By Forrest Pass

Preparations for Kamloops’ bicenten-nial celebrations offer a chance to revisit some of the celebrations of days gone by.

In 1912 and 1937, Kamloops marked two signi cant anniversaries.

Both celebrations presented the city’s history in ways that re ected the values and worries of their times.

The 1912 Kamloops Centennial was celebrated in grand style.

The city had grown considerably since the completion of the Canadian Paci c Railway (CPR) about 30 years earlier and the promise of a second railway — the Canadian Northern Paci c — led many residents to predict a rosy future for their city.

The city’s politicians and business lead-ers saw Kamloops as the capital of a vast economic “empire,” including most of the B.C. Interior.

The centennial suited this optimistic vision of a city moving forward.

The main event, on Sept. 17, 1912, was a historical parade, featuring members of the Secwepemc Nation, fur traders, Cari-boo gold miners and even a group of Wild West riders advertising the rst Calgary Stampede, held the same summer.

Then came oats representing differ-ent local industries, as well as decorated automobiles, still an uncommon sight on Kamloops streets.

To the parade organizers, history was a sign of economic prosperity to come.

The celebrations honoured Kamloops’ place in Canada and the British Empire.

The gleaming white arches along Victo-ria Street were inspired by similar arches at the 300th anniversary of Quebec City in 1908, the largest-ever commemoration in Canada at that time.

Kamloops also welcomed a royal guest of honour, the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, Governor General of Canada and uncle of King George V.

The Duke opened a new building for the Royal Inland Hospital and dropped the faceoff ball for a centennial lacrosse game.

The climax of the three-day party was a reworks display depicting a ctional attack on Fort Kamloops.

The show was the work of the Hitt Fire-works Company of Seattle.

The Kamloops event was an early example of Hitt’s famous dramatizations of battles scenes.

Hitt’s most famous work came almost 30 years later, in 1939, when the company provided the special effects for the burn-ing of Atlanta scene in the lm Gone with the Wind.

The late 1930s saw a second Kamloops celebration, this one quite different from the 1912 centennial.

The Kamloops 125th anniversary celebration in 1937 was an economic-stimulus package.

Its organizers wanted to market Kam-loops as a tourist destination and help

residents recover from the Great Depres-sion.

They were inspired by Vancouver’s Golden Jubilee celebration in 1936, which had attracted thousands of visitors.

With little money available from gov-ernment, organizers relied on press cover-age and corporate sponsors to spread the word about Kamloops and its attractions.

The Hudson’s Bay Company and the CPR, both companies with deep roots in the Kamloops community, advertised the anniversary widely.

CBC Radio, created in 1936, also covered the festivities, as did newspapers across Canada.

The strangest publicity the 125th an-niversary received was from the Deutches Kurzwellensender (KWS), the govern-ment shortwave radio station in Nazi Germany.

The station prepared a short program about Kamloops’ history and tourist at-tractions, which it broadcast in English for listeners in North America.

On June 7, 1937, loudspeakers were set up on the roof of the Plaza Hotel on Vic-toria Street so the public could listen in.

Sound quality was poor, but G.D. Brown, secretary of the anniversary com-mittee, wrote to the KWS in Berlin to thank them for the publicity.

Brown believed the broadcast helped to “weld Canada and Germany together in goodwill throughout the world.”

In hindsight, this hope was misplaced:

two years later, the two countries were at war.

Radio was an exciting new technology in the 1930s and the anniversary radio broadcasts were a source of pride.

However, some people in Kamloops were uncertain about the modern age.

Pioneer gold miner James Buie Leigh-ton, interviewed on CBC Radio, was nostalgic for a time when nobody needed government relief payments, which were common during the Depression.

Even the editor of the Kamloops Sentinel believed modern technology had not made Canada a stronger country and believed B.C. was ignored by the federal government.

Anniversary celebrations are fascinat-ing to historians because they reveal how people think about the past and its relationship to the present.

Kamloops’ 1912 centennial celebrated the optimism of a growing city while the city’s 125th anniversary celebration re ected Depression-era worries.

What will the bicentennial celebrations say about Kamloops in 2012 to historians a hundred years from now?

Forrest Pass is a historian with an interest in commemorative celebrations. In 2008, he was a lecturer in Canadian history at Thompson Rivers University.

He is currently based in Ottawa.

A view of downtown Kamloops during the community’s 100th anniversary celebration in 1912. KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

This community is 200 years oldCENTENNIAL CELEBRATIONS OF DAYS GONE BY TIED KAMLOOPS TO

THE CALGARY STAMPEDE, GONE WITH THE WIND — AND NAZI GERMANY

QUIRKY HISTORY EVEN IN HISTORICAL CELEBRATIONS

What is this thing you’re

holding?Glad you asked.This is a special edition of Kamloops

This Week, put together to mark the 200th anniversary of the founding of our community.

If you’ve lived here any length of time, you likely know Kamloops has an inter-esting history.

And, if you’re new to town or just visit-ing, this special edition will attempt to explain some of it to you.

Kamloops’ geographical position has meant it’s always been a hub for travel — beginning with the con uence of the North and South Thompson rivers, then the railways and now highways and even Kamloops Airport.

Back in the early days of Kamloops, the community’s status as a common way-point meant a lot of interesting charac-ters passed through town. Some stayed, some didn’t. But, our local history is dotted with their stories and the impact of the early settlers is still evident today.

In this publication, we tried to cover as much of Kamloops’ local history as pos-sible — from the fur trade to orchards to amalgamation, and lots in between.

INSIDE:—

—

Kamloops This WeekSPECIAL EDITION

EXTRA! EXTRA!Tuesday, July 3, 2012Est. 1988 FREE

Fruitlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . A4

Floods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A6

Amalgamation . . . . . . . . . . A8

Camels . . . . . . . . . . . . A10

Polo . . . . . . . . . . . . . A11

Kama-a-loo-la-pa . . . . . . . . . A16

AND MORE!

KTW would like to thank the Kamloops Museum and Archives for their help in putting together

this special edition.

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Just a few days before the ve Americans arrived, Lieut. Mayne of HMS Plumper had visited Fort Kamloops in May and left his im-pressions behind:

It was about 8 o’clock in the morning when we came here, and found ourselves in sight of Kam-loops (Tk’emlups). The view from where we stood was very beautiful.

A hundred feet below us was the Thompson, some 300 yards in width, owed leisurely past us. Opposite, running directly towards us and meeting the larger river at nearly right angles, was the North River, at its junction with the Thompson wider even than that stream; and between them stretched a wide delta or alluvial plain, which was continued some eight or ten miles until the mountains closed in upon the river so nearly as only as just to leave a narrow pathway by the water’s edge.

At this fork and on the west side [where North Kamloops is now] stood Fort Kamloops, enclosed within pickets; and opposite it [on the east bank of the North Thomp-son] was the village of the Shuswap Indians. Both the plain and the mountains were covered with grass and early spring owers.

Dunlevey, Menefee and the oth-ers emerged into that same high country above the con uence of the south and north forks of the Thompson River.

From their high vantage point coming in from the southwest, like Lieut. Mayne, they could plainly see the smoke from the settlement of the Secwepemc (Shuswap) people on the east bank of the north fork, and the smudged outline of the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Fort Kamloops trading post on the west bank.

They made their way down to the south shore of the Thompson.

Across the river, Fort Kamloops was now clearly visible with its formidable stockade and surround-ing corrals and fences.

The Union Jack and the Bay Company’s ags were visible as they ew from poles inside the stockade.

Dunlevey, Mof tt and Menefee set off to visit the fort, and to ob-tain much needed supplies for their journey into the Cariboo. They hailed some men on the north shore who were working nearby, and a canoe was sent across for them.

The three miners were ferried across the river and made their way on foot to the fort. As they ap-proached the west side of the fort, they could see the main access road approaching the double gate in the west palisade of the fort was fenced on both sides. This west gate, open during the day, was the main trad-ing entrance.

On the south side of the road, a large fenced eld had been planted in grain, and on the north side, an-other fenced eld had been planted with vegetables and root crops. Dunlevey saw many Secwepemc (Shuswap) women working in the elds and doing other chores around the farm area of the fort.

Water for the vegetables and root crops was fed by a series of irrigation ditches. In other areas around the fort, beef and milk cattle grazed, along with the odd bullock or oxen. A large corral stood adja-cent, but separate, to the fort and was capable of enclosing the entire stock from a two to three hundred animal pack train.

The elds and meadows sur-rounding the fort were bare of any brush or trees that might afford cover to an attacking force. When the grains and vegetables had been harvested any large clumps of na-tive grasses were burnt down for the same reason.

The eld of view from the fort was unobstructed in every direc-tion. The trading company main-tained hay meadows for winter fodder for their cattle and sheep on the ats towards Tranquille Creek, a few miles to the north of the fort on the west bank of the North Fork and also on the south shore where naturally irrigated meadows existed just a few miles west of the con u-ence of the two rivers.

As the miners drew closer to the fort, they could see that the en-trance gate was double hung, and each side could open top or bottom or both. The gates were open, and they could see smoke coming from the chimneys of the interior build-ings.

The palisade surrounding the fort was about 150 feet long east-west and 100 feet wide north-south, with double-hung gates in both the east and west walls. The walls were made of hewn timbers 15 feet high and sunk into the ground.

When they entered the west gate of the fort, the main trading build-

ing confronted them — an impos-ing two story log structure. Another building on their left hand formed the north side of the trading area.

Access to the rest of the fort was barred and visitors and traders were con ned to this trading area in front of the main two story building.

The buildings inside the fort were all of hand hewn squared logs, at on each side, and built in the typical Hudson’s Bay Company Red River frame method of install-ing vertical logs at intervals and employing mortise and tenon joints at the corners and other spots such as doors and windows.

Within the con nes of the fort were a number of similar type log buildings. These were placed on each side of a main thoroughfare that entered from the east gate and proceeded to the back entrance of the two story main trading building.

This main access route enabled the company to bring in food stuffs, trading goods, grain and other supplies for the use of the employ-ees and for trading. Also, the furs themselves could be shipped out via this east gate.

Buildings inside the palisades included the two story trading hall, an unheated fur storage building, barracks for the servants, a mess hall and kitchen, and a separate house for the Chief Trader.

Most of the buildings within the fort had whip-sawn oors.

The windows were quite small in each building, “ . . . being usually made up of four to six lights each, ten by twelve inches, the glass for the windows being carried in by the brigades.”

Bricks for the chimneys were made on site from sun dried, hand packed clay. The Chief Trader’s house was about 20 feet by 20 feet,

made with clay plaster. One sketch done from memory

some years after the 1850s showed 10 buildings within the con nes of the stockade, as well as the trading building itself. Sources contempo-rary to this period state that bas-tions were built in the south-east and north-west corners. These defensive structures were solidly built from hewn logs.

The bastions were wooden structures reared above the corners, “suf ciently high to enable the gar-rison to see a considerable distance over the country.”

In the upper gallery of these de-fensive structures were located the cannon. In the interior and away from ship transport they were usu-ally four pounders.

These cannon were covered over and protected by the roof and walls of the bastion, and gun ports, similar to those used aboard ships of the line, could be raised and the cannons run out for ring.

The ground oor served as the magazine for the storage of powder and shot.

That the Kamloops fort had can-non is well attested to by Mayne’s writings as well as the fact that cannon balls are rumoured to have been found on the sandbars of the river, or in utility or building excavations around Kamloops. It is thought these balls were the result of target practise by Company employees, or as announcements of special occasions such as the ar-rival of pack trains and the celebra-tion of the New Year.

They were never red in anger. Without further research, we are

at this time unable to determine how many cannon were resident at Fort Kamloops. However, the size of the barrels would be limited by

the amount of weight one horse could carry. This limit was usually somewhere around 200 pounds, so the barrel weight would have been that of a four-pounder.

A cannon this size had a bore of approximately 3 ¼ inches, and red an iron projectile of four pounds, as well as other miscellaneous metals and objects.

The ordinance would have been

typical of those used by the Royal Navy and the carriages would have been built on site by company carpenters.

Peter Grauer is the author of the award-winning book Interred With Their Bones: Bill Miner in Canada, 1903-1907. His latest project, from

which this story is excerpted, is due out later this summer.

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

A3

‘The view from where we stood was beautiful’

Ever wonder what Fort Kamloops was like 150 years ago?

T HE FOLLOWING IS AN EXCERPT FROM A NEW BOOK BY AUTHOR PETER GRAUER, TO BE PUB-LISHED LATER THIS YEAR.

Entitled Taken At The Flood: The Trail to the Cariboo, 1858-1862, it describes in great detail the very early years of the Cariboo gold rush.

The ve Americans described in the follow-ing paragraphs came to Fort Kamloops in May of 1859 to purchase supplies and pack horses prior to their journey north and their eventual discovery of the rst gold in the Cariboo on the Horse y River.

These sketches, drawn some time after 1896, show the best recollection of two of the original Overlanders — W. Fortune and G.C. Tun-stall. They saw Fort Kamloops in 1862. The fort was aparently undergoing renovations in 1862, so the sketch does not depict two bastions which were located at diagonal corners. FROM THE 1938 BOOK THE GREAT NORTH ROAD TO CARIBOO

The Chief Trader at Fort Kamloops in the 1850s and 1860s was the well-known Donald McLean.

McLean had been a Chief Trader since 1853, and was a long-term and experienced employee of the Hudson’s Bay Company.

His clerk was William Manson, and it was Manson who would leave us the journal records which we now find so valuable for research.

Donald McLean would sometimes leave one of his sons in charge of the fort when he was not available, and an observation on this fact was made by John Callbreath in 1858.

Callbreath met one of the McLean boys who was tempo-rarily in charge of the store in his father’s absence. Call-breath passed down his negative impressions to posterity.

He noticed that the son seemed to be lording it “with much gusto” over the few Indians who were hanging about the fort.

He “ . . . considered himself qualified in birth and rank to kiss the great toe of Her Majesty’s left foot.”

Whether this was one of the later infamous McLean Boys is not known.

— Peter Grauer

ALL HAIL THE CHIEF TRADER’S SON

A4

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

BEFORE THERE WAS A BROCKLEHURSTBy Michael Potestio

At the turn of the 20th century, the entire North Shore area was under cultivation. Before the days of large housing developments and stores, the area was home to a vast amount of orchards and crops.

This North Shore was called Fruitlands.

B.C. Fruitlands Ltd. was formed in England on June 8, 1909. It was a company made up of wealthy British capitalists headed by the Earl of Erroll.

Through a Crown grant and purchase, it acquired 6,400 acres of land, which comprised the North Shore.

The purpose of the purchase was for re-sale of the land in hopes of turning it into a farming com-munity the company would supply with water.

The irrigation system, valued at $200,000, was established to serve the entire area, with water drawn from Jamieson Creek.

The company had its head of ces in England but kept a eld manager located on its “Home Farm.”

By 1920, Fruitlands had expand-ed their area to 22,000 acres. The company land consisted of four blocks:

Block A ran from the south of Black Pines to south of Rayleigh. Block B ran to Halston and crossed along what would become the boundaries of Westsyde. Block C became North Kamloops and Block D was all of Brocklehurst.

In 1915, H.F. Mytton became the eld manager for Fruitlands. His

job was to look after the irrigation system and supervise the plant-

ing of orchards on small plots the company intended to sell or lease to settlers. He also raised crops.

In ve years, the Home Farm had 100 acres of orchards, many crops and 2,500 head of cattle.

By 1920, the company had already leased 1,000 acres of land to farmers, most of whom were Chinese or Hindus.

In 1923, the company reorga-nized and Mytton retired as man-ager.

John Jamieson took his place and the irrigation system was expanded and converted to steel pipe.

They also started a new advertis-ing program aimed at British and other European settlers.

Fruitlands began to sell more and more. In 1925, its Cherry Creek, Noble and Gordon ranches were put up for sale, as well as the Home Farm. Eighty new acres of orchards were also planted.

Cherry Creek was sold to broth-

ers from Yakima, Wash., who established a sheep farm.

The Home Farm also sold, in 1930, to Mrs. E.M. Bains, who converted it to a convalescent home.

The following year, Jamieson was replaced by Maj. A.E. McEl-ligot as Fruitlands manager.

Business was booming. In 1928, Fruitlands generated 250 carloads totalling 4,500 tonnes of produce that was being shipped out. Two-thirds went to Vancouver, one-third went to the Prairies and six carloads of apples were shipped to England.

In the summer of 1930, daily fruit trains would run through the River City, but only a portion of the produce ever left Kamloops.

Local demands and the two can-neries in Kamloops provided home for a large amount of the produce.

In 1930, Fruitlands brought 30 German-speaking families to farm

in Brocklehurst. Many of these set-tlers would eventually buy the land before the Second World War.

The communities of Brockle-hurst, Westsyde and North Kam-loops began to grow and more and more housing began to ll the North Shore.

In 1946, B.C. Fruitlands became the Fruitlands Irrigation District, supplying water to the districts of the North Shore, such as Westsyde and Brocklehurst.

Water-works systems and ve pump stations were installed be-tween 1952 and 1958 to serve the domestic and irrigation needs in these areas.

Over time, the domestic needs of the water system began to outweigh those of irrigation.

In 1973, B.C. Fruitlands was phased out due to amalgamation.

The City of Kamloops absorbed its assets and water and sewage systems that spring.

Or a Westsyde, or a North Shore — there was Fruitlands

The map above shows the reach of the B.C. Fruitlands Ltd. empire, while the photo (above left) gives an idea what the land was like.KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES

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Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

Kamloops’ original residentsBy Andrea Klassen

When the rst explorers arrived in the Kamloops area in 1811, the Secewpemc had been living in the Interior for the better part of 4,000 years, occupying a territory that stretched from the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains to the Fraser River.

The Secewpemc lived seasonally, spend-ing the coldest months in winter villages near waterways and living in pithouses — where much of the main living space is in an under-ground dugout.

(By some accounts, David Stuart, the rst white explorer to reach the area, spent the winter in a pithouse.)

In warmer months, families migrated throughout the region, gathering food and staying in lighter weight shelters.

The earliest days of the Kamloops-area fur trade were actually among the most com-petitive, with two established companies — North West and Paci c Fur — setting up forts in the area.

That lasted all of a year, with Paci c Fur selling their operation to North West in 1813. The Hudson’s Bay Company would even-tually take over the Kamloops trade in the 1820s.

Traders offered guns, cloth, beads, metal tools and tobacco. Alcohol was not among the early offerings.

The Secewpemc traded beaver pelts, but also provided the slightly-staffed forts with much of their food, mainly in the form of dried salmon.

Trade in fresh sh, fruit and venison was

also common. In the early days, relations between the

Secewpemc and the traders seem to have been mostly friendly, and intermarriage was common.

A century later, writing to then-Prime Min-ister Sir Wilfred Laurier, the chiefs of several Interior tribes, including the Secewpemc, would remember those rst explorers as “the real whites.”

“We could depend on their word and we trusted and respected them,” they wrote.

“They did not interfere with us nor attempt to break up our tribal organizations, laws [or] customs.

“They did not try to force their conception of things on us.”

All that would come a few decades later.

By the 1850s, B.C. was not the place explorers had visited just a few decades before.

For one thing, the former chunk of British North America now had its own name — as well as a governor intent on bringing law and order to the land.

In 1858, gold was discovered in Tranquille Creek, kicking off the B.C. gold rush and bring-ing fortune hunters from across North America into the province, along with farmers, ranchers and miners.

It’s one of those miners who is credited with sparking a small-pox epidemic that would deci-mate native populations across B.C. — Kamloops included.

Smallpox was a reality on Vancouver Island for decades, but had mostly not crossed to the mainland until the sum-mer of 1862, when an unnamed American miner is believed to have sparked a new outbreak in Victoria.

Of cials in Kamloops pan-icked, quarantining the white population and kicking First Na-tions out of town.

Those who went home took the disease with them.

While the Hudson’s Bay Company had doled out small-pox vaccinations in the 1840s, a new generation of natives had no immunity.

Those at the fort vaccinated neighbours and visitors but, with many families far a eld for the summer, prevention was dif- cult.

Locally, historians put the damage at up to 50 per cent of the population.

Around the same time, the

government began drawing up reserves for its First Nations, un-der the orders of B.C. governor James Douglas.

Unlike several of those who would follow him in the job, Douglas thought First Nations should not be swept aside by white settlers — though as-similation into settler society was still a long-term goal. Reserve surveyors were told to include traditional villages and farming sites in their allocations, and to stake reserves to include as much land as the bands felt they required.

The rst Kamloops reserve stretched six miles up the North Thompson River, 12 miles along the South Thompson and back into the mountains.

Those boundaries would last less than ve years before the complaints began.

By 1866, Douglas was out of of ce and a man with decidedly fewer sympathies for native land

claims had come to the fore.When a Kamloops gold com-

missioner wrote the colonial government, complaining the Secewpemc had claimed too much good agricultural land given their numbers and were halting the progress of the area, he found a sympathetic ear in the Chief Commissioner of Land and Works, Joseph Trutch — a man best known for his outright hostility to the idea of aboriginal title and aboriginal people.

During his time in of ce, he reduced reserves in B.C. by a staggering 91 per cent — and the Kamloops area was no different.

Reserves in the area were reduced to three or four square miles and the rest of the land was put up for claim by white settlers.

It would take the Confedera-tion of Canada and panic over a native uprising before the boundaries were returned to their original positions.

SMALLPOX AND THE FIRST INDIAN RESERVESHistorians estimate

up to half of the local native population was

killed by disease in the 1840s

By Andrea KlassenThe Kamloops Indian Residential

School had a handful of names over its years of operation, but for the better part of a century its mission remained the same.

Set up by the federal government, native residential schools were touted as the best way to assimilate new gen-erations of First Nations into Canada’s white population — what’s since been described as “killing the Indian in the child.”

First opened in the 1890s, the initial years of the Kamloops Industrial School were a bust. Secewpemc parents balked at the curriculum, which focused almost exclusively on teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.

Children were pulled from the school — attendance was not yet manda-tory — and the school was closed and restructured, with the federal govern-ment putting direct management of the program in the hands of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate.

The program that took shape in Kam-loops focused more heavily on industry than school. Students would spend half a day learning trades (domestic service for girls, farming for boys) and the rest on basic academics and religious les-sons.

The Secewpemc language was forbid-den, as were traditional spiritual cus-toms.

Band members who attended the school still recall being told that their native heritage was “of the devil.”

From the early days, funding was a problem.

Shortages of food, clothing and foot-wear would plague the school through-out its lifetime. In particularly bad years, students would be forbidden from communicating with their parents at all, to keep conditions under wraps.

It was a dif cult choice for parents — send your child to a sub-par school or have them never go to school at all.

In 1920, attendance at residential schools became mandatory, and a dif- cult choice became no choice at all.

The school would eventually intro-duce a high school program in the 1950s and would start sending its secondary students into Kamloops Catholic school system a decade later, causing Kam-loops’ very own integration furor.

But, by the 1970s, school attendance was on the decline as band run days schools, which allowed children to stay with their parents, began opening up in the region.

By 1978, the imposing structure on the reserve had closed for good.

The residential school era

DID YOU KNOW?Kamloops used to have a king — sort of. Well-known resident James McIntosh earned the nickname “King of Kamloops” because he owned most of the land in the original town site. He also owned the local water-works and electrical companies. McIntosh died in 1907.

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The running shoe [or trainer) is a relatively new invention (just over 200 years old). The resurgence in running brought about by the English in the 18th century meant the development of a lightweight shoe which could grip the ground, However, initial attempts at a running shoe were made from leather which unfortunately had the tendency to stretch when wet.In 1832 the fi rst breakthrough was made when Walt Webster patented a process whereby rubbersoles

could be attracted to leather shoes and boots. This led to the creation of Plimsolls, which were widely worn by children. It wasn’t until 1852 when another Britain {Joseph William Foster—the founder of the company Boulton, now known as Reebok} had the “eureka moment” and decided to add spikes to the bottom of the plimsols and created what we now know as running spikes.The next big development was vulcanization, which revolutionized shoe manufacturing. Vulcanization

is simply the process of melting rubber and fabric together. This design revolution made shoes lightweight, quiet and fl exible. This led to the creation of Keds: canvas and rubber shoes in 1892 by the manufacturer Goodyear. It wasn’t until 1917 when Goodyear made the correlation and started to advertise Keds as an athletic shoe. They eventually became known as sneakers, because of the rubber sole, they could ‘sneak’ around silently’.

The History of Running ShoesNN

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A6

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

By Michael Potestio

1894 The oods of 1894 were the

highest recorded in Kamloops in its entire 200-year history.

The Red Bridge at Kam-loops withstood the mighty waters, but other bridges weren’t so lucky — spans at Ashcroft, Savona and Spences Bridge were all carried away.

Along the north side of West Victoria Street, the wa-ter nearly reached the backs of some houses.

Boats weren’t immune, either. The paddle-wheel steamer Spallumcheen broke apart under the force of the ood waters as it was carried

downstream. Between June 7 and 12,

some trains were stranded at Kamloops. People made the best of it, though, entertain-ing themselves with baseball games between locals and CPR Staff.

Though the waters ran high the population was low. Much of the ooded areas were still undeveloped at the time — a

factor which kept the biggest ood in Kamloops history

from being worse.

1948 Despite being a lower ood

level than 1894, the 1948 ood was Kamloops’ most

destructive to date. On May 25, the Hef ey

Creek dam at Devick Lake broke — sending a 30-foot wall of water down the creek, crashing into buildings along the way.

The Thompson River, meanwhile, was rising at a rate of two inches per hour by May 26.

North Kamloops was hit hard and 500 men built dikes as quickly as possible in low-lying areas.

Massive ooding was pre-vented, but McArthur Island brie y ceased to exist.

Parts of Mackenzie and Royal avenues were sunk as well, as was the north bank of the Thompson between Fulton Field and Tranquille and the Happyvale area.

On the Kamloops Indian

Band reserve, what is now the Mount Paul industrial park was turned into a lake.

Mission Flats ooded as well, but the sawmill escaped the worst of it.

The area below Lorne Street on, the other hand, wasn’t so lucky — the river took over the area from 13th Avenue to the west end of

Riverside Park. The ood brought new

meaning to River Street, as many homes located there turned into islands — only accessible via boat.

But, by June 16, the water began to retreat and what fol-lowed was a provincial pro-gram to build dikes in ood-prone areas like Kamloops.

1972Warm temperatures through

the month of June and a tardy snow-pack melting set the stage for another one of Kamloops’ most destructive oods.

Agricultural areas that had ooded in 1948 had been

replaced by housing, but they were also behind the protec-

tion of dikes by 1972. Some backyards in Brock-

lehurst got soaked on June 2, when some of the new dikes in the area broke when water levels surpassed those of the 1948 ood.

The new dike at Oak Hills succumbed to the water, but people were able to escape without the loss of lives.

The incident earned the area the nickname “Soak Hills.”

Dikes in other areas held on and the river crested on June 14.

The level was 1,132.5 feet above sea level — beating the 1948 level by three feet and 30 inches shy of the 1894 mark.

Lord willing and the creeks don’t rise

Yes, that is a float plane. And, yes, it is parked on First Avenue in downtown Kamloops — in June of 1948. The flooding that year was not as high as 1894 or 1972 levels, but it was the most destructive Kamloops flood to date. KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

J UST AS KAMLOOPS HAS GROWN OVER THE COURSE OF TWO CENTURIES, SO HAS THE DANGER — AND POTENTIAL

DAMAGE — OF FLOODS.

Though the snow-pack melt each spring routinely causes area waterways to spill their banks, Kamloops’ history is marked by a handful of signi cant ooding events.

A7

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S ince i ts humble beginnings in 1959 Northi l ls Centre location has been a hub of act iv ity for shoppers in north Kamloops. Popularity and growth of this area warranted expansion on the s i te of what is now known as Nothi l ls Centre. With over 40 shops & services to help customers with al l their shopping needs,

everything you want is in-store. As was in the past and now the present, the unique feel of the centre wi l l continue to service the vibrant neighborhoods of north Kamloops, Brocklehurst and Westsyde and Kamloops for years to come.

A8

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

By Tim PetrukKamloops was under at-

tack.Throngs of parasitic outli-

ers were crossing city limits every day, looting the munici-pality’s resources — streets, hydro, trash collection and snow removal.

The City of Kamloops was always the hub and areas like North Kamloops, Brockle-hurst, Valleyview, Westsyde and Dufferin were the spokes.

In 1967, Kamloops and North Kamloops merged. But, they remained vulnerable in the eyes of the outliers — res-idents of bedroom communi-ties travelling into Kamloops on a daily basis and eroding roadways, throwing out trash and using electricity, all with-out paying municipal taxes.

So, in the early 1970s, the topic of amalgamation was a hot one in the area.

Kamloops itself, after the 1967 merger, boasted 26,000 residents.

But the city was bordered by three other municipalities — Brocklehurst, Valleyview and Dufferin.

Brocklehurst’s population in 1970 was 8,500, Val-leyview’s 3,700 and Duf-ferin’s 750.

Westsyde, which remained unincorporated, had about 4,200 residents. Other unin-corporated communities in the area were Rayleigh, Hef- ey Creek, Dallas, Barnhart-

vale and Knutsford.The City of Kamloops was

pushing for amalgamation, but the outliers were opposed.

And, rightfully so — Kam-loops’ tax rate was signi -cantly higher than the mu-nicipal rates being charged in Brock, Valleyview and Dufferin.

That, however, was because of the strains placed on the community by the outliers.

So, on Dec. 5, 1972, Kam-loops’ city council decided to take action.

“Enforced isolation,” they called it — an immediate re-vocation of all services shared with neighbouring communi-ties, with the exception of the Kamloops Indian Band.

That meant no more water service beyond city limits, no more tourism promotion, no non-Kamloops garbage in the city dump and ambulance response only within the municipal boundary “with the exception of highway disas-ters or other major disasters.”

City council also made an order barring all non-residents from being buried in Kam-loops cemeteries — a bold move given the fact none of the outlying areas had grave-yards of their own.

Fire protection would change as well. Brocklehurst, Valleyview and Dufferin had their own re departments, but worked closely with Kamloops Fire Rescue in the past. That would stop, as would service to Westsyde,

Barnhartvale, Dallas and Knutsford.

The aggressive play by Kamloops Mayor Gordon Nicol caused his counterparts in the ‘burbs — Al Thompson in Brocklehurst, Fred Chap-man in Valleyview and Roy Partridge in Dufferin — to take notice.

They weren’t the only ones. In Victoria, B.C.’s mu-

nicipal-affairs minister Jim Lorimer acted quickly.

Lorimer declared, on Dec. 21, 1972 — 16 days after the enforced-isolation announce-ment — that the greater Kam-loops area would become one.

That meant not only Brock, Valleyview and Dufferin, but also Westsyde, Rayleigh, Knutsford, Dallas, Barn-hartvale and much of the

Kamloops Indian Band’s land would become Kamloops proper.

And, Lorimer decreed, it would all happen just over four months later, on May 1, 1973.

There would be no vote — but there would be drama.

Two months before the amalgamation was to take place, the outliers led a law-

suit in B.C. Supreme Court taking issue with the fact they were forced to turn over land to the City of Kamloops without a vote.

On March 6, 1973, a judge ruled the amalgamation il-legal and ordered a vote be held if the incorporation was to take place.

‘ENFORCED ISOLATION’From City Hall to the courtroom without a stop at the polls . . . the strange story of Kamloops’ amalgamation

T HE RESIDENTS OF KAMLOOPS WERE TIRED OF BEING TAKEN ADVANTAGE OF. THE RESIDENTS OF THE OUTLYING MUNICIPALITIES — BROCKLEHURST,

VALLEYVIEW AND DUFFERIN AMONG THEM — DID NOT WANT TO PAY KAMLOOPS’ HIGH TAXES.

They were at an impasse. Then, on a cold night a few weeks before Christmas in 1972, the City of Kamloops dropped a bombshell.

This map shows the original plans for an amalgamated Kamloops. It includes a big chunk of Tk’emlups Indian Band reserve land — property that was eventually returned to the band. KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES

CONTINUED ON PAGE A9

A8

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A9

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

The City of Kamloops appealed. But, on April 6, a panel of B.C.

Court of Appeal judges sided once again with the outliers.

Lorimer now had a choice to make — would he abandon the forced amalgamation, leaving the City of Kamloops to operate in enforced isolation until somebody gave, or would he take other steps?

The crafty MLA chose the latter and, on April 10, 1973, introduced a bill in B.C.’s legislature amend-ing the Municipal Act to overrule the province’s highest court.

The bill passed and Kamloops’ fate was sealed.

On May 7, 1973, Lorimer was in the newly expanded municipal-ity — now with a population of 55,000, making Kamloops the third-largest city in B.C. — to chair the rst post-amalgamation council meeting.

But, there were other issues on the horizon for the city.

Three weeks before the amalga-mation passed, Jean Chretien, then Canada’s Indian Affairs minister, sent a telegram to Victoria pro-testing Lorimer’s declaration that parts of the Kamloops Indian Band reserve would be absorbed by the new City of Kamloops.

In 1974, the band nally got its day in court — and the natives won.

Today, the Mount Paul industrial park is not part of Kamloops

The same can’t be said for the other outliers.

FROM PAGE A8

OUTLYING TOWNS HAD THEIR HANDS

FORCED

Downtown and undergroundA LOT OF PEOPLE HAVE COME THROUGH AND SETTLED IN KAMLOOPS OVER ITS 200-YEAR HISTORY — AND THE

MEN AND WOMEN WHO HELPED SHAPED THE TOWN OVER THE DECADES NOW REST IN ITS CEMETERIES

By Michael Potestio

The Pleasant Street Cemetery — also known as Kamloops Cemetery — opened in 1900 and is likely Kamloops’ best-known graveyard.

Here, many famous Kamloop-sians are buried.

Headstones bearing the names McIntosh, Vicars, Fremont-Smith and Fortune can be found in Pleas-ant.

Plots near the caretaker’s shed — like that of James McIntosh — were looked after quite well back in the day, according to Sylvia Gropp, a contractor with the Kam-loops Museum and Archives.

“If you had a lot of money and you wanted to be looked after, that’s where you bought, and these were ‘el primo’ spots in the grave-yard,” she said.

McIntosh, known as the “King of Kamloops” during his day, has a suitably royal headstone — an Egyptian-style obelisk.

Some of the Pleasant Street Cemetery’s inhabitants — or, more likely, their families — were creative in designing their grave markers.

One headstone is shaped and carved as a pillow. Gropp said the pillow is one of her favourites in the cemetery.

“I don’t think there’s another one like it in the cemetery that I’ve seen, and it’s just really unique,” said Gropp.

She said the headstone can often tell a lot about the people beneath, based on its characteristics such as the symbols, carvings and type of stone it is made from.

The headstones in Pleasant face east, which is common in older graveyards — facing the sun at dawn and having it set behind them at the end of the day.

Some popular symbols found on headstones in Pleasant Street Cemetery are baby lambs.

Lamb symbols generally date back to 19th century children’s

headstones, symbolizing inno-cence.

Many of the lambs at Pleasant have been decapitated by vandals.

Books are also a plentiful sym-bol at Pleasant Street Cemetery — representing the Bible or wisdom. An open book usually means the word of God was revealed to the deceased.

Scrolls — another popular sym-bol among those resting eternally on Pleasant Street — are usually religious, Gropp said.

When the City of Kamloops opened the Hillside Cemetery in 1951, Pleasant was no longer the community’s main burial place.

But, Gropp said, family plots in the old graveyard can still be had.

Located in downtown Kamloops, the Pleasant Street Cemetery has been in operation for more than a century — and it’s still accepting new residents. MICHAEL POTESTIO/KTW

Around the turn of the 20th century, Kamloops became home to a new home — the Provincial Home for Old Men.

By that time, B.C. was facing an influx of aging workers. The men who had come here to strike it rich were now getting old and dying, many with no families and little money.

The Provincial Home for Old Men, located near where the Kamloops Law Courts are today, started burying its dead on site.

But, that wouldn’t last.In the 1960s, construc-

tion crews unearthed 146 of the Home’s first resi-dents and moved them to the nearby Sixth Avenue Cemetery.

The skeletons had metal identification plates fas-tened to their skulls. They were then placed in simple wood coffins and buried in a trench, without markers, at the Sixth Avenue site.

BODIES BURIED IN TRENCHES ON SIXTH AVE.

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A10

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

By Michael PotestioIt must have been a bizarre sight

for a pioneer venturing into B.C.’s Interior in the 1860s — camels.

In April of 1862, 23 of the ungulates — Bactrain camels, native to Asia but imported from San Francisco — were brought into the Kamloops area by rancher John C. Calbraith to use on the Cariboo Road.

The men who owned the animals were Henry Ingram from Grande Prairie (present-day Westwold), North Thompson rancher Adam Hef ey and Frank Laumeister of Lytton.

The camels could carry over 400 pounds — much more than the average mule — and were used as pack animals between Barkerville, Lillooet and Seton Lake.

Used between May and October of 1862 and again in 1863, the Interior’s camel experiment was short-lived.

Camel trains were stopped for a few reasons. For starters, they didn’t mix well with the other pack animals.

The horses, oxen and mules were scared of them and hated their smell, and would stampede or rear whenever the camels came near.

The most signi cant reason camels didn’t work was the ter-rain — the camels’ feet couldn’t handle the rocky roads. No matter how much weight they could pack, they couldn’t overcome the damage their feet took.

Personality-wise, the camels didn’t t in, either. Notoriously stubborn, the camels were tough on novice handlers. They had nasty habits, too, like eating prac-

tically anything and spitting when annoyed.

Laumeister faced many com-plaints about the animals from packers and miners, and was even threatened with lawsuits over damage caused by the camels.

With that, he and the other own-ers decided to cut their losses — and cut the camels loose.

Twelve remained and were either sold or sent to roam free.

That left a group of camels wandering around the area, and stories began to roll in of people throughout the Southern Interior getting spooked by random camel sightings.

Many of the camels couldn’t handle the cold weather and died, while others were killed for food.

One account from the time states a man named John Morris

came across one of the loose cam-els and blew it away. He’s said to have shot it because he thought it was a grizzly bear.

The incident earned him the nickname “Grizzly Morris,” and he would go on to strike it rich in Barkerville.

In Kamloops, the loose camels could be seen wandering the wil-derness around town.

HBC trader Charles Moffat, sta-tioned at the company’s Kamloops post, described an encounter with one of the animals in a journal entry dated Sept. 28, 1868.

He observed the camel kneel, squeak and freak out his children.

Another account from the 1870s had the McLean brothers mount-ing two of the camels and riding them into a herd of cattle to cause a stampede.

Ingram had the longest local association with the camel experi-ment. After the failure of using them on the Cariboo road, he tried putting three camels to work on his farm clearing land.

It didn’t go over very well.So, in 1864, Ingram took two of

the camels and turned them into 404 pounds of camel meat, which he sold to the HBC.

One camel remained in his possession and it was kept as a pet. Ingram had the animal’s hair sheared each spring like a sheep, and the clippings were used to stuff pillows and mattresses.

Children also rode the animal from time to time.

The camel survived in Ingram’s possession until 1905 — when it leaned up against a tree and died on its feet.

WHEN CAMELS ROAMED AROUND KAMLOOPS

For a time in the 1860s, camels roamed free in the wilderness around Kamloops — the result of a failed packing experiment by an area rancher. KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

Yes, camels — and, yes, roaming

KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

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Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

Through George Loney’s meadow they rode

By Marty Hastings

A GRAND VENTUREThe Kamloops Polo Club (KPC) was

established in 1897 by lawyer Cecil Ward, a former Victoria player who brought the game with him from Vancouver Island to his new home in the Interior.

Seven years earlier, the rst recorded polo game — a hot, dusty nil-nil draw — was played on the Caledonian Grounds, southeast of Battle Street and Fourth Av-enue on today’s maps.

Competition outside the city was often tough to nd for the KPC.

When the River City riders did nd out-of-town opponents, men like Walter Homfray of Grande Prairie — the town now known as Westwold — provided stiff competition.

There were several intra-club matches — East Kamloops versus West Kamloops, held on George Loney’s meadow on the north side of the South Thompson River — and a mixed-squad game between Kam-loops and Chilcotin in 1897.

The rst real outside test came against Grande Prairie in 1898.

KPC lost 2-1 at the Grande Prairie Racetrack in the rst match of a home-and-home series.

Home teams often had a great advan-

tage, with their visiting foes fatigued from travel.

The rst recorded appearance of Hom-fray, Grande Prairie’s swashbuckling captain, came in the back end of the series in Kamloops.

In one of only a handful of victories Kamloops would ever score over their superior neighbours to the southeast, Hom-fray notched his team’s lone goal in a 4-1 loss.

Homfray’s marker might have drawn jealous glances from some of his team-mates, most of whom were likely beneath him on the status totem pole.

Grande Prairie’s team was comprised mostly of farmers and ranchers, while their captain arrived in the Salmon River Valley with money.

Did the wealthy Homfray not already have enough to hang his hat on?

If there were jealous teammates, they likely had the last laugh when Homfray left town, tail planted rmly between legs.

In 1898, Homfray was at the height of his prominence in Grande Prairie.

He arrived from England with his broth-er in 1885 and within a decade had built a large hotel called the Adelphi, a store, a blacksmith and a post of ce.

Homfray planned to build a village that would carry his name — but that would

never happen.He built a racetrack, complete with

grandstand. It was at rst successful, but likely led to his undoing in Grand Prairie.

“When the venture failed to prosper suf ciently, he sold out in about 1911 and took up real estate in Kamloops,” writes Tony Rees in The Galloping Game, an illustrated history of polo in the Canadian West.

“A born speculator, Walter Homfray was probably at broke as often as he was rich and he died penniless in Kamloops in 1951.”

COURAGEOUS, ADVENTUROUS — AND SHORT

In 1901, Homfray and Grande Prairie cruised to a 4-1 win over Kamloops in a game that decided the Roper Cup, which

symbolized provincial supremacy.The cup — which belonged to honourary

KPC president W.J. Roper of Cherry Creek — was often hoisted by Grand Prairie.

(Roper, a successful farmer, is believed to be responsible for the introduction of Hereford cattle in the region. It’s still a dominant breed.)

Arthur Winterbottom (left), “Worty” Wood, Bill Fernie and W.F. Richardson won the Watson Cup, awarded to the city champions, in 1902. Fernie, a formidable polo player and a member of the B.C. Provincial Police, was known best for arresting stagecoach robber Billy Miner in 1906. KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

I N PALE BLUE JERSEYS, WITH SLEEVES AND COLLARS OF PRIMROSE YELLOW, THE FIRST MEN OF THE KAMLOOPS POLO CLUB RODE ROUGHSHOD THROUGH GEORGE LONEY’S

MEADOW.

Most of them were brave men. Some of them died brave deaths.

A quick study of their lives — and the game they chose to play — provides insight into life in the River City at the turn of the 20th century.

CONTINUED ON PAGE A12

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Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

By Tim Petruk

It was Victoria Day of 1885, and a crowd had gathered at John Peter-son’s ranch in Kamloops.

Located on what is now between Third and Sixth avenues in downtown Kamloops, the spectators were there to watch base-ball — the rst recorded game in the city’s history.

The Kamloops Knick-erbockers came out on top, earning a decisive 19-11 victory over the Kamloops Blues.

The sport continued to grow in Kamloops and, in 1888, the city hosted a ve-day provincial cham-

pionship tournament.The eld included

squads from Donald, Revelstoke, New West-minster, Vancouver and Victoria’s Amity Club.

The Amity Club won, but not without con-troversey — they were accused by other teams of hiring professional ring-ers to play in the amateur tournament.

In 1889, perhaps in u-enced by Amity’s victory a year earlier, Kamloops began importing profes-sional players.

That year, the River City team won back-to-back tournaments — in-cluding a B.C. champi-onship — and earned an $800 purse.

For the next ve years, there was no inter-city

baseball in Kamloops. Teams from other cities

refused to play here be-cause of the professional players acquired in 1889.

But, competition resumed in 1895, with the Kamloops club now playing home games at Riverside Park.

Inter-city games con-tinued through the turn

of the 20th century, with Kamloops squads devel-oping heated rivalries with teams from Vernon and Revelstoke.

The games ceased dur-ing the First World War, but returned in 1919 — seen as a much-needed respite for those who lost loved ones in battle, and those who fought.

Grande Prairie player Frank Gordon — known for his impressive handlebar mous-tache — had his name etched on Roper’s chalice at least six times.

Alfred W. Johnson scored Kamloops’ only goal in the 1901 Roper Cup tilt.

Johnson’s story reads like many others of his time — courageous, adventurous and short.

After serving in the Boer war and leading Kamloops’ rst contingent of volunteers in joining the Lord Strathcona’s Horse, Johnson enlisted again in 1915.

Johnson, a lieutenant with the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, later captained the Royal Engineers.

He fought hard in many a match at Lo-ney’s meadow, which proved a dangerous home eld when a ferry carrying horses and players from the the south shore to the north broke loose, winding up in Mission Flats, where it was lucky to make a safe landing.

Loney, the unof cial poet laureate of Kam-loops, was no longer host to the KPC riders.

The club moved to Mission Flats after the mishap, but unsuitable conditions made its tenure there short-lived.

Moves to East Kamloops and, in 1908, to Alexandra Park on the North Shore — now connected to the south by a bridge — were the last stops before the club found a long-time home on the Kamloops Indian Band reserve.

The club would make one more move to Noel Harper’s Westsyde ranch in the 1930s.

Johnson would never again play in front of a home crowd after 1915.

He was gassed and killed in France ght-ing in the First World War in April of 1918.

PROSPEROUS — WITH AN UNTIMELY END

By 1902, Kelowna had a polo club, which emphatically eliminated Kamloops from Roper Cup contention that year with a 4-0 win.

Grande Prairie, true to form, toppled Kel-

owna in the nal.In the lineup for Kamloops in the loss

to their Okanagan rival was Frederick E. Young, whose life was as prosperous as his death was untimely.

Young had become a pillar of the commu-nity by 1902, having bought the Kamloops Standard, a newspaper of which he was publisher and owner.

He lived in a two-storey house with an expansive wraparound veranda and leaded glass windows

Young’s house, located at 133 West Battle St., is today a designated heritage site.

His years living in the decadent home were cut short.

He accidentally shot himself to death with his own ri e in 1914.

The Standard was ourishing at the time of his demise.

ROYALTY IS BORNPolo is often referred to as The Sport of

Kings.William Lewis Fernie might just be Kam-

loops’ polo crown jewel.In 1904, Fernie scored a goal in a rare vic-

tory, 4-0, over Grande Prairie in the Watson Cup, which had been established as the city championship.

The Watson Cup championship was held annually in September at the Kamloops Exhibition.

Fernie, who joined the B.C. Provincial Po-lice in 1901 upon return from the Boer war, snatched a goal that day, but his biggest catch would come in 1906.

The infamous Grey Fox, Billy Miner, had botched a stagecoach robbery east of Kam-loops and was on the run.

Instead of grabbing the more-than $35,000 aboard the mail car, it’s been said Miner came away with $15.50 and a box of catarrh pills.

He was tracked and captured by Fernie’s posse, convicted in a Kamloops courtroom and shipped to a New Westminster peniten-tiary — from which he would later escape.

Fernie, unlike Young, lived a long life and became a local hero.

He went on to serve in the Great War with the Rocky Mountain Rangers and retire from the B.C. police force with the rank of inspec-tor in 1934.

FROM PAGE A11

HANDLE BAR MOUSTACHES, DEATH BY RIFLE AND THE SPORT OF KINGS

They call it the Sport of Kings but, in Kamloops, polo was also the sport of (future) presidents.

In the 1930s, the Kamloops Polo Club hosted a U.S. Army squad — including one Maj. Dwight D. Eisenhower.

He would go on to become a five-star Army general before a two-term stint as U.S. president,

from 1953 to 1961.Eisenhower was a noted

sportsman, having played football in high school and, in 1948, becoming a member at Augusta National Golf Club.

He openly professed his love for sport and, most notably, golf — but it was polo that brought him to Kamloops.

The presidential link to polo in Kamloops

Baseball games in Kamloops used to be played in Riverside Park — in the Union Jack’s shadow. For a five-year period in the late 1800s, neighbouring cities refused to send teams to Kamloops after the local squad hired professional players.KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

BEFORE HOCKEY, KAMLOOPS WAS A BASEBALL TOWN

A12

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HOCKEY IN KAMLOOPS:a timeline

The Kamloops Elks experienced plenty of success on the ice in the 1950s. KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

1890s to 1910s

In 1894, Alexander McLean built the first ice rink in Kamloops on land adjacent to Riverside Park. Prior to that, any skating — or hockey playing — would have been done strictly on frozen ponds and rivers.

By the turn of the 20th century, Ernest Fletcher built the community’s first built-in ice rink — with boards! — inside Riverside Park. Season passes were $2.50 for men, $1.50 for women and $1 for boys.

Kamloops’ first organized hockey game was played in 1902, when the bachelors of Kamloops Harling’s Boarding House issued an open chal-lenge for New Year’s Day.

The Kamloops Musical and Athletic Association

rose to the occasion and the two sides skated to a 0-0 tie. The game was played on flooded land on the Kamloops Indian Band reserve.

Later the same year, Kamloops played its first inter-city hockey game — versus Nicola at Nicola Lake. The visitors won 8-1 and the road trip took about a week by horse and sleigh.

The first local women’s hockey team was formed in 1908 as the game continued to grow.

By 1913, there were regular games played on a city-built rink and, by 1915, a church hockey league had formed.

In 1918, Kamloops’ first junior hockey league was formed, followed by a senior league the following year.

1920s to 1940s

The first time a Kamloops team travelled to Vancouver to play hockey was in 1921.

The visitors lost 7-2.The early 1920s saw Kamloops residents hungry

for a true arena, given the inadequate state of the city-owned rink.

They got it in 1926 when Exhibition Hall sprung up in the East End, where Charles Anderson Stadium sits today.

But the woes continued for the Kamloops

Hockey Club, which was forced to continue to op-erate on outdoor ice. The new arena was heavily booked — events like the Fall Fair and Bull Sale — and ice time was hard to come by.

In 1940, Exhibition Hall was condemned. How-ever, repairs were done and the building re-mained in use until the end of the Second World War — when Memorial Arena was erected.

The ribbon was cut on the new rink on Victoria Street on Remembrance Day of 1949.

1950s to 1960s

In the 1950s, the leading senior men’s hockey teams in the River City were the Kamloops Elks and the Kamloops Chiefs.

The Elks, who played in the Okanagan Mainline League, returned to a heroes’ welcome in 1950 after losing an inter-provincial Western semifinal series 3-1 to Calgary. Kamloops earned the right to play Calgary by defeating the Trail Smoke

Eaters in the B.C. championship series.The Chiefs played in the Okanagan Senior

Hockey League from 1955 to 1961, but they also maintained a tough non-league schedule against teams like Trail and the Rossland Warriors.

In 1965, the Kamloops area got another rink — this time in North Kamloops (at the time, still a separate city) on McArthur Island.

1970s to presentThe local hockey scene in the 1970s was domi-

nated largely by the Western Canada Hockey League’s Kamloops Chiefs. They played in Memo-rial Arena between 1973 and 1977.

In 1981, the New Westminster Bruins of the same league packed up and moved east, becom-ing the Kamloops Junior Oilers. The Bruins were originally based in Estevan, Sask., but moved to the Lower Mainland in 1971.

Three years later, in 1984, the Junior Oilers were renamed the Kamloops Blazers. The team remained in Memorial Arena until 1992, when Riverside Coliseum — later called Sport-Mart Place and now known as Interior Savings Centre

— opened its doors.The Kamloops Blazers have won three Memo-

rial Cups — 1992, 1994 and 1995. If you count the two additional national titles won by New Westminster in 1977 and 1978, the Bruins-Junior Oilers-Blazers franchise is the most successful in Western Hockey League history.

The Blazers have won six WHL championships — 1984, 1986, 1990, 1992, 1994 and 1995. More than 70 Blazers have gone on to play in the NHL.

At the grassroots level, minor hockey in Kam-loops is thriving. The Kamloops Minor Hockey Association boasts about 1,500 players in more than a dozen divisions.

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

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Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

FROM OVERLANDERS TO ORCHARDS

By Michael Potestio

The 200 years of Kamloops’ his-tory began in 1812 during the days of the fur trade.

For the North Shore, that history began around the same time, when the Paci c Fur Company and North West Company built their trad-ing posts near the meeting of the Thompson rivers.

In 1842, Chief Factor of the HBC, John Tod, moved the com-pany’s fort from a spot on present-day Kamloops Indian Band land to what is now the North Shore.

The location of this fort is somewhere near where Fort Street — as the name would suggest — is today.

People and supplies came to the fort via canoe and horses were brought across.

The site the fort was built on was prone to oods.

More than once, traders had to use their canoes to get from build-ing to building.

Despite this, the fort lasted on the North Shore about 20 years.

In 1858, gold was discovered in the Kamloops area — bringing with it an in ux of people eager to

nd a fortune. Settlers also came pouring

into the area, such as the famous Overlanders from Fort Garry who arrived in 1862.

The HBC post moved to the south side of the Thompson River in 1862, as the focus of trade and growth had now shifted there. The North Shore now became the focus of agriculture.

William Fortune and Charles Cooney established farms at Tran-quille in the 1860s.

In 1919, Cooney’s farm was the landing site of the second plane ever to touch down in Kamloops and later became the Tranquille sanitarium.

Other farms had a hard time getting established due to a lack of water and proper irrigation.

Some succeeded along the North Thompson River between Halston and Jamieson Creek.

In the 1880s, that area became known for growing pumpkins, hay, cherries, apples, peaches, corn, onions and pears.

In 1909, B.C. Fruitlands began developing North Kamloops and the rest of the North Shore into a farming community.

A concrete irrigation system was built and placed underground in North Kamloops.

It wasn’t until after the First World War that the area became known as North Kamloops. Be-fore the war, it was referred to as Fruitlands — as was the rest of the North Shore.

Two churches had been es-tablished in North Kamloops by the mid-1920s, North Kamloops United and St. George’s Anglican. Both were active in relief work and fundraising during the Great Depression.

As more settlers moved into the area, North Kamloops began to develop into a community.

It of cially became the Village of North Kamloops on Oct. 22, 1946, and had a population of 484.

Farms that had been worked in the area for years were linked by a medley of roads and lanes.

Each farmer made his own road network — the only continuous thoroughfare being Tranquille Road.

A few homes were built along the North Thompson River and over time a few stores popped up along Tranquille Road.

As for education, Fruitlands School taught primary grades while adolescents were sent to the Kam-loops Public School.

The community of North Kam-loops lasted on its own until June 1967 when residents chose to join the City of Kamloops in an amal-gamation vote — with a staggering 75 per cent voting to band together with their southern neighbours.

Growth on the North Shore mirrored what was happening in Kamloops . . . and then the North Shore became Kamloops DID YOU KNOW?

William Fortune came to Kamloops with the Overlanders in 1862, intent on cashing in during the Cariboo gold rush. Instead, he took a job with HBC in Kamloops and eventually settled at Tranquille. In 1878, Fortune built the Lady Dufferin — a side-wheel steamboat used to haul supplies on the Thompson and Shuswap waterways. In 1907, Fortune sold his property to the provincial government for use as the King Edward Sanatorium. His mark remains on the North Shore, though, in the form of a major roadway — Fortune Drive — bearing his name.

The HBC set up shop in North Kamloops in 1842 — 20 years before the arrival

of the OverlandersBy Michael Potestio

It wasn’t the place for him, but it will forever be the place named after him.

Ernest Brocklehurst settled in the area north of the Thompson River in 1898. An Englishman, he bred and sold blood-hounds for hunting.

Brocklehurst the pio-neer named Brocklehurst the geographical neigh-bourhood after himself. But, he didn’t even last a decade in the Kamloops area, returning to England in 1907.

Around the same time, B.C. Fruitlands bought the North Shore and started to sell and lease the land to settlers for farming. The entire area was soon under cultiva-tion.

In 1923, their advertis-ing campaigns attracted members of the Royal Irish Constabulary — most notably Capt. George Hilliard and Maj. M.D. Townsend.

Hilliard became known for his orchards and Townsend for his aspara-

gus crops.George Hilliard el-

ementary and Townsend Place were named after the two men.

Harry Ord is another Brocklehurst namesake.

In the 1930s, Ord established a hops farm on what is now Ord Road, where he employed a large number of immi-grants.

Many Hindu and Chinese people settled in Brocklehurst, where they leased and farmed land.

By 1930, a lot of the Chinese workers had left, prompting Fruitlands to recruit more labourers.

That year, they brought 30 German-speaking families to Brocklehurst.

After spending years farming for Fruitlands, many of these settlers were able to purchase their own land. This led to a gradual increase in housing developments.

In the early 1930s, the value of all the prop-erty of Brocklehurst was $250,000. It was subdi-vided and sold, though development was slow.

After the Second World

War, subdivision contin-ued.

Agricultural produc-tion reached its peak after the war, with hops, asparagus, tomatoes and apples being just a taste of the produce grown in the area.

Brocklehurst also had two fruit-packing plants called The Inland Shippers and Kamloops Growers.

The area was known for its apples, producing 200,000 boxes in 1949.

Unfortunately, a harsh winter in 1950 destroyed 300 acres of apple trees. That year, only 600 boxes were produced. Apple production bloomed again in 1957, but with only

75,000 boxes.In the late 1950s, 3,000

acres of land were still being cultivated in Brock.

Hops and asparagus production took up about 95 acres altogether, but were also on the decline.

The area’s population, however, was on the rise. When the Second World War started there were 200 people living in Brocklehurst. By 1957, that number had bal-looned to around 6,000.

Discussions on amal-gamation with North Kamloops took place in 1957 and 90 per cent of Brocklehurst voters were against it. Eventually, in 1973, Brocklehurst was forced to join Kamloops.

Brock’s namesake didn’t stick around

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Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

By Michael PotestioAt the outbreak of the Second

World War, cities across Canada sprang into action — and Kam-loops was no different.

In 1939, the Rocky Mountain Rangers’ Kamloops regiment went on guard duty immediately, with many members making their way across the Atlantic Ocean.

Thirty of them joined the Sea-forth Highlanders in 1939, with others enlisting in the Canadian Scottish.

Early in 1940, Rocky Mountain Rangers’ Cmdr. Des Vicars and other Rangers followed suit and headed overseas.

In the fall of 1939, there was voluntary registration for women to determine skills for potential placement. Non-permanent militia classes for men and women also started.

The Red Cross quickly went to work as well, operating as the key organization for distributing war work to other groups.

The group had experience in con-tributing to a war effort during the First World War.

The Red Cross started home nursing classes and, in 1940, had 150 students taking the course. It also organized a number of fund-raising events to raise money for the wartime effort.

In July of 1940, the Rocky Mountain Rangers made Kamloops the headquarters for its Second Battalion.

A mandatory registration was set up that year for all people, with a $200 ne for anyone who didn’t have a registration card. Natives were exempt.

There were also mandatory military-training camps for single men over the age of 21.

The B.C. Women’s Service

Corps saw many volunteers who were trained as assistants in rst aid, transportation and clerical work.

The Volunteer Auxiliary Driv-ers Corps began training women in Kamloops for maintenance and operation of motor transport. In 1940, 31 women were trained.

By late 1941, not many Kam-loops men were volunteering. But, early in 1942, recruitment rose again and 120 men volunteered in a one-month period.

That March, the Rocky Mountain Rangers called more men for home duty due to fear of a Japanese inva-sion — a threat that had persisted since Pearl Harbour.

In May, the City Superintendent, Fire Chief, school of cials and police formed and directed an Air Raid Precautions unit.

Wardens were trained to cover Kamloops’ 35 zones, rst-aid classes were held and there were evacuation tests in schools. They also published details on blackout procedures.

In 1942, dim-out regulations went into effect — meaning the use of outside lights was forbidden.

A Civilian Defence Corps was established as an auxiliary to the Air Raid Precaution unit. It was made up of businessmen who were unable to participate in the war.

The Canadian Legion set up a guerilla group of ex-servicemen for the purpose of civic defence.

In March of 1942, an air-attack dress rehearsal was held, requiring a total blackout and the evacuation of all public buildings. An air-raid siren was installed later that year.

In 1943, the First Battalion of the Rocky Mountain Rangers went to the Island of Kiska in the Aleutians, known to have been occupied by the Japanese.

By the time the Rangers arrived, Japanese forces had left the island. After a few months it was decided Kiska wasn’t strategically sig-ni cant and the troops returned to Kamloops for a one-month leave.

The dim-out regulations were lifted later in 1943, and the Air Raid Precautions group changed its name to Civil Defence with the intention of serving as ood relief during peace time.

Kamloops took part in its fair share of rationing and salvaging during the war. Many groups would go out collecting rubber, scrap metal and paper for recycling.

The Kamloops Sentinel even went from bi-weekly publications to once a week, just to cut down on paper use.

Gasoline was also rationed and new tires were impossible to come by.

Victory bonds and war-savings certi cates were used by the gov-ernment to raise money for the war effort.

Nine victory bonds were issued during the war and every single time Kamloops went over its quota.

Branches of the Department of Defence were present in Kamloops during the war — a large number of Royal Canadian Air Force per-sonnel and ammunition dumps in Rayleigh and Dufferin in case of an attack on the Paci c Coast.

The Board of Trade asked the government to use Kamloops as a training ground.

The airport was developed with $750,000 so it could act as a second line of defence in the event the B.C. coast was attacked. It was also to accommodate large military aircraft going to and from Alaska.

Such projects were kept con- dential for fear of a Japanese

sabotage.At Kamloops Public School,

Japanese children of families up-rooted from their homes along the B.C. coast were integrated with the student population.

The canneries in Kamloops

gained new markets in Ontario and Britain during the Second World War, but there was a shortage of labour because men and women were serving overseas.

Canneries across B.C. obtained permission to employ Japanese internees to ll the work shortage.

The two canneries in Kamloops brought in such workers from in-ternment camps in the Kootenays, putting them up in bunk houses nearby.

Most of them left after the war, but others remained to work in the canneries. The Japanese people from the coast would go on to settle in North Kamloops, Valleyview and in the Shuswap.

The fear of the Japanese was apparent in Kamloops during the war, and city council even made resolutions to watch over the local population.

Rumours began to spread around Kamloops that some Japanese people from the Lower Mainland had planned to purchase land lo-

cally — a notion heavily protested by the Board of Trade and the Liberal Association.

The Board of Trade even spon-sored an event — called a “Monster Indignation Meeting” — to protest the number of Japanese who were in Kamloops.

By the end of 1944, however, the war was dying down and the fear eventually subsided.

After the war, Kamloops airport was opened for civilian use and development. In 1948, Kamloops Air Services was bought out by the company which became Paci c Western Airlines.

Dominion Day in 1946 was a historic one as Kamloops wel-comed home the men and women who served in the war. The names of those who were lost in the Second World War were added to the cenotaph at Memorial Park and unveiled on Armistice Day.

That memorial stands in Kam-loops today as a reminder of those who gave their lives for peace.

WARTIME IN KAMLOOPS

The Second World War was in full swing by 1940, and the Canadian military set up recruiting tents in communities across the coun-try — including the one pictured above in Kamloops. Throughout WWII, local volunteers collected rubber and scrap metal (right) to be used in the war effort. KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTOS

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A16

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

By Michael PotestioKamloops is a Canadian city,

but it may have been a pair of Americans who helped it get its name.

David Stuart and Alexander Ross, both of the American Paci c Fur Trading Company, were two of the rst white men to venture into the area.

In the summer of 1811, the company established forts along the Columbia River, including Astoria and Fort Okanogan, and began trading with native tribes in the Interior.

That same year, Stuart and three other men — exclud-ing Ross — journeyed into the valley of the South Thompson, where they encountered the “SheWap” nation.

They spent the winter there and traded for 2,500 beaver skins by the time they left in February of 1812.

That spring, Ross returned to the area and noted the name used by the natives was “Cum-cloups.”

He published his recollections in 1849, but didn’t provide a meaning for the name.

The American Paci c Fur Trading Company built a post near the meeting of the Thomp-son Rivers. Not to be outdone, the rival North West Company set up shop near the site of St. Joseph’s church.

They eventually took over American Paci c’s interests in Kamloops when the War of 1812 broke out.

Ross’ interpretation and spelling of Kamloops is just one of many different variations and stories on exactly what the name means.

In 1880, John Tod, who was

chief trader in Kamloops for the HBC from 1842 to 1850, noted the natives called this area “Kahm-o-loops,” which meant “meeting of the waters.”

Additional obscure variations have been noted over the years.

In 1891, geologist George M. Dawson referred to Kamloops as “Kama-a-loo-la-pa” which he said meant “point between the rivers,” according to his indig-enous guides.

In 1901, Father Le Jeune mentioned in his newspaper, The Kamloops Wawa, that the name Kamloops meant “pointe de terre” — or point of land.

Earlier in the Wawa — 1895 — Le Jeune published a review by an American reader that said Kamloops was a Shuswap word meaning “the forking of the rivers.”

In the 1890s, the native phrase “camp-des-loups” or “camp of the wolves” was a popular story of the word’s origin. The phrase is said to pre-date the fur trade.

Another suggestion is the Chinook word Kamooks, mean-ing dog. Chinook, however, was not used in the area before contact with Europeans.

James A. Teit, in his study of

Shuswap people for Jesup North Paci c Expedition, published in 1909, described the name as “Kamlu’ps,” meaning “con u-ence.”

Given some of these different variations, it seems likely that Kamloops was named for its geographical signi cance.

Originally, the name Kam-loops was only used in refer-ence to the native settlement during the fur trade. But, as the European settlement began to develop in the 1870s, the name Kamloops began to stick.

Daniel Saul, manager of the Secwepemc Museum and

Archives, said Kamloops originally comes from the word Tk’emlups which means “meet-ing of the rivers.”

He said during contact it’s likely the original name got changed around due to the language barrier between the natives and Europeans, as well as different interpretations and variations of the word.

Saul said such language shifts are just an example of how culture change over time.

“It’s not static,” he said. “When you meet new societ-

ies and cultures, things start changing.”

Welcome to Kama-a-loo-la-pa, B.C.

There are plenty of theories about where the name Kamloops comes from, but most agree it has something to do with the confluence of the Thompson rivers. KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

DID YOU KNOW?Mount Paul, Mount Lolo and St. Paul Street all get their name from the same person — Jean Baptiste Lolo St. Paul. A Metis employee of the Hudson’s Bay Company, St. Paul arrived in Kam-loops in the 1820s. He worked as an interpreter and area natives took such a liking to him they began call-ing him Chief Lolo or Chief St. Paul.

St. Paul’s official job description might have been interpreter — and, at various times, guide and post-master as well — but his main role was one of liaison between the HBC and area natives. “Respected by both,” reads the Dictionary of Cana-dian Biography, “Lolo helped main-tain the balance of power between them with remarkable dexterity.”

One of St. Paul’s daughters mar-ried HBC Chief Trader John Tod in 1843. St. Paul’s actual name was Jean Baptiste Lolo and he acquired the saintly monicker because of his affinity for the biblical Paul.

St. Paul died in 1865, at the age of 67. He left behind seven sons and four daughters and gave his land to the Kamloops Indian Band. St. Paul’s house survives today, restored and on display at the Kamloops Museum.

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Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

By Sylvia GroppLike any frontier town, Kamloops had

a red light district. The old Hudson’s Bay Company fort

located in the Mission Flats area be-came home to a brothel called The Mink Farm.

One of the ladies — or “inmates,” as they were called — made enough money to live on plus send cash back to Britain for her family to buy property and houses.

Her family, however, always thought she was a clerk with the HBC.

There were also a variety of houses of ill-repute located throughout downtown and even as far away as Valleyview.

Prostitution was a by-product of a boom that saw large numbers of men moving to the Kamloops area to work on railway construction — and very few eligible women.

As early as 1894, Kamloops passed a Public Morals bylaw to stop the expan-sion of the sex trade.

The bylaw sounded quite progres-sive for the time. It targeted equally the johns — known as “frequenters” of the establishments — as well as the ladies who ran the brothels.

The nes were at the discretion of the police and the johns could be charged only if they were found in the establish-ment without good reason.

However, police records show more women and madams were charged and sentenced than men.

Most girls did not dream of becoming prostitutes.

However, limited economically and politically, many women did not have much choice.

At the turn of the century, a prostitute

could make $1 per john — the same income to be had for a day of cleaning, cooking or working as a nursemaid.

Twenty years later, a prostitute could make $2 per john if she was white, or as much as $5 per client if she was Orien-tal.

Women who were too old or unat-tractive turned to streetwalking. These women made much less than their coun-terparts in a brothel.

Even though most of the population did not approve of prostitution, the la-dies did spend a lot of money in town.

One storekeeper had one such lady of the night pay her grocery tab all in $2 bills. After she left the shop, he’s reported to have remarked, “That’s a lot of screws.”

These ladies were very good custom-ers and there is no evidence that they were refused service.

In fact, one women’s clothing store in downtown Kamloops would close the store for one particular madam.

When she arrived for her appoint-ment, she was dressed in a oor-length fur coat.

Accounts from the time say she would throw off her coat, completely naked underneath, and shout, “Dress me!”

It was said that you could always tell certain ladies of the night as they always dressed in the latest fashions.

The World Wars and the introduc-tion of prohibition severely restricted brothels due to lack of demand and the inability to function as bars.

Sylvia Gropp is a contractor with the Kamloops Museum and Archives. She’s

presently writing a book about local history alongside other museum staff.

THE SEEDY UNDERBELLY OF KAMLOOPS’ PAST

KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

DAVE EAGLES/KTW

THEN AND NOWThe corner of Fourth Avenue and Victoria

Street has been in the middle of the action in downtown Kamloops

for a long time, as is evident in this undated

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for use as an office and commercial building.

Known as the Ellis Block, it’s been home

to a pharmacy, a clinic and a hotel, among

other tenants. Today, the most recognizable storefront on the block

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premiere heritage buildings — the Plaza

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A18

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

A TYPICAL SUMMER DAY UNLIKE ANY OTHER

By Brant Zwicker

It should have been a day much like any other.

The polls were about to open for a federal election but, in every other way, June 18, 1962, was shaping up to be a typically hot and dry early-summer Monday in a sleepy town of 10,000 people.

Then, in just a few terrifying mo-ments at the entrance to Peterson Creek Park, that morning turned out to be one unlike any that Kamloops — or Canada — had ever seen.

Knutsford resident George Booth, who had just turned 32, was a quiet and polite young man, well liked by most.

A solitary sort who was a crack shot, Booth had earlier spent time at Essondale, the mental institution at Coquitlam, after being committed by his father, John Wilkes Booth.

The diagnosis had been paranoid schizophrenia, and George held a deep fear of the RCMP, who had escorted him to the hospital. Upon release, Booth swore he would never be taken back.

On that fateful morning, George Booth decided to walk to town to check on his welfare payment and also to secure a $4 licence for his Lee-En eld .303 ri e.

A neighbour gave him a ride to Sixth Avenue and Columbia Street and, while Booth waited for the gov-ernment of ces to open, his life began to unravel.

First he was challenged by game warden George Ferguson, who want-ed to know why Booth was carrying a ri e in a scabbard on his back.

Beginning to show signs of stress, Booth retreated to the welfare of ce after threatening Ferguson, who then called police.

Three RCMP constables — Gor-don Pedersen and Joseph Keck in uniform, and Donald Weisgerber in plainclothes — arrived on the scene, but Booth slipped out of the building and headed up Glenfair Road toward the seniors’ residence and the park.

The three of cers followed at a distance, urging Booth to give up his weapon.

As Booth’s agitation increased, he pulled the rearm from the scabbard, pointing it at the Mounties and yelling at them to get away from him. He was not going back to Essondale.

When approaching the Glenfair bridge, Booth suddenly realized that one of cer was now sneaking up in the creek bed. He reacted with split-second timing.

With six shots with his bolt-action Lee-En eld, George Booth fatally wounded all three young of cers in a

span of only minutes. He was felled brie y by a pistol

shot to the abdomen but managed to continue ring and then to escape into the park.

Booth staggered up into the hills of Peterson Creek Park, scaling the heights on the east side of the ravine, surely trying to make his way home.

With a chopper in the air and a posse closing in on several sides, Booth made his nal stand on a small plateau just below the current site of the microwave tower.

Coming in from Rose Hill Road, a team of three RCMP of cers, led by Cpl. Jack White, engaged Booth in a second intense gun ght and, three hours after the initial shooting, the battle ended suddenly with the death of the fugitive.

It hit 27 degrees that sunny after-noon, John Diefenbaker’s Progressive

Conservative Party had to settle for a minority government and three Kam-loops Mounties were dead.

It was the largest single-day loss of life in the history of the national police force — a grim record that stood until four RCMP constables were gunned down in Mayerthorpe, Alta., in 2005.

Brant Zwicker is a Kamloops resident with an interest in local history.

On June 18, 1962, George Booth killed three Kamloops Mounties on the timber bridge (above) at the entrance to Peterson Creek Park. There is a memorial cairn for the three slain officers inside the park, but a lesser-known memorial (right) also exists for their killer. Booth’s father erected the small concrete cairn near where his son was killed. BRANT ZWICKER PHOTOS

Widows of fallen of cers honoured

50 years later

A Kamloops Mountie stands guard at a cer-emony marking the 50th anniversary of the deaths of three RCMP officers in Peterson Creek Park.ANDREA KLASSEN/KTW

On June 18, 2012, 50 years to the day after Kamloops RCMP constables Gord Pedersen, Joseph Keck and Donald Weisgerber were shot dead at the entrance to Pe-terson Creek Park, the local detachment paid tribute to the officers’ widows with a ceremony on Battle Street.

“When I think of Donald, I picture him how he was,” Joan Turner, Weisgerber’s widow, told KTW after the service.

“He would have been 73 this week, but then he was 23.”

Also in attendance were Ann Boyd, who was married to Keck, and Betty Barr, Pedersen’s widow.

Barr said she appreciated the ceremony.“Ceremonies like this bring everything to a

head,” she said.“But, it’s important we don’t forget.“I don’t forget.”

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D’agostino Italian is now in it’s 20th year of business. Owner Renato (Ray) came to Kamloops in 1966 at the age of 2, immigrating from Italy with his parents and family. Ever since he was a teen, Renato had a dream to own and operate his own Italian restaurant that offers dependably tasty solid food with a relaxed atmosphere that could draw customers again & again. D’Agostinos is the result of that lifelong dream.

Renato fi rst started work in the Kamloops restaurant industry assisting cooks at the tender age of 15. While he graduated from a formal cooks training course at Cariboo College (T.R.U.), Renato says his greatest teacher was the experience he gained while working with some of Kamloops fi nest cooks. Before Ray purchased the old Fat Mel’s location

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A19

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

THEY CALL IT THE RIVER CITY

THE RED BRIDGEThe third time was the charm for Kam-

loops’ Red Bridge.The rst span over the South Thompson

was built three times over the course of the River City’s history — originally nick-named the Red Bridge because the wooden structure was built with Douglas Fir.

In 1887, Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works George P. Vernon was success-ful in getting the bridge approved. It would span the South Thompson, connecting the town site of Kamloops with the Kamloops Indian Band reserve land.

The bridge was built just west of where the current bridge is today.

The $7,000 Government Bridge was completed in less than two months.

It was 1,000 feet long, with a main span of 120 feet and a 50-foot opening for paddlewheel steamers. Built 27 feet above the low water mark, it even withstood a massive ood in 1894.

The bridge was replaced in 1912. The re-incarnation of the Red Bridge — of cially called the East End Bridge — was built in the very same spot as the old one.

A re in 1931 caused signi cant dam-age to the south-end piers of the bridge and it was condemned, not to be rebuilt for another ve years.

In 1936, the third and nal Red Bridge — the one commuters still use today —

was erected. This version was built 1,200-feet long,

with two pre-fabricated spans of 100 and 135 feet and four piers. It’s located just east of the last two Red bridges.

Its clearance when the river is low mea-sures 54 feet, dropping to 35 feet when the water is high.

The current Red Bridge contains 300,000 feet of lumber and cost $60,000 to build.

Upon its completion, foreman Paul McMasters guaranteed it would stand for at least 30 years.

Now, 76 years later, the Red Bridge is still in use, connecting the City of Kam-loops with the T’kemlups Indian Band Reserve.

THE WEST END BRIDGEThe Red Bridge solved the transportation

problem for the South Shore, but the woes of people on the north side of the Thomp-son River continued until they could bridge the gap with government.

In the 1890s, there was a demand for a bridge between the North Shore and Kam-loops. A ferry system, located just west of where the Overlanders Bridge is today, served the area.

It quickly became an inadequate means of transportation and a source of many complaints.

The other options were to hop on the ferry at Savona and trek back to Kamloops or cross over ice in the winter.

For ranchers and farmers this was all very inconvenient.

In short, people wanted a bridge.In 1894, a pair of government engineers

were sent to Kamloops. They called for a 900-foot wooden-truss bridge with a steel swing opening for boats.

It would be placed at Hudson’s Bay Trail near the site of the old HBC post. The cost was pegged at $44,802.

This number was too much of a stretch for the government of the day and the proj-ect remained in limbo.

Finally, in January of 1901, after much persistence and lobbying, the West End Bridge would get built. The contract was given to the Bain Bros. of New Westmin-ster, which had the bridge completed by the fall.

The West End Bridge — or White Bridge, as it came to be known — helped open up access to the North Shore, keeping it linked with Kamloops for 20 years.

In 1923, it was worn out, condemned and replaced.

Construction on a new span began that fall with 25 workers — a number that later swelled to 100 — doing piling work and building concrete piers.

The piles were brought in from Shus-wap Lake, but the steel girders had to be shipped in by rail. There were delays and progress was slow.

In the fall of 1924, two workers fell to their deaths while fastening rivets.

The bridge opened in April of 1925 after two years of work and a total cost of $238,000.

It was built just east of the old span and this time made of steel. The new bridge also got a new nickname — the Black Bridge.

The Black Bridge would remain in operation until 1961, but wasn’t torn down until more than a decade after that.

In 1972, workers toppled the span and hauled it away. But, the concrete footings — one of them serving as a constant cheer-leader for the Kamloops Blazers — remain to this day.

THE OVERLANDERS BRIDGEThe Overlanders Bridge replaced the old

Black Bridge when it opened on Nov. 22, 1961, and has served as the link between north and south shores for over ve de-cades.

Construction on the Overlanders Bridge — sometimes called the Blue Bridge — began in 1959, with the formation of its concrete piers.

The bridge spans nearly 5,500 feet and contains 3.8-million pounds of steel. It cost $3 million to build.

Vancouver artists Jack Akroyd designed the four obelisks at the ends of the bridge.

He came to Kamloops to observe the in-digenous features of the countryside which inspired his designs.

The bridge was named after the Over-lander pioneers who forged west from Fort Garry — present-day Winnipeg — to settle in Kamloops in 1862.

In 2005, under Mayor Mel Rothen-burger, the Overlanders Bridge was brie y renamed the Phil Gaglardi Bridge, but due to insistence from the Gaglardi family and public outrage, it was quickly changed back.

. . . and the bridges of Kamloops have interesting histories of their ownThe bridges of Kamloops have been vital links in helping to develop the city

over its 200 year history. Many bridges cross the rivers that divide Kamloops and most have a

compelling story to tell.

By Michael Potestio

The Black Bridge crashes into the Thompson River at the hands of demolition crews in 1972. The concrete footings of the Black Bridge remain in the river to this day. Today, there are five vehicle bridges spanning the rivers in Kamloops — the Overlanders Bridge, the Halston Bridge, the Red Bridge, the Yellowhead High-way Bridge and the Lafarge Bridge. Kamloops is also home to two rail bridges. KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES

City of Kamloops

www.kamloops.ca

2 Rivers, 2 Peoples, 200 YearsKamloops Bicentennial 1812 - 2012This year marks the 200th anniversary of the first permanent European settlement in Kamloops. In September of 1812, David Stuart of the Pacific Fur Company and a small group of French-Canadian voyageurs arrived at the site of present-day Kamloops. In a few short days, they had constructed a simple trading post.

This was not Stuart’s first visit to Kamloops. The year before, Stuart and other employees of the Pacific Fur Company had begun a journey into the interior of what is now British Columbia from Astoria, on the Oregon coast. Astoria had been established as a trading post by the Pacific Fur Company, founded by John Jacob Astor, a wealthy American fur-trader and businessman. Astor was determined to establish his company on the Pacific coast to take part in the profitable maritime fur trade.

Stuart and his men spent the fall of 1811 and part of the following winter among the hospitable Secwepemc people, and decided that Kamloops was an ideal location for a permanent trading post. Stuart returned to Astoria to report to his partners and superiors and received their permission to construct a post. Shortly after, Stuart left Astoria with a supply of trade goods, arriving at Kamloops in September of 1812. This was the first permanent European settlement in the region, and the beginning of the modern day city of Kamloops.

Shortly after Stuart built his post, fur traders from the Northwest Company arrived and built a competing post, across the South Thompson River on the site of the current Tk’emlups Reserve. The European presence in the region was now a fact.

The North and South Thompson rivers have always defined the identity and shaped the boundaries of Kamloops. Even the name of our city reflects our unique location at the junction of the two rivers: in the Secwepemc language, Kamloops means “meeting of the waters”.

The City of Kamloops invited residents to help commemorate the bicentennial year by designing and submitting a logo incor-porating the themes explored in the slogan: “2 Rivers, 2 Peoples, 200 Years”. The winner of the contest was Karen Rees of Kamloops, who received a $1,000 prize.

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UPCOMING 2012 SPECIAL EVENTS

presentation

Council, with day-long festivities at Riverside Park

conference

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To commemorate this historic event and to celebrate 200 years of shared history between Kamloops and Tk’emlups, the Kamloops Museum & Archives is organising several special events, workshops, contests, and exhibits that will be held at the Museum and all over town. For more information and a calendar of events, contact the

p , p , ,, p ,Museum and all over town. For more information and a calendar of events, contact the own. For more info r of events, contact

UPCOMING 2012 SPECIAL EVENTS

MounMount PPeter and Paaull ~~ 11889900ss

“I have loved art for as long as I can remember. I enjoy the challenge of finding new and exciting ways to capture a vision or story through creative design. In my retirement, I dream of focusing full time on my creative design and artwork.

The Commemorative logo depicts the two peoples. The red figure has a feather image within the arm on the right side. Inside the two figures is two rivers flowing into each other. The figures are embracing each other as well as the two rivers.”

Bicentennial Logo Contest

www.kamloops.ca

The North and South Thompson rivers have always defined the identity and shaped the boundaries of Kamloops. Even the name of our city reflects our unique location at the junction of the two rivers: in the Secwepemc language, Kamloops means “meeting of the waters”.

The City of Kamloops invited residents to help commemorate the bicentennial year by designing and submitting a logo incor-porating the themes explored in the slogan: “2 Rivers, 2 Peoples, 200 Years”. The winner of the contest was Karen Rees of Kamloops, who received a $1,000 prize.

Council, with day-long festivities at Riverside Park

conference

Mottorr BBoa llubb WWhhaarrffBoatt CCllpresentation

“I have loved art for as long as I can remember. I enjoy the challenge of finding new and exciting ways to capture a vision or story through creative design. In my retirement, I dream of focusing full time on my creative design and artwork.

The Commemorative logo depicts the two peoples. The red figure has a feather image within the arm on the right side. Inside the two figures is two rivers flowing into each other. The figures are embracing each other as well as the two rivers.”

Bicentennial Logo ContestDDownttown Kamlloops - 1939

A20

Kamloops This WeekSPECIAL EDITION — B SECTION

Tuesday, July 3, 2012

That was the headline above a story in The Inland Sentinel newspaper more than 125 years ago, days before Albert Mallott became the first man to be hanged in the city’s history.

Earlier this year, Kamloops This Week ran a five-part series detailing the colourful history of capital punishment in the present-day Tournament Capital.

For this special edition, we are re-publishing a selection of excerpts from that series.

IT WAS JUST AFTER SEVEN o’clock on an early-summer morn-ing in Kamloops, and dozens of people had already gathered

outside the imposing structure on Columbia Street.

The building was the Kamloops Provincial Gaol — located on the land occupied by the present-day Kamloops Law Courts — and the hoard of curi-ous onlookers were there to witness the execution of the man responsible for what was described at the time as the most savage murder in B.C.’s history.

It was June 2, 1899, and the con-demned man was — as official docu-ments from the time described him — “Casimir, an Indian.”

At 7:30 a.m., jail staff swung open the door leading into the facility’s yard and the crowd of about 50 people shuffled in.

The yard was small — measuring about 60 feet by 25 feet, surrounded by a 30-foot wooden fence — and was shrunken even further by a barrier constructed by jail staff to keep observ-ers away from the temporary scaffold which sat at one end.

Fifteen minutes after the crowd had been let into the yard, Warden Vicars, the head of Kamloops Provincial Gaol at the time, approached the gallows and tossed a length of rope up onto the scaffold.

Hangman Radcliffe — a colourful figure himself, who was employed by the federal government as Canada’s national executioner — then entered. He climbed the scaffold steps and, with a guard’s help, fastened the rope to the gallows.

The hangman then hopped down off the instrument of death, crossed the barrier and mingled with the crowd of witnesses.

Radcliffe was asked when the hang-ing would take place.

“At eight o’clock,” he replied, “and he’ll be dead at that time, too.

“I never make a mistake in my busi-

ness, for I’ve got it down to a science.”Casimir, meanwhile, was waiting

in his cell with Father Lejeune, his spiritual adviser. The condemned man had been up since five o’clock — he refused his last meal, which would have been breakfast given the time of day — and was in prayer with Lejeune for two hours by the time Warden Vicars came to get him for the last time.

The doors leading from the jail to the yard opened at eight o’clock, and out walked Vicars — followed closely by Lejeune, Casimir and a pair of guards.

Casimir, 28, walked confidently through the yard and up the gallows steps, where he met Radcliffe and shook his hand.

The executioner tied Casimir’s limbs — his arms around the waist, his legs above the knees — with black straps. He then placed the condemned man in position over the trap door.

Radcliffe asked Casimir if he had anything to say, at which point the mur-derer turned to the crowd and smiled.

“Gentlemen,” he said, “I bid you all goodbye.”

With that, Radcliffe placed the noose around Casimir’s neck, leaving the knot behind his left ear. A black hood was then pulled down over his head.

Radcliffe stepped back, taking one last look at the setup to make sure everything was ready to go.

It was, and he pulled the lever. Casimir was sent falling nine feet through the trap door, and the jail yard went silent as the rope quivered ever so slightly.

Chief Louis — Casimir’s adopted father, and one of the witnesses to the hanging — slammed his hands loudly on the wooden barrier, shattering the silence.

Three minutes later, Casimir was pronounced dead. His body was taken to a nearby shed for examination by a coroner and jury, and eventually buried in the jail yard.

The hanging brought an end to a tur-bulent spring for Kamloops.

A month-and-a-half earlier, on April 15, 1899, Casimir murdered Philip Walker — his former employer — in cold blood, as the white man cut fire-wood in the yard of his River Street home.

Walker was shot twice through the back, and lived for about an hour after the incident — long enough to give a sworn statement to police and a magis-trate about the man who pulled the trig-ger, reading as follows:

“I, Philip Walker, make oath and say: I am very ill and believe I am going to die. I was shot at my own door, by Casimir, the Indian. The man who worked at my place, no words, no row, he came up and shot me twice.”

The killing sparked outrage, not only in Kamloops but across North America. It made headlines from coast to coast — front-page news in papers from Victoria to Newfoundland and Boston to Los Angeles.

An editorial in The Inland Sentinel days after the murder referred to Casimir as “an ignorant, vicious Indian,” and called for stringent rules banning “half-breeds” from supplying

natives with liquor.It wasn’t yet clear at the time, but

Casimir eventually admitted he was drunk when he killed Walker, and urged caution to his fellow tribesmen about the dangers of whiskey.

The murder brought racial issues to the forefront of Kamloops society at a time when the relationship between natives and settlers was generally a good one.

The Sentinel editorial described the shooting as “more than enough to make a white man’s blood boil,” and stated whiskey was always involved “in cases of this kind, where Indians are con-cerned.”

The mood on the reserve was equally hostile, but for a different rea-son. Rumours began circulating around Kamloops that Chief Louis was, while Casimir sat in jail awaiting his hanging, rallying natives across the Interior for an uprising.

A story in The Kamloops Standard said Louis travelled to Lytton, Clinton and the Shuswap “to try and rouse the other Indians there” to break Casimir out of jail.

“A drunken Indian will do any-thing,” the story reads, “and it would go

hard with Kamloops, if a hundred and fifty whiskey sodden savages took it in their heads to do any damage.

“If they had wished to rescue the prisoner, the small guard at the gaol would not have been sufficient to pre-vent it.”

The story also said a local judge — Magistrate Tunstall, the same man who took Walker’s death-bed statement — “wired Vancouver for permission to swing the bridge across the Thomson River [sic] to prevent any of them from coming into town.”

Luckily, cooler heads prevailed on both sides of the river.

Casimir was arrested two days after the murder, found hiding in Chief Louis’ house on the reserve.

When news reached Kamloops he had possibly been located, the entire town shut down to take in the drama.

Throngs of people clamored to watch the standoff between Casimir and the posse out to get him — motivated by a $200 reward offered by police for his capture.

After four hours, he surrendered to

the posse.Casimir’s trial, just over a week

later, lasted one day — April 25, 1899 — and the jury did not take long to deliver its verdict.

After just 10 minutes of deliberation, they announced he was guilty.

Casimir disagreed, and alleged rac-ism. But, the judge presiding over the case, Mr. Justice Irving, immediately read his sentence.

“You have been tried just like any white man,” he said.

“We have only one law for white and red. When a white man is found guilty by a jury, he is sentenced to be hanged.

“There is nothing else to be done. . . . You cannot hope for mercy from the government.

“The sentence of this court is that you be taken to the place from whence you came and there kept in imprison-ment until the second day of June next, when you will be taken forth and hanged by the neck until you are dead, dead, dead, and may the Lord have mercy on your soul.”

Casimir smiled upon learning his fate, and offered two words in response: “All right.”

That “stolid indifference,” as it was described at the time, disappeared in the days and weeks between the trial and Casimir’s execution.

According to Father Lejeune, the murderer softened as the hanging approached.

“He realized his position, and set himself to prepare for his end,” the rev-erend told the Sentinel.

“He was very cool to the end, and repeatedly told the Indians that came to visit him that he was in strong spirits and prepared to die.”

This account of the story of Casimir was written based on information from

local newspapers of the time — The Inland Sentinel and The Kamloops

Standard.

B.C.’S MURDER OF THE CENTURY When Casimir the Indian shot and killed white man Philip Walker on April 15, 1899, it made headlines across North America and caused tensions to rise in Kamloops

Casimir (above) shot and killed Philip Walker in 1899. KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES

WHO WAS CASIMIR?WHO WAS CASIMIR?Casimir was believed to have

been about 28 years old in the spring of 1899.

In media reports from the time, he is most often referred to only as “Casimir” or “Casimir, an Indian.” However, references can also be found calling him “Casimir Baptiste” and “Casi-mir Pecheesie.”

What’s apparent is he was the adopted son of Chief Louis, and that he worked as a ranch hand and labourer.

Casimir was suspected in a murder in the mid-1890s, in which his hunting partner, Ger-ome, was found dead.

A Kamloops judge issued a warrant for Casimir in relation to the killing. When the warrant was being executed, Casimir shot and wounded the constable out to arrest him.

He served three years in jail for the shooting, but no one was ever charged in Gerome’s murder.

Today, Kamloops is known as the Tournament Capital of Canada.

But, a century ago, the com-munity was known for somthing much more grim.

In the early 20th century, Kamloops was one of the most active execution points in Cana-da — even topping the national hanging counts four separate years.

In 1906, 1907, 1912 and 1915, Kamloops sat atop the rank-ings of Canadian cities when it came to condemned men being executed.

In 1906, three men were hanged in Canada — one in Kamloops, one in Victoria and

one in Nova Scotia.The following year saw eight

Canadian hangings, including two in Kamloops.

No other city was home to more than one.

In 1912, Kamloops and Mon-treal each hanged two men. Three other cities hanged one each.

The last year hangings were carried out in Kamloops — 1915 — was also the busiest at the local gallows, with three executions.

That tally matched New Westminster’s mark for the same year, but no other Cana-dian city had more than one hanging.

The old Kamloops Provincial Gaol, as it looked in about 1900, on Fourth Avenue and Columbia Street. The building sat near the Columbia Street side of the current Kamloops Law Courts. The jail was home to all but two of the 19 executions carried out in Kamloops. B.C. ARCHIVES PHOTO

CANADA’S EXECUTION CAPITAL

1886: Albert Mallott1890: Frank Spencer1899: Casimir1902: Louis Paquette1903: Alex Louie1905: Joshua Bell1906: Alex Chewilna1907: James A. Dale1907: Chun Kee Yow1908: Francesco Ceddio1910: Ernest Louis1910: Basil1912: S. Takahashi1912: Walter B. James1913: Paul Spintlum1914: Jurcko Onucki1915: Charles Perrault1915: Charles Rye1915: Albert L. Clinger

THE HANGEDTHE FOLLOWING

MEN WERE HANGED IN KAMLOOPS:

STORIES BY TIM PETRUK FOR MORE, SEE PAGE B2

TO BE HANGED AT KAMLOOPS

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The original H. Giddens & Sons store at 341 Seymour Sttreet. It is now a parking lot between Kamloops Daily News and the old Post Office.

B2

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

THE IRONY OF THE SITU-ATION is not lost on Steve Lawhead.

Sitting in his office on the fourth floor of the Kamloops Law Courts, the Crown prosecutor can easily recall a sunny day in the fall of 1982 when he was summoned to the same address at Fourth Avenue and Columbia Street.

It started when his phone rang.At the other end of the line was

a police officer. But, Lawhead was not yet a lawyer and the call was not about a criminal file.

Lawhead, in the early 1980s, was working as an archaeologist. The phone call was in regard to a grim discovery made at the construction site of the Kamloops courthouse — the building now housing his office.

“I would occasionally get phone calls from the RCMP where skeletal material had been found,” he told KTW.

“They’d want someone to come have a look.”

So, on Sept. 27, 1982, Lawhead did just that.

Three skeletons had been unearthed by crews moving dirt on the site of the future courthouse.

“They’d been interred in some form of historical burial,” Lawhead said.

“It was, as far as I knew, not a burial ground or a cemetery.”

But, Lawhead said, it quickly became clear there was nothing sus-picious, either.

“It wasn’t forensic,” he said.“Police didn’t have to worry

about if it was a murder of some kind.”

That was made clear by the coffins — “murderers don’t usu-ally bury their victims in coffins,” Lawhead said — and the fact the bodies had apparently been covered in lime.

The skeletons were the remains of

three men who were hanged and bur-ied on the site of the old Kamloops Provincial Gaol — which used to sit near the front of the current court-house, on the Columbia Street side.

Lawhead said he figures the burial site was approximately where the courthouse coffee shop now sits on the building’s second floor, directly above the first-floor probation offices and sheriff cells.

The oldest of the skeletons was Casimir, who was hanged in 1899.

The other two were Joshua Bell and Walter Boyd James, who were executed in 1905 and 1912, respec-tively.

Because the graves were unmarked, the identities of the skel-etons were not immediately clear.

However, in 1987, Simon Fraser University archaeology student Lindsay Oliver wrote a report on the discovery, and conducted tests which

linked the remains to Casimir, Bell and James.

Casimir was the first murderer to be executed at the Columbia Street site, but his was not the first hanging in Kamloops. Two other men — Albert Mallott and Frank Spencer — were executed before him.

In 1886, Mallott was hanged at the site of the original Kamloops courthouse and jail — a white-washed log building located on what is now West Victoria Street, near where the south end of the Overlanders Bridge sits today.

Spencer’s execution in 1890 was on another temporary gallows erect-ed at the site of the city’s second courthouse and jail. Located on the corner of First Avenue and Seymour Street, the building sat where Kamloops City Hall stands today.

Kamloops Provincial Gaol on Columbia Street opened in 1898.

The discovery in 1982 was not the first time bones had been uncovered at Fourth and Columbia.

Forty-four years earlier, in 1938, workers installing new heating pipes apparently made a similar find.

However, due to the less-stringent reporting requirements, little is known about what they unearthed, other than the fact that they experi-enced cave-ins on land known to be home to a jail graveyard.

Lawhead quit his archaeology job a few years after the courthouse dis-covery, finding work first as a squash pro and then as a statistics instructor at University College of the Cariboo before finally going to law school.

“It is ironic,” he said, referencing the fact he now works in the building on the site of the skeletal discovery 30 years ago.

“Of course, at that time I had no idea I’d ever become a lawyer.”

COURTHOUSE SKELETONS LINKED TO

TURN-OF-CENTURY HANGINGS

Kamloops Provincial Gaol sat near where the front of the Kamloops Law Courts building is today. KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

On Dec. 12, 1913, Paul Spintlum became the 15th man to be hanged in Kamloops.

The execution marked the start of a new era — not nec-essarily for Kamloops, but for Canada as a whole.

That’s because it was the first Canadian hanging offi-ciated by Arthur Ellis, who would work until the mid-1930s and eventually gain notoriety as the country’s most famous executioner.

In the early 1920s, Ellis purchased an orchard near Kelowna and went into semi-retirement.

Ellis — who worked and trained in England and the Middle East before coming to

Canada — performed the last of his reported 600 executions in Montreal in 1935, when a weight miscalculation result-ed in a condemned woman’s decapitation.

In 1938, Ellis died of an alcohol-related illness.

HANGMAN GOT HIS START IN KAMLOOPSHANGMAN GOT HIS START IN KAMLOOPS

ARTHUR ELLIS

Of the three skeletons uncovered at the Kamloops Law Courts construction site in 1982, two of them are no longer in the Tourna-ment Capital.

While the remains of Casimir were handed over to the T’Kemlups Indian Band after they were identi-fi ed, the bones of Walter Boyd James and Joshua Bell headed north.

After spending the bet-ter part of a century buried in unmarked graves, they’re now in a university lab in Prince George.

“They’re in our teach-ing lab, and they’re used for educational use,” said Dr. Richard Lazenby, an anthropology professor at the University of Northern

B.C. (UNBC).Lazenby told KTW the

remains are used often — “pretty much almost all the time,” he said — and are a rare teaching tool among modern-day universities.

While remains from archaeological digs used to routinely wind up in univer-sity labs, Lazenby said that practice stopped about 40 years ago.

UNBC received the Kamloops Courthouse skeletons from SFU in the 1990s, on what Lazenby called “a permanent loan.”

He said students are made aware of the fact the remains come from two men who were hanged in Kamloops.

“That’s not a secret,”

he said.“We know who they are

and we know the circum-stances.”

The bones of James and Bell are unique, because both men were from the United States and neither had roots in B.C.

That meant nobody was around to claim their bod-ies after they were hanged.

And, when the skeletons were unearthed decades later, the crickets were even louder.

According to Lazenby, UNBC will likely keep the remains for now.

“Until somebody comes forward and says, ‘That’s my relative,’ I imagine we will,” he said.

— Tim Petruk

WWhere are the skeletons now?here are the skeletons now?

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Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

Lives were lost but McLeans met justiceBy Michael Potestio

Government agent John Tannatt Ussher was shot and killed by the McLean boys in 1879, forever cementing the murder in Kamloops’ history.

Ussher came to Kamloops in the 1870s and was appointed the government agent for the district in 1874 after the rst agent, John Boyd, retired.

A small wooden courthouse and jail were built on the outskirts of the west side of town and Ussher lived in a nearby house.

His job had multiple roles as constable, jailer, recorder and registrar for the small town.

It also had him travelling around the dis-trict, where he gained notoriety and respect.

Common complaints Ussher received were of cattle rustling and horse theft.

The McLean brothers, Archie, Allen and Charlie, were notorious horse thieves.

They were the sons of Fort Kamloops chief trader Donald McLean, who ran the post from 1855 to 1860.

He was killed in the Chilcotin Uprising in 1863.

In the fall of 1879, the boys were ac-cused of horse theft and Ussher had them jailed as they awaited trial.

The McLean brothers didn’t stay locked up for long, as they escaped with the help of their friend, Alex Hare, and possibly their half-brother, Hector McLean.

Hare threw a rope over the jail wall and either he or Hector provided horses for the escape.

Hector also provided them food but did not go with them.

The McLeans and Hare rode off, making threats to ranchers and other Kamloopsians as they went, particularly an eminent man who had mistreated their sisters.

Ussher declared the men outlaws.News of their whereabouts came on Dec.

6, 1879, from William Palmer. The rancher from Stump Lake came to

Kamloops to tell Ussher his best horse was stolen by the McLeans and he had seen them with it a few miles from his ranch.

Ussher and Palmer set out after the boys with Ammo Shumway as their guide.

Shumway was a packer who had land up at Shumway Lake to winter his animals.

John McLeod, a sheep rancher with his brother out at McLeod Lake, joined them along the way.

The men caught up with the outlaws near Bridge Lake.

Many versions of the incident have ac-cumulated over time.

One story suggests Ussher was unarmed. Another, more likely version, states he

couldn’t reach his gun.One thing is for sure, the outlaws started

shooting.McLeod was struck in the face but the

wound wasn’t fatal. Ussher went to arrest the men, Hare

attacked him with a knife and Archie McLean shot him. Ussher died there and McLeod, Palmer and Shumway re-

turned home.The sad news outraged the entire city and

the government put out a $250 award for the capture of the outlaws.

HBC Factor John Tait matched that num-ber, putting a $500 bounty on their heads.

In a letter written to the HBC authorities in Victoria, dated Dec. 30, 1879 - just after the shooting - Tait tells his version of the story as he knows it:

“I was about the last person who spoke to him when he was leaving, and told him he was making a great mistake by not tak-ing men with him. His answer was ‘don’t you be afraid, if I get my eyes on them, they will be sure to come along.’ He must have considered himself invulnerable as while they were behind trees shooting at him and two more that went as guides, Ussher dismounted leaving his pistol in the canteenas on the saddle and walked towards them.”

“Young Nick Hare came from behind a tree and met Ussher who attempted to put his hand on Hare’s shoulder. The two clinched and Ussher fell back to the ground.

“Hare jumped on him with a knife in his left [hand and] a pistol in his right, holding it by the barrel. Ussher begged them not to kill him as he did not come to harm them.

“At this time, Archie McLean, the youngest demon in the lot, came up with his pistol and said ‘oh, shoot the son of a B.’

“With that, he red. The ball entered the head a little above the left eye, besides a fearful gash or knife wound on the right side of the neck near the jaw. The head was completely battered by blows with their pistols.

“They were not satis ed to butcher the poor man but took his boots, over coat, gloves, horse and saddle.”

Soon a large posse was gathered with several native trackers. It headed out after the boys, who made their way to Nicola Lake.

Along the way, they terrorized many farm households to gain weapons and am-munition.

They even killed a shepherd along the way.

Allen McLeod shot him dead after a few words and he was shot again after he died.

The posse tracked and cornered the out-laws at a cabin near Douglas Lake and suc-ceeded in bringing them back to Kamloops.

They were then brought to New West-minster for trial and found guilty after two trials and two guilty verdicts.

Guilty of murder, they were hanged in January of 1881.

Ussher was mourned by the entire Kamloops area and was buried in Pioneer Cemetery at age 46.

Alexander Hare (left) helped the McLean boys, Archie, Charlie and Alan, break out of jail after they were arrested for horse-stealing. The story ended with a goverment agent dead after he headed out to find the escapees. The McLeans were eventually caught, tried, found guilty and hanged.

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B4

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

THEN AND NOWIt’s a hub of activity now, with a shopping centre nearby, offices across the road and

non-stop traffic but, once, the area now known as the corner of Third Avenue and Lansdowne Street was more bucolic. Yes, there was plenty of traffic - if you call

four horse-drawn carriages a traffic jam, but the view to the north and west went on forever, without the interruption of traffic signs and lights.

KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVESDAVE EAGLES/KTW

ReproductionsReproductions

124 Victoria Street, ph: 250.372.3866

www.unirepro.com

Digital Printing

Business & Rack Cards

Flyers & Brochures

Custom Decals & Stickers

Sign & Banners

Large Format Scanning,

Printing & Laminating

Graphic Design

Digital Printing

Business & Rack Cards

Flyers & Brochures

Custom Decals & Stickers

Sign & Banners

Large Format Scanning,

Printing & Laminating

Graphic Design

Our commitment to great service is

reflected by our many years in business

Our commitment to great service is

reflected by our many years in business

Survey equipment & Field supply Survey equipment & Field supply

Free ParkingFree Parking

28YEARS

St. Andrew’s Presbyterian Church is celebrating 125 years in Kamloops.

standrewskamloops.com ~ 1136 6th Avenue ~ 250.372.3540

Congratulations to the

City of Kamloops on 200 years!

ab

ab125

YEARS

MAYTAGGord’s & More!948 TRANQUILLE RD, KAMLOOPS • 2503765353

• FREE DELIVERY IN KAMLOOPS •

Stop in for that old-fashioned

customer service!A lot of things

have changed over the years, but one thing remains the

same at Gord’s...

CUSTOMER SERVICE!

Just like days of old, you still get the

same great customer service at Gord’s.

Our friendly, professional sales and service team

treats every customer sincerely with genuine

concern to help each person who

visits our store.

We also have We also have

the best cookies the best cookies

in town!in town!

115 Tranquille Road, Kamloops B.C. • 250-376-2411 • www.nsbia.comNORTH SHORE BUSINESS IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION

LOOKING FORWARD TO THE NEXT 200 YEARS

Since 1988, The North Shore Business Improvement Association (NSBIA) has

represented commercial property and business owners with a mandate to expand

the business opportunities in North Kamloops & Brocklehurst.

We currently take up residence in the historical Wilson Street Heritage House.This

house was originally built in the 1920's and has been fully restored to its original

glory. At one time, it was the home to Stewart Wilson, the fi rst Commissioner of the

Council of North Kamloops (equivalent to the modern day mayor). It is now at 115

Tranquille Road.

For all business opportunities in the sectors we represent, stop by and take

advantage of the information available to help your business succeed in these

vibrant city neighbourhoods.

B5

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

By Allysa GredlingKamloops is a commu-

nity of two rivers, but not of two peoples. It is now and has always been more diverse than that.

While the Secwepemc First Nations and European settlers have a well-known and celebrated history in this area, it is less well-known Kamloops was actu-ally built on a foundation laid by Métis fur traders.

You may even recognize the names of these individ-uals who populate the rich and shared history of this region, but you might not know they were Métis.

Between 1811 and 1813, this region was in the upstart of the local fur trade and new forts and posts were cropping up all over.

After visiting the region in 1811, Métis patriarchs Alexander Ross and David Stuart of the Paci c Fur Company returned the following year to build Fort Thompson (also called Shewaps Fort, which even-tually came to be known as Kamloops).

Nearby, the North West Company’s Joseph Laroque built a competitor’s post after blazing a trail from New Caledonia to Fort Thompson. These men formed relationships with the local Shuswap people on behalf of their respective companies and created an active trading industry in

the area.A few years later, in

1828, the Métis interpreter Jean Baptiste Lolo (also known by his mission name St Paul) arrived in Fort Thompson as a Hudson’s Bay Company employee, trader and Indian spokes-man.

Lolo was a very in u-ential man throughout the district and you can still nd remnants of him in

a number of places: Lolo Creek, Lolo Lake, Mount Lolo, Paul Lake and Mount Paul are all named after Jean Baptiste.

His house is even pre-served as a Kamloops fur trade-era historic site. This man, “a curious mixture of French, English and Indian,” called himself “un Canadien” according to Dr. Walter Cheadle, a traveller through the area in 1863.

Another recognized member of Kamloops’ his-tory is Donald McLean.

He is credited in these parts with being responsible for the conception of B.C. when his two pickle jars of gold spurred a gold rush that created the colony of New Caledonia.

This Métis patriarch was chief trader for the HBC at Fort Kamloops from 1855 to 1861, but he may be bet-ter known by his sons, the notorious McLean boys.

Their exploits are detailed in the book We’ve

Killed Johnny Ussher! The Story of the Wild McLean Boys and Alex Hare writ-ten by Mel Rothenburger, a descendant of Donald McLean.

Then, in late 1860, Jo-seph McKay was appointed chief trader for the Thomp-son Rivers district.

He spent six years devel-oping retail businesses, sup-plying Europeans, Chinese and First Nations people in the area with food and mining equipment, and is recognized for welcoming the gold-seeking Overland-er Expedition to Kamloops in 1862, along with English travellers Milton and Chea-dle in 1863.

Christina MacDonald, a Métis who is also the namesake of Christina Lake near Grand Forks, learned to be a successful busi-ness owner, accompanying her father, Angus — an HBC Chief Trader — on his annual trips between Fort Kamloops and Fort Colville.

In 1870, she and her fa-ther’s clerk, James McKen-zie, married and set up shop in Fort Kamloops for HBC.

After two years, James resigned and went into business for himself.

When he died in 1873, Christina continued to oper-ate the trading post.

In her own words: “I more than held my own with [the local competi-

tors] for I was raised in the fur trade and had been a companion of my father, so long I knew the business thoroughly.”

Her cousin, Ranald Mac-Donald, also Métis, assisted her in her Kamloops trading operations in 1875, but he is most famous for being the rst man to teach the English language in Japan during the late 1840s.

In 1901, the Canadian census documented 200 mixed-race people living along the fur-brigade trail between Kamloops and the Okanagan Valley.

While not all of these in-dividuals were necessarily Métis, of the 64 who listed a place of birth, 61 people named B.C. as that place, which tells us these families were well-established in the area.

Today, Kamloops is home to approximately 2,500 self identifying Métis people — 35 per cent of the aboriginal population in the city.

The Métis have been ac-tive in their contributions to the creation and innovation of Kamloops and are sure to continue this proud tradi-tion for the next 200 years.

Allysa Gredling is an ex-ecutive assistant with the Métis Commission

for Children and Families of BC.

Métis have proud history 35% of aboriginal population in city

Ingrid Pfeiffer250-320-5778ingridpf@shaw.ca kamloopsrealestatewithingrid.ca258 Seymour Street • V2C 2E5 • 1-877-374-3331 • Fax: 250-828-9544

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5

5

THANK YOU KAMLOOPS FOR 19 SUCCESSFUL YEARS! We look forward to serving you for many more!

Cathy McLeod, M.P.Kamloops Offi ce

979 Victoria St. Kamloops BC V2C 2C1Tel: 250-851-4991 Fax: 250-851-4994

Toll Free: 1-877-619-3332cathy.mcleod.c1@parl.gc.ca

On behalf of the Government of Canada,

I would like to convey my warmest

congratulations to Kamloops as it proudly

celebrates its bicentennial, 1812-2012.

The theme “2 rivers, 2 peoples, 200 years”

refl ects the two centuries of shared living

between non-natives and First Nations

at the confl uence of the two rivers.

It is by looking back through our

history that gives us a greater

understanding of who we are today.

Fly it today!Originally built by Ken Terry 1952. Ken was a defenseman with the Kamloops Elks during

the fi fties and played for approximately 6 years. The pool hall was also built to

accommodate bowling lanes in the basement.

Gus purchased building and continued the tradition of it’s original intent till 1995

Now Interior Crafts & Hobbies, brothers Darren & Dean Hicks have grown the business into the Interiors largest store of it’s kind with a huge selection of RC products and other hobbies.

333 Tranquille Road250-376-2052

intcraft@mail.ocis.net • www.interiorcrafts.net

B6

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES

did you know?

Tranquille, also known as Padova City, has had a long history. Originally, the area was a farming community, but

Tranquille is probably best known for its days as the Tranquille Sanitarium.

The sanitarium was opened in 1908 to treat people with tuberculosis, with

Dr. Robert W. Irving as its first superintendent. It served as the

tuberculosis camp until 1958, when it was closed. The site was then used as a school for the mentally handicapped,

but closed again in the 1980s. Today, developers are going back to

Tranquille’s roots as they look to establish Tranquille on the Lake, a lakeside village and urban farm.

SAHALIUnit 1

555 Notre Dame Drive250.374.4973

NORTH KAMLOOPSIn the Holiday Inn

675 Tranquille Road778.470.5581

Proud to be Kamloops’ Best Family Restaurant

The one-of-a-kind taste of our award-winning burgers is just one of the things that makes White Spot so legendary. Variety is another. Whether it’s our fresh salads, B.C. chicken, pastas or stirfries, there’s sure to be something on the menu that gets your vote at White Spot. Enjoy.

whitespot.ca

84YEARS

Proud Community

PartnersWalmart Canada was established in 1994 with the acquisition of the Woolco chain. Over the past 18 years, Walmart Canada has more than doubled the number of stores in Canada and more than tripled the number of associates, creating a strong, stable retail

chain which offers career opportunities.

8 250.374.15911055 Hillside Drive

walmart.ca

INCLUDES 9 HOLES,

CART & 3 COURSE

MEAL, BOTTLE OF

WINE

MINIMUM 2 PEOPLE.

NOT VALID WITH ANY OTHER OFFER

OR PROMOTION.TAXES NOT INCLUDED.

FRIDAY9, DINE & WINE

$50 PERPERSON

INCLUDES 18 HOLES,

CART RENTAL

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48 HOUR ADVANCED BOOKING

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NOT VALID WITH ANY OTHER OFFER

OR PROMOTION.

EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2012.

PERPERSON

WOW SPECIAL! $35

MON & WEDAFTER 4PM

INCLUDES 9 HOLES

OF GOLF, CART &

BUFFET DINNER.

NOT VALID WITH ANY OTHER OFFER

OR PROMOTION. TAXES NOT INCLUDED.

GROUP RATE8 OR MORE PEOPLE

$50PERPERSON

BRETT MARTIN

Pro Shop

& Events Manager

Today’s golf apparel available at EaglepointToday’s golf apparel available at Eaglepoint

NNOT VALID WITH ANY OTHER OFFER

OR PROMOTION. TAXES NOT INCLUDED.

8888 Barnhartvale Rd, Kamloops

250-573-2453

Eaglepoint Golf Course was built in 1991 through a thick stand of Pines creating a world of its own as each hole was played. Now that the majority of trees are gone due to a Pine beetle infestation, golfers are treated to open rolling terrain and

fantastic views at every turn. Shot making is still a critical component of the game

as the new owner, Dennis Hong, has introduced native Fescues to areas that were once bare or treed. Thus, there is

always a demand on shot making. Each hole is unique giving the golfer a

moment to pause and refl ect on the task at hand or what was.

The strength and signature of the golf course are the four

par threes.With four sets of tees, Eaglepoint Golf Resort is fun and a challenge for

all levels of golfers.

Great Golf, Great Friends, Great History

B7

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

YELLOWHEAD BRIDGEThis is named after a Métis trapper with blond hair named Tete Juane. He guided Hudson’s Bay Company traders through the Rocky Mountains in 1820. This bridge opened in December of 1968.

HALSTON BRIDGE:This bridge opened on Sept. 17, 1984. Its name, Halston, comes from former Fruitlands manager H.P. Mytton. Halston was the name of his home in England.

ROSE HILL:Despite the wild roses which grow there, Rose Hill was actually named after a person. Rose Anderson and her husband were the rst settlers of this area back in 1903. She had 17 children.

SAHALI: “Saghalee” is a Chinook word for heights, or hills; Also “the heavens.” Therefore, it is redundant for anyone to refer to an area of Kamloops as “Sahali Heights.”

THOMPSON RIVER: Simon Fraser of the Northwest Company named this river after his friend and co-worker, David Thompson. Thompson, however, must have been too busy with the Columbia River, as he never visited the Kamloops area.

TRANQUILLE: The name comes from Chief Pacamoos, who was a leader of the lower Shuswap tribe. Tranquille was the nickname given to him by the fur traders and he was considered to be friends with them. He died at Pavilion in 1841, prompting his nephew, Kiskowskin, to murder Samuel Black, chief factor of the HBC, believing the white man’s “bad medicine” was responsible for Tranquille’s death.

DUFFERIN:This settlement was named after the Governor-General. Lord and Lady Dufferin visited back in 1876 and he sketched the view from the hill, which was given his name. Later on, the town also carried his name. After amalgamation of 1973, Dufferin became a neighbourhood of Kamloops.

KENNA CARTWRIGHT:Kenna Cartwright was the rst female mayor in Kamloops. She served as mayor, councillor and school board member in the River City and was originally from Oyama. She lost to Phil Gagliardi when she rst ran for mayor but, in 1990 won with 53.8 per cent of the vote. She became ill after the election an passed away of leukemia in July of 1991. Kenna Cartwright Park is named after her.

What’s in a name?

90YEARS

IN 1922, George Brown opened Brown’s Repair Shop, providing Kamloops with premier bicycle sales and repairs, knife-sharpening, gunsmith and locksmith services.

90 YEARS LATER, his nephew Eric & staff are still providing Kamloops with top-quality safe and lock sales and services. They are proud to be a part of Kamloops’ rich history.

Brown’s Repair Shop Ltd.220 Lansdowne Street250-372-3656

Safe sales & repairs • KeycuttingLocks re-keyed • Keys by codeLock sales & service

The Natural Solution for your pet

250.851.9247A103 - 1180 Columbia St. W

Keep your pet strong, healthy & satisfi ed with the largest selection of raw & dry natural food in the Valley!

WITH TEAMWORK WE CREATE ACTION

AND PRIDE

The Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc, formally known as the Kamloops Indian Band, were the original stewards of the land

and have always occupied a place of great economic importance in the Secwépemc region. Home to the North and South Thompson rivers, traditional Tk’emlúpsemc territory was the center of major traffi c and trade routes.

Over the past 200 years the city has seen a lot of change and the Band is happy to see its people and its land thrive.

We look forward to another 200 years of positive relationship building and partnerships in the traditional territory

of the Tk’emlúps people.

THEN

THEN

NOW

NOW

B8

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

The Second World War produced many heroes and none are better known in the River City than Kamloops’ own, John “Moose” Fulton.

Fulton was the rst Commander of the famous RCAF 419 Squadron and became one of the most decorated and revered Kamloopsians to ever serve in the Second World War.

Fulton was born in 1912 and acquired the nickname “Moose” during his child-hood. After attending high school in Kamloops, Fulton went to the Boeing School of Aeronautics in Oakland, California. There, he earned his pilot’s license at the age of 19, in 1931.

In 1934, Fulton joined the Royal Air Force and was commissioned in March of 1935 as a pilot of cer. He was posted to a bomber squadron in Egypt for training and was promoted to ying of cer.

In 1936 he returned to England – where he was stationed – and transferred to Mildenhall, Suffolk in 1938 and served his rst tour as a bomber pilot. In Septem-ber of 1939 he was promoted to Flight Lt. as a test pilot for the Experimental Sec-tion, Royal Aeronautical Establishment at Farnborough.

Fulton then served as a bomber pilot with the 99 and 311 RAF squadrons, partici-pating in 20 bombing raids over enemy territory in the rst year of the war. He did this from June to October 1940 and was made squad leader on September 1, 1940.

The Moose, received the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) in September of 1940 for his actions in a raid on a marshalling yard at Brussels with the 149 Squad-ron of the RAF.

The night was September 15/16. Fulton and his crew crossed the Belgium border at around 9,000 feet and attempted to attack their target.

The aircraft showed signs of icing and the starboard engine lost power and stopped. Squad leader Fulton turned for home, dropping to 2,000 feet near Orford-ness. The lifeless engine started up again at this height and Fulton decided to nish what he started.

He came from the south-west but found conditions too poor and turned back again. He retreated to the Belgian coast, pin pointed himself and tried a different approach to Brussels from Antwerp.

The weather was clear and Fulton approached the target but was met by anti-aircraft re which kept the plane at bay. Fulton increased their altitude to make the run at a greater height.

Cloud temporarily covered the target so they waited half an hour before making two successful attacks from 11,000 feet. They destroyed their target despite con-stant setbacks. This earned Fulton that DFC.

Fulton got reposted to Farnborough as a test pilot again, testing aircraft, engines and night ying in England during 1941. This earned him the Air Force Cross (AFC) in 1942.

A war hero named MooseJohn “Moose” Fulton was a decorated Second World War veteran

CONTINUED ON

BLACKWELLDAIRY FARM

www.blackwelldairy.com 250-573-4747

A Tradition Of Excellence

Since 1913v

99YEARS

Blackwell Dairy Farm Inc. is a small family dairy processing plant situated on

beautiful farm acreage in Barnhartvale overlooking the S. Thompson River. We

produce top quality product, provide individual service and have loyal customers,

whose continued support is very much appreciated. We provide a full line of dairy

products in 4 litre, 2 litre, 1 litre, 500ml and 250ml sizes.

Blackwell has the best chocolate milk, buttermilk and eggnog available. We sell our

products at retail stores in Kamloops and outlying areas.

B9

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

In December of 1941, Fulton became the first Wing Commander of the new bomber squad-ron, 419 Squadron.

As commander, he served for seven months and made more than 30 sorties (bomb-ing raids).

The 419 Squadron formed at Mildenhall, Suffolk, England, on Dec. 15, 1941, becom-ing the Royal Canadian Air Force’s 17th bomb-er squadron formed overseas.

They flew Canadian built Lancaster aircraft, along with Halifax and Wellington on bombing raids.

Under Fulton’s com-mand, the squad took on the nickname Moose and. in the spring of 1942, Fulton led one of the squads on a dev-astating attack on the Baltic port of Rostock.

On a return flight from a successful raid on the Kiel Naval Base in April of 1942, Wing Commander Fulton’s aircraft was hit by a Messerschmitt 110 Night Fighter at 1,500 feet.

The port engine was knocked out and one of its propellers shot away.

The rear gunner was wounded, the hydrau-lic system and many

instruments were dam-aged and unserviceable.

The rear turret had also been shattered.

The damaged pro-peller caused violent vibrations and Fulton tried continuing home with one engine.

The aircraft fell out of the sky and Fulton was forced to turn the port engine back on, which brought back the vibrations.

The plane regained altitude and reached the base in England, where it made a belly landing with a retracted under-carriage.

Fulton got his crew home safely, flying about 118 miles in a damaged aircraft.

This earned him a Distinguished Service Order.

Midway through 1942, the Moose had

been in nearly 60 mis-sions but, in the over-night hours of July 28/29, he made his final run.

On his return flight from a raid on Ham-burg, Wing Commander Fulton’s aircraft was hit by German night fight-ers, suffering substan-tial damage.

The last recorded message from his plane was “attacked Night

Fighters, wounded, 500 feet going in.”

The plane was last seen crossing the French coast over the English Channel.

The body of one of his crew members washed up along the French Coast, but Ful-ton himself was never found.

On Aug. 4, 1942, Fulton was reported missing in action by the

Air Ministry, the same day he was awarded his Distinguished Service Order.

He was 29 years old.His squadron would

go on to serve in the remainder of the war, becoming one of the most decorated squads with 194 decorations.

They were disbanded at Yarmouth, N.S., on Sept. 5, 1945.

As for the relation-

ship with the Moose Squadron and his hometown, it began with a city council meeting on Feb. 11, 1943.

A city in Ontario was thinking of “adopt-ing” the 419 Squadron, but W.A. McAdam, Agent-General for B.C. in London, thought Kamloops should have the sponsorship as the squad was named after the city’s own John Moose Fulton.

Kamloops flew into action to make sure this happened.

Mayor Williams con-sulted with the rest of council and sent a cable accepting the sponsor-ship of 419 Squadron.

In April of 1943, Ful-ton was officially listed as “presumed dead.”

Kamloops had lost a tremendous war hero and, soon, an auxil-iary group was formed, which sent care pack-ages to the men of his squadron.

They also sent care packages to their ad-opted ship, the HMCS Kamloops, throughout the war.

(The Corvette HMCS “Kamloops” of the Royal Canadian Navy, was commissioned in 1941 and Kamloops adopted it shortly after sending them a ship’s bell).

Items such as candy,

chocolate, magazine subscriptions, ciga-rettes, two toasters and a hotplate were sent to the Moose Squadron in 1944.

They even received venison and moose meat (of course).

The 350 to 400 men of the squadron also received individual par-cels at Christmas.

Kamloops Airfield was named after John Fulton on May 29, 1944.That November, the official crest of 419 Squadron was revealed.

It showed a charging moose with the Cree Motto “Moose Asway-ita” — or Beware the Moose.

Though the origi-nal Moose Squadron and its auxiliary were disbanded after the war, the Royal Canadian Air Force 419 Tactical Fighter Training Squad-ron today maintains a close relationship with the City of Kamloops.

Special thanks to Alex Sim, honourary Commanding Officer of 419 Squadron, for

his contributions to this article.

Fulton went missing in action in 1942

In honour of John “Moose” Fulton lies Fulton Field at Kamloops Airport. DAVE EAGLES/KTW

From B8

For consultation and appointments, callFor consultation and appointments, call(250) 374-5462 or 1-800-413-2552(250) 374-5462 or 1-800-413-2552

455 Seymour Street455 Seymour StreetProudly Serving Kamloops & Area Since 1990.Proudly Serving Kamloops & Area Since 1990.

22YEARS

Comfort in MotionOrthoses

• Custom bracing• Sports bracing• Functional bracing• Prescription foot orthotics

Prosthetics

• Lower extremity• Upper extremity• Myo-controlled• Post-op management & supplies

Footwear

• Custom accommodative footwear• Extra-depth footwear• Footwear modifi cation• Diabetic & post-op footwear

Foot Care

• Certifi ed Foot Care Nurse• Diabetic/Senior foot care• Callus reduction• Patient education on foot health

It’s important that every driver takes responsibility for safety on the roads. With elevational changes in geography, our beautiful province can sometimes

make driving in tough weather conditions a challenge.

Thank you for watching out for our Flagging Crews and slowing down. Road safety is everyone’s responsibility.

YOUR SAFETY IS OUR CONCERN.CHECK BEFORE YOU GO! www.DriveBC.ca

ROAD MAINTENANCE LTD.THOMPSON INC.

Argo is PROUD to be part of the great history of Kamloops

B10

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

By Michael PotestioWestsyde began to take shape around 1900 as a

small settlement along the North Thompson River.It was part of B.C Fruitlands and also named after

the company.Two miles north of the Fruitlands’ boundary was a

larger settlement known as Black Pines.In 1905, Black Pines got a post of ce, becoming

the centre for mail along the west side of the North Thompson.

In 1915, the area had a population of 100, but that number declined after the Great War.

Regardless, it was still a big enough to warrant a

school and, in 1920, that school was set up in what came to be known as Westsyde.

This school is how Westsyde got its name.Trustees needed to gure out what to call the school

and couldn’t name it after the district — Fruitlands — because the North Kamloops school had already taken it.

So, they chose Westsyde with a ‘Y’ because it de-scribed the school’s location topographically.

It wasn’t until the 1950s, however, that the entire area would use the name.

Westsyde took a step forward in 1921 when four telephones were installed.

They had quite the phone plan. The rent gave users a set number of free calls every month, with additional calls costing .10 cents each.

Phone messages for people located far away from the phones were delivered by a writer and his Shetland pony.

During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the West-syde School was empty.

The population had declined as farmers struggled to make a living because produce prices were too low.

After the Second World War, the population would rise as people began moving into the area.

Westsyde then became a small village.

In the 1940s, the B.C. Fruitlands Irrigation District was set up to serve the area’s domestic and farming needs.

In 1950, the B.C. Power Commission started one of its rst segments of rural electri cation, ending the era of oil and gas lamps.

Electricity and a reliable irrigation system were sup-posed to boost agriculture, but what happened instead was a reduction of farms and an increase in houses.

In 1960, the Westsyde Centennial Park opened and the community continued to expand.

In 1972, Westsyde had a population of about 5,000 — the year before it became part of Kamloops.

Why Westsyde? No. Y is why Westsyde is Westsyde

DID YOU KNOW?In this photo stands Kamloops’ first hotel, the building at the left, opened by Samuel Bigham.This photo was taken in 1865 (the year the U.S. Civil War ended) when photographer Charles Gentile visited the area. KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

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A truly relaxing lifestyle can start with an informational visit to Berwick on the Park. We believe that a person in his or her senior years, having spent a lifetime of providing for their families and contributing to their community, is deserving of nothing but the best we have to offer. Do something social, choose a great book from the library or take a stroll through our beautiful gardens. At Berwick on the Park you’re in control and truly free.

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TRIVIA QUESTIONTRIVIA QUESTION: My name might lead : My name might lead you to believe I grow on a tree. Actually I am you to believe I grow on a tree. Actually I am a type of legume, and have more in common a type of legume, and have more in common with garden variety beans and peas with garden variety beans and peas than exotic almonds or walnuts. I than exotic almonds or walnuts. I am a popular ingredient in Asian am a popular ingredient in Asian cooking. Early explorers discovered cooking. Early explorers discovered jars fi lled with me in Inca graves, jars fi lled with me in Inca graves, presumably to provide nourishment presumably to provide nourishment for the dead in the afterworld. I was for the dead in the afterworld. I was one of the many foods Christopher one of the many foods Christopher Columbus took back with him Columbus took back with him to Spain, an excellent source of to Spain, an excellent source of protein, I contain phytosterols, protein, I contain phytosterols, thought to offer protection against thought to offer protection against certain types of cancer. What am I? certain types of cancer. What am I? TRIVIA ANSWER:TRIVIA ANSWER: Peanut. A Peanut. A popular addition to Chinese stir-fries, popular addition to Chinese stir-fries, they are featured in dishes such as they are featured in dishes such as Kung Pao Chicken. Kung Pao Chicken.

TRIVIA QUESTION:TRIVIA QUESTION: I am a plant I am a plant renowned for my health giving qualities, and renowned for my health giving qualities, and am even rumored to be an aphrodisiac. For am even rumored to be an aphrodisiac. For centuries I have fl ourished in mountainous centuries I have fl ourished in mountainous regions of China and other parts of Asia. My regions of China and other parts of Asia. My white roots, thought to resemble a human white roots, thought to resemble a human fi gure, have been used in Chinese medicines fi gure, have been used in Chinese medicines for thousands of years.- Can you name this for thousands of years.- Can you name this health giving aphrodisiac?health giving aphrodisiac?TRIVIA ANSWER: TRIVIA ANSWER: Ginseng Ginseng

TRIVIA QUESTION:TRIVIA QUESTION: An aromatic oil with a An aromatic oil with a nutty fl avor, I am a popular ingredient in Asian nutty fl avor, I am a popular ingredient in Asian

cooking. I am normally added as a cooking. I am normally added as a fl avoring agent during the fi nal fl avoring agent during the fi nal stages of cooking. I am particularly stages of cooking. I am particularly valuable in masking “fi shy” odors, valuable in masking “fi shy” odors, while still allowing the seafood while still allowing the seafood fl avor to come through. I am also fl avor to come through. I am also the chief ingredient in a birthing the chief ingredient in a birthing oil designed to help women have oil designed to help women have an easier time during labour. an easier time during labour. What am I?What am I?

TRIVIA ANSWER:TRIVIA ANSWER: Sesame oil. Sesame oil. Sesame oil features prominently Sesame oil features prominently

in Chinese sauces, stir-frys, and in Chinese sauces, stir-frys, and salads.salads.

TRIVIA QUESTION:TRIVIA QUESTION: I’m I’m thought to have originated in thought to have originated in northern Asia, and both the northern Asia, and both the Egyptians and the Romans used Egyptians and the Romans used

me in garlands. While North Americans me in garlands. While North Americans enjoy eating me raw and think I make a enjoy eating me raw and think I make a delightful addition to salads, my smaller, more delightful addition to salads, my smaller, more strongly fl avored Asian cousin is seldom strongly fl avored Asian cousin is seldom eaten uncooked. What am I?eaten uncooked. What am I?TRIVIA ANSWER:TRIVIA ANSWER: Celery. In China, Chinese Celery. In China, Chinese celery - kan-tsai or kun choy - is a popular celery - kan-tsai or kun choy - is a popular fl avoring in soups. It has been used as a fl avoring in soups. It has been used as a digestive aid since ancient times.digestive aid since ancient times.

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Fun Facts!CHOPSTICKS

originated in China almost 4,000 years ago

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KETCHUP

[Catsup] originated in

China as a pickled fi sh

sauce called ke-tsiap.

B11

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

THEN AND NOWTrees are not the only things that have grown considerably in Kamloops as the decades passed. Here we have a look

west down Victoria Street from the area of Second Avenue, from early last century and from 2012.

KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

DAVE EAGLES/KTW

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B12

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES Rose Schubert:

DID YOU KNOW?Rose Schubert was the first white person to be born in Kamloops. Catherine Schubert Rose’s Mother - was pregnant when she and her husband, Agustus, along with their

three children, migrated to Kamloops as part of the 1862 Overlanders group. The Overlanders assembled at Fort Garry (Winnipeg) and migrated west that June. Hours after coming ashore along the banks of the Kamloops Indian Reserve, on

Oct. 14, 1862, Catherine gave birth to a baby girl she named Rose.

405 Victoria St. | 250-377-8075

Originally built in 1927, this charming History hotel is now updated by adding comfortable new amenities, while consciously preserving the elements of the hotel’s historical charm.

The Plaza delivers unbeatable value with a range of complimentary amenities that includes full breakfast, WiFi Internet, Bellman and concierge services, YMCA fi tness & pool access, worldwide long distance and local calling, in-room bottled water and free parking.

The Plaza Hotel’s services, amenities and spaces include: • Comprehensive multi-media and audio-visual support • 5 Conference and Meeting Rooms • Wireless Internet access throughout our hotel • Large Flat screen TV in each boardroom • Business Centre with computers/printers/faxes • Special accommodation rates for groups • Free Worldwide long distance, local calls and faxes • iPads available

For more information about meeting rooms and to book your next conference or event, contact the Plaza Hotel sales team at sales@plazaheritagehotel.com or at 250-377-8075.

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B13

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

Ranching in Kam-loops started with the Hudson’s Bay Compa-ny, which raised cattle in the area.

The gold rush of 1858 then sparked the de-mand for beef and large drives from the U.S., under the command of the Harper Brothers and Ben Snipes and others, made their way north.

Construction of the Canadian Pacific Rail-way also created a great market for cattle ranch-ers.

It was soon apparent the feed was good in the area and raising cattle in the Interior would cut down on the long and cumbersome trip to butchers in Barkerville in the Cariboo.

Land around Cache Creek was used first for cattle and wintering horses.

Some of the early ranchers included Capt. Cavendish Venables, Henry P. Cornwall, As-chal S. Bates and Charles Pennie.

Thaddeus and Je-rome Harper got started northeast of Kamloops

and Lewis Campbell established his ranch at Campbell Creek in 1862.

In 1863, rancher John Wilson settled in Savona.

In the 1870s, blue bunchgrass (the back-bone of grazing) had fallen prey to overgraz-ing in drier areas the previous decade and was being replaced by sagebrush, cactus, rabbit-bush and spear-grass.

Some ranches became quite extensive, such as the Harper Broth-ers ranch and the huge Douglas Lake Cattle Company.

Timothy grass on irri-gated flats was a popu-lar crop in the 1870s, as was Sainfoin in the 1890s.

Alfalfa was first used in 1862 by Henry Corn-wall.

It had great success in 1906 with W.R. Mc-Donald and, from there, more ranchers started to grow it.

Cattle drives from the U.S. brought a mixed bag of cattle to the

River City.Texas Longhorns, a

variety of shorthorns and even cattle of Span-ish origin grazed here.

In the 1870s, Durham shorthorn bulls were the dominant breed until the 1890s, when Herefords were introduced.

The HBC and early ranchers of the 1860s did brandings and the official register came to be in 1873.

It didn’t really help as, in those days polic-ing against cattle, rus-tlers was ineffective.

Not many cases reached court and though the guilty were usually known by their neighbours, proof was tough to establish.

There was an eco-nomic depression in the late 1870s as the days of the gold rush had fizzled and railway sur-veying had stopped.

Business picked up again in the 1880s, with construction of the railroad.

Its completion en-sured prosperity for ranchers for years to come.

Ranching sparked by gold rushHBC BEGAN RASING CATTLE IN KAMLOOPS IN THE MID-1800S

DID YOU KNOW?The City of Kamloops was incorporated in 1893, the same year the Stanley Cup was awarded for the first time, to the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association on behalf of the affiliated Montreal Hockey Club, champions of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada. It is appropriate Kamloops’ incorporation birth is tied to Lord Stanley’s mug, considering the rich hockey history that permeates the Tournament Capital.

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Hamilton Brakeman Carhartt was born in 1855 in Macedon

Lock, New York. He grew up in Southern Michigan and his entrepreneurial style was refl ected in the modifying of his last name by adding an extra “t” to ensure he would stand out from other businessmen.With some helpful advice from his fi rst potential buyer, he realized his products had to be different.

After talking with a railroad engineer, he created an overall garment specifi cally for the railroad worker which had never been made before. Hamilton Carhartt founded his namesake company in 1889 and began making work wear with a single goal in mind: Set a standard of excellence to which all others would aspire.

Hamilton Carhartt passed away in 1937 at the age of 82. Today, his company remains a family owned operation committed to the mission of providing Best-in-Class apparel for the active worker.

“I believe that when a man wears an article that I manufacture, his self-respect is increased because he knows that it is made by an honest manufacturer, who is honest with his employees” - Hamilton Carhartt.

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B14

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

By Michael PotestioThe rst day of classes

in Kamloops began all the way back in 1886, the rst public school opened.

Unimaginatively dubbed Kamloops Public School, the building sat where the old courthouse is today.

The school opened its doors on Sept. 6, 1886, with principal and only teacher Stuart E. Wood running the show.

By October, the school was averaging an at-tendance of 22 students, divided into three class-rooms.

Wood had trained in Ontario before teaching in Victoria and Somenos.

He also started night classes when he arrived.

By the end of the year, 49 students had enrolled

and, by June 1887, that number rose to 78.

The arithmetic showed Kamloops’ rst public school teacher would soon need a new set of helping hands.

Gertrude Clarke, the daughter of Sibree Clarke, was hired to teach the junior classes and a new room was added in September 1887.

Clarke didn’t last long at Kamloops Public School, staying just the single year. In 1888, mar-ried to Principal Wood.

In 1890, Wood added physiology to the curricu-lum, but it contained only the basic health rules and anatomy.

The high school en-trance exam was taken for the rst time that year, with seven of 12 students passing. Though it was an

impressive showing, high school classes wouldn’t exist in Kamloops for an-other 15 years, so, unless a child’s parents could af-ford boarding school, the

exam equaled futility.In 1891, the school had

three teachers and the need for a new building was obvious.

A second edition had been built the previous year, but that clearly did not make the grade.

A new, wooden school-house was erected in 1892 at Third Avenue and St. Paul Street. It had four rooms and was shaped like a cross.

In June 1904, Kam-loops got its rst regular high school in the Odd-fellows Hall on Victoria Street. It opened that fall with 25 students enrolled.

Soon enough, the loca-tion proved inadequate and there was no spare room in the existing public school. In 1906, Kamloops city council and the school board

would promote a bylaw for a new joint school.

In 1907 the old public school was torn down and replaced with the Stuart Wood elementary brick structure Kamloopsians know today.

It cost $35,000 to build and was designed by W.T. Whitney, an architect from Vancouver.

Johnston and company constructed the building from Kamloops brick, galvanized iron and con-crete.

The eight-classroom school opened in August, with high school classes on the top oor.

That year, principal Wood was demoted. But. when it was discovered his replacement had only a provisional teaching certi cate — which quali- ed him as an assistant —

Wood was back as tempo-rary acting principal.

He held the posi-tion until 1910, when he retired and became a game warden in Salmon Arm. After that, he would return to the River City.

The Kamloops Public School housed both high school and elementary classes until 1913, when the growing population eventually warranted a separate high school. This school would go on to be named Allan Mathews School in honour of its rst principal.

The Kamloops Public School was also named for its rst principal, becoming Stuart Wood elementary in 1922.

That same year, Lloyd George was established as a second elementary school.

From Kamloops Public to Stuart Wood

StuartWood, for whom the historic school in downtown Kamloops is named. KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

Stuart Wood elementary today features an upper-floor classroom preserved in decor circa 1921. DAVE EAGLES/KTW

B14

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B15

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

By Michael PotestioLocally produced cigars have

been missing in Kamloops for a century but, in the late 1800s, a thriving industry was on the hori-zon.

In August of 1894, the possibil-ity of a cigar shop opening in Kam-loops was buzzing around town when James Harling of Vancouver rented a building for such a busi-ness on what is now West Victoria Street.

Unfortunately, the ambitious plan went up in smoke — Har-ling never got the factory off the ground, but the idea of a cigar shop in Kamloops did not dry out.

In December of the same year, George Borthwick opened the Inland Cigar Factory.

For his shop, Borthwick rented half of the Masonic Hall in the 200 block of Victoria Street.

He employed a couple of jour-neymen cigar makers and a local boy, Joe Goupell, to serve as ap-prentice and mascot.

At rst, the factory only served the Kamloops area, but soon the Kamloops-made cigars were be-ing sold in the Kootenays and the Lower Mainland.

Bothwick imported his tobacco from Cuba and Sumatra.

The company’s signature brand, Pride of Kamloops, was made from only Havana tobacco.

The other brands — Stags, Nature’s Beauties and La Flor de Cabinet — were made locally from a mix of American and Cuban tobacco.

In February of 1897, the compa-ny was re-organized and nanced for its expansion.

The main partners were George Borthwick and M.P. Gordon, joined by businessman James McIntosh — known as the King of Kamloops — and lawyer Fred Fulton.

They changed the name slightly, to Inland Cigar Manufacturing Company, and sold three brands of cigars — La Mona, Interior and

Pride of Kamloops. In 1898, they erected a building

on the corner of Seymour Street and First Avenue. That structure still stands today.

Within a year, the factory had a big Vancouver distributor and busi-ness was good, producing 3,800 Cuban-style cigars each day.

The factory had 30 workers and was advertised as a union shop. Employees belonged to the Lodge 400 of the Cigar Makers Interna-tional Union of America. Borth-wick was a former member of the union himself.

Child labour was common in those days and Inland Cigar was no exception.

It employed two young boys and two women, with salaries ranging from $15 to $30 a week.

At the turn of the century, sev-eral workers from Cuba were hired to ensure Havana quality.

In 1908, the local cigar indus-try was almost snuffed out when the company decided to move to Victoria.

It claimed its business was good outside of Kamloops, but sales

were poor locally.Former Inland Cigar employee

John Mackin, along with ve other former employees, kept the Kam-loops cigars lit when they formed a new company — Western Cigar Manufacturing Company.

They kept the building and came out with a new brand of cigars named Seal of B.C.

By 1910, the new company had just ve employees but announced the opening of a new factory at 293 First Ave. The old Inland Cigar building became home to a bakery in 1913.

That same year, Borthwick re-tired from cigar making and moved to a farm in Barriere.

Hard times hit Western Cigar in 1917 and, in August of that year, the company sold the old building on Seymour Street to the Model Bakery — which had leased it for $5,000.

In 1918, the ame was still ickering for the cigar factory, but

it would soon be snuffed out.As the 20th century carried on,

Kamloops’ cigar industry disap-peared.

ONCE A RED-HOT INDUSTRYKamloops’ cigar boom was brief but smoky

This is how the Inland Cigar Factory building looks today — not all that different than when it was built in 1898. DAVE EAGLES/KTW

THEN AND NOW

Memorial Arena has been a landmark in downtown Kamloops since it opened

in 1949. Over the years, the rink has played host to concerts, conventions, community events and, of course, sports. Formerly the home of the WHL’s Kamloops Blazers, the arena now hosts minor lacrosse and hockey.

KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO DAVE EAGLES/KTW

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B16

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

DAVE EAGLES/KTW

THEN AND NOWThe view from Kamloops’ West End, looking northeast,

reveals what appears to be two different communities when viewed through lenses 107 years apart. The top photo shows

Kamloops in 1905. The bottom picture is Kamloops today.

KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

Kamloops Thompson Cariboo EDA ~ KTC.Liberal.ca Photos courtesy of V. Rampone

From many tributaries, two great rivers; From many cultures, one great city

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The original purpose of the Royal Canadian Legion was to support returned Veterans, and their widows and children. The RC Legion continues to uphold theseprinciples to this day.

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MCpl. Erin DoyleMCpl. Erin Doyle

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85YEARS

85th Year in Kamloops • 2012

hold theseis day.

Master Cpl. Erin Doyle was killed on Aug. 11, 2008, while defending a combat outpost in Afghanistan.

On Friday, May 25, Doyle’s name was added to the Kamloops Cenotaph, the rst addition in 65 years. Doyle’s mother,

Kathy Mitchell, would like to see all of Canada’s fallen in Afghanistan honoured in their hometowns across the country.

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Colonel Edwin Drake and Uncle Billy Smith drill the fi rst successful oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania. The colonel’s discovery triggers an oil boom that parallels the gold rush of a decade earlier.

Amelia Earhart uses Mobiloil to protect Friendship when she makes her historic solo fl ight across the Atlantic. The previous year, Charles Lindbergh used Mobiloil in the Spirit of St. Louis on the fi rst solo fl ight across the Atlantic.

The Wright brothers, Wilbur and Orville use both Jersey Standard fuel and Mobiloil (Vacuum) lubricants for their historic fi rst fl ight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

B17

Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

By Michael Potestio Women have played a

large role in how the city has been shaped during the past 200 years.

Women cared for Kamloops through volunteerism in social, political and medical groups, according to retired history professor Andrew Yarmie, who has delivered lectures on women’s history in Kamloops.

Yarmie said Kamloops women were motivated by local issues rather than concepts like femi-nism.

At the turn of the 20th century, despite the prevailing belief women belonged only in the home, many Kamloops women got involved in social organizations.

These associations include the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, the Red Cross and the Ladies Auxiliary to Royal Inland Hospital.

In 1885, the Kamloops Hospital was built on Lorne Street and women were involved in volun-teer work there from its inception, said Yarmie.

At rst, there were only a few male nurses at the hospital and most of the patients were railway workers.

Only men were al-lowed in the hospital at this time as women were socially expected to be cared for in the home.

Eventually, women took over the nursing role, starting with Matron Eleanor Potter in 1886.

When the Ladies Aux-iliary began, most of its members were from the upper-middle class.

They raised money for the hospital through bazaars, afternoon teas, plays, rummage sales and annual costume balls.

The goal of these events was to raise mon-ey and bring the com-munity together, but they could often be discrimi-natory and racist as they were still a product of their time, said Yarmie.

People were known to come dressed in black-face costumes at some of the balls.

In 1912, Royal Inland Hospital was built and it was the Ladies Auxiliary that helped raise money.

The Auxiliary was one of the groups that helped care for the sick when the Spanish Flu broke out across the globe in 1918.

The Red Cross Guild was another group that helped out, along with women from church

societies.The hospital reported

600 people sick and 24 deaths. At this time, with a small population and an even smaller town feel, the loss was huge said Yarmie.

The racial and sex-ist ideology of the day remained.

Women were in charge of treating the sick and natives were treated sepa-rately at army barracks.

Some women even died while looking after the ill as they contracted the disease they were treating.

In 1898, the Women’s Christian Temperance Union was established in Kamloops.

It was part of the local organization that worked to reform society based on Christian principles and the role of family.

Alcohol was seen as

a major social problem, with women and chil-dren getting caught in the middle, often being abused.

Kamloops was known as drinking town at the turn of the 20th century and there was one bar for every 50 men in Kam-loops, said Yarmie.

With the CPR running right through Kamloops, plenty of railworkers — as well as miners,

cowboys and loggers — would ood into town for a drink.

In 1910, the Tem-perance Union made a signi cant impact on city council, convincing it to enact liquor laws in the River City that were stronger than anywhere else in B.C.

The Temperance Union was huge across Canada, but it broke apart in the 1950s.

The Kamloops Red Cross Society also played a signi cant social role in the city, particularly during both world wars and the Great Depression.

Young women — who were teachers, clerks, stenographers and nurses — formed the group in 1914, rather than middle-class women as one might expect, said Yarmie.

Soon after forming, they collected 300 boxes of comforts — items like cigarettes, socks, sweaters, scarves and magazines — to send to soldiers overseas during the Great War.

After the war, the Kamloops Red Cross Guild became the Red Cross Society and was taken over by middle-class women.

They then began to do more work in the com-munity.

They aimed to make women and children a priority and, in the 1920s, set up a well-baby clinic in Kamloops.

The Red Cross Society also conducted immu-nization programs and made trips to Tranquille Sanitarium to look after tuberculosis patients.

In the 1930s, the So-ciety became concerned with social issues such as poverty.

In the community, the Red Cross became the main relief organization during those hard times.

During the Second World War, the organiza-tion reverted to helping the war effort and again refocused on the commu-nity when the war ended in 1945.

In 1949, Yarmie said, there were 44 recorded women’s associations in Kamloops, along with 1,000 women, amongst a population of 7,000, par-ticipating in these types of volunteer groups.

Yarmie said social conditions made it neces-sary for women to form organizations to try to bring about social im-provements.

“Kamloops had a close-knit community right from the begin-ning,” he said, “and there were a lot of individuals who were involved, not just from the middle-class, but also from the working class and vari-ous church groups.

“Everybody seemed to be heavily involved in trying to provide what was necessary.”

Women played pivotal role in KamloopsFemales spearheaded the Red Cross and the Temperance Union

The Red Cross in the 1920s was led by a group of middle-class women and began to do more work in the community. This involvement included the establishment of a well-baby clinic in Kamloops. Here, in a photo dated 1925 or 1926, mothers bring their babies to the clinic to be checked on.KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

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Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

THEN AND NOWThe corner of Columbia Street and Third Avenue has

long been home to Royal Inland Hospital, with the landscape changing constantly. More changes are in store as an ambitious hospital master plan is moving toward fruition.

KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTO

DAVE EAGLES/KTW

Old fashioned service in a Old fashioned service in a modern fun atmosphere!modern fun atmosphere!

We offer fresh local and regional products We offer fresh local and regional products that provide delicious taste and healthy that provide delicious taste and healthy

results for you and your family.results for you and your family.

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As Old As The AutomobileThe history of auto parts, actually, begins with the history of

automobiles. Unless the fi rst automobile had been manufactured, there would have been no need for automotive parts. In 1870, Julius Hock builds the fi rst internal combustion engine that runs on liquid gasoline. On September 5, 1885 the fi rst gasoline pump is installed in Fort Wayne, Indiana. In 1901 the fi rst mass production of automobiles was begun by Ransome Eli Olds, the precursor to the Oldsmobile. It was a man by the name of Henry Ford who brought true, assembly line mass production into practice. As of 1913, Ford became the world’s largest automobile manufacturer.

As Automobile sales increased and parts wore out, the need for automotive parts began. From its early beginnings automobiles were manufactured with parts that would need to be replaced. Tires wore out, starters failed, and other internal engine parts would wear from normal use.

Two companies that were some of the fi rst to establish an Auto Parts Business were JC Whitney and Western Auto Supply Company.

JC Whitney began its life in 1915 as The Warshawsky Company, a scrap metal yard on the South Side of Chicago. The company’s founder was a Lithuanian immigrant named Israel Warshawsky. Throughout World War I, Israel bought failed auto manufacturers and added new parts to his inventory.

Western Auto Supply Company was a specialty retail chain of stores that supplied automobile parts and accessories. It operated approximately 1200 stores across the United States and was started in 1909 in Kansas City, Missouri, by George Pepperdine,

who later founded Pepperdine University. The fi rst retail store was established in 1921.

West-Can Auto Parts History

West-Can Auto Parts was formed in 1979 and purchased in 2003 by current owner Ron Jhaj. Ron is proud to live in Kamloops and has expanded the West-Can group to include West-Can Safety & Industrial and Desert Auto Parts. This expansion provides access to the largest equipment, safety & Industrial and automotive supplies available in Kamloops.

Major companies such as Uni-select, Modern Sales Co-op, Century Valley are just a few of West-Can partners in bringing you the best product at the best price. There are currently 9 stores in the West-Can group and more expansion is planned. West-Can employs over 135 team members and 35 in Kamloops.

The extremely low staff turnover means an experienced, knowledgeable team that are ready to help you. Time is money and West-Can’s experience and massive product resources will save you both.

Ron Jhaj - Owner

& Desert Auto Parts874 NOTRE DAME INDUSTRIAL • 250-374-8324 AUTOMOTIVE • 250-372-1991 1A-750 FORTUNE DRIVE • 250-376-6252

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64YEARS

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Tuesday, July 3, 2012Kamloops This Week Kamloops at 200

The first recorded fire in Kamloops occurred in 1874, when the Hudson’s Bay Company’s storehouse and shop burned, with stockpiled gunpowder resulting in an explosion. Ken Favrholdt’s precise documentation of the history of the fire department is available online at kamloops/ca/museum/archives. In it, one can learn about the fire that destroyed the hideout of the Indian Casimir (the third person to be hanged in Kamloops), the 1919 fire that destroyed Sacred Heart Church, the great Central Hotel blaze of 1931 and the appointment of Charlie Miller as the first full-time chief in 1945. Kamloops, in 1911, was also one of the first cities in Canada to convert from horse-drawn wagons to air-cooled Seagrave auto hose and chemical wagons. And, in news notably similar to today — as an arsonist or arsonists plague the North Shore — there were the fires of 1939, when two teenagers were suspected of setting blazes that destroyed the city warehouse on Lorne Street, built in 1900, and a grand home on Seymour Street West, erected in 1891. Want to get closer to firefighting history? Kamloops Fire Rescue has created a museum in Fire Hall No. 1, 1205 Summit Dr., that showcases its work. KAMLOOPS MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES PHOTOS

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142 TRANQUILLE RD., KAMLOOPS, B.C.

250-554-2518“Serving You For Over 40 Years”

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GLEN BUTLER BILL SKENE JOEL GOBEIL BILL LAUNDRY RON DELISLE GLENJONESON

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