Special thanks to Zachary David Johnson,

8th grade social studies teacher at Riverside Middle School in Greer, SC, for his help in

developing this presentation.

Two Worlds MeetCHAPTER 1

Essential Question

How did Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans contribute to the settlement

and growth of South Carolina during its earliest days?

The First PeopleLESSON 1

Prehistoric People• Around 40,000 years ago, Native Americans

crossed the Bering Strait land bridge from Asia into Canada.

• Around 15,000 years ago, they arrived in South Carolina. Because there was no written language, this time period is known as the prehistoric era. The people who lived during this time went through five periods of development.

Pre-Projectile Point Period (15,000 years ago)

Paleo Period (12,000 years ago)

Archaic Period (10,000 years ago)

Woodland Period (3,000 years ago)

Mississippian Period (1,000 years ago)

Prehistoric People

Five Periods of Development

Prehistoric People

Pre-Projectile/Paleo Period• Although not covered by giant glaciers like other

parts of N. America, the weather in SC was rather cold during this period.

• Piedmont & Coastal Zones were home to megafauna (large animals) such as mammoths, mastodons, and bison.

• Nomadic tribes such as the Paleo people hunted these animals and followed them.

Pre-Projectile/Paleo Period (cont.)• Technology was limited. The people used crude

stone tools such as scrappers, choppers, and large stone spear points.

• Paleo people started gathering plants to supplement their diet.

Prehistoric People

Comparison of a Mammoth (Left), Mastodon (right).

Prehistoric People

Prehistoric People

The Archaic Period• As the SC weather warmed 10,000 years ago,

natives entered the Archaic Period.• Natives followed a less nomadic lifestyle, settling

along the coast and rivers during the spring and summer months.

• New ways to hunt and fish were developed; gathering of nuts and berries

• The atlatl helped propel their spears farther and faster.

• As the period ended, natives began to trade, farm, and strengthen clay with plant fibers.

Prehistoric People

Woodland Period• During this period, the natives lived in villages with

a number of earthen mounds.• Food options expanded. Natives grew gourds,

squash, and corn.• They began making pottery with clay and sand.

They decorated it and use it to store food. • They developed bow and arrows to hunt.• Trade grew among the various cultures, with trade

routes spreading along the Ohio River to the North and the Gulf of Mexico to the South.

Prehistoric People

Mississippian Period• Mississippian people settled along the rivers near

the fall line and lived in large villages.• Homes were built in a style called wattle and

daub.• Palisades (wooden fences with sharpened

ends)provided protection for their settlements.• Squash, beans, corn, and pumpkins were the main

crops. • Powerful leaders controlled trade. • Kingdom of Cofitachiqui, located near present day

Camden, is an example of their culture in SC.

People of the Eastern Woodlands• First natives that European explorers encountered.• More is known about this culture due to written

accounts by Europeans.

Eastern Woodland Culture• Dug out tree trunks for canoes and used rivers for

transportation.• Survival depended on hunting, gathering, farming,

and fishing. Sharp points carved from rocks, animal bones, and bows and arrows were used to hunt.

Eastern Woodland Culture• Southeastern tribes featured matrilineal clans,

meaning family ties were based on the mother’s lineage.

• Primary crops were corn, beans, squash (known as the “Three Sisters”), pumpkins, and bottle gourds.

• Both genders were involved in the tribal government.

• Men and women had specific roles.oMen: raise boys, hunt, conduct waroWomen: farming and gathering.

Major Language Groups

Three most important tribes:• Cherokee of the Mountains• Catawba of the Piedmont• Yamassee of the coast

Major Language Groups

Cherokee• Called themselves the “Real People”• Iroquoian Language• Villages of up to 600 people. Used palisades for

protection.• Men fished by poisoning the water with walnut bark. • Leaders of the village, including women, met as a

council. • War time = Red Leader; Peace time = White leader. • Each Village had a Shaman (holy man or woman).

Major Language Groups

Catawba• Called themselves the “River People”• Spoke using the Siouan language.• Lived along the Rivers of the Piedmont Region.• Villages used palisades for protection, and featured

council houses where leaders made rules. • Homes were wigwams.• Were great potters.

Major Language Groups

Yamassee Nation• Originally from Spanish Florida (present day Georgia)• Algonquian speaking.• Moved to the SC coast near the mouth of the

Savannah to escape the Spanish governor.• Lived in wigwams on the beach during the summer . .

. Lived farther inland in homes similar to the Cherokee (daub and wattle) for rest of the year.

• Diet included clams and oysters. • Council sometimes included women.• Eventually fled to Florida after the Yamassee War.

Language Groups by Tribe

• Iroquoian—comprised only one nation—the Cherokee

• Siouan—included the Catawba, Cheraw, Peedee, Waccamaw, Wateree, and Santee

• Algonquian—Lived along the Savannah River, the Saluda, Yuchi, and Savannah

• Muskogean—Kiawah

Early Interactions with Europeans

• Eastern Woodland tribes traded fur and deerskins for iron tools, weapons, and guns with the Europeans.

• Land was taken from the native people.• Some natives were forced into slavery, leading to

hostilities between the settlers and natives.

Colonial Beginnings

LESSON 2

Exploration and Colonization

What caused European countries

To explore and colonize?

Renaissance

Desire for wealth

Religious differences and persecution

Voyages of Columbus• Christopher Columbus

wanted to find a shorter sailing route to Asia.

• The king and queen of Spain agreed to fund his journey.oColumbus promised to o convert the people he

met to the Catholic religion.• Soon after Columbus’s voyages, other European

leaders wanted to establish colonies in the New World.

New Spain• Spain was the first European country to establish

colonies in the New World.• Spanish explorers and conquistadors claimed

large areas of Central and South America, setting up encomiendas (large plantations).

• Disease and overwork decimated the native population.

• The Spanish brought African slaves to work the plantations and mines.

New Spain (cont.)

• The Spanish built cities and universities, and transferred a complex social system and form of government.

• Searching for gold, the Spanish extended their land into N. America (Florida, SC, and parts of the SW US).

Famous Spanish Explorers• Spanish explorers established missions along the

Pacific Coast. • Francisco Gordillo was one of the first Europeans

to explore South Carolina.• Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón created the first Spanish

settlement in South Carolina.– The settlement was called San Miguel de

Gualdape, along the Waccamaw River near present-day Georgetown.

• Hernando de Soto, also explored parts of South Carolina while looking for gold.

New France• The French sailed down the St. Lawrence River in

search of the Northwest Passage & claimed the region for France.

• Settlements established at Montreal and Quebec. • French traders established trade with the natives,

yet they treated the natives poorly. • Built settlements along the Mississippi River, named

the land Louisiana, after King Louis XIV of France.

French Colony at Charlesfort• Jean Ribault tried to build a settlement for the

Huguenots (French Protestants) near present-day Beaufort. Named Charlesfort in honor of the king.

• Ribault returned to France to get more supplies; war in Europe prevented a swift return.

• Believing that Ribault would soon return, settlers did not plant crops, and eventually ran out of supplies.

• The remaining men killed their leader and built a boat to return home. On their way home, food supplies were exhausted and the men turned to cannibalism. They were eventually saved by a passing English ship.

The Spanish Drive the French Out • While Ribault was in Europe, the French built Fort

Caroline, near present-day Jacksonville, Florida. • Not long after, the Spanish built a fort about 50

miles south at St. Augustine.• The two rivals planned to attack each other’s forts.• Spanish forces defeated French forces and killed

Ribault.• For the time being, the Spanish had successfully

put an end to the French threat on the southeastern coast.

Santa Elena• Built near the site of Charlesfort, Santa Elena was a

struggling Spanish settlement at first, but it eventually grew.

• Settlers relied on local natives for food because poor soil made farming difficult

• Despite their help, a Spanish leader ordered the execution of local Indian chiefs.

• A force of 500 natives attacked the settlement, forcing the Spanish to flee.

Santa Elena (cont.)

• When the French tried to return, the natives pushed them out too.

• The Spanish returned again and built a new, more successful settlement.

• The new Santa Elena was the capital of La Florida. • Eventually, English privateers and explorers in the

area forced Spain to abandon Santa Elena, opening the door for England to take South Carolina.

England’s Colonies

LESSON 3

English Settlements• 1580s—The English became interested in America.• They began claiming lands for the English king

along the Atlantic Coast. • Some of the colonists wanted to find wealth, while

many others were fleeing religious persecution.• English settlers brought their culture, including their

language, Protestant religions, and ideas about self-government.

• Sir Walter Raleigh given land by Queen Elizabeth I to start a settlement.

Insert picture of the “Croatoan” tree

John White discovers the only clue left by the colonists.

England’s Lost Colony• England tried to build its first

colony off the coast of North Carolina on Roanoke Island.

• The first attempt was unsuccessful; settlers were rescued by Sir Francis Drake.

• The second attempt happened two years later and the settlers disappeared while their leader was away.

Jamestown• After the failure at Roanoke Island, English

investors formed the Virginia Company and founded Jamestown.

• Surrounded by water on three sides, the site appeared perfect for protection from the Spanish and Indians.

• Colonists struggled to survive during their first years at Jamestown.

Jamestown (cont.)

• Settlers wasted time searching for gold instead of planting crops. Events such as this led to the “Starving Time” (winter of 1609–1610).

• Success finally came to Jamestown with the planting of a profitable cash crop … tobacco.

Location map for Jamestown and/or image of settlement

The colonists’ hunger was so intense that “a savage [Indian] we slew [killed] and buried, the poorer sort took him up again and ate him.”

Southern Colonies• Virginia, Maryland, North

Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

• Jamestown colonists created the first legislative assembly . . . the House of Burgesses.

• The headright system promoted the establishment of large tobacco plantations and bring new colonists to the region.

• Plantation owners secured workers by paying for the passage of Indentured Servants.

• Slavery became the favored form of labor.

• South Carolina was the wealthiest colony by the American Revolution and one of the most diverse, while Georgia served as a buffer between the English and Spanish colonies.

House of Burgesses• Virginia colonists created the House of Burgesses,

which was the first legislative assembly in what would become the United States.

• Tobacco farming required labor. At first plantation owners used indentured servants. Then, they started using slaves from Africa.

• The first African slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619.

Maryland: a Catholic Colony• Catholics did not have freedom of religion in

England.• The Baltimore family received permission to create

a colony where English Catholics could stay loyal to the crown, but worship as they pleased.

• The colony was named Maryland and soon came to be settled by colonists of all religions. Maryland farmers planted tobacco and the colony prospered.

Life in the South• Plenty of smaller farms in the South, but life

revolved around the large plantations.• Population was spread out, limiting city growth.• Compared to other regions, there were fewer

churches and schools in the South.

South Carolina: a Unique Colony• By the time of the Revolutionary War, South

Carolina was the wealthiest of all colonies. • It was also one of the most ethnically diverse

populations.• Slave population second only to Virginia.

The Middle Colonies• New York, Pennsylvania,

New Jersey, and Delaware.• The Middle Colonies had the

greatest diversity of people, religions, and economic activities.

• The Dutch settled New Amsterdam (New York) and the Swedes settled Delaware.

• The farms of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware provided food for the growing slave populations in the South and Caribbean. Known as the “breadbasket” of the colonies.

• English Puritans also moved into the Middle Colonies.

Quaker Influence• William Penn founded

Pennsylvania, basing it on the ideas of the Society of Friends or Quakers.

• The Quakers believe in equality for all people, they renounced war and allowed all people to worship freely.

• Penn named the town Philadelphia, meaning “brotherly love” in the Greek language.

New England Colonies• Massachusetts, New

Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island

• New England colonies were founded as a religious haven for religious groups persecuted in England.

• Shipbuilding, fishing, and textiles were big in New England.

• Life in the region centered on towns, instead of plantations.

• Children were required to attend school.

• New England colonists lived longer than colonists in other regions.

Pilgrims and the Mayflower Compact• The Separatists (Pilgrims), received permission to

move to the New World and create their own colony. • Sailing on the ship Mayflower, they landed at

Plymouth after signing the Mayflower Compact.• The compact was an agreement among the settlers

that they would create a government and obey its laws. This was the first form of self government in what is now the United States.

The Pilgrims• Initially, the Pilgrims struggled to survive, but the

local Native Americans helped them plant corn to survive.

• Pilgrims were English Protestants who believed that the Church of England had become to wealthy and corrupt. They separated themselves from the church and hoped to create a better one.

Puritans Settle New England• Another group of reform-minded Protestants—the

Puritans—established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1620s. The city of Boston became their center and a major port.

• Puritans were English Protestants who believed that the reforms of the Church of England didn’t go far enough. They wanted to purify the church from within.

• Massachusetts prospered, but the Puritans did not have much tolerance for other beliefs.