Specific developmental disorder

Specific developmental disorders categorizes specific learning disabilities and developmental disorders affecting coordination.

The tenth revision of the ICD-10 has four categories of specific developmental disorder

DSM-IV-TR categorizes specific developmental disorders as

Speech disorderSpeech disordersorspeech impedimentsare a type ofcommunication disorderwhere 'normal'speechis disrupted.

This can meanstuttering,lisps, etc.

Someone who is unable to speak due to a speech disorder is considered mute.

Articulation disorders are difficulties with the way sounds are formed and strung together, usually characterized by

substituting one sound for another (wabbit for rabbit),

omitting a sound (han for hand), or distorting a sound (ship for sip).

Expressive language disorderExpressive language disorderis acommunication disorderin which there are difficulties with verbal and written expression.

It is aspecific language impairmentcharacterized by an ability to use expressivespoken languagethat is markedly below the appropriate level for themental age, but with alanguage comprehensionthat is within normal limits.

There can be problems with vocabulary, producing complex sentences, and remembering wordsand there may or may not be abnormalities in articulation.

Receptive aphasia, also known asWernickes aphasia,fluent aphasia,or sensory aphasia, is a type ofaphasiatraditionally associated with neurological damage toWernickes areain the brain.

specific speech articulation(joining) disorder (F80.0)Speech disorders are a type of communication disorders where 'normal' speech is disrupted.

This can mean stuttering, lisps (a speech defect consisting in pronouncing s and z), Someone who is unable to speak due to a speech disorder is considered mute.

Classifying speech into normal and disordered is more problematic than it first seems.

By a strict classification only 5% to 10% of the population has a completely normal manner of speaking (with respect to all parameters) and healthy voice; all others suffer from one disorder or another.

Stuttering affects approximately 1% of the adult population.

Cluttering (to speak so rapidly and inexactly that distortions of sound and phrasing result.), a speech disorder that has similarities to stuttering.

Dysprosody is the rarest neurological speech disorder. It is characterized by alterations in intensity, in the timing of utterance segments, and in rhythm, cadence, and intonation of words.

The cause of dysprosody is usually associated with neurological pathologies such as brain vascular accidents, cranioencephalic traumatisms, and brain tumors.

Muteness is complete inability to speak

Speech sound disorders involve difficulty in producing specific speech sounds (most often certain consonants, such as /s/ or /r/), and are subdivided into articulation disorders (also called phonetic disorders) and phonemic disorders.

Articulation disorders are characterized by difficulty learning to physically produce sounds.

Phonemic disorders are characterized by difficulty in learning the sound distinctions of a language, so that one sound may be used in place of many.

However, it is not uncommon for a single person to have a mixed speech sound disorder with both phonemic and phonetic components.

Voice disorders are impairments, often physical, that involve the function of the larynx or vocal resonance.

Dysarthria is a weakness or paralysis of speech muscles caused by damage to the nerves and/or brain.

Dysarthria is often caused by strokes, parkinsons disease, ALS, head or neck injuries, surgical accident, or cerebral palsy.

Apraxia of speech may result from stroke or be developmental, and involves inconsistent production of speech sounds and rearranging of sounds in a word ("potato" may become "topato" and next "totapo").

Production of words becomes more difficult with effort, but common phrases may sometimes be spoken spontaneously without effort.

It is now considered unlikely that childhood apraxia of speech and acquired apraxia of speech are the same thing, though they share many characteristics.

Etiology In many cases the cause is unknown.

However, there are various known causes of speech impediments, such as "hearing loss, neurological disorders, brain injury, mental retardation, drug abuse, physical impairments such as Cleft lip and palate, and vocal abuse or misuse."[3]

Child abuse may also be a cause in some cases.[4]

RxSpeech therapy

Psychotheraphy

special education programs

Expressive language disorder (F80.1)Expressive aphasiaExpressive aphasia (non-fluent aphasia), also known as Broca's aphasia in clinical neuropsychology and

agrammatic aphasia in cognitive neuropsychology, is caused by damage to or developmental issues in anterior regions of the brain, including the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus known as Broca's area

Sufferers of this form of aphasia exhibit the common problem ofagrammatism.

speech is difficult to initiate, non-fluent, labored, and halting.

writing is difficult as well.

Intonation (the rising and falling sounds of the voice when speaking.) and stress patterns are deficient.

Language is reduced to disjointed words and sentence construction is poor, omitting function words and inflections (bound morphemes).

For example, in the following passage, a Broca's aphasic patient is trying to explain how he came to the hospital for dental surgery:Eg: Yes... ah... Monday... er... Dad and Peter H... (his own name), and Dad.... er... hospital... and ah... Wednesday... Wednesday, nine o'clock... and oh... Thursday... ten o'clock, ah doctors... two... an' doctors... and er... teeth... yah.[2]

Causes

Stroke- A stroke is caused by hypoperfusion (lack of oxygen) to an area of the brain, which is commonly caused by thrombosis or embolism.

trauma to the brain, tumor, cerebral hemorrhage, by extradural hematoma.

Rx Singing and melodic intonation therapy

Constraint induced therapy

Receptive aphasiaIn clinical neuropsychology and cognitive neuropsychology, receptive aphasia, also known as Wernickes aphasia, fluent aphasia, or sensory aphasia, is a type of aphasia traditionally associated with neurological damage to Wernickes area in the brain,[1] (Brodmann area 22, in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere).

ContdPharmacotherapyBromocriptine acts on Catecholamine Systems[15]Piracetam mechanism not fully understood, but most likely interacts with cholinergic and glutamatergic receptors, among others[15]Cholinergic drugs (Donepezil, Aniracetam, Bifemelane) acts on acetylcholine systems[15]Amphetaminic drugs (Dexamphetamine, Methylphenidate)[15]

Receptive language disorderIn clinical neuropsychology and cognitive neuropsychology receptive aphasia, also known as Wernickes aphasia, fluent aphasia, or sensory aphasia, is a type of aphasia traditionally associated with neurological damage to Wernickes area in the brain

Receptive aphasiaWith receptive aphasia, the person can hear a voice or read the print, but may not understand the meaning of the message.

Oftentimes, someone with receptive aphasia takes figurative language literally.

When we want to speak, we formulate what we are going to say in Wernickes area.

which then transmits our plan of speech to Brocas area where the plan of speech is carried out.

The main symptoms of aphasia include:Trouble speakingStruggling with finding the appropriate term or wordUsing strange or inappropriate words in conversation

A person with this aphasia speaks normally, but uses random or invented words, leaves out key words, substitutes words or verb tenses, pronouns or prepositions, and their sentences dont make sense.

They can also have a tendency to talk excessively.

A person with this aphasia cannot understand the spoken words of others or read written words. Speech is preserved, but language content is incorrect.

Substitutions of one word for another (paraphasias one loses the ability of speaking correctly, substitutes one word for another, and changes words and sentences in an inappropriate way eg. Treen instead of Train, e.g. telephone for television) are common. Comprehension(understanding) and repetition are poor.

Rx Speech theraphy

Advice to Draw words or pictures on paper when trying to communicate.

Speak slowly and stay calm when talking.

Symptomatic Rx

Acquired aphasia with epilepsy Landau-Kleffner syndromeLandauKleffner syndrome (LKS), also called infantile acquired aphasia, acquired epileptic aphasia or aphasia with convulsive disorder,

Its a rare, childhood neurological syndrome.

It is characterized by the sudden or gradual development of aphasia (the inability to understand or express language) and an abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG).

LKS affects the parts of the brain that control comprehension and speech (Broca's area and Wernicke's area).

Symptoms The disorder usually occurs in children between the ages of 5 and 7 years.

Typically, children with LKS develop normally but then lose their language skills.

Sometimes they also fail to recognise familiar sounds, such as a telephone ringing or a tap running (auditory agnosia).

In some children language development comes to a halt, meaning that the loss of language skills is less apparent.

Differential diagnosis

The syndrome can be difficult to diagnose and may be misdiagnosed as autism, pervasive developmental disorder, hearing impairment, learning disability, auditory/verbal processing disorder, attention deficit disorder, mental retardation, childhood schizophrenia, or emotional/behavioral problems.

Treatment for LKSmedications, such as anticonvulsants and corticosteroids (such as prednisone),

and speech therapy, which should be started early.

A controversial treatment option involves a surgical technique called multiple subpial transection in which multiple incisions are made through the cortex of the affected part of the brain beneath the pia mater, severing the axonal tracts in the subjacent white matter

Thank uContinues with Specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills