s
pec
ific
ty
pe
of
dw
elli
ng
. F
or
exam
ple
: B
UM
ISF
SM
sta
nd
s fo
r a
smal
l, s
ing
le-f
amil
y m
idd
le-p
rice
d o
wn
er-
occ
upie
d h
ou
se.
Tab
le 1
: D
wel
ling c
har
acte
rist
ic c
lass
es
Att
ribu
te
Cla
ssif
icat
ion (
abbre
via
tions
in b
rack
ets)
Ten
ure
B
uy (
BU
) R
ent
(RE
; net
ren
t per
mo
nth
)
Cost
s (!
) L
ow
(L
O)
<=
13613
4
Mid
dle
(M
I)
136134 -
1701
67
Hig
h (
HI)
> 1
70167
Low
(L
O)
<=
340
Mid
dle
(M
I)
340 -
430
Hig
h (
HI)
> 4
30
Ty
pe
Mult
ifam
ily
(M
F)
Sin
gle
-fam
ily
(S
F)
Mult
ifam
ily
(M
F)
Sin
gle
-fam
ily (
SF
)
Sm
all
(SM
)
Lar
ge
(LA
)
Sm
all
(SM
)
Lar
ge
(LA
)
Sm
all
(SM
)
Lar
ge
(LA
)
Sm
all
(SM
)
Lar
ge
(LA
)
Siz
e
(nu
mber
of
roo
ms)
<
= 3
>
3
<=
4
> 4
<
= 3
>
3
<=
4
> 4
5.
RE
SU
LT
S
We
hav
e u
sed
th
e N
log
it s
oft
war
e p
ack
age
to e
stim
ate
the
par
amet
ers
of
the
log
it m
od
el (
Gre
ene,
20
02
). T
he
resu
lts
of
the
esti
mat
ed r
esid
enti
al c
ho
ice
mo
del
s ar
e d
isp
lay
ed i
n t
able
s 2
th
rou
gh
6,
in t
he
bac
k o
f th
is p
aper
beh
ind
th
e re
fere
nce
s. T
he
tab
les
sho
w t
he
esti
mat
ed c
oef
fici
ents
,
ind
ices
fo
r si
gn
ific
ance
lev
els
and
th
e st
and
ard
err
ors
. W
e h
ave
no
rmal
ized
th
e co
effi
cien
ts a
nd
stan
dar
d e
rro
rs t
o t
he
par
amet
er c
oef
fici
ent
of
the
mig
rati
on
dis
tance
(p
rese
nte
d i
n t
able
2a)
. In
this
way
the
esti
mat
ion
s fo
r th
e d
iffe
ren
t h
ouse
ho
ld t
yp
es c
an b
e co
mp
ared
eas
ier.
Bef
ore
we
dis
cuss
th
e m
ost
im
po
rtan
t o
utc
om
es,
we
wil
l fi
rst
loo
k a
t th
e in
tera
ctio
n v
aria
ble
s w
e cr
eate
d
and
th
e re
fere
nce
val
ues
of
attr
ibu
tes
we
hav
e u
sed
.
14
In o
rder
to
ad
d m
ore
in
form
atio
n a
bou
t th
e hou
seho
ld t
o t
he
mo
del
, w
e cr
eate
d s
ever
al v
aria
ble
s
that
are
in
tera
ctio
ns
of
ho
use
ho
ld c
har
acte
rist
ics
wit
h a
ttri
bu
tes
of
the
dw
elli
ng
or
nei
gh
bo
rho
od
.
Sim
ilar
to
Tiw
ari
& H
aseg
awa
(20
04
), w
e in
tera
ct t
he
ho
use
ho
ld i
nco
me
wit
h a
co
mb
inat
ion
of
dw
elli
ng
pri
ce a
nd
ten
ure
, an
d h
ou
seh
old
siz
e (n
um
ber
of
mem
ber
s) w
ith
dw
elli
ng
siz
e an
d t
yp
e.
Fu
rth
erm
ore
, to
ac
cou
nt
for
inte
ract
ion
w
ith
n
eig
hb
orh
oo
d
attr
ibu
tes,
w
e co
mb
ined
ca
r
ow
ner
ship
wit
h t
he
pro
xim
ity
of
on
-ram
ps
hig
hw
ay a
nd
rai
lway
sta
tio
ns,
and
th
e re
lati
ve
qu
alit
y
of
publi
c tr
ansp
ort
. A
nal
ogou
s, w
e lo
oked
at
the
dis
tan
ce t
o p
rim
ary
sch
oo
ls f
or
ho
use
ho
lds
wit
h
and
wit
ho
ut
a ch
ild
under
13
yea
rs.
Fin
ally
, w
e al
so i
ncl
uded
tw
o v
aria
ble
s th
at r
epre
sen
t th
e
sim
ilar
ity
of
the
ethnic
ity
of
the
hea
d w
ith
th
e nei
gh
bo
rhood c
on
cern
ed.
Th
e h
ou
seh
old
in
com
e is
mea
sure
d i
n u
nit
s o
f 1
.00
0 e
uro
s p
er m
on
th (
Keu
ro).
To
mak
e th
e
coef
fici
ents
fo
r d
wel
ling t
yp
es (
du
mm
ies)
eas
ier
to i
nte
rpre
t an
d c
om
par
e, w
e u
sed
an
ad
just
ed
ho
use
ho
ld i
nco
me.
Th
is i
s th
e d
iffe
ren
ce b
etw
een
th
e m
od
al i
nco
me
of
all
ho
use
ho
lds
in d
e
surv
ey a
nd
the
inco
me
of
the
ho
use
hold
(1
.7 K
euro
). T
he
du
mm
y c
oef
fici
ents
now
show
th
e
uti
lity
fo
r a
dw
elli
ng
ty
pe
in c
om
par
iso
n w
ith
a h
ou
seh
old
wit
h a
mod
al i
nco
me.
Th
e co
effi
cien
ts
for
the
inte
ract
ion
v
aria
ble
s re
pre
sen
t th
e ch
ang
e in
u
tili
ty d
eriv
ed fr
om
th
e d
wel
lin
g ty
pe
acco
rdin
g
to
the
dif
fere
nce
b
etw
een
th
e h
ou
seh
old
in
com
e an
d
the
mod
al
inco
me.
T
he
par
amet
ers
also
in
dic
ate
ho
w m
uch
ex
tra
uti
lity
a h
ou
seh
old
rec
eiv
es f
rom
in
ves
tmen
ts i
n t
he
dw
elli
ng,
i.e.
: h
ow
mu
ch i
t ap
pre
ciat
es a
mo
re e
xp
ensi
ve
(and p
robab
ly m
ore
luxuri
ous)
dw
elli
ng
in c
om
par
ison
wit
h o
ther
con
sum
er g
ood
s.
In a
mu
ltin
om
ial
reg
ress
ion
mo
del
lik
e th
e o
ne
we
app
lied
in
th
is s
tud
y,
per
fect
ly c
orr
elat
ed
(gro
up
s) o
f al
tern
ativ
es n
eed
to
be
avo
ided
. T
his
is
wh
y w
e in
tro
du
ced
ref
eren
ce p
oin
ts f
or
som
e
of
the
var
iab
les.
Th
e es
tim
ated
co
effi
cien
ts g
ive
the
dif
fere
nce
of
uti
lity
wit
h r
esp
ect
to t
he
refe
ren
ce v
alu
e. F
or
exam
ple
: th
e re
fere
nce
dw
elli
ng
ty
pe
is a
ch
eap
, m
ult
i-fa
mil
y s
mal
l re
nte
d
ho
use
. T
he
esti
mat
ed c
oef
fici
ents
fo
r th
e d
wel
lin
g t
yp
e d
um
mie
s an
d t
he
inte
ract
ion
var
iab
les
no
w i
nd
icat
e th
e ex
tra
uti
lity
th
at a
ho
use
ho
ld d
eriv
es f
rom
ch
oo
sin
g t
his
dw
elli
ng
ty
pe.
In
gen
eral
, w
e h
ave
cho
sen
th
e m
ost
co
mm
on
(i
.e.
mo
st
cho
sen
or
mo
st
avai
lab
le)
val
ue
as
refe
ren
ce p
oin
t. R
efer
ence
po
ints
of
oth
er v
aria
ble
s ar
e th
e ru
ral
livin
g e
nvir
onm
ent
and
the
bu
ild
ing
are
a 196
0-1
99
5.
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15
Res
ult
s: A
cces
sib
ilit
y
The
coef
fici
ents
for
mig
rati
on
and c
om
muti
ng
dis
tance
s o
f th
e h
ead
an
d p
artn
er (
if p
rese
nt)
hav
e
the
corr
ect
sig
n a
nd
are
(v
ery
) si
gn
ific
ant
for
all
ho
use
ho
ld t
yp
es.
Nota
bly
th
e m
igra
tio
n d
ista
nce
has
a
ver
y l
arg
e im
pac
t o
n t
he
resi
den
tial
beh
avio
r. T
his
in
dic
ates
a
stro
ng
bo
nd
w
ith
th
e
nei
gh
bo
rho
od
, ca
use
d b
y r
elat
ion
s w
ith
fam
ily
, fr
ien
ds
and
oth
er s
oci
al a
ctiv
itie
s. F
urt
her
mo
re,
ho
use
ho
lds
are
also
bet
ter
info
rmed
abo
ut
the
loca
l h
ou
sing
mar
ket
th
en o
ther
mar
ket
s. T
his
rela
tio
nsh
ip i
s o
ften
rec
og
niz
ed i
n o
ther
stu
die
s (C
lark
& D
iele
man
, 1996).
Th
e pre
sence
of
one
or
mo
re c
hil
dre
n o
ften
lea
ds
to a
n e
ven
lar
ger
sen
siti
vit
y t
ow
ard
s m
igra
tio
n d
ista
nce
, w
hic
h i
s
pro
bab
ly c
ause
d b
y t
he
acti
vit
y n
etw
ork
of
the
chil
dre
n,
i.e.
sch
oo
l, s
po
rts
and
lei
sure
.
Ho
wev
er,
ther
e ar
e d
iffe
ren
ces
in s
ensi
tiv
ity
tow
ard
s m
igra
tio
n d
ista
nce
bet
wee
n h
ou
seh
old
typ
es:
hig
her
edu
cate
d h
ou
seh
old
s ar
e w
illi
ng
to
co
mm
ute
fu
rth
er a
nd
mig
rate
fu
rth
er.
Th
e la
rger
com
mu
tin
g d
ista
nce
is
a w
ell-
kn
ow
n p
hen
om
eno
n w
ith
hig
her
edu
cate
d p
eop
le (
Sch
utj
ens
e.a.
,
1998).
T
he
reas
on
for
the
dif
fere
nce
in
m
igra
tio
n
dis
tan
ce
pro
bab
ly
lies
in
th
e sm
alle
r
imp
ort
ance
th
ey a
ttac
h t
o s
oci
al a
nd
fam
ily
co
nta
cts
and
th
e fa
ct t
hat
mo
st h
ou
seh
old
s w
ith
a
hig
h e
du
cate
d h
ead
als
o h
ave
a h
igh
ed
uca
ted
par
tner
wit
h a
jo
b.
Th
is m
ean
s th
at t
hey
hav
e to
com
pro
mis
e b
etw
een
bo
th w
ork
lo
cati
on
s, o
ften
res
ult
ing
in
lar
ger
mig
rati
on
dis
tan
ces
(van
Om
mer
en, 1
99
6).
Th
e re
sult
s fo
r th
e p
refe
ren
ce o
f tr
ansp
ort
fac
ilit
ies
are
var
ied
. T
he
nea
rnes
s o
f an
on
-ram
p t
o
ho
use
ho
lds
wit
h a
car
is
a p
osi
tiv
e at
trib
ute
for
ho
use
ho
lds
that
are
co
nsi
der
ed m
ore
mo
bil
e,
nam
ely
th
e h
igh
ly e
du
cate
d s
ing
les
and
th
e h
ou
seh
old
s th
at m
igra
ted
fo
r w
ork
rel
ated
rea
son
s.
On
th
e o
ther
h
and
, h
igh
er
edu
cate
d
peo
ple
w
ithout
a ca
r ch
oose
si
gnif
ican
tly
m
ore
a
nei
gh
bo
rho
od
wit
h g
oo
d p
ubli
c tr
ansp
ort
fac
ilit
ies.
The
dis
tance
to t
he
nea
rest
rai
lway
sta
tion i
s
on
ly i
mp
ort
ant
for
ho
use
hold
s w
ith
a c
ar w
ho
mov
ed b
ecau
se o
f w
ork
rea
sons.
Fin
ally
, th
ere
is
no
sig
nif
ican
t pro
ve
that
hou
seho
lds
wit
h a
ch
ild
ag
ed s
ix t
o 1
2 a
re r
elo
cati
ng
clo
ser
to p
rim
ary
sch
oo
ls
than
h
ou
seh
old
s w
ith
ou
t ch
ild
ren
. A
p
lau
sib
le
reas
on
fo
r th
is
is
the
Du
tch
p
oli
cy
reg
ard
ing
pri
mar
y s
erv
ices
. T
his
pre
scri
bes
th
at e
ver
y r
esid
enti
al a
re w
ith
en
ou
gh
inh
abit
ants
sho
uld
hav
e a
pri
mar
y s
cho
ol.
16
Ho
use
ho
lds
that
h
ave
ind
icat
ed
they
m
ov
e w
as
wo
rk
rela
ted
sh
ow
a
sig
nif
ican
t d
iffe
ren
t
sen
siti
vit
y t
ow
ard
s m
igra
tio
n a
nd
co
mm
uti
ng
dis
tan
ce.
As
cou
ld b
e ex
pec
ted
, th
e d
ista
nce
to
th
e
wo
rkp
lace
is
far
mo
re i
mp
ort
ant
than
it
is f
or
oth
er h
ou
seh
old
ty
pes
(w
ith
oth
er m
igra
tio
n
reas
on
s).
Nev
erth
eles
s, a
cco
rdin
g t
o o
ur
esti
mat
ion
res
ult
s, i
t se
ems
that
th
is i
nfl
uen
ce i
s n
ot
larg
er t
han
th
at o
f th
e m
igra
tion
s d
ista
nce
. T
his
is
pro
bab
ly c
ause
d b
y t
he
rela
tiv
e su
bje
ctiv
e w
ay
the
qu
esti
on
is
inte
rpre
ted
by
th
e h
ou
seh
old
s: s
om
e m
igra
tio
ns
can
be
wo
rk i
nst
igat
ed b
ut
stil
l
are
mad
e ov
er r
elat
ivel
y s
ho
rt d
ista
nce
s, f
or
exam
ple
wh
en a
hou
sehold
has
its
wo
rkp
lace
at
ho
me
(e.g
. a
do
cto
r o
r ar
tist
) an
d n
eed
s m
ore
spac
e. T
his
ph
eno
men
on
als
o o
ccu
rs i
n o
ur
surv
ey.
Res
ult
s: S
oci
al-
eco
no
mic
att
rib
ute
s
Hou
seh
old
s w
ith
tw
o o
r m
ore
per
son
s te
nd
to
rel
oca
te t
o a
nei
gh
bo
rho
od
wit
h i
nh
abit
ants
of
a
sim
ilar
et
hnic
al
bac
kgro
und
. T
his
ca
use
s (a
nd
h
as
cau
sed
) et
hn
ical
se
gre
gat
ion
in
th
e
Net
her
land
s, p
rim
ary
in
urb
aniz
ed a
reas
. N
ext
to t
his
pre
fere
nce
, th
ese
house
ho
ld t
ypes
(2+
)
hav
e a
sig
nif
ican
t p
refe
ren
ce f
or
area
s w
ith
a h
igh
er s
oci
al s
tatu
s sc
ore
, p
rob
ably
in
flic
ted
by
th
e
sear
ch f
or
a q
uie
ter
and
bet
ter
nei
gh
bo
rho
od
to
rai
se c
hil
dre
n i
n.
Res
ult
s: G
ener
al
att
rib
ute
s
Alm
ost
al
h
ou
seh
old
ty
pes
, ex
cep
t si
ng
le
hig
hly
ed
uca
ted
, p
refe
r a
nei
gh
bo
rho
od
w
ith
a
rela
tiv
ely
hig
h a
moun
t o
f si
ngle
-fam
ily
ho
mes
. T
hes
e ar
eas
are
assu
med
to
be
mo
re q
uie
t an
d
spac
iou
s. N
ext
to t
hat
th
ese
ho
use
ho
ld t
yp
es a
lso
choo
se t
o r
elo
cate
to
are
as w
ith n
ew h
ou
sing
dev
elo
pm
ent,
wh
ich
wer
e v
ery
po
pu
lar
in t
he
20
00
-20
02
per
iod
, w
hen
mig
rati
ons
wer
e m
ade.
Th
e d
um
mie
s fo
r re
sid
enti
al e
nv
iro
nm
ent
alm
ost
nev
er h
ave
a si
gn
ific
ant
infl
uen
ce.
Th
is c
ou
ld
mea
n t
hat
eit
her
ho
use
ho
ld t
yp
es d
o n
ot
shar
e a
com
mo
n p
refe
ren
ce i
n c
om
par
iso
n w
ith
ru
ral
area
s (t
he
refe
ren
ce e
nv
iro
nm
ent)
, o
r th
at t
he
oth
er v
aria
ble
s in
th
e m
od
el l
ike
dw
elli
ng
ty
pe,
ethn
ical
and s
oci
al s
tatu
s, a
mount
of
single
-fam
ily
hom
es a
nd b
uil
din
g p
erio
d a
lrea
dy c
over
man
y o
f th
e en
vir
on
men
tal
pre
fere
nce
s.
Res
ult
s: D
wel
lin
g a
ttri
bu
tes
Th
e co
effi
cien
ts t
hat
co
nce
rn d
wel
lin
g c
har
acte
rist
ics,
the
du
mm
ies
as w
ell
as t
he
inte
ract
ion
var
iab
les,
all
hav
e th
e ex
pec
ted
sig
n a
nd
are
alm
ost
alw
ays
signif
ican
t. T
hat
is
to s
ay:
the
chan
ce
that
a h
ou
seh
old
rel
oca
tes
to a
mo
re e
xp
ensi
ve,
ow
ner
occ
up
ied
ho
use
is
det
erm
ined
by
its
inco
me.
A s
imil
ar l
ogic
al r
elat
ionsh
ip i
s fo
und f
or
the
nu
mb
er o
f h
ou
seh
old
mem
ber
s an
d t
he
![Page 11: Spatial part-6](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55838349d8b42a88578b524d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
17
size
an
d t
ype
of
the
dw
elli
ng
. T
his
is
in l
ine
wit
h o
ther
res
earc
h i
nto
th
e re
sid
enti
al p
refe
ren
ces
of
ho
use
ho
lds.
6.
CO
NC
LU
SIO
NS
Reg
ard
ing
th
e in
flu
ence
o
f ac
cess
ibil
ity
, th
e m
ost
im
po
rtan
t re
sult
s ar
e th
e se
nsi
tiv
ity
of
ho
use
ho
lds
for
the
mig
rati
on
an
d c
om
mu
tin
g d
ista
nce
s fo
r h
ead
an
d i
ts p
artn
er.
In a
dd
itio
n,
the
com
bin
atio
n
of
car
ow
ner
ship
an
d
the
pro
xim
ity
o
f on-r
amps,
ra
ilw
ay
stat
ion
and
publi
c
tran
spo
rt q
ual
ity
is
sig
nif
ican
t w
ith
th
e ex
pec
ted
sig
n f
or
som
e o
f th
e h
ou
seh
old
s. A
lth
ou
gh
car
ow
ner
ship
is
rela
ted
wit
h w
ealt
h,
we
bel
iev
e th
at i
n t
his
mo
del
it
also
sta
nd
s fo
r a
life
sty
le t
hat
is
env
iro
nm
enta
lly
aw
are,
bec
ause
we
also
ad
ded
oth
er,
soci
al-e
con
om
ic v
aria
ble
s in
th
e m
od
el.
Th
e re
sult
s sh
ow
th
at p
eople
wh
o d
o n
ot
ow
n a
car
sig
nif
ican
tly
rel
oca
te t
o n
eighb
orh
oods
wit
h
bet
ter
pu
bli
c tr
ansp
ort
fac
ilit
ies.
Th
e ov
eral
l in
fluen
ce o
f ac
cess
ibil
ity m
easu
res,
ap
art
fro
m m
igra
tion
and
co
mm
uti
ng
dis
tance
, is
ver
y s
mal
l, w
het
her
or
no
t in
tera
cted
for
ho
use
ho
ld s
pec
ific
ch
arac
teri
stic
s. T
his
is
pro
bab
ly
cau
sed
by
th
e re
lati
ve
hig
h q
ual
ity
of
the
Du
tch
tra
nsp
ort
sy
stem
an
d t
he
spat
ial
dis
trib
uti
on
of
serv
ices
, w
hic
h h
as r
esult
ed o
ver
yea
rs i
n a
ho
mo
gen
ou
s (h
igh
) le
vel
of
acce
ssib
ilit
y.
Th
is i
s
pro
bab
ly t
he
reas
on
why
em
pir
ical
res
earc
h o
n r
evea
led
res
iden
tial
beh
avio
r in
th
e N
eth
erla
nd
s
(as
des
crib
ed i
n t
his
pap
er)
is n
ot
able
to
fin
d a
sig
nif
ican
t an
d/o
r la
rge
infl
uen
ce o
f ac
cess
ibil
ity
.
More
ov
er,
we
did
not
find
a s
trong p
refe
rence
fo
r th
e re
siden
tial
liv
ing e
nvir
on
men
t; i
t se
ems
that
th
e d
wel
lin
g t
yp
e is
of
mo
re i
mp
ort
ance
. O
f co
urs
e, t
he
rela
tio
n b
etw
een
dw
elli
ng
ty
pe
and
nei
gh
bo
rho
od
is
stro
ng
: so
me
typ
es o
nly
occ
ur
in s
om
e n
eig
hb
orh
oo
ds,
bu
t w
hen
a d
wel
lin
g t
yp
e
is c
ho
sen
, th
e en
vir
on
men
t o
f th
e dw
elli
ng
see
ms
not
ver
y i
mpo
rtan
t. O
nly
so
cial
nei
ghbo
rhood
asp
ects
lik
e st
atu
s an
d e
thn
icit
y i
ssu
es h
ave
imp
act.
Th
e p
refe
ren
ce f
or
dw
elli
ng
ty
pe
is v
ery
str
on
g,
also
in
ter
ms
of
the
max
imu
m p
erce
ived
uti
lity
.
In p
ract
ice
this
im
pli
es t
hat
peo
ple
are
wil
ling
mig
rate
or
com
mu
te o
ver
lo
ng
er d
ista
nce
s, w
hen
they
can
hav
e th
e d
wel
lin
g t
yp
e th
ey l
on
g f
or.
Th
is h
as i
mp
lica
tio
ns
for
the
(Du
tch
) h
ou
sin
g a
nd
tran
sport
p
oli
cy.
Aft
er
all,
un
less
tr
avel
ing
h
as
bec
om
e su
ch
a b
urd
en
in
term
s o
f ti
me
(co
ng
esti
on
) an
d c
ost
s (e
xtr
a ta
xes
an
d p
eak
-ho
ur
char
ges
), h
ou
seh
old
s w
ill
ten
d t
o r
elo
cate
18
furt
her
aw
ay f
rom
th
eir
pre
vio
us
resi
den
tial
lo
cati
on
an
d w
ork
pla
ce w
hen
th
e p
refe
rred
dw
elli
ng
is n
ot
avai
lable
in t
he
dir
ect
vic
init
y.
Th
is c
ou
ld r
esult
in
mo
re c
ar t
raff
ic.
This
pro
cess
is
enh
ance
d b
y t
he
tig
htn
ess
on
th
e h
ou
sin
g m
ark
et i
n D
utc
h u
rban
ized
are
as l
ike
the
Ran
dst
ad,
the
wes
tern
par
t o
f th
e N
eth
erla
nd
s.
Fu
ture
pla
nn
ers
and
/or
po
licy
mak
ers
wil
l h
ave
to k
eep
th
e st
ron
g i
nfl
uen
ce o
f h
ou
sin
g t
yp
e in
min
d,
bec
ause
it
co
uld
o
bst
ruct
p
lan
s th
at
wan
t to
st
imu
late
sm
art
gro
wth
an
d
red
uce
ca
r
mil
eag
e.
Fu
ture
res
earc
h p
lan
s to
fo
llo
w u
p t
his
stu
dy
incl
ud
e th
eref
ore
th
e co
nst
ruct
ion
of
a
sim
ula
tio
n m
od
el to
ex
amin
e th
e o
utc
om
es o
f v
ario
us
(po
licy
) sc
enar
ios,
lik
e th
e ef
fect
of
allo
win
g r
ura
l li
vin
g, d
isco
ura
gin
g c
ar-u
sag
e an
d r
evit
aliz
ing
th
e ci
ty c
ente
rs.
7.
AC
KN
OW
LE
DG
EM
EN
TS
Th
e p
rese
nte
d r
esea
rch
is
mad
e p
oss
ible
by
th
e su
pp
ort
of
oth
er p
arti
es.
We
wou
ld l
ike
to t
han
k
the
foll
ow
ing
in
stit
ute
s fo
r th
eir
con
trib
uti
on
in
mea
ns
of
kn
ow
ledg
e, d
ata
and
so
ftw
are:
-T
he
Net
her
land
s In
stit
ute
fo
r S
pat
ial
rese
arch
(R
uim
teli
jk
Pla
nb
ure
au),
D
en
Haa
g,
Net
her
lan
ds.
-A
BF
Res
earc
h, D
elft
, T
he
Net
her
lands
-G
eo-D
atab
ase
Man
agem
ent
Cen
tre
fro
m
the
dep
artm
ent
Geo
det
ic
En
gin
eeri
ng
o
f D
elft
Un
iver
sity
of
Tec
hn
olo
gy
, D
elft
, T
he
Net
her
lan
ds.
![Page 12: Spatial part-6](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55838349d8b42a88578b524d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
19
8.
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
Alo
nso
, W
. (1
964)
Loca
tio
n a
nd l
and u
se:
tow
ard
a g
ener
al
theo
ry o
f la
nd r
ent,
Har
var
d U
niv
ersi
ty P
ress
, C
ambri
dge,
Mas
sach
use
tts.
Axhau
sen,
D.M
., S
cott
, A
. K
önig
& J
ürg
ens
(2001)
Loca
tions,
co
mm
itm
ents
and a
ctiv
ity s
pac
es,
Pre
sente
d
at t
he
Surv
ive
Work
sho
p,
Bon
n,
Dec
emb
er 2
00
1,
Arb
eitb
eric
ht
Ver
kehrs
- und R
aum
pla
nnin
g96,
IVT
, E
TH
Züri
ch.
Boeh
m,
T. P
. (1
982)
A h
iera
rchic
al m
odel
of
housi
ng c
ho
ice.
Urb
an s
tud
ies
19 (
1)
pp
. 17-3
1.
Börs
ch-S
upan
, A
. (1
98
7)
Eco
nom
etri
c A
naly
sis
of
Dis
cret
e ch
oic
e –
wit
h a
ppli
cati
ons
on t
he
dem
and
for
housi
ng i
n t
he
U.S
. and W
est-
Ger
many.
Hei
del
ber
g:
Spri
ng
er,
Ber
lin
.
Bro
wm
, L
. A
. &
E
.G.
Moo
re
(1970).
T
he
intr
a-urb
an
mig
rati
on
pro
cess
: a
per
spec
tive.
G
eogra
fisk
a
Annale
r se
ries
B52, p
p.
1-1
3.
Cla
rk,
W.A
.V.
& F
.M.
Die
lem
an (
19
96
) H
ouse
hold
s and
Housi
ng:
Cho
ice
and O
utc
om
es i
n t
he
Ho
usi
ng
M
ark
ets,
CU
PR
Pre
ss,
Rutg
ers
Univ
ersi
ty, N
ew J
erse
y.
Cla
rk,
W.A
.V.
&
.F.J
. V
an
Lie
rop
(1986),
R
esid
enti
al
mob
ilit
y
and
house
hold
lo
cati
on
mo
del
ing,
Hand
book
of
regio
nal
an
d u
rban e
con
om
ics:
Volu
me
I (e
d.
P.
Nij
kam
p),
Els
evie
r S
cien
ce P
ubli
sher
s.
Colo
mbin
o,
U.
& M
.L.
Bie
y (
2001)
Model
ling
ho
use
hold
choic
es o
f dw
elli
ng a
nd l
oca
l p
ubli
c se
rvic
es.
Cen
tre
for
house
hold
, in
com
e, l
abour
and d
emo
gra
ph
ics,
Ita
ly.
Die
lem
an,
F.M
. (2
001)
Model
ling r
esid
enti
al m
ob
ilit
y;
a re
vie
w o
f re
cent
tren
ds
in r
esea
rch,
Journ
al
of
housi
ng a
nd t
he
buil
t en
viro
nm
ent
16,
pp.
249-2
65.
Dök
mec
i, V
. &
. B
erköz
(1999)
Res
iden
tial
-loca
tion p
refe
rence
s ac
cord
ing t
o d
emog
raphic
char
acte
rist
ics
in I
stan
bul.
Landsc
ape
an
d u
rban p
lannin
g 4
8 (
1-2
), p
p.
45-5
6.
Ever
s, G
.H.M
. (1
990)
The
resi
den
tial
loca
tion a
nd
work
pla
ce c
ho
ice:
a n
este
d m
ult
ino
mia
l lo
git
mo
del
. Spati
al
Ch
oic
es a
nd P
roce
sses
(ed
. M
.M.
Fis
cher
, P
. N
ijkam
p a
nd Y
.Y.
Pap
ageo
rgio
u)
Els
evie
r S
cien
ce
Publi
sher
s, B
.V.
(Nort
h-H
oll
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ula
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vid
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Indic
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A C
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esid
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Land P
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oca
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hoic
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Pre
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cces
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esid
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and I
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TR
ED
Con
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Mas
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use
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Wei
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21
Tab
le 2
: M
od
el c
har
acte
rist
ics
Sin
gle
, lo
w e
d.
Sin
gle
, hig
h e
d.
Work
inst
ig.
Tw
o +
, lo
w e
d.
Tw
o +
, hig
h e
d.
60+
yrs
N
848
475
807
357
3201
5
104
5In
itial l
og-
like
liho
od
: -3
47
2.0
04
-1
94
4.8
14
-330
4.1
36
-14
62
9.0
93
-825
0.1
04
-4
27
8.5
90
Fin
al lo
g-
like
liho
od
: -1
60
0.9
53
-9
75.9
56
-14
84
.49
4-7
11
1.0
73
-375
5.8
01
-1
44
0.5
75
Rho-s
quare
: 0.5
38
0.4
97
0.5
50
0.5
14
0.5
45
0.6
63
Tab
le 3
a: C
oef
fici
ents
fo
r m
igra
tion
dis
tance
S
ingle
, lo
w e
d.
Sin
gle
, hig
h e
d.
Work
inst
ig.
Tw
o +
, lo
w e
d.
Tw
o +
, hig
h e
d.
60+
yrs
Mig
ratio
n
dis
tance
-2
.83
5
-2.6
73
-1.7
50
-2.5
95
-2.4
09
-2
.86
7
22
Table 3: Estimated coefficients for accessibility and social neighborhood attributes
NB: All coefficients and standard errors are normalized to the coefficient for migration distance ln
: Natural logarithm of the Euclidean distance **: significant at 5% level *: significant at 10% level
Variable Single, low ed.Single, high ed.Work instig.Two +, low ed.Two +, high ed.60+ yrs
coeff.st.e.coeff.st.e.coeff.st.e.coeff.st.e.coeff.st.e. coeff.st.e.
Accessibility attributes Migration distance (natural logarithm off-peak travel time (minutes) by car) -1.000**0.026-1.000**0.035-1.000**-0.042 -1.000**-0.018-1.000**-0.023-1.000**-0.023 - additional value for hh. with one or more children under 17 years
--0.082-0.073 -0.041-0.026-0.106**-0.0400.175-0.172
Commuting distance head of hh. (natural logarithm peak-hour travel time (minutes) by car) -0.286**0.041-0.220**0.054-1.000**-0.044 -0.227**-0.022-0.123**-0.030-0.330**-0.148Commuting distance partner (natural logarithm peak-hour travel time (minutes) by car)
--1.027**-0.060 -0.397**-0.024-0.466**-0.030-0.664**-0.169
Quality of public transport:
- for hh. without a car 0.1850.117-0.0990.2200.016-0.328 0.061-0.0930.448**-0.193-0.103-0.116
- for hh. with a car -0.1930.151-0.0470.249-0.019-0.345 -0.078-0.099-0.480**-0.1980.049-0.140
Distanceln to on-ramp highway:
- for hh. without a car 0.073*0.0380.213**0.069-0.035-0.100 0.049-0.0340.056-0.0550.081**-0.041
- for hh. with a car 0.132**0.054-0.194**0.0800.182*-0.107 0.056-0.0370.049-0.0580.033-0.051
Distanceln to railway station:
- for hh. without a car -0.0330.041-0.0930.070-0.261**-0.117 -0.010-0.038-0.077-0.059-0.045-0.050
- for hh. with a car 0.0350.0620.0280.0840.272**-0.129 0.047-0.0420.075-0.0620.024-0.063
Distanceln to primary school
- for hh. without a child under < 13 years -0.039-0.078 0.000-0.027-0.031-0.0340.062-0.048
- for hh. with a child under < 13 years -0.461**-0.168 -0.087-0.063-0.037-0.094-1.032-0.830
Social neighborhood attributes
Index for percentage of non-western
- for hh. with a head with western ethnicity -0.2990.214-0.444*0.2650.147-0.363 -0.404**-0.130-0.350**-0.175-0.200-0.237
- for hh. with a head with non-western ethnicity 1.165**0.3570.5570.6711.397-0.905 1.670**-0.1971.141**-0.3891.170-0.867
Score for social status of the neighborhood 0.0140.0230.0420.0290.029-0.038 0.085**-0.0140.030*-0.0180.052**-0.026
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23
Table 4: Estimated coefficients general neighborhood attributes
Variable Single, low ed.Single, high ed.Work instig.Two +, low ed.Two +, high ed.60+ yrs
coeff.st.e.coeff.st.e.coeff.st.e. coeff.st.e.coeff.st.e.coeff.st.e.
General neighborhood attributes
Residential environments
Rural <reference> <reference> <reference> <reference> <reference> <reference>
Rural village 0.0320.0810.1580.1240.148-0.105-0.072**-0.033-0.098**-0.0490.077-0.068
Green urbanized 0.0240.0880.1920.1300.106-0.123-0.088**-0.0390.007-0.0540.107-0.079
Urbanized0.0050.0830.1450.1240.141-0.117-0.092**-0.037-0.100*-0.051-0.022-0.076
Central urbanized -0.0490.0940.244*0.1330.301**-0.142-0.186**-0.049-0.152**-0.0650.045-0.092
Percentage of total number of houses per postal zone
built between 1995 and 2003 0.1970.1370.462**0.1740.567**-0.1730.544**-0.0550.642**-0.0750.406**-0.114
built between 1960 and 1995 <reference> <reference> <reference> <reference> <reference> <reference>
built between 1945 and 1960 -0.2460.170-0.0820.2460.137-0.3110.008-0.095-0.008-0.144-0.219-0.185
built before 1945 -0.1460.0950.1350.118-0.244-0.155-0.488**-0.058-0.085-0.073-0.545**-0.108
single-family 0.314**0.1050.2250.1380.590**-0.1830.471**-0.0630.180**-0.0840.668**-0.112
NB: All coefficients and standard errors are normalized to the coefficient for migration distance **: significant at 5% level *: significant at 10% level
24
Table 5: Estimated coefficients for dwelling attributes, interacted with household characteristics.
Variable Single, low ed.Single, high ed.Work instig.Two +, low ed.Two +, high ed.60+ yrs
coeff.st.e.coeff.st.e.coeff.st.e. coeff.st.e. coeff.st.e. coeff.st.e.
Dwelling attributes
Interaction variables with household attribute Interaction hh. income (Keuro, difference with modal income) with …
- cheap rented house <reference> <reference> <reference> <reference> <reference> <reference>
- medium-expensive rented house 0.571**0.1010.513**0.1320.553**-0.125 0.280**-0.0340.277**-0.0610.321**-0.080
- expensive rented house 0.616**0.1090.973**0.1230.884**-0.111 0.477**-0.0350.550**-0.0550.597**-0.073
- cheap owner-occupied house 0.839**0.0960.891**0.1120.903**-0.107 0.631**-0.0300.636**-0.0490.608**-0.075
- medium expensive owner-occupied house 1.120**0.1350.902**0.1611.075**-0.112 0.717**-0.0340.723**-0.0520.633**-0.080
- expensive owner-occupied house 0.984**0.1461.055**0.1271.139**-0.109 0.739**-0.0330.818**-0.0510.710**-0.076
Interaction household size (number of members) with …
- a small multi-family house --<reference> <reference> <reference> <reference>
- a large multi-family house --0.380**-0.095 0.267**-0.0310.331**-0.0720.266**-0.083
- a small single-family house --0.430**-0.081 0.201**-0.0290.365**-0.0650.119*-0.067
- a large single-family house --0.711**-0.084 0.377**-0.0290.604**-0.0640.300**-0.089
NB: All coefficients and standard errors are normalized to the coefficient for migration distance **: significant at 5% level *: significant at 10% level
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25
Table 6: Estimated coefficients for dwelling type attributes.
Variable Single, low ed.Single, high ed.Work instig.Two +, low ed.Two +, high ed.60+ yrs
coeff. st.e.coeff. st.e. coeff. st.e. coeff.st.e.coeff.st.e. coeff. st.e.
Dwelling types
REMFSMLO <reference> <reference> <reference> <reference> <reference> <reference>
REMFSMMI 0.391 ** 0.084 0.553** 0.0930.705** -0.1640.426** -0.0560.424** -0.0990.522** -0.074
REMFSMHI 0.576 ** 0.093 0.836** 0.1021.327** -0.1590.677** -0.0620.642** -0.0991.044** -0.074
REMFLALO-0.210 ** 0.068 -0.1800.124-0.525** -0.258-0.395** -0.101-0.324*-0.193-0.606** -0.160
REMFLAMI 0.249 ** 0.118 -0.0110.186-0.069-0.289-0.077-0.104-0.269-0.203-0.318*-0.185
REMFLAHI 0.443 ** 0.116 0.488** 0.1700.498*-0.2720.190*-0.1050.127-0.1940.170-0.175
RESFSMLO -0.281 ** 0.058 -0.215** 0.103-0.860** -0.230-0.181** -0.088-0.590** -0.173-0.341** -0.118
RESFSMMI 0.060 0.103 0.366** 0.133-0.314-0.2530.216** -0.091-0.246-0.179-0.079-0.142
RESFSMHI 0.125 0.149 0.498** 0.1600.359-0.2310.247** -0.097-0.027-0.1790.110-0.159
RESFLALO -0.426 ** 0.107 -0.2750.212-1.243** -0.293-0.658** -0.098-1.271** -0.200-1.256** -0.232
RESFLAMI -0.275 *0.158 -0.0200.213-1.485** -0.372-0.463** -0.099-1.140** -0.200-0.996** -0.277
RESFLAHI -0.001 0.182 0.2810.200-0.478*-0.248-0.248** -0.100-0.921** -0.184-0.649** -0.239
BUMFSMLO 0.379 ** 0.083 0.701** 0.0820.495** -0.1560.262** -0.0560.288** -0.0820.364** -0.083
BUMFSMMI -0.423 0.369 0.319*0.192-0.029-0.341-0.008-0.1340.060-0.1500.617** -0.120
BUMFSMHI -0.047 0.215 0.513** 0.1520.240-0.2730.127-0.1170.004-0.1330.351** -0.135
BUMFLALO0.338 ** 0.123 0.582** 0.1220.149-0.2700.004-0.104-0.252-0.191-0.219-0.206
BUMFLAMI -0.284 0.366 0.2730.2960.218-0.344-0.554** -0.162-0.505** -0.2240.172-0.208
BUMFLAHI -1.392 33.904 0.0940.278-0.235-0.333-0.585** -0.148-0.697** -0.215-0.246-0.216
BUSFSMLO 0.096 0.082 0.351** 0.0950.016-0.2000.091-0.086-0.211-0.165-0.331** -0.142
BUSFSMMI -0.137 0.133 0.0610.163-0.364-0.225-0.152-0.093-0.433** -0.172-0.269*-0.148
BUSFSMHI -0.379 ** 0.160 -0.1460.172-0.604** -0.232-0.185** -0.094-0.612** -0.171-0.296** -0.151
BUSFLALO -0.259 ** 0.125 0.235** 0.118-0.681** -0.226-0.237** -0.090-0.681** -0.167-0.868** -0.195
BUSFLAMI -0.462 ** 0.170 -0.3190.250-0.863** -0.238-0.531** -0.095-0.845** -0.171-0.747** -0.208
BUSFLAHI -0.568 ** 0.163 -0.2500.159-0.911** -0.230-0.611** -0.093-0.947** -0.168-0.635** -0.191
NB: All coefficients and standard errors are normalized to the coefficient for migration distance **: significant at 5% level *: significant at 10% level