ENGLISH FOR STUDENTS OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY

ENGLISH FOR STUDENTS OF PETROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGYMs. TRAN Van Ty2015LESSON 5 GRAMMAR RELATIVE CLAUSESAim: To give additional information about something without starting another sentenceCan avoid repeating certain wordsExample:1. A girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl?Do you know the girlwhois talking to Tom?2. Jane had recommended to us a restaurant. We went to the restaurant. We went to the restaurant that/which Jane had recommended to us.LESSON 5 GRAMMAR RELATIVE CLAUSESDefining Relative Clauses- give detailed information defining a general term or expression- not put incommas[Tom is in the room with 5 girls]Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?- often used indefinitionsA seaman is someone who works on a ship.Non-Defining Relative Clauses- give additional information on something, but do not define it- put in commas[Tom is in the room with only one girl]Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?Note:who/whichmay not be replaced withthatLESSON 5 GRAMMAR RELATIVE CLAUSESrelative pronounuseexamplewhosubject or object pronoun for peopleI told you about the womanwholives next door.whichsubject or object pronoun for animals and thingsDo you see the catwhichis lying on the roof?whichreferring to a whole sentenceHe couldnt readwhichsurprised me.whosepossession for people animals and thingsDo you know the boywhosemother is a nurse?whomobject pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clausesI was invited by the professorwhomI met at the conference.thatsubject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (whoorwhichare also possible)I dont like the tablethatstands in the kitchen.LESSON 5 GRAMMAR RELATIVE CLAUSESrelative adverbmeaninguseexamplewhenin/on whichrefers to a time expressionthe daywhenwe met himwherein/at whichrefers to a placethe placewherewe met himwhyfor whichrefers to a reasonthe reasonwhywe met himLESSON 5 GRAMMAR RELATIVE CLAUSESHow to Shorten Relative Clauses?

who,which,that(subject pronoun) aparticiple

Examples:I told you about the womanwho livesnext door. I told you about the womanlivingnext door.Do you see the catwhich is lyingon the roof?Do you see the catlyingon the roof?The reactor which is used in FCC unit is a riser. The reactor used in FCC unit is a riser.LESSON 5 HOW TO DESCRIBE A PROCESS FeedstockCrude oilTemperature- input:- top of the tower:- bottom of the tower:- 380oC- 80oC- 400oCPressure1.5 2 atProduct- Top- Middle- Bottom- Gas, gasoline- Kerosene, diesel oil, gas oil- MazutAtmospheric DistillationLESSON 5 HOW TO DESCRIBE A PROCESS Main tower- Number of trays:- Type of trays:- 60 trays- bubble-cap tray- Reflux ratio- >5Other utilities- desalter- preheater - furnace- reboiler- stripper- gas separator- remove the salts, solids, water in crude- heat exchanger with top product for heat recovery- heat the feed to input temperature- use steam to reheat the bottom product- use steam to increase the purity of the products- separate petroleum gas, water and gasoline (3-phase separator)Atmospheric DistillationLESSON 5 HOW TO DESCRIBE A PROCESS Tense?simple presentpresent continuous

Passive voice/ active voiceLESSON 5 HOW TO DESCRIBE A PROCESS 4 basic forms of using a verb in a process:V-ed (passive voice)Being V-ed (passive voice reduced relative clauses)V-ing (talking about action)V-er (machine/ equipment)Ex: Mix mixed/ being mixed/ mixing/ mixerHeat heated/ being heated/ heating/ heaterPump pumped/ being pumped/ pumping/ pumpLESSON 5 HOW TO DESCRIBE A PROCESS The feedstock of the atmospheric distillation is crude oil.Crude oil is the feedstock of the atmospheric distillation.The temperature at the input position is 380oC.The temperature at the top of the tower is 80oC.The temperature at the bottom of the tower is 400oC.OrAt the input position, the temperature of the feedstock is 380oC.At the top of the tower, the temperature is 80oC.At the bottom of the tower, the temperature is 400oC.FeedstockCrude oilTemperature- input:- top of the tower:- bottom of the tower:- 380oC- 80oC- 400oCUsing the verb: To beLESSON 5 HOW TO DESCRIBE A PROCESS From to : a range of temperature, pressure,Pressure1.5 2 atThe pressure of the atmospheric distillation is from 1.5 to 2 at.Using the verb: To useThe atmospheric distillation uses the pressure around 1.5 to 2 at.The atmospheric distillation uses the pressure of 1.8 at.The pressure (that is) used in the atmospheric distillation is from 1.5 to 2 at.LESSON 5 HOW TO DESCRIBE A PROCESS The top products of the atmospheric distillation are gas and gasoline.Gas and gasoline are the top products of the atmospheric distillation.The products coming out of the top of the tower in the atmospheric distillation are gas and gasoline.Gasoline has the boiling temperature range from 30oC to 80oC.Product- Top- Middle- Bottom- Gas, gasoline- Kerosene, diesel oil, gas oil- MazutLESSON 5 HOW TO DESCRIBE A PROCESS The main distillation tower contains/includes 60 trays.There are 60 trays in the main distillation tower.The main distillation tower uses the bubble-cap trays.The bubble-cap trays are using in the main distillation tower.The type of trays (that is) used in the main distillation tower is the bubble-cap.The atmospheric distillation uses a reflux ratio higher (more) than 5.A reflux ratio higher than 5 is used in the atmospheric distillation.Main tower- Number of trays:- Type of trays:- 60 trays- bubble-cap tray- Reflux ratio- >5LESSON 5 HOW TO DESCRIBE A PROCESS To be used for V-ing/ to be used to V-infOther utilitiesDesalter furnace- reboilerremove the salts, solids, water in crude- heat the feed to input temperature- use steam to reheat/reboil the bottom productA desalter is used for removing the salts, solids, water in crude.A desalter is used to remove the salts, solids, water in crude.The duty of a desalter is to remove the salts, solids, water in crude.The purpose of using a desalter is to remove the salts, solids, water in crude.LESSON 5 HOW TO DESCRIBE A PROCESS How to lengthen a simple sentence?The feedstock of the atmospheric distillation is crude oil.Dung Quat refineryThe feedstock of the atmospheric distillation at Dung Quat refinery is crude oil.Dung Quat refinery/ sweet crude oilThe feedstock of the atmospheric distillation at Dung Quat refinery is sweet crude oil.Dung Quat refinery/ sweet crude oil/ Bach Ho oil fieldThe feedstock of the atmospheric distillation at Dung Quat refinery is sweet crude oil from Bach Ho oil field.LESSON 5 HOW TO DESCRIBE A PROCESS How to describe a sequence? A diagram?Step by stepUsing the sequence adverbs:FirstThenNext After thatFinallyVerbs:MoveGoPumpPutPipeLeadLESSON 5 HOW TO DESCRIBE A PROCESS How to describe a sequence? A diagram?

LESSON 5 HOW TO DESCRIBE A PROCESS How to describe a sequence? A diagram?First, the crude is pumped through a desalter to remove the inorganic salts in the feed.First, the crude goes to a desalter. Here, all the inorganic salts in the crude are removed.Then, the desalted crude goes to a furnace for being heated to the input temperature.Then, the desalted crude is led to a furnace where it is heated to the input temperature.Then the desalted crude is heated in a furnace to the input temperature.

Next, the hot feed is pumped into the tower at the input position.LESSON 5 HOW TO DESCRIBE A PROCESS How to describe a sequence? A diagram?In the tower, while the vapors go up, the condensed liquids go down through the trays.The lightest components, which are gas and gasoline, come out of the top of the tower, then go to the gas separator. Here, they are separated out.The top products are gas and gasoline (that are) separated out in a device called gas separator.The intermediate fractions including (that include) naphtha, kerosene, gas oil are piped out in the middle of the tower.The bottom product is residuum.LESSON 5 EXERCISESProcessFluid catalytic cracking (FCC)PurposeConvert higher-molecular-weight hydrocarbons into lighter, more valuable productsFeedstocks Atmospheric gas oil, vacuum gas oil, atmospheric residuum, vacuum residuumProductsFuel gas, LPG, gasoline (high-octane), light cycle oilTemperature470 - 550oCPressure1.4 - 1.8 atCatalystZeolites (Y-type)Type of reactorVertical reactor riserLESSON 5 EXERCISESThis process is called the fluid catalytic cracking.The purpose of this process is to convert higher-molecular-weight hydrocarbons into lighter, more valuable productsThe feedstocks of this process are atmospheric gas oil, vacuum gas oil, atmospheric residuum and vacuum residuum.The products of this process are fuel gas, LPG, high-octane gasoline and light cycle oil.The temperature of the process ranges from 470 to 550oC.The pressure used in FCC process is from 1.4 to 1.8 at.The FCC process uses Y-type zeolites as a catalyst.Vertical reactor riser is used as the main reactor for the FCC.LESSON 5 EXERCISES

LESSON 5 EXERCISESReorder the descriptionsFluid-bed catalytic crackingIt is mixed with hot air to burn off the carbon which was deposited on it in the cracking process.Typical products are gas, LPG, gasoline and light and medium gas oil. The feedstock is then preheated and pumped to the reactor.As the catalyst re-circulates from the reactor to the regenerator and back, the cracked mixture flows to fractionation column.Here, spent catalyst flows continuously to the generator while cracking is taking place.At the same time, via the furnace-reactor line, regenerated catalyst is mixed with it and both are carried to the reactor.From a unit upstream a suitable cut is selected and pumped to the catalytic cracking unit.