special interest tourism nicos rodosthenous phd 22/10/2013 3 22/10/20131dr nicos rodosthenous
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Dr Nicos Rodosthenous 1
Special Interest TourismNicos Rodosthenous PhD
22/10/20133
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Practice SIT. Provision and impacts
• 1. Introduction We will examine the potential impacts on
natural and social environments of different types of SIT
Key concepts in the practice and provision of SIT The role and place of tourism as a tool for
community development The issues of visitor impact management
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• 2. SIT as a more sustainable form of tourism • SIT tourist are seeking more “authentic”
experiences, closer interaction with host community and more personalised service.
• This raises an issue of whether tourism is for the benefit of the tourist or for the local economy, and hence the local people.
• If tourism is part of community development and serves the same role as other industry, providing
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• employment and income, should it be managed in the same way as other industrial activities?
• Tourism is growing at faster rate than other industry. (one of the biggest industry)
• This trend is likely to continue , but the issue for the growth is be managed in a sustainable way.
• While SIT encourages travel to remote places
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Practice SIT. Provision and impacts
• E.g. villages, it brings with it the social and ecological impacts of human activity, development and modernity.
• As a result, the alternative tourist will seek to penetrate even deeper into unspoiled places.
• SIT is often small-scale and locally based. It can be related to local character through rural tourism; to heritage through cultural tourism; and to the natural environment through ecotourism.
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• 3. What is sustainable development?• A number of factors are increasing our awareness
of the real costs of human activity: Industrialisation in all countries Population Globalisation Air and water pollution Global warming and sea levels Waste production22/10/2013
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• 3.1. A brief history of ESD (ecologically sustainable development)
• The concept of ESD was established at the UN Conference in Stockholm in 1972.
• This concept set out the urgent need to protect our ecological systems and to support future economic and social development.
• It has been recognised that sustainability is socially and politically constructed, and agendas and policies differ from place to place.
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• If tourism development is to be sustainable, it must be environmentally responsible by adapting a more ecological and balanced approach.
• Tourism usually encourages high and unsustainable energy usage in developing and developed areas.
• It demands high use of resources like water and prime agricultural land.
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• Many concepts developed on sustainable tourism and include:
The notion of carrying capacity Limits of acceptable change and acceptable use Maintenance of sense of place Host/guest relationships Debate on authenticity and commodification of
culture and place Debate on the ethics of tourism
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The idea of the destination life cycle• These approaches include supply versus
demand, global versus local (goods, services, and labor).
• The challenge lies in utilizing these concepts to help make the practice of tourism sustainable.
• 3.2. Defining sustainable tourism• In 1995 the WTO (World Tourism Organization)
adopted a declaration by which:22/10/2013
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Tourism should help people to live a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.
Tourism should contribute to the conservation and protection of ecosystems.
Protection of the environment should be an integral component of tourism development.
Tourism should be planned at the local level and allow for the participation of local people
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Tourism should recognize and support the identity, culture and interests of local people.
International agreements to protect the environment should be respected by the tourism industry.
4. Impacts of tourism 4.1. Social impacts Most of the goals of tourism planning are
numeric and are measured in visitor numbers22/10/2013
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and yield in terms of investment and spending On the other hand there are many social
impacts: inconvenience, loss of amenity, crowding, congestion and other generally negative social impacts, including increases in crime and pollution.
Investors and staff are often not local; goods and services are often imported and local people do not see tangible benefits.
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• The concept of carrying capacity set in 1940s was in the fields of agriculture and wildlife management.
• Today is a useful tool for tourism planning when considering ecological and social impacts (1991)
• Ecological carrying capacity in relation to tourism-level of visitation beyond which there will be ecological impacts.
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Social carrying capacity for the visitor is the level of visitation beyond which satisfaction is not achieved because of congestion and noise
Tourism needs to be managed to maximize both visitor satisfaction and local distribution of benefits.
4.2. Local people and tourism Together with issues of the local people are issues
relating to the traditional use of resources, land rights and ownership.
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• Successful models are tourism operations locally owned and managed, so people and culture are not exploited.
• 4.3. Protected areas and tourism• Designated “protected” areas were dedicated
for the preservation and enjoyment of natural and cultural heritage, e.g. national parks.
• Nature-based tourism and ecotourism provide
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• Incentive for conservation and maintenance of the protected areas.
• 4.4. Environmental impacts of tourism• Tourism has an impact on air, land, water, flora
and fauna.• Peak periods create pressure on
infrastructure, water supply, roads, natural resources/products and community services.
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• Tourism relies on protected areas and the experiences they offer to the visitors. The growing trend towards nature-based tourism will intensify ecological pressures.
• 5. Making tourism sustainable• Sustainable tourism is not only to maintain
environmental assets for the future benefit of tourism, but to become also a mature, responsible and ethical global industry.
• Tourism must recognize that most of the assets22/10/2013
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• it exploits –natural, built, social and cultural, have their own value beyond the economic.
• 6. The place of tourism in community development• The relationship between tourism and community
involves four stakeholder groups: Government authorities, who are responsible for the
planning, resourcing and maintenance of local infrastructure.
Local business community, who derive an income from the operation of commercial enterprises.
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Local community, who share their area with visitors.
Visitors, who make tourism viable (Bushell 1998) Tourism operators often forget that they do not
own, or have special rights over the basic assets of their business.
Likewise, community members fail to see that improvements made for tourism bring many benefits to the local community.
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• 6.1 Defining community• Local government structures, community
groups and businesses work together on environmental, physical, cultural, social and economic aspects.
• 6.2 Community development• Sound community development recognizes the
need for a balance between environmental, social and economic needs.
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• The community vision helps to define what is acceptable change and what is considered to be in the best long-term interests of the whole community, like:
• The quality of the environment (natural, built)• The efficient use of material resources• Access to public and private services• The involvement of local people in decisions that
affect them• The health and wellbeing of its citizens.22/10/2013
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• 6.3 Tourism and community• Specific policies, plans and actions are needed to
achieve community goals, such as:• Safe drinking water• Public transport• Roads and footpaths• Waste disposal• Electricity• Police and fire protection22/10/2013
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• Hospitals• Libraries and museums• Planners and stakeholders need to develop a
shared vision and common ground on the future development and nature of a place and on the role that tourism might play in this vision.
• These can include: the conservation of cultural and natural heritage, awareness of local history and helping to preserve the open space.
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• 7. Quality of life and the role of tourism• The WTO (1990) defines sustainable tourism
as a ‘form of economic development that is designed to improve the quality of life of the host community..’
• Quality of life, defined as the physical and social attractiveness of a place in influencing people to move to, live in, visit, work or play in an area.
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• 8. Managing visitor impacts• Tourism affects host communities, placing increased
demand on services and amenities.• The main problem is to identify the indicators that are
sensitive to economic benefit and visitor satisfaction and effectively monitoring the social and ecological carrying capacity of a particular place, time and activity mix.
• Carrying capacity (CC) was adapted to recreation settings in 1965, in an effort to control the max number of visitors accepted in a tourist resort.
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• Case study: Tourism planning in Manly
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