species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · pdf filebostrychia is...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · PDF fileBostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish ... collected in the field and dried onto](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052709/5a78ad257f8b9a21538bc1b5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences
ISSN 0973-6077 Volume 11, Number 1 (2016), pp. 55-71
© Research India Publications
http://www.ripublication.com
Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated
red alga Bostrychia (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from
southern Thailand
J. Seangkaew1, S. Bovonsombut1
and Y. Peerapornpisal1*
1Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Chiangmai University, Chiangmai 50200, Thailand
Abstract
The diversity and distribution of Bostrychia in Thailand were conducted to fill
up document in comparison with that of research in others areas and updated
information. Four sites along the Andaman Sea: Ranong, Phangnga, Phuket,
and Krabi provinces and three sites on the Gulf of Thailand: Chumphon, Surat
Thani, and Nakhon Si Thammarat provinces were studied. Algal samples were
collected every 2 months during October 2012 to August 2013. The algal
distribution with respect to the zonation, water, and sediment characteristics
were compared between sites, among transects and among quadrats (50 x 50
cm2). The results indicated that intertidal position within sites have the greatest
influence on algal frequency. Individual species dominated in different
intertidal zones. Eight species of Bostrychia was detected: Bostrychia binderi Harvey, B. calliptera (Montagne) Montagne, B. kelanensis Grunow, B. moritziana (Sonder ex Kützing) J. Agardh, B. radicans (Montagne) Montagne, B. radicosa (Itono) J. A. West, G. C. Zuccarello and M. H. Hommersand, B. simpliciuscula Harvey ex J. Agardh and B. tenella (Lamouroux) J. Agardh.
Bostrychia moritziana, B. radicans and B. tenella were abundant and common
on both coasts of Thailand, whereas B. calliptera was scarce and restricted to
the Andaman Sea. These results suggest that the abundance and distribution
patterns of algal communities were likely to be influenced by seasonal
variation, wave action, sediment, nutrients and other chemical-physical
parameters and habitat conditions.
Keywords: Diversity, Bostrychia, Thailand, Sediment, Water quality
![Page 2: Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · PDF fileBostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish ... collected in the field and dried onto](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052709/5a78ad257f8b9a21538bc1b5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
56 J. Seangkaew et al
Introduction Mangroves are among the most productive and biologically complex ecosystems. The
rich assemblage of species found associated with subtidal mangrove habitats (aerial
roots, peat walls) offer the potential to serve as indicators of the biological and
ecological status of this ecosystem (Tomlinson,1986[1]). They are sometimes called
rainforests by the sea occupy tropical regions at river mouths, bays, coastal lagoons
and islands. They grow in areas of desiccating heat, deep mud, and salt levels that
would kill an ordinary plant within few hours and grow luxuriantly in the places
where freshwater mixes with seawater and where sediment is composed of
accumulated deposits of mud.
Mangroves protecting a coastline by reducing erosions from wave currents and storm
energy in the form of waves action, creating a natural breakwater that helps stop
erosion, reducing from coastal storms are generally affected and property. expected increase of the cyclones, monsoon, tsunami, storm and hurricane winds intensity and
rising sea levels, mangroves will become increasingly. Mangrove protecting coastal
land and provides a buffer between the terrestrial and nearby marine environments
and helping to maintain water quality. (Felício et al, 2008[2]) and provides a filter
through the mesh of aerial roots that retains the particles that might pollute the lagoon
environment (Chapin 2003[3]; Feller et al, 2010[4]).
Mangrove habitats have demonstrated the high biological productivity and rich
biodiversity of these ecosystems in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Their
productivity values vary with the type of primary producers (mangroves, microalgae
and macroalgae) found in this ecosystems, The root system is an environment they are
provide habitats support a wide diversity of marine life by providing food sources for
other species range of wildlife species including commercial for the smallest animals
such as birds, mammals, worms, snails, shrimp, mollusks, nudibranchs, mussels,
barnacles, clams, oysters, herbs, trees, fish and crustaceans (Aburto-Oropeza et al.
2008[5]).
Mangroves also shelter and provide nursery grounds for many commercially and
culturally important species of fish and invertebrates lay their eggs so their
descendants might grow up and they are protected from most predators, and thus
contribute to supporting of local bundance and regional distribution of fish and
invertebrate populations (McIvor et al. 2012 [6]; Ley et al. 2002[7]). Mangroves
maintain coastal water quality by abiotic and biotic retention, removal, and cycling of
nutrients, pollutants, and particulate matter from land-based sources, and supply
nutrients to adjacent coral reef, seaweed and seagrass communities. (Walters et al.
2008[8], Koch et al. 2009[9]). Mangrove root systems slow water flow, facilitating the
deposition of sediment. For instance, terrigenous sediments and nutrients carried by
freshwater runoff are first filtered by coastal forests. Toxins and nutrients can be
bound to sediment particles or within the molecular lattice of clay particles and are
removed during sediment deposition. Mangrove forests are significantly important as
hot spots for tropical coastal biodiversity. Mangroves perform a vital ecological role
providing the habitats for many wildlife species, including macroalgae.
Mangrove macroalgae have an important role as primary producers in the estuarine
![Page 3: Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · PDF fileBostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish ... collected in the field and dried onto](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052709/5a78ad257f8b9a21538bc1b5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated red alga Bostrychia 57
57
ecosystem and contribute to the total productivity of mangrove forests through the
production of organic materials to nutrient cycling, as food sources for grazing marine
animals and as habitat for small estuarine invertebrates (Kamer and Fong 2000[10]).
Marine algae are an ecologically and economically important component of marine
ecosystems worldwide. The macroalgal are rich in mangrove habitats where it
contributes to primary producers and provide shelter, nursery grounds, and food
sources for marine organisms. Mangrove macroalgal assemblages normally grow
epiphytically on pneumatophores, stems and other hard substrates (Kamiya and
Chihara 1987[11]; Zuccarello et al. 2001[12]), and have an important role as primary
producers, as food sources for grazing marine animals and as habitat for small
estuarine invertebrates (Kamer and Fong. 2000[10]). The most common red algae
associated with the mangrove areas are Bostrychia Montage, Caloglossa (Harvey)
Martens and Catenella Greville (West et al. 2006[13]).
Bostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish and even in
freshwater habitats throughout the tropical and temperate regions (West et al.
2006[13]). This genus is currently composed of about 19 species (Zuccarello et al.
2015[14]). Traditionally, species-level classification of the genus is mainly base on a
few morphological characters (e.g. number of tier cells per axial cell, type of
attachment structure, absence or presence of cortication and branching pattern)
(Zuccarello and West 2006[15]).
In Thailand, a few studies have been done to observe the diversity and distribution of
mangrove-associated marine algae (Lewmanomont. 1976[16]; Coppejans et al.
2011[17]). Previous taxonomic studies of the genus Bostrychia recognized 5 species
from both Andaman Sea and The Gulf of Thailand, including B. moritziana (Sonder
ex Kützing) J.Agardh, B. radicans (Silva et al. 1996[18]; Ruangchuay et al. 2006[19]).
However, Thailand is located around an equator with hot and rainy climate and
surrounded by marine ecosystems include the areas of the Gulf of Thailand in the
Pacific Ocean and the Andaman Sea in the indian Ocean separated by the Southern
Peninsular of Thailand, The Gulf is a part of Sunda Shelf and is a semi-enclosed sea
located in Southeast Asia off of the South China Sea and is also very shallow (on
average only 45 meters deep) and strong inflow from rivers draining the mainland
makes it low in salinity and rich in nutrients and sediments. Circulation of currents in
the Gulf are influenced by two seasonal monsoons and water is exchanged between
the Gulf and the South China Sea very slow. The Andaman Sea is deeper and with
higher salinity and lower turbidity levels than the Gulf (Kantachumpoo et al. 2014[20]).
Andaman species composition are influenced by physical and biological environment
of the Indian Ocean.
The aim of this study was therefore to look for seasonal distribution of the difference
taxa of Bostrychia and sediment, some parameters of water quality (salinity, nitrate,
phosphate) analysis. In the Upper Southern Ranong, Phangnga, Phuket, Krabi
(Andaman sea) and Chumphon, Suratthani, Nakhon Si Thammarat (Gulf of Thailand)
mangrove in relation to environmental parametry.
![Page 4: Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · PDF fileBostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish ... collected in the field and dried onto](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052709/5a78ad257f8b9a21538bc1b5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
58 J. Seangkaew et al
Materials and Methods Algal samples were collected from 7 stations along the Gulf of Thailand and the
Andaman Sea (Fig.1) from October 2012 to September 2013. Other samples were
collected in the field and dried onto herbarium sheets. Voucher specimens were
deposited at Applied Algal Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of
science, Chiang Mai University, Mueang 50200, Thailand. (Table.1). And some
specimens were either preserved in silica gel or fixed in 4% formalin /seawater. Some
samples were prepared for microscopy by soaking dried samples in sea water for 10
min and then simultaneously staining and preserving the specimens in 1 % aniline
blue intensified with1 % HCl and mounted using a 50 % glucose syrup (Karo Syrup,
Corn Products) on a microscope slides. Digital images were photographed by
microscope digital camera Olympus DP20 (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) and eventually
edited using Photoshop Elements 6 (Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA).
Figure 1: Map of Thailand showing the collection sites.
![Page 5: Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · PDF fileBostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish ... collected in the field and dried onto](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052709/5a78ad257f8b9a21538bc1b5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated red alga Bostrychia 59
59
Results Morphological observation:
Our Bostrychia samples collected from the southern Thailand were morphologically
identified for the seven species (Table 1-2).
Table 1: Temporal changes in species diversity of Bostrychia species in the andaman
sea from 2012-2013.
Species Ranong Phangnga Phuket Krabi
Division Rhodophyta
Class Florideophyceae
Order Ceramiales
Family Rhodomelaceae
Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug
Bostrychia binderi / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
B. calliptera / / / / / /
B. kalensis / / / / / /
B. moritziana / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
B. radicans / / / / / / / / / / / / /
B. radicosa / / / / /
B.simpliciuscula / / / / /
B. tenella / / / / / / / / / / / /
Table 2: Temporal changes in species diversity of Bostrychia species in the gulf of
Thailand from 2012-2013.
Species Chumphon Surat Thani Nakhon Si Thammarat
Division Rhodophyta
Class Florideophyceae
Order Ceramiales
Family Rhodomelaceae
Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug
Bostrychia kalensis / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
B. moritziana / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
B. radicans / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
B. radicosa / / / / / / / / / / / /
B. simpliciuscula / / /
B. tenella / / / / / /
Eight species of Bostrychia were identified from mangrove forests in the upper
southern Thailand. The descriptions of these taxa are as follows:
Bostrychia calliptera (Montagne) Montagne
This species grow abundantly on the mangrove tree in upper zone. Thalli about 1-2
cm high, reddish purple to brown. Thalli erect with subpostrate branching pinnate
alternate, corticated, polysiphonous thoughout each axial cell with two tier cells of 6-8
periaxial cells, peripherohaptera developed form ventral and lateral periaxial cells.
![Page 6: Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · PDF fileBostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish ... collected in the field and dried onto](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052709/5a78ad257f8b9a21538bc1b5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
60 J. Seangkaew et al
Tetrasporangial sticihdia developed at apical of lateral branching, 0.8-1.2 mm long
and 120-200 µm in diameter. No male and female observed. (Fig. 2. A-C).
Bostrychia kelanensis Grunow
This species grow abundantly on the roots of the Avicennia marina and Rhizophora
Xylocarpus. It is normally found as a mixed patchy assemblages with other
Bostrychia species (e.g. B. moritziana and B. radicans). Thalli are about 0.1-1 cm
high, which consist of both prostrate and erect system.. Thalli are polysiponous
throughout, alternate branching, multiple new shoots alternate branches bonre from
cladohaptera attachment disc. composing of three tier cells and cladohaptera. Thalli
occasionally have a cortication on the main axis and determinate lateral branches.
Spermatangial stichidia are borne below the tips of laterals branches, 0.3–1 mm long
and 50–75 µm wide. Cystocarps are globular 300-400 µm in diameter, 350-500 µm
long, producing at the terminal of lateral branches. Tetrasporangial stichidia are
developed below tips of lateral branches, approximately 0.4–1 mm long and 30-70
µm wide (Fig.3. D-L).
Bostrychia moritziana (Sonder ex Kützing) J. Agardh
Thalli are about 1-3 cm high, reddish purple to brown. Thalli postrate, alternate
branching, The main axes polysiphonous throughout, ultimate branches
monosiphonous. Thalli are composed with two tier cells of 4-8 periaxial cells to each
axial cells and attached by cladohaptera on substrate. Usually ecorticated cells but
sometimes have a cortication development throughout are associated with season.
Tetrasporangial stichidia developed below tips of lateral branching, Cystocarps
developed near the apical of lateral branching, ovoid to spherical 400-550 µm in
diameter, 500-650 µm long. Spermatangial stichidia developed below apical of lateral
branching 25-60 µm in diameter, 120-220 µm long. (Fig.3 A-E).
Bostrychia radicans (Montagne) Montagne
Thalli are about 1-3 cm high, reddish purple to brown. Thalli postrate and suberect,
alternate branching, The main axes polysiphonous throughout. Thalli are composed
with two tier cells of 5-9 periaxial cells to each axial cells and attached by
cladohaptera on substrate. Usually ecorticated cells but sometimes have a cortication
development throughout are associated with season. Tetrasporangial stichidia
developed below tips of lateral branching, Cystocarps developed near the apical of
lateral branching, ovoid to spherical 400-520 µm in diameter, 500-650 µm long.
Spermatangial stichidia developed below apical of lateral branching 25-60 µm in
diameter, 120-220 µm long. (Fig.3 F-K).
Bostrychia radicosa (Itono) J. A. West, G. C. Zuccarello and M. H. Hommersand
Thalli are about 0.5-1.5 cm high, reddish purple to brown. Thalli of erect, ventral on
![Page 7: Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · PDF fileBostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish ... collected in the field and dried onto](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052709/5a78ad257f8b9a21538bc1b5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated red alga Bostrychia 61
61
creeping stolon alternate branching, polysiphonous throughout. Thalli are composed
with two tier cells of 4 periaxial cells to each axial cells. Rhizoids borne from tier
cells and can develop new erect shoots. Usually ecorticated cells but sometimes have
a cortication development throughout are associated with season. Tetrasporangial
stichidia developed below tips of lateral branching 0.1-2 mm long, 75-100 µm wide,
Cystocarps branches borne within the polysiphonous of ultimate lateral branches,
ovoid to spherical 300-450 µm in diameter, 350-500 µm long. Spermatangial stichidia
no found. (Fig.4 A-F).
Bostrychia simpliciuscula Harvey ex J. Agardh
Thalli are about 1-3 cm high, dark red, reddish purple to brown. Thalli postrate,
alternate branching, The main axes polysiphonous throughout, ultimate branches
monosiphonous at apical but polysiphonous at the base. Thalli are composed with two
tier cells of 4-5 periaxial cells to each axial cells and attached by peripherohaptera on
substrate. Usually ecorticated cells but sometimes have a cortication development
throughout are associated with season. Tetrasporangial stichidia branches borne
within the polysiphonous determinate branches 150-400 µm long, 80-160 µm in
diameter, Cystocarps and Spermatangial stichidia on found. (Fig.4. G-L).
Bostrychia tenella (Lamouroux) J. Agardh.
Thalli are about 1-5 cm high, dark red, reddish purple to brown. Thalli postrate, with
2-3 orders of alternate branching, The main axes with primary polysiphonous laterals
and many monosiphonous laterals. Thalli are composed with two tier cells of 5-8
periaxial cells to each axial cells and attached by peripherohaptera on substrate,
corticated with 1-4 layers. Tetrasporangial stichidia developed below tips 180-420 µm
long, 20-160 µm in diameter of ultimate lateral branches, Cystocarps branches borne
within the polysiphonous of ultimate lateral branches, ovoid to spherical 350-780 µm
long, 300-600 µm in diameter and Spermatangial stichidia on found. (Fig.5. A-E).
Bostrychia binderi Harvey
Thalli are about 1-5 cm high, dark red, reddish purple to brown. Thalli postrate, with
2-3 orders of alternate branching, The main axes heavily corticated primary laterals,
secondary laterals, spine-like, with polysiphonous base and occasionally short
monosiphonous tips. Thalli are composed with two tier cells of 5-8 periaxial cells to
each axial cells and attached by peripherohaptera on substrate, corticated with 1-4
layers. Tetrasporangial stichidia developed below tips 160-400µm long, 20-180 µm in
diameter of ultimate lateral branches, Cystocarps branches borne within the
polysiphonous of ultimate lateral branches, ovoid to spherical 300-700 µm. long, 250-
500 µm in diameter and Spermatangial stichidia no found. (Fig.5. F-I).
![Page 8: Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · PDF fileBostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish ... collected in the field and dried onto](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052709/5a78ad257f8b9a21538bc1b5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
62 J. Seangkaew et al
Fig. 2 Bostrychia calliptera, Bostrychia kelanensis. A-C. Bostrychia calliptera. A.
Whole thallus. Scale bar 2 mm. B. Tetrasporophyte with tetrasporangial stichidia
(arrows). Scale bar 0.5 mm. C. Peripherohaptera at node (arrowhead). Scale bar 50
µm. D-L. Bostrychia kelanensis. D. Whole thallus. Scale bar 3 mm. E.
Tetrasporophyte with tetrasporangial stichidia. Scale bar 3 mm. F. Cystocarp with
many carposporangia (arrowheads). Scale bar 100 µm. G. Lateral branch of male
gametophyte with spermatangia stichidia (arrows). Scale bar 100 µm. H. Branch
showing 3-tier cells per pericentral cell (arrowheads). Scale bar 20 µm. I. Apex of
axis. Scale bar 100 µm. J. Many shoots arising from cladohaptera attachment disc.
Scale bar 60 µm. K. Cladohaptera at node. Scale bar 20 µm. L. Branch with corticated
(arrowhead). Scale bar 50 µm.
![Page 9: Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · PDF fileBostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish ... collected in the field and dried onto](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052709/5a78ad257f8b9a21538bc1b5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated red alga Bostrychia 63
63
Fig. 3 Bostrychia moritziana, Bostrychia radicans. A-E. Bostrychia moritziana. A.
Aternate branching and ultimate branches monosiphonous (arrow). Scale bar 100 µm.
B. Cladohaptera (arrow). Scale bar 50 µm. C. Lateral branch of female gametophyte
with developing carposporophyte (arrow). Scale bar 100 µm. D. Lateral branch of
male gametophyte with spermatangia stichidia (arrow). Scale bar 200 µm. E.
Tetrasporophyte with tetrasporangial stichidia. Scale bar 150 µm (arrows). F-J.
Bostrychia radicans. F. Female gametophyte with mature cystocarp (arrowheads).
Scale bar 1 mm. G. Cladohaptera (arrow). Scale bar 50 µm. H. Branch showing 2 tier
cells per pericentral cell (arrowheads). Scale bar 20 µm. I. Mature terminal cystocarp
with many carposporangial. Scale bar 100 µm. J. Spermatangia stichidia (arrow).
Scale bar 200 µm. K. Tetrasporophyte with tetrasporangial stichidia (arrow). Scale
bar 100 µm.
![Page 10: Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · PDF fileBostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish ... collected in the field and dried onto](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052709/5a78ad257f8b9a21538bc1b5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
64 J. Seangkaew et al
Fig. 4 Bostrychia radicosa, Bostrychia simpliciuscula. A-F. Bostrychia radicosa. A.
Whole thallus. Scale bar 1 mm. B. Tetrasporophyte with tetrasporangial stichidia
(arrow). Scale bar 100 µm. C. Branch showing 2 tier cells per pericentral cell.
(arrowheads). Scale bar 20 µm. D. Rhizoids at node (arrow). Scale bar 40 µm. E.
Apex of axis with corticated. Scale bar 50 µm. F. New shoots arising at node (arrow).
Scale bar 70 µm. G-L. Bostrychia simpliciuscula. G, H. Branch with corticated. Scale
bar 1 mm. I. Tetrasporophyte with tetrasporangial stichidia borne on lateral branches
(arrow). Scale bar 1 mm. J. Alternate branching and ultimate branches
monosiphonous (arrow). Scale bar 50 µm. K. Branch showing 2 tier cells per
pericentral cell (arrowheads). Scale bar 10 µm. L. Peripherohaptera at node (arrow).
Scale bar 20 µm.
![Page 11: Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · PDF fileBostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish ... collected in the field and dried onto](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052709/5a78ad257f8b9a21538bc1b5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated red alga Bostrychia 65
65
Fig. 5 Bostrychia tenella, Bostrychia binderi. A-E. Bostrychia tenella. A. Whole
thallus. Scale bar 300 µm. B. Branch with polysiphonous primary branch and
monosiphonous secondary lateral branches and heavily corticated primary laterals.
Scale bar 25 µm. C. Peripherohaptera at node with many corticated (arrow). Scale bar
100 µm. D. Tetrasporophyte with tetrasporangial stichidia (arrow). Scale bar 60 µm.
E. Female gametoptyte with mature cystocarp (arrow). Scale bar 75 µm. F-I.
Bostrychia binderi. F,G. Branch short polysiphonous secondary lateral and heavily
corticated primary laterals. F. Scale bar = 500 µm, G. Scale bar 50 µm. H. Female
gametoptyte with mature cystocarp (arrow). Scale bar 0.5 mm. I. Tetrasporophyte
with tetrasporangial stichidia (arrow). Scale bar 100 µm.
Assessment of Water Quality in the Studied Sites
The chemical characteristics of an aquatic ecosystem is an important aspect that
affects the distribution of Bostrychia, Caloglossa and Catenella species (Table 3).
The trophic status of water in the studied sites was classified by some physical and
chemical parameters including nitrate nitrogen, and soluble reactive phosphorus. The
water salinity differed significantly between the Ranong, Chumphon, Surat Thani and
Nakhon Si Thammarat sites (p < 0.05). In contrast, no significant differences in
salinity were recorded between the Phangnga, Phuket and Krabi sites (p > 0.05).
![Page 12: Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · PDF fileBostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish ... collected in the field and dried onto](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052709/5a78ad257f8b9a21538bc1b5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
66 J. Seangkaew et al
Water salinity during the month of April differed significantly from October and
August with regard to sample time. Nitrogen concentrations in the water resulted in
significant differences between the groups and within groups (p < 0.05). However,
phosphorus concentrations were highest at the Krabi sites (p < 0.05).
Table 3: Water characteristics in the studied sites.
Characteristics Water Salinity (psu) NO3-(mg/L) PO4
3-(mg/L)
Ranong 20.50 0.29 0.03
Phangnga 32.83 0.30 0.02
Phuket 32.83 0.32 0.02
Krabi 32.33 0.33 0.02
Chumphon 23.75 0.30 0.03
Surat Thani 25.00 0.29 0.04
Nakhon Si Tammarat 28.58 0.29 0.04
Mangrove Sediment Characteristics
Sediment characteristics are important factors in the occurrence variations of
Bostrychia species. The sediments of the mangrove sites were predominantly made up
of clay-like silt. Differences were found among the three intertidal zones between the
sites (p < 0.05) (Figure 6). Granules revealed significant differences in sediment type
frequencies among the sites. Sand was found in Phuket resulting in significant
differences between the study sites (p < 0.05). Silt was found in Phangnga resulting in
significant differences between the study sites (p < 0.05). The sediment at Nakhon Si
Thammarat was not significantly different than that at Ranong, Chumphon and Surat
Thani (p > 0.05); and clay was not significantly different between the Phangnga,
Phuket and Krabi sites. In contrast, significant differences were found between the
Ranong, Chumphon, Surat Thani and Nakhon Si Thammarat sites (p < 0.05), while no
significant differences were seen with regard to sampling time (p > 0.05).
Discussion Thailand is located in Southeast Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of
Thailand in the south. The upper southern area comprised of Ranong, Phangnga,
Phuket and Krabi on the Andaman sea and Chumphon, Surat Thani and Nakhon Si
Thammarat on the Gulf of Thailand differed in water salinity, sediments and food
levels in this study. Thailand’s coastline has two different ecological regions that are
influenced by their geographic setting, the Andaman coast (Indian Ocean) and the
Gulf of Thailand coast (Pacific Ocean). Based on climate, light, temperature, rainfall,
wind, most of the mangroves are only found in tropical zones where the tropical
climate is suited for their growth (Duke et al. 1998[21]).
![Page 13: Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · PDF fileBostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish ... collected in the field and dried onto](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052709/5a78ad257f8b9a21538bc1b5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated red alga Bostrychia 67
67
Figure 6: Percentages of mangrove sediment components in intertidal zones of
the sites (n =126).
Tides are the main factor influencing the habitat zones of macroalgae in the
mangroves, because, tidal ranges influence the physical features of plant structures,
especially, the aeration of roots above the soil which is important. Consequently,
these factors affect pneumatophore height and density which in turn affects algal
attachment, distribution and frequency of occurrence (Melville et al. 2005[22]).
Waves and currents help spread the spores of the algae into other habitats, distribute
nutrients to the sea that benefit other aquatic lives and coastal aquacultures. In
addition, waves and currents are important factors in the coastal sedimentation
process. However, nutrients, that are vital for the survival of organisms in the
mangroves, are derived from both outside and inside the mangroves, including rain,
rivers, sediments, the sea, and the decomposition of organic matter in the mangroves
from algae as well as the salinity of water and soil, and these factors significantly
affect the distribution of algae in the mangroves. Differences in salinity cause
differences in the distributions of algae (Karsten et al. 1992[23], Fernandes et al. 2011[24]). In addition, mangrove soil results from the deposition process of sediments
flowing with water from various sources as well as the decomposition of the organic
matter in the mangrove forests. Sedimentation may have both direct and indirect
impacts on macroalgal communities. Thus, soil is important for the growth and
distribution of different species of mangrove trees and algal distribution and
abundance in mangroves (Alongi et al. 1992[25]; Purcell and Bellwood, 2001[26]). The
algal taxa primarily include Bostrychia, Caloglossa and Catenella (Dawes, 1996[27]).
Red macroalgae associated with mangrove forests are commonly found in mangroves
around the world. These algae usually growing abundantly are attached on roots of the
Avicennia marina, Rhizophora and Xylocarpus in the mangrove areas by clusters of
rhizoids. Algal diversity can also be quite high in mangrove environments.
![Page 14: Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · PDF fileBostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish ... collected in the field and dried onto](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052709/5a78ad257f8b9a21538bc1b5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
68 J. Seangkaew et al
During this period the distribution of less tolerant algal communities was affected by
adverse environmental conditions. Within each site sampling time, inter-site, and
vertical factors did not appear to have a large influence on algal species distribution.
For example, Bostrychia tenella, B. binderii, B. calliptera, B. kelanensis, B.radicans, B. moritziana, Caloglossa adherens and Catenella spp. displayed this common
distribution feature throughout the study period (Steinke and Naidoo, 1990[28]), as did
Bostrychia kelanensis, B.radicans, B. moritziana at all the sites studied. Similar
findings have been reported in the Parramatta River area of Australia, Japanese
mangroves (Tanaka and Chihara, 1987[11]) and Perequê and Sítio Grande mangroves
(Yokoya et al. 1999[29]). Intertidal areas exposed to wave action show a distinct
zonation pattern related to the gradient of exposure or submergence along the vertical
slope (Melville et al. 2005[22]). In the present study the greatest frequencies of
occurrence of Bostrychia tenella, B. binderii, B. calliptera, B. simpliciuscula and
Caloglossa leprieurii were observed in the back zone. Previous research indicated that
some taxa of Bostrychia and Caloglossa were found close to the water with an
occasional sample found higher on the shore (Melville et al. 2005[22]). Besides,
observations on northeastern Brazilian mangroves reported higher species diversity,
due to the presence of species that are normally present on rocky shores (Miranda,
1986[30]).
Moreover, Bostrychia kelanensis, B.radicans, B. moritziana, Caloglossa adherens and C.beccarii occurred very frequently throughout the intertidal zone (Pinheiro-
Joventino and Lima-Verde 1988)[31]. Thus, salinity gradients create distinct ecotypes
of Caloglossa in mangals along the Brisbane River, Australia (Mosisch, 1993)[32].
Tidal levels controlled the range of vertical distribution of macroalgae from Perequê
mangroves while salinity variations were a determinant factor for the majority of the
species from the Sítio Grande mangroves (Yokoyama et al. 2000)[33] and lower
frequencies of occurrence for algal were observed in the front zone.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank Prof. Dr. Khanjanapaj Lewmanomont for valuable
suggestions. Special thanks goes to the members of Laboratory of Applied Algae at
Chiangmai University, Thailand. This research was partially supported by Phuket
Rajabhat University, Thailand.
References
[1] Tomlinson, P. B. 1986. The Botany of Mangroves.New York: Cambrdge
University. Press. Cambridge. 413 p.
[2] Felício, R., Debonsi, H. M., Yokoya, N. S., Química N. 2008. 4-
(hidroximetil)-benzenossulfonato de potássio: metabólito inédito isolado da
alga marinha Bostrychia tenella (RHODOMELACEAE, CERAMIALES).
Química Nova 31: 837-839.
[3] Chapin, F. S. 2003. Effects of plant traits on ecosystem and regional
![Page 15: Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · PDF fileBostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish ... collected in the field and dried onto](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052709/5a78ad257f8b9a21538bc1b5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated red alga Bostrychia 69
69
processes: A conceptual framework for predicting the consequences of global
change. Annals of Botany 91: 455-463.
[4] Feller, I. C., Lovelock, C. E., Berger, U., mckee, K. L., Joye. S. B., Ball, M. C. 2010. Biocomplexity in mangrove ecosystems. Annual Review of Marine
Science 2: 395-417. [5] Aburto-Oropeza, O., Ezcurra, E., Danemann, G., Valdez, V., Murray, J., and
Sala, E. 2008. Mangroves in the Gulf of California increase fishery yield.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America 105: 10456-10459.
[6] mcivor, A., Möller, I., Spencer, T. And Spalding, M. 2012. Reduction of wind
and swell waves by mangroves. Natural Coastal Protection Series: Report 1:
The Nature Conservancy and Wetlands International. Http:
//www.wetlands.org/linkclick.aspx?Fileticket=fh56xgzhilg%3D&tabid=56
(accessed 13.08.13).
[7] Ley, J. A. And mcivor, C. C. 2002. Linkages between estuarine and reef fish
assemblages: enhancement by the presence of well-developed mangrove
shorelines. In: Porter, J. W. And Porter, K. G. (eds) The Everglades, Florida
Bay, and coral reefs of the Florida Keys. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 343-360.
[8] Walters, B. B., Rönnbäck, P., Kovacs, J. M., Crona, B., Hussain, S. A.,
Badola, R., Primavera, J. H. Barbier, E. And Dahdouh-Guebas, F. 2008.
Ethobiology, socioeconomic sand management of mangrove forests: a review.
Aquatic Botany 89: 220–36.
[9] Koch, D., Schulz, M., Kinne, S., mcnaughton, C., Spackman, J. R., Bond, T.
C., Balkanski, S. Bauer, T. Berntsen, O. Boucher, M. Chin, A. Clarke, N. De
Luca, Y., Dentener, F., Diehl, T. Dubovik, O. Easter, R., Fahey, D.W.,
Feichter, J., Fillmore, D. Freitag, S., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Horowitz,
L., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Klimont, Z., Kondo, Y., Krol, M., Liu, X.,
Miller, R. L., Montanaro, V., Moteki, N., Myhre, G., Penner, J. E., Perlwitz, J.
P., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Sahu, L., Sakamoto, H., Schuster, G., Schwarz, J. P.,
Seland, Ø., Stier, P., Takegawa, N., Takemura, T., Textor, C., Aardenne, J. A.
Van and Zhao. Y. 2009: Evaluation of black carbon estimations in global
aerosol models. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9: 9001-9026.
[10] Kamer, K. And Fong, P. 2000. A fluctuating salinity regime mitigates the
negative effects of reduced salinity on the estuarine macroalga, Enteromorpha
intestinalis (L.) Link. Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 254: 53-69.
[11] Tanaka, J. And Chihara, M. 1987. Species composition and vertical
distribution of macroalgae in brackish waters of Japanese mangrove forests.
Bulletin of the National Science Museum 13: 141-150.
[12] Zuccarello, G. C., Yeates, P. H., Wright, J. T. And Bartlett, J. 2001.
Population structure and physiological differentiation of haplotypes of
Caloglossa leprieurii (Rhodophyta) in a mangrove intertidal zone. Phycology
37: 235-244.
[13] West, J. A., Zuccarello, G. C., Hommersand, M., Karsten, U. And Görs, S.
2006. Observations on Bostrychia radicosa comb.nov. (Rhodomelaceae,
Rhodophyta). Phycology 54: 1-14.
![Page 16: Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · PDF fileBostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish ... collected in the field and dried onto](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052709/5a78ad257f8b9a21538bc1b5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
70 J. Seangkaew et al
[14] Zuccarello, G. C., Muangmai, N. Preuss, M., Sanchez, L. B., Loiseaux de
Goër, S. And West, J. A. 2015. The Bostrychia tenella species complex:
morphospecies and genetic cryptic species with resurrection of B. Binderi.
Phycologia 54: 261-270.
[15] Zuccarello, G. C. And West, J. A. 2006. Molecular phylogeny of the
subfamily Bostrychioideae (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta): Subsuming
Stictosiphonia and highlighting polyphyly in species of Bostrychia.
Phycologia. 45: 24-36.
[16] Lewmanomont, K. 1976. Algal flora of the mangrove areas. In: Proceedings of
the First National Seminar of Ecology of Mangrove 202-213.
[17] Coppejans, E., Prathep, A., Leliaert, F., Lewmanomont, K. And De Clerck, O.
2011. Seaweeds of Mu Ko Tha Lae Tai (SE Thailand). Methodologies and
field guide to the dominant species. Pp. [1]4-274. Bangkok: Biodiversity
Research and Training Program (BRT).
[18] Silva, P.C., Basson, P.W. and Moe, R.L. 1996. Catalogue of the benthic
marine algae of the Indian Ocean.University of California Publications in
Botany. 79: 1-1259.
[19] Ruangchuay, R., Lueangthuwapranit, C., Tanaka, J. Hasegawa, K. And
Leahyeb, M. 2006. Species composition, abundance and ecology of mangrove
macroalgae in lower Southern Thailand. 39 p.
[20] Kantachumpoo, A., Uwai, S., Noiraksar, T. And Komatsu, T. 2014. Level and
distribution patterns of cox3 gene variation in brown seaweed, Sargassum
polycystum C. Agardh (Fucales, Phaophyta) from Southeast Asia. Phycologia
26: 1301-1308.
[21] Duke, N. C., Benzie, J. A. H., Goodall, J. A. And Ballment, E. R. 1998.
Genetic structure and evolution of species in the Mangrove genus Avicennia
(Avicenniaceae) in the Indo-West Pacific. Evolution 52: 1612-1626.
[22] Melville, F., Pulkownik, A and Burchett, M. 2005. Zonaland seasonal
variation in the distribution andabundance of mangrove macroalgae in the
Parramatta River, Australia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 64: 267-276.
[23] Karsten, U., West, J. A. And Zuccarello, G. 1992. Polyol content of
Bostrychia and Stictosiphonia (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from field and
culture. Botanica Marina 35: 11-19.
[24] Fernandes, M. E. B. And Alves, E. F. S. 2011. Occurrence and distribution of macroalgae (Rhodophyta) associated with mangroves on the Ajuruteua Peninsula, Bragança, Pará, Brazil. Uakari 7: 35-42.
[25] Alongi, D. M., Boto, K. G. And Robertson, A. I. 1992. Nitrogen and
phosphorous cycles. In “Tropical Mangrove Ecosystems” (A.I. Robertson and
D.M. Alongi, eds), American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C. 251-292
p.
[26] Purcell, S. W. And Bellwood, D. R. 2001. Spatial patterns of epilithic algal
and detrital resources on a windward coral reef. Coral Reefs 20: 117-125.
[27] Dawes, C. J. 1996. Macroalgae diversity, standing stock and productivity in a
northern mangal on the west coast of Florida. Nova Hedwigia 112: 525-535.
[28] Steinke, T. D. And Naidoo, Y. 1990. Biomass of algae epiphytic on
![Page 17: Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · PDF fileBostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish ... collected in the field and dried onto](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052709/5a78ad257f8b9a21538bc1b5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated red alga Bostrychia 71
71
pneumatophores of the mangrove, Avicennia marina, in the St. Lucia estuary.
South African. Botany 56: 226-232.
[29] Yokoya, N. S., Plastino, E. M., Braga, M. R., Fujii, M. T., Cordeiro-Marino,
M., Eston, V. R. And Harari, J. 1999. Temporal and spatial variations in the
structure of macroalgal communities associated with mangrove trees of Ilha do
Cardoso, São Paulo state, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Botanica; Publicacao
Oficial da Sociedade Botanica do Brasil, Regional de Sao Paulo. Sao Paulo
22: 195-204.
[30] Miranda, P. T. C. 1986. Composição e distribuição das macroalgas bentônicas
no manguezal do Rio Ceará (Estadodo Ceará-Brasil). Dissertação de mestrado,
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife. 124 p.
[31] Pinheiro-joventino, F. And Lima-verde, N. G. 1988. Ocorrencia e distribuicao
de macroalgas no estuario do Rio coco, fortaleza, brasil. Aquatic Science and
Technology 27: 83-89.
[32] Mosisch, T. D. 1993. Effects of salinity on the distribution of Caloglossa
leprieurii (Rhodophyta) in the Brisbane River, Australia. Phycology 29: 147-
153.
[33] Yokoyama, Y., Lambeck, K., De Deckker, P., Johnson, P. And Fifield, L. K.
2000. Timing of the Last Glacial Maximum from observed sea-level minima.
Nature 406: 713-716.
![Page 18: Species diversity and distribution of mangrove-associated ... · PDF fileBostrychia is filamentous alga that can be found in marine, brackish ... collected in the field and dried onto](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052709/5a78ad257f8b9a21538bc1b5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
72 J. Seangkaew et al