specification for the production of recycled gypsum from ... · pdf filespecification comes...

PUBLICLY AVAILABLE SPECIFICATION

PAS 109:2008

Specification for theproduction of recycled gypsumfrom waste plasterboard

ICS code: 91.100.10

NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

PAS 109:2008

© BSI August 2008

This Publicly AvailableSpecification comes into effect on 26 August 2008

© BSI August 2008

ISBN 978 0 580 61729 4

Amd. No. Date Comments

PAS 109:2008

© BSI August 2008 i

ii .......................... Forewordiii .......................... Introduction

1 .......................... 1 Scope

1 .......................... 2 Normative references

2 .......................... 3 Terms and definitions

4 .......................... 4 Quality management

9 .......................... 5 Arranging supply of waste materials

11 .......................... 6 Receipt of waste materials

14 .......................... 7 Processing

15 .......................... 8 Product verification

22 .......................... 9 Product handling and storage

23 .......................... 10 Product dispatch

24 .......................... 11 Traceability

25 .......................... Annexes25 .......................... Annex A (informative)

Composite code for describing plasterboard waste29 .......................... Annex B (normative)

Procedure for sampling, from the process output30 .......................... Annex C (normative)

Alternative procedure for sampling, from a stockpile31 .......................... Annex D (normative)

Procedure for visual inspection of recycled gypsum32 .......................... Annex E (normative)

Determination of paper/fibre content and physicalcontamination level of the product

34 .......................... Bibliography

List of tables

16 .......................... Table 1 – Specification for PAS 109 recycled gypsum19 .......................... Table 2 – Minimum sampling and test frequencies,

and relevant procedures26 .......................... Table A.1 – Type code27 .......................... Table A.2 – Source code27 .......................... Table A.3 – Site code28 .......................... Table A.4 – Collection code

List of figures

iv .......................... Figure 1 – Applicability of PAS 1095 .......................... Figure 2 – Generic processes in producing PAS 109

recycled gypsum, and minimum scope of FPC

17 .......................... Figure 3 – Limits of particle size distribution, Finegrade recycled gypsum

17 .......................... Figure 4 – Limits of particle size distribution, Coarsegrade recycled gypsum

ContentsPage

PAS 109:2008

© BSI August 2008 ii

ForewordThis Publicly Available Specification (PAS) has been developed by WRAP1) (Waste &Resources Action Programme) in collaboration with The British Standards Institution (BSI).

The overall aim of this document is to provide aspecification that can be adopted by recyclers forproducing defined grades of recycled gypsum fromwaste plasterboard, such that potential customers will be assured that they are procuring a material of consistent and verifiable quality.

This PAS was written by Dave Marsh of WRAP, and acknowledgement is given to the followingindividuals and organizations that were instrumental in the development of this specification.

• Mike Taylor, British Cement Association

• Heidi Barnard, British Gypsum

• Joanna Sparkes, British Gypsum

• Roger Meaden, Gypsum Recycling UK

• Amanda Owen, Knauf Drywall

• Steve Hemmings, Lafarge Plasterboard

• Rob Enticott, representing New West GypsumRecycling

• Warren Fothergill, Recyclet

• Mark Hatfield, Roy Hatfield Ltd

• Paul Cartwright, Velcourt Ltd (R&D)

Wider comments from other interested parties wereinvited by BSI. The expert contributions made by the organizations and individuals consulted in thedevelopment of this PAS are gratefully acknowledged.

This PAS has been published by BSI, which retains itsownership and copyright. BSI reserves the right towithdraw or amend this PAS in receipt of authoritativeadvice that it is appropriate to do so.

This PAS will be reviewed at intervals not exceedingtwo years and any amendments arising from that

review may be published as an amended PAS andpublicized in Update Standards. Feedback on this PASwill be gratefully received.

This PAS is not to be regarded as a British Standard. It will be withdrawn upon publication of its contentsin, or as, a British Standard.

This document does not purport to include all thenecessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsiblefor its correct application.

Compliance with this Publicly Available Specificationdoes not in itself confer immunity from legalobligations.

Whilst every care has been taken in developing thispublication, The British Standards Institution nor the authors and contributors accept any liabilitywhatsoever for any loss or damage caused, arisingdirectly or indirectly, in connection with reliance on its contents except that such liability which may not be excluded in law.

While steps have been taken to ensure accuracy, WRAP cannot accept responsibility or be held liable to any person for any loss or damage arising out of orin connection with this information being inaccurate,incomplete or misleading. It is the responsibility of thepotential user of a material or product to consult withthe supplier or manufacturer and ascertain whether a particular product will satisfy their specificrequirements. The listing or featuring of a particularproduct or company does not constitute anendorsement by WRAP and WRAP cannot guaranteethe performance of individual products or materials.This material must not be used to endorse or used tosuggest WRAP’s endorsement of a commercial productor service. For more detail, please refer to WRAP’sTerms & Conditions on its web site: www.wrap.org.uk.

1) WRAP (Waste & Resources Action Programme) helpsindividuals, businesses and local authorities to reduce wasteand recycle more, making better use of resources and helpingto tackle climate change. Established as a not-for-profitcompany in 2000, WRAP is backed by government fundingfrom England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. More information on WRAP’s work can be found onwww.wrap.org.uk.

PAS 109:2008

© BSI August 2008 iii

Introduction

Recent changes to UK and European legislation, andthe increasing costs of landfill disposal, are drivinggood materials resource efficiency and the reduction,reuse, and recycling of wastes. WRAP is developing a number of initiatives which are supporting thesegregation, collection and recycling of wasteplasterboard, and the development of end-market uses for the resulting recycled gypsum.

One barrier to increasing the recycling of wasteplasterboard is that there are currently few publishedUK or European standards for recycled gypsum orgypsum from other sources2). Furthermore, someindividually agreed specifications for recycled gypsumexist between some product users and recyclers whichare not published and so variation in productspecification can occur between different recyclers.These specifications also rarely state qualitymanagement requirements for the production of the material. This can lead to low confidence in thematerial by other users, and difficulty for recyclers to penetrate and build markets for it.

This specification is therefore intended to provide a relevant published standard, for use by theplasterboard recyclers and users of recycled gypsum,defining the requirements and product specificationsfor producing recycled gypsum from wasteplasterboard. Figure 1 illustrates the intervention point of this PAS.

This PAS defines the specifications for three productgrades of recycled gypsum, and the sampling and test methods required to verify compliance with thespecifications. It also states requirements for qualitymanagement, using the concept of Factory ProductionControl, encompassing: organizational requirements,supply and handling of waste plasterboard forrecycling, processing, product verification, handling,storage and dispatch.

This PAS will enable recyclers to produce, and users to procure, a quality assured recycled gypsum ofconsistent and defined quality (see 3.16). This willincrease confidence in the use of recycled gypsum,leading to growth in existing markets and thedevelopment of new markets.

Waste plasterboard can readily be recycled into its constituent parts – gypsum andpaper. The recycled gypsum has use in a variety of applications which currently usenatural (mined or quarried) gypsum or synthetic gypsum (by-products from industrialprocesses), and a number of new applications have also been developed. However,whilst there has always been some recycling of waste plasterboard the majority of thiswaste has been disposed of to landfill, which results in the loss of a useful resource.

2) Eurogypsum have published specifications for recycledgypsum and FGD gypsum. The plasterboard manufacturersrequire gypsum to be supplied to these specifications.

PAS 109:2008

© BSI August 2008 iv

Figure 1 – Applicability of PAS 109

NOTE Figure 1 is only generic; some companies may fulfil more roles than indicated. For example, some plasterboardrecyclers may also provide waste plasterboard collection services to sites.

Waste producer Collector Recycler Product user

Waste production

On-site wastetreatment

Off-site wastetreatment

Arrangement ofrecycling services

Arrangement ofrecycling services

Waste plasterboardrecycling

Manufacturing /application usingrecycled gypsum

Activity boundary towhich this PAS applies

Specification andprocurement ofrecycled gypsum

PAS 109:2008

© BSI August 2008 1

1 Scope

This PAS specifies minimum requirements for theproduction of recycled gypsum from wasteplasterboard (see 3.25) intended for a range ofapplications in existing and emerging end markets.

This PAS covers the selection, receipt and handling ofinput materials, the specifications of product grades,and the storage, labelling, dispatch and traceability ofthe products. It also specifies requirements for a qualitymanagement system for the production of grades ofrecycled gypsum to ensure they are consistently fit fortheir intended uses.

This PAS is for recycled gypsum produced from wasteplasterboard that has been separately collected, orsorted and segregated from, other wastes, products or materials.

Likely sources of waste plasterboard include:

• plasterboard manufacturing waste;

• over-ordering on construction sites;

• boards damaged during transportation, handling or storage;

• off-cuts during installation; and

• plasterboard stripped-out during refurbishment and demolition works.

The requirements for the recycled gypsum gradesspecify particle size distribution, residual papercontent, purity, physical contamination and chemicalcomposition limits, and acceptability of colour and smell.

The end markets to which this PAS applies include, but are not limited to, the following applications:

• plasterboard manufacture;

• cement manufacture;

• manufacture of construction products;

• soil treatment in agriculture and horticulture;

• manufacture of growing media;

• soil stabilization and binding;

• clarifying aquatic environments; and

• absorbent for liquid spills.

In order to accommodate the widening range of enduser requirements for recycled gypsum variations oradditions to an end user specification may be required.However, in all instances, the standard set by this PASshall be the minimum requirement.

The recycler is responsible for consistently fulfilling anyadditional quality needs, such that the products aresafe and consistently fit for their intended purposes.

2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensablefor the application of this document. For datedreferences, only the edition cited applies. For undatedreferences, the latest edition of the referenceddocument (including any amendments) applies.

BS EN 933-1:1997, Tests for geometrical properties ofaggregates – Determination of particle size distribution– Sieving method

VGB-M701e, Analysis of FGDP gypsum. VGB-Kraftwerkstechnik GmbH, Darmstadt/Essen, 1998 3)

3) www.vgb.org/shop/product_info.php/products_id/159[Accessed 15 April 2008]

PAS 109:2008


3.10 load (noun)a single consignment

3.11 period of productionshortest period of time between subsequentvalidations, re-validations, or testing of the procedures,processes and/or recycled gypsum, during whichprocessing occurs

3.12 plasterboardproduct composed of:

a) a gypsum plaster core encased in, and firmly bondedto, strong durable paper liner to form a flatrectangular board. The paper surfaces may varyaccording to the use of the particular type of boardand the core may contain additives to impartadditional properties. The longitudinal edges arepaper-covered and profiled to suit the application[BS EN 520:2004, definition 3.1]; or

b) gypsum boards with mat reinforcement: a gypsumcore firmly bonded to a woven or non-woven sheetof inorganic or organic fibres located on or justbelow the surfaces. The sheet may consist of singleor multiple layers and may be reinforced byfilaments or webs of fibre strands. The surfaces mayvary according to the use and the core can alsocontain fibres, additives and/or fillers to impartadditional properties … the surfaces and edgeprofiles vary according to the use of the particulartype of board [EN 15283-1:2008, definition 3.1]; or

c) gypsum fibre boards: set gypsum plaster reinforcedwith dispersed fibres, which may be inorganic and/ororganic, to form flat rectangular boards. They maycontain additives and/or fillers to impart additionalproperties. The surfaces may vary according to theuse. The edges and ends may be profiled to suit theapplication [EN 15283-2:2008, definition 3.1]; or

d) plasterboard cornice: preformed paper coveredgypsum section with profiled face supported byshoulders [EN 14209:2005, definition 3.1]

3.13 process (noun)the means by which waste plasterboard is separatedinto its constituent parts of gypsum and paper, andcontaminants are removed

3.14 process (verb), processingproduction of recycled gypsum from wasteplasterboard, incorporating the removal ofcontamination and the paper lining

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this PAS the following terms anddefinitions apply.

3.1 acceptance criteriacriteria against which the recycler will assess the wasteplasterboard load to ascertain if they will accept it forprocessing or reject it

3.2 batch (waste)quantity of collected waste having the same orsufficiently similar characteristics and nature of originto enable it to be considered as having consistentcharacteristics

NOTE For example, this may be used to describe a series ofwaste loads from similar activities at one site.

3.3 batch (product)quantity of product manufactured by the same process under the same conditions in one period of production, labelled in the same manner andunderstood to have the same characteristics

3.4 composite codedesignated code applied to a waste plasterboard loadto describe its type, source, site and collection details

3.5 contaminationunwanted material or substances in waste plasterboardor recycled gypsum

3.6 facilitypremises, equipment and plant used to process wasteplasterboard into recycled gypsum

3.7 factory production control (FPC)control system to be introduced by the manufacturers[recycler, in the context of this PAS] to monitor theirproduction, to ensure that the required productcharacteristics are achieved and maintainedconsistently by the output.

NOTE Definition from the Construction Products Directive [1].

3.8 fit for purposehaving all of the properties and characteristics that arenecessary for its intended use

3.9 gypsummaterial composed of calcium sulphate dihydrate(CaSO4.2H2O)

NOTE This forms the core of plasterboard and also hasother applications.

PAS 109:2008


3.15 puritypercentage content of calcium sulphate in gypsum

3.16 quality assurance part of quality management focused on providingconfidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled[BS ISO 9000:2000, definition 3.2.11]

3.17 quality control part of quality management focused on fulfillingquality requirements [BS ISO 9000:2000, definition 3.2.10]

3.18 quality management system (QMS) management system to direct and control anorganization with regard to quality [BS ISO 9000:2000, definition 3.2.3]

3.19 quality manualdocument specifying the quality management systemof an organization [BS ISO 9000:2000, definition 3.7.2]

3.20 recycled gypsumgypsum resulting from the processing of wasteplasterboard in accordance with this PAS, and having aspecification meeting one of the product gradesdefined in this PAS

3.21 recyclerindividual or company that processes wasteplasterboard to produce recycled gypsum

3.22 standard operating procedure (SOP)defined documented quality or operating procedure to be followed in order to fulfil the relevant part ofthe recycler’s quality management requirements andrequirements of this PAS

3.23 supplierindividual or company that provides products,materials or services to the recycler

3.24 userindividual or company procuring or accepting recycledgypsum produced by the recycler for its marketapplication

3.25 waste plasterboardplasterboard which the holder discards, intends todiscard or is required to discard

NOTE For the purposes of this PAS, plasterboard includesthe products defined in 3.12.

3.26 waste supplierindividual or company that provides wasteplasterboard to the recycler

PAS 109:2008


4.1 GeneralThe recycler shall operate a Quality ManagementSystem (QMS) that demonstrates effective assuranceand control of all operations and associated qualitymanagement activities necessary to achieve recycledgypsum that is fit for its intended purposes.

NOTE Although this PAS covers key aspects of qualitymanagement systems it does not prescribe the requiredformat, or specify all the requirements in the BritishStandard for quality management systems (BS EN ISO9001:2000) because many recyclers in the UK do not yethave the resources to operate a 9001-compliant system.Compliance with BS EN ISO 9001:2000 is recommended but not mandatory.

The recycler shall establish, document and implement:

a) a quality policy in accordance with 4.2;

b) a factory production control (FPC) plan and standardoperating procedures (SOPs) that result in recycledgypsum fit for its intended purposes; and

c) objectives to improve quality.

Documents that cover quality management activitiesrelating to this PAS shall be controlled in accordancewith 4.3.2.

The QMS shall be specific to a defined recycling processand its resulting products for which the recycler claimsPAS 109 conformity. Each process producing productthat conforms to this PAS shall be kept separate fromany other processes carried out at the same site andfrom any by-products and/or outputs from such other processes.

The recycling process shall be arranged in such amanner as to maintain recycled gypsum that is fit-forpurpose and to ensure that input and output materialsare segregated to prevent cross-contamination.

4.2 Quality policyThere shall be a clearly defined quality policy that:

a) includes commitment to achieving the minimumspecifications specified in Clause 8 for the producttypes being produced;

b) includes commitment to fulfilling customers’requirements for products which are fit for theirrequired purpose;

c) is appropriate to the recycling operation and theresources committed to quality management;

d) has a clearly identified scope of application; and

NOTE This is the recycling location, process and each of theproduct types the policy applies to.

e) is documented, implemented and communicated toall personnel whose activities affect qualitymanagement and the quality of the products.

4.3 Control procedures4.3.1 Factory Production Control (FPC)

NOTE 1 Factory Production Control (FPC) is defined in theConstruction Products Directive as a control system to beintroduced by the manufacturers (the recycler in context ofthis PAS) to monitor their production, to ensure that therequired product characteristics are achieved and maintainedconsistently by the output. Every aspect of this controlsystem should be documented in a body of written policiesand procedures, and as such is an integral part of the QMS.More information of the general requirements of the FPC isset out in the Construction Products Directive [1].

The FPC is implemented through scheduled controls andtests on measuring equipment, raw materials andconstituents, processes, machines and manufacturingequipment, and finished products including materialproperties in products. Most importantly, the systemprovides for conformity assessment and for themanagement of non-conforming products.

The recycler shall establish and maintain a factoryproduction control manual, setting out the proceduresby which the requirements for factory productioncontrol are satisfied.

Figure 2 shows the generic processes involved in theproduction of PAS 109 recycled gypsum from wasteplasterboard. These processes are reflected in Clauses 5to 11. The scope of the FPC shall include as a minimumthese processes and requirements.

NOTE 2 The processes shown are not exhaustive and furthermethods, processes or stages may be required. The recyclerwill need to satisfy themselves that their processes andprocedures provide full compliance with the FPC and QMS.

4 Quality management

Product dispatch

• provide information and guidance• record information on use

Processing

• weigh• inspect

Stockpile

Process

Product verification

PAS 109:2008


Figure 2 – Generic processes in producing PAS 109 recycled gypsum, and minimum scope of FPC

Arranging supply of waste materials

• communicate acceptance criteria to suppliers• obtain information

Rejected material

Accept

Reject

Non-conforming materialFail

Rejected materialReject

Receipt of waste materials

Accept

Pass

• packaging• storage

Storage & handling

Apply acceptance criteria

• sampling and testing• apply specifications

Apply acceptance criteria

PAS 109:2008


The FPC system shall fulfil the following requirements:

a) There shall be procedures to identify and control the materials;

NOTE 3 These can include procedures for maintaining and adjusting processing equipment, inspection or testingmaterial sampled during processing.

b) There shall be procedures to identify and controlany hazardous materials to ensure that they do notexceed the limits in force according to the provisionsvalid in the place of use of the recycled gypsum;

c) There shall be procedures to ensure that thematerial is put into stock in a controlled manner andthe storage locations and their contents identified;

d) There shall be procedures to ensure that materialtaken from stock has not deteriorated in such a waythat its conformity is compromised; and

e) The product shall be identifiable up to the point ofsale as regards source and type.

The performance of the FPC system shall be assessedaccording to the principles used in this PAS.

4.3.2 Document and data control

Document and data control shall include thosedocuments and data that are relevant to therequirements of this PAS, covering receipt and dispatchof materials, processing, inspection of materials andthe FPC documents.

A procedure concerning the management ofdocuments and data shall be documented in the FPCmanual, covering methods and responsibilities forapproval, issue, distribution and administration ofinternal and external documentation and data; and the preparation, issue and recording of changes to documentation.

4.3.3 Sub-contract services

If any part of the operation is sub-contracted by therecycler a means of control shall be established. Therecycler shall communicate the essential requirementsof PAS 109 to the sub-contractor. The recycler shallretain overall responsibility for any parts of theoperation sub-contracted.

4.3.4 Knowledge of input material

There shall be documentation detailing the nature and source of the input material. The minimumrequirements that shall be obtained and recorded aredetailed in Clauses 5 and 6.

It is the recycler’s responsibility to ensure that if anydangerous or hazardous substances are identified, their

content does not exceed the limits in force accordingto the provisions valid in the place of use of therecycled gypsum.

4.4 Responsibilities and authority4.4.1 General

The responsibility, authority and the interrelationbetween all personnel who manage, perform andcheck work affecting quality shall be defined, includingpersonnel who need organizational freedom andauthority to:

a) initiate action to prevent the occurrence of productnon-conformity; and

b) identify, record and deal with any product qualitydeviations.

4.4.2 The management

The QMS shall define the responsibilities of themanagement of the recycling organization, which shall include:

a) introducing and maintaining the QMS;

b) defining the quality policy;

c) ensuring that measurable quality objectives andproduct requirements are established at relevantlevels and functions within the organization;

d) ensuring responsibilities and authorities are defined;

e) ensuring that the QMS is clearly communicatedwithin the organization, and adhered to;

f) ensuring all staff are appropriately trained to enablethem to undertake their responsibilities in ensuringthe QMS is adhered to;

g) ensuring all staff are adequately informed of therelevance and importance of their activities and how they contribute to the achievement of thequality objectives;

h) acting appropriately on any reported breaches ofthe QMS or quality of the products; and

i) conducting periodic reviews of the whole system inaccordance with 4.7.

The management shall be fully accountable for quality,including of the organization, processes, and products.

The management shall appoint a member of staff with appropriate authority who will be responsible for looking after the Quality System and for ensuringthe requirements of it and this PAS are implementedand maintained.

4.4.3 The operational staff

The QMS shall define the responsibilities of the staff ofthe organization, which shall include:

PAS 109:2008


a) undertaking required training to enable them toundertake their allocated roles and responsibilities;

b) undertaking their allocated roles and responsibilitiesin accordance with the QMS, FPC and SOPs to ensurethat quality is upheld; and

c) reporting to the management any actual, suspectedpotential or near breaches of the QMS or quality ofthe products.

4.5 Resource management4.5.1 People

As a minimum, the QMS shall provide for the followinginformation on and for the staff working in theorganization and/or site:

a) definition of roles within the organization and/orsite with a description of their responsibilities, and a clear reporting structure;

b) details of the procedures for training staff, includingidentification of the staff responsible for managingthe training; and

c) methods of communication of, and staffinvolvement in, the QMS.

4.5.2 Suppliers

A procedure shall be defined for acquiring suppliersand checking their ability to provide the materials andservices required by the organization. This procedureshall include the following as a minimum:

a) the means by which statutory and regulatoryrequirements will be met;

b) that the supplier shall be informed of the recycler’srequirements for the materials or service. For inputwaste plasterboard the recycler shall provide detailsof their acceptance criteria, as defined in Clause 5;

c) the procedures and controls by which the supplier’sability to supply the right materials or services shallbe checked. For input waste plasterboard, therecycler shall obtain certain information, as definedin Clauses 5 and 6; and

d) the means by which acceptance or rejection of asupplier’s materials or services shall be promptlycommunicated to them.

4.5.3 Premises, plant and equipment

Premises, plant, equipment and all vehicles used fortransportation shall be:

a) suitable for the intended purposes;

b) used so as to maintain products which are fit-for-purpose;

c) kept clean and in good working order; and

d) serviced regularly and calibrated where applicable.

Records shall be maintained of plant and equipmentidentification, details, and service and calibrationhistory, in accordance with 4.8.

NOTE 1 Factory Production Control requires that theorganization should provide for the control, calibration andmaintenance of inspection, measuring and test equipment.

NOTE 2 Maintenance contracts should be considered asthese can help to ensure service and calibration intervalsadvised by the equipment manufacturers, required by otherstandards and specifications, and stated in the QMS, are notexceeded and can give financial savings through reduceddowntime from fast response to breakdowns.

4.5.4 Stores

Storage areas for goods such as input materials,equipment and products, shall be identified to ensurethat such goods are stored to prevent damage anddeterioration and can be maintained in accordancewith the supplier’s recommendations, regulatoryrequirements, and the requirements of Clauses 6 and 9.

NOTE If not already required by the regulations under whichthe recycler operates then it is good practice to produce aplan of the recycling facility showing, along with otherdetails, the position of the storage areas.

4.6 ValidationThe recycler shall validate that the FPC and SOPsachieve all of the intended levels of control and thatthe recycled gypsum is fit-for-purpose.

The recycler shall:

a) define and document a procedure for validating therequired effectiveness of the FPC and SOPs;

NOTE This is part of Quality Assurance, which is an integralelement of an effective Quality Management System.

b) operate all SOPs under normal working conditionsand monitor their performance and outputs;

c) from the results of monitoring the SOPs, verify thatthe process is working as defined;

d) sample and test each relevant grade of recycledgypsum, in accordance with 8.2;

e) assess whether each relevant grade of recycledgypsum conforms to the minimum qualityrequirements and product specifications stated in8.1; and

f) document the results of the validation, inaccordance with 4.8.

All recycled gypsum produced during the validationshall be quarantined until the tests on it have beencarried out and the results obtained. If the resultsdemonstrate that the recycled gypsum meets thespecification for one of the product grades of this

PAS 109:2008


PAS (see Table 1) then the batch shall be granted the relevant grade designation and released fromquarantine to final storage and dispatch. If the resultsdemonstrate that the recycled gypsum does not meetthe specification for one of the product grades of thisPAS then the procedure of 8.3 for non-conformingmaterial shall apply.

If any change is made or occurs to the defined materialacceptance criteria, production, or handling andstorage procedures, the required effectiveness of theFPC and SOPs shall be re-validated before any productproduced since the change is designated as PAS 109recycled gypsum and sold or distributed.

4.7 AuditingThe following documents and procedures shall beaudited and reviewed at appropriate intervals (definedin the QMS) to ensure their continuing suitability andeffectiveness. Records of such reviews shall bemaintained in accordance with 4.8.

a) The Quality Manual.

b) The Factory Production Control system adopted tosatisfy the requirements of this PAS.

c) The Standard Operating Procedures.

d) The validation procedure.

Auditing shall be carried out by a competent personwith appropriate skills, knowledge and authority forthis to be undertaken effectively, and for the findingsto be acted upon by the management.

A third party audit shall be undertaken at least every12 months by an independent external lead auditorISO 9001:2000 (IRCA4) certified).

NOTE Internal auditing may be undertaken by a member ofstaff nominated by the management, whereas external thirdparty auditing ensures transparency in the process.

4.8 Record keepingThe QMS shall define what documents and data arerecorded and kept. The records required by all parts of this PAS shall be included.

A procedure shall be defined for how each differentform and type of document and data are recorded and kept.

The records shall be kept for at least the statutoryperiod, or four years if there is no applicable statutoryrequirement.

NOTE 1 “Statutory period” is the period of time records arerequired to be kept in accordance with regulations applyingat the place of production.

Records shall be kept safe, secure, free from damage,and in accordance with all relevant data protectionregulations.

NOTE 2 Paper records should be stored in a damp-free andvermin-free location. Electronic records (spreadsheets, etc)should be protected using reliable back-up and virusprotection systems.

4) www.irca.org

PAS 109:2008


5.1 GeneralThe quality of the product out is related to the qualityof the material in. Quality control of the input wasteplasterboard is therefore important in producing aquality assured recycled gypsum product. Before a loadof waste plasterboard is delivered to the recyclingfacility certain information shall be communicatedbetween the prospective waste supplier and therecycler and a decision made by the recycler whetherto receive the waste. This minimizes the risk of thewaste being rejected by the recycler upon receipt atthe facility.

The FPC manual shall contain a procedure foridentifying whether the waste plasterboard intendedto be supplied to the recycler is suitable for thedefined recycling process. This procedure shall includethe following as a minimum:

a) the recycler shall provide certain information to thewaste supplier (see 5.2);

b) the recycler shall obtain certain information fromthe waste supplier (see 5.3); and

c) the acceptance criteria shall be applied and thematerial supply agreement accepted or rejected (see 5.4).

5.2 Information to be providedWhen arranging supply of waste plasterboard from anew or existing waste supplier, the recycler shall statetheir acceptance criteria and delivery requirements.

Evidence of supplying this information shall berecorded, in accordance with 4.8.

The Quality Manual shall state who is responsible forproviding the information.

5.2.1 Acceptance criteria

The acceptance criteria shall be stated in the FPCmanual.

NOTE Annex A provides a system for describing the type,source, site and collection method of a waste plasterboardload, using a composite code. These composite codes areintended to standardize the description of plasterboardwaste.

5.3 Information to be obtainedThe recycler is required by law to obtain and maintaincertain information on the waste they receive, forinspection by the relevant authorities. In addition, theFPC requires that documentation is obtained and

recorded detailing the nature of the wasteplasterboard and its source.

NOTE 1 As it is the responsibility of the recycler to ensurethat any hazardous or dangerous substances at the facilityare managed in accordance with relevant regulations andwithin limits in force, it is advisable that they obtain as muchinformation as possible on the input waste materials withregard to such substances.

The FPC manual shall state the information to beobtained by the recycler from the prospective supplier,and how often it shall be obtained. The recycler shallobtain the following information as a minimum:

a) List of Wastes (LOW) code of the waste;

NOTE 2 These were formerly referred to as European WasteCatalogue (EWC) codes.

b) description of the waste;

c) quantity (weight) in each load, and number of loadsin the batch;

d) packaging of the waste (e.g. bulk bags, 40-yardskip);

e) details of the company/contractor and site thematerial originated from, and the supplier of thematerial to the facility;

f) date of waste arising;

g) waste carrier’s / waste broker’s licence number andregistration details; and

h) date and time each load will be delivered to the facility.

NOTE 3 Using the composite code (Annex A) may help todescribe the waste and provide details about its source.

The information obtained shall be recorded inaccordance with 4.8.

The Quality Manual shall state who is responsible forobtaining and recording the information.

5.4 Apply acceptance criteriaThe information obtained on each waste load shall becompared to the acceptance criteria.

If the waste load does meet the criteria the load maybe delivered to the facility.

If the waste load does not meet the criteria then thewaste shall not be delivered to the facility and theprospective waste supplier shall be notifiedimmediately. The recycler shall provide an explanationto the waste supplier for the reasons for rejecting the

5 Arranging supply of waste materials

PAS 109:2008


load, to enable them to make changes so future loadscan be accepted.

NOTE Actions may be undertaken on a failed load to rectifyits failure, such as removal of contamination by the wastesupplier or a third party, and it then being re-submitted tothe recycler for consideration for receipt.

A record of the assessment and decision shall be kept,in accordance with 4.8.

The Quality Manual shall state who is responsible forcomparing the information on the prospective wasteloads to the acceptance criteria, making theaccept/reject decision, notifying the prospectivesupplier accordingly, and maintaining a record of theinformation.

Photograph showing insulation-backed plasterboard, which is currently difficult to recycle and so often notaccepted by recyclers.

PAS 109:2008


6.1 GeneralNOTE Each load of waste plasterboard delivered to thefacility should be pre-booked in.

The procedure for the receipt of waste plasterboardshall be defined in the FPC manual.

This procedure shall include the means by which anyhazardous substances or materials received shall bemanaged in accordance with relevant regulations andwithin limits in force.

6.2 Verify identityEach load of waste plasterboard delivered to thefacility shall be accompanied by a waste transfer note.The information that shall be stated on the wastetransfer note and/or other documentation shallinclude, but not be limited to, the following:

a) the List of Wastes (LOW) code of the waste;

b) description of the waste;

c) quantity in the load, and load number (for example,‘skip 2 of 6’) if part of a larger supply batch;

d) packaging of the waste (for example, bulk bags or40-yard skip);

e) details of the company/contractor and site thematerial originated from, and the supplier of thematerial to the facility;

f) date of waste arising;

g) waste carrier’s / waste broker’s licence number andregistration details;

h) order / advice note number;

i) registration number of the vehicle; and

j) driver’s printed name and signature.

This information shall be compared to the informationwhich was obtained in advance, to ensure the wastedelivered is the same as that expected. Any variationshall be investigated with the supplier.

6.3 WeighThe vehicle delivering the waste load shall be weighedupon arrival. The weight shall be recorded on theWaste Transfer Note, and in the recycler’s deliveries login accordance with the requirements of 4.8.

6 Receipt of waste materials

PAS 109:2008


6.4 Inspect and apply acceptance criteriaThe waste container shall be unloaded into aquarantined area, where it cannot contaminate or becontaminated by other materials, or mix with otherwaste loads.

The waste load shall be visually inspected to determineits compliance with the acceptance criteria.

NOTE Where information received from the waste suppliersuggests that a load of waste plasterboard could becontaminated with radiation (for example, from beingremoved from walls in a hospital x-ray department), therecycler should include additional inspection and testing, or other controls, to ensure radiation levels do not exceedlimits prescribed by current health and safety regulations or guidelines.

If the waste meets the criteria it may be accepted atthe facility and stockpiled for processing in accordancewith 6.5. If the waste does not meet the criteria thenthe procedure of 6.6 for rejected material shall apply.

A record of the assessment and decision shall be kept,in accordance with 4.8.

The Quality Manual shall state who is responsible forinspecting the load, making the accept/reject decision,and maintaining a record of the information.

6.5 StockpileAccepted waste plasterboard shall be put into stock in a controlled manner in an identifiable location. The FPC manual shall state whether different types of material need to be stockpiled separately fordifferent processes or to produce different types of recycled gypsum.

It is a FPC and QMS requirement that the storage areasat the facility shall be individually identified so that allstaff know where to find the materials needed for agiven process.

NOTE 1 It is good practice in traceability for loads to bestockpiled in identifiable batches rather than simply in asingle stockpile. If an issue is retrospectively found with aload, action need only then be undertaken on that batchrather than the entire stockpile.

Each stockpile shall be contained within an enclosedstructure suitable to ensure the waste in the stockpile:

a) cannot contaminate or mix with any other materialor process;

b) cannot be contaminated by or mixed with any other material;

c) cannot degrade; and

d) is protected from wet weather.

PAS 109:2008


If bays are used to enclose the stockpiles the walls andfloor shall be formed from concrete or other hard,stable material. Compacted earth floors shall not beused. The waste plasterboard shall be stored short ofthe full length and height of the bay to avoid spillageof the contents of the bay into adjacent bays.

NOTE 2 It is good practice for the waste plasterboard to beextracted from the middle of the bay, leaving the sidesuntouched, in order to avoid scrapings (of wood orconcrete, for example) from the walls into the material.

6.6 Rejected materialRejected waste plasterboard shall not be accepted atthe facility without further action.

The waste supplier shall be notified immediately thatthe load has been rejected, and the reasons for itbeing rejected. The action to be taken shall be agreed.

NOTE 1 The benefit of communicating the reasons forrejection to the supplier is they can then take the actionsneeded to avoid future loads being rejected.

The allowable actions for a rejected load of wasteplasterboard shall be either:

a) reloading the container and returning it to thewaste supplier;

b) storing the waste in a quarantined area forinspection by the waste supplier;

NOTE 2 It is usual to define a time limit on storing rejectedwaste plasterboard, after which the costs of treating it ordisposing of it will automatically be recharged to thesupplier.

c) removing the contamination and re-evaluating theload against the acceptance criteria; or

d) disposing of the waste.

NOTE 3 It is good practice to allow the waste supplier theopportunity to inspect the rejected waste load (b, above)prior to removing the contamination or disposing of the load.

An area at the facility shall be designated as aquarantine area for rejected loads. The requirementsfor this area shall be the same as for wasteplasterboard stockpiles (see 6.5).

Photograph showing waste plasterboard contaminated by other materials.

PAS 109:2008


7.1 ProcessNOTE 1 Different facilities operate different equipment andprocesses, yet are equally capable of producing PAS 109recycled gypsum. The requirements here are thereforenecessarily general in nature.

The processes used shall produce the required grade orgrades of recycled gypsum meeting the requirementsof this PAS.

The processes used shall be defined in SOPs. Theprocesses shall include, where appropriate, means ofremoving contaminants in the waste plasterboardbeing processed.

NOTE 2 It is good practice to remove contaminants fromthe waste plasterboard at the earliest possible opportunityotherwise their presence may damage processing machinery,and they are generally more difficult to remove after sizereduction of the waste. Removing contaminants beforeprocessing may also result in the paper material from theprocessing being suitable for separate marketing.

NOTE 3 Contaminant removal may require overbandmagnets, underband magnets, eddy current separators,hand picking, trommels, screens, or a combination of theseor other equipment.

The operators of the process shall be suitably trainedand their individual roles and responsibilities defined inthe FPC manual.

The recycler shall comply with all relevant regulatoryand legislative requirements in force.

NOTE 4 Processing waste plasterboard has the potential tocreate dust, and so consideration should be given to howthis will be mitigated. In general, water suppression is notsuitable as it can cause the gypsum to cake.

The output from the process shall be handled andstored in accordance with Clause 9.

7 Processing

PAS 109:2008


Table 1 defines the specifications for the three gradesof PAS 109 recycled gypsum. Recycled gypsumdesignated as conforming to this PAS shall conform tothe specification for one of these grades. Gypsum notconforming to any of these specifications, either inpart or in entirety, shall not be designated as PAS 109recycled gypsum.

NOTE 1 The grades can be summarized as:

Fine – a fine powder;

Coarse – granular;

Custom – allows the particle size distribution to be definedto suit specific use requirements (see 8.1.1).

NOTE 2 The defined grades are differentiated only by theirgypsum particle size distribution. The specifications for allother parameters are the same for all grades.

NOTE 3 To satisfy the needs of some markets morestringent specification for some of the parameters may berequired (for example, smaller maximum size of residualpaper pieces, or lower chemical composition limits). Theresulting recycled gypsum may still be designated asconforming to PAS 109 as it would not be falling below thedefined specifications of Table 1. Details of the increasedspecification may be included in the labelling and markingof the recycled gypsum in addition to the requiredinformation of 10.2.

8 Product verification

8.1 Product specifications

PAS 109:2008


Table 1 – Specification for PAS 109 recycled gypsum

Particle size distribution

(% w/w retained on BSsieve individually)

31.5 mm

16 mm

8 mm

4 mm

2 mm

1 mm

0.500 mm

0.250 mm

0.125 mm

0.063 mm

Residual paper / fibres

Content

Size of paper pieces

Purity (content of CaSO4.2H2O)

Physical contaminants

Chemical composition

Soluble chloride (Cl)

Magnesium oxide (MgO)

Sodium oxide (Na2O)

Colour

Smell

Fine grade Coarse grade Custom grade

Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upperlimit limit limit limit limit limit

0 0 0 0

0 0 40 80

0 0 20 60

0 0 0 40

0 0 0 20

0 10 0 10

0 20 0 5

0 40 0 2

20 60 0 2

40 80 0 2

<1% w/w

Maximum 10 mm largest dimension

>85% w/w

Trace

<0.01% w/w

<0.1% w/w

<0.06% w/w

White, light grey or light beige, with no coloured particles

Odourless / neutral

As defined to suit intended end market (8.1.1)

Parameter Specification

PAS 109:2008


Figure 3 – Limits of particle size distribution, Fine grade recycled gypsum

Figure 4 – Limits of particle size distribution, Coarse grade recycled gypsum

% w

/w r

etai

ned

on

sie

ve

Sieve mesh size (mm)

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

00.063 0.125 250 500 1 2 4 8 16 31.5

% w

/w r

etai

ned

on

sie

ve

Sieve mesh size (mm)

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

00.063 0.125 250 500 1 2 4 8 16 31.5

NOTE 4 It is permissible for the recycler to undertake post-processing on the process gypsum output to produce therequired grades. Examples include:

Example 1 The recycling process may produce a primaryproduct of a well-graded Custom grade (having a definedparticle size distribution suitable for a particular end usemarket), of which the recycler may then post-process aproportion by screening to produce Fine grade, Coarsegrade, and a further Custom grade (having a definedparticle size distribution suitable for a further particular enduse market).

Example 2 The gypsum output from the primary process(which may be being sold by the recycler as non-PAS 109conforming gypsum) may undergo post-processing toreduce the paper content sufficiently to enable it to meetthe specification for PAS 109 recycled gypsum.

8.1.1 Particle size distribution for Custom graderecycled gypsum

Custom grade allows the recycler or end user to definethe particle size distribution to suit particular useapplication(s). The particle size distribution shall becommensurate with the requirements of theapplication and shall ensure the recycled gypsum is fitfor that purpose. For each consignment of Customgrade PAS 109 conforming recycled gypsum dispatchedfrom the recycling facility the particle size distributionshall be supplied by the recycler to the user (see 10.2).The particle size distribution shall be specified in asimilar form to those for the Fine and Coarse Graderecycled gypsum in Table 1, i.e. a minimum andmaximum weight retained on each sieve in the range0.063 mm and 31.5 mm. This range is the minimumthat shall be used; it may be extended above and/orbelow this range if required.

8.2 Sampling and testing8.2.1 General

The recycler shall make available all the necessaryfacilities, equipment and trained personnel to carry outthe required inspections, sampling and testing. Theseshall be detailed in the FPC manual.

NOTE 1 This does not preclude the use of third partybodies, such as a consultant or testing laboratory.

The recycler shall prepare a schedule of sampling andtest frequencies for each parameter taking intoaccount the minimum requirements specified in Table2. This schedule shall be stated in the FPC manual andthe sampling and testing shall be carried out for eachparameter in accordance with this schedule.

NOTE 2 The following circumstances may lead to a need toincrease the frequencies of the inspections or testing:

a) if there are deviations in parameters in the visualinspections;

b) when a measured value is close to a specified limit; or

c) contractual obligations between the recycler and user.

NOTE 3 See 4.6 regarding the triggers for re-validation.

The recycler shall ensure they adhere to all regulatorysampling and testing requirements relevant to thesupply of the recycled gypsum into the intendedapplications and markets.

If the recycled gypsum is being supplied for applicationto land for agricultural benefit then the user shall needto know levels of potentially toxic elements (sometimesreferred to as ‘heavy metals’) in the recycled gypsum.The user shall use these, and the existing levels in the intended host soil, to calculate the appropriateapplication rate to ensure safe levels in the soil are not exceeded.

NOTE 4 For further information refer to the Codes of GoodAgricultural Practice [2].

The user may either arrange themselves for therecycled gypsum to be tested for levels of potentialtoxic elements or may expect the recycler to providethe required test data. If the latter, the recycler shallensure that the data is provided to the user in a formwhich can be directly used in such calculations.

PAS 109:2008


PAS 109:2008


Table 2 – Minimum sampling and test frequencies, and relevant procedures

Particle sizedistribution

Parameter Test type Minimum test frequency Test method

Validation Business as usual

Visual Per waste batchinput to process

Once perworking day

Annex D

Measured Once, duringstable operationin accordancewith SOPs

Once per 1000tonnes

BS EN 933-1:1997(The test portion shall be dried at45°C±2°C. Dry sieving shall beused and the procedure forwashing specified in 7.1 of BS EN933-1:1997 shall not be applied.)

Residual paper / fibres


Once perworking day

Annex D


Once per 1000tonnes

Annex E

Purity Measured Once, duringstable operationin accordancewith SOPs

Once per 1000tonnes

VGB-M 701e gravimetric (ascalcium oxalate) method fordetermination of gypsum content(degree of purity, R°), or othercomparable analysis method

Physicalcontaminants


Once perworking day

Annex D


Once per 1000tonnes

Annex E

Chemicalcomposition


Once per 1000tonnes

VGB-M 701e photometric methodswith atomic absorptionspectroscopy (AAS), or othercomparable analysis method

Colour Visual Per waste batchinput to process

Once perworking day

Annex D

Smell Per waste batchinput to process

Once per workingday

Annex D

NOTE 5 When undertaking the procedure for determination of particle size distribution, the oven temperature has beenreduced from that stated in BS EN 933-1:1997 to ensure it is significantly below the temperature at which calcination of thegypsum would occur.

8.2.2 Equipment

The recycler shall be responsible for the control,calibration, and maintenance of inspection, measuringand test equipment, in addition to the requirements of 4.5.3.

a) Accuracy and frequency of calibration shall be inaccordance with the equipment manufacturer’srecommendations, applicable to the equipment’s use in the context of this PAS;

b) Equipment shall be used within its defined limits ofoperation, in accordance with the manufacturer’sinstructions and the defined SOPs;

c) Equipment shall be uniquely identified;

d) Calibration records shall be retained.

The above aspects shall be defined in the FPC manual.

8.2.3 Sampling

Obtaining a representative sample of recycled gypsumfrom a stockpile can be problematic as the larger andfiner particles can separate as the stockpile is formed.The procedure for sampling the product as it is outputfrom the final process and before it lands on thestockpile, as described in Annex B, shall therefore beused whenever possible, as long as safe workingconditions can be ensured. If this procedure cannot beused then the procedure for sampling from a stockpile,as described in Annex C, shall be used with particularcare taken to ensure the samples taken arerepresentative of the entire stockpile.

If neither of these procedures are feasible due to safeworking considerations or the design of the recyclingequipment then another procedure may be used aslong as it meets the same objectives in ensuring arepresentative sample is obtained. This procedure shallbe detailed in a SOP and referenced in the FPC manual.

8.2.4 Testing

The test procedures to be used shall be stated in SOPsand recorded in the FPC manual. Normative proceduresare detailed in Annexes D and E of this PAS, with theirapplicability to the parameters as stated in Table 2.

Any testing undertaken by an external testinglaboratory shall be appropriately specified to ensurethe results are directly comparable with the parametersin Table 1.

Following successful validation or re-validation (see 4.6)demonstrating that the process can consistentlyproduce recycled gypsum meeting the specification forone or more of the product grades of this PAS (Table

1), then the recycled gypsum shall be granted therelevant grade designation and may be dispatched for use. The recycled gypsum shall continue to bedesignated the relevant grade whilst the periodictesting demonstrates that it continues to meet thespecification for that grade.

If from the validation, re-validation or periodic testingthe recycled gypsum does not meet the specificationfor one of the product grades of this PAS (Table 1) thenthe procedure of 8.3 for non-conforming material shall apply.

8.2.5 Reference sample

Following successful validation or re-validation, a 2 kgreference sample shall be retained from the bulksample used in that testing. This reference sampleshall:

a) supersede any previous equivalent (same grade,process, etc) reference sample;

b) be stored in a clean, dry, impervious, resealable bagor container in a dark dry location at a temperaturein the range from 5°C to 15°C;

c) be labelled with the sampling date, unique samplenumber, recycled gypsum grade, particle sizedistribution if Custom grade, batch number or otheridentification to enable it to be related to its sourceand relationship to the current process output, andname and signature of the sampler; and

d) be used in the periodic visual testing.

8.3 Non-conforming materialFollowing an inspection or test which indicates thatrecycled gypsum produced does not meet one of thedefined type specifications of this PAS (Table 1), theaffected material shall:

a) not be designated as PAS 109 recycled gypsum, andany existing designation removed retrospectively to the last validation, re-validation or periodic testwhich demonstrated that the recycled gypsum did meet the required grade specification of thisPAS; and

b) be kept physically separated from conformingmaterial.

In instances where recycled gypsum already dispatchedto a user has its designation removed retrospectivelythen the recycler shall notify the user that it no longer conforms to PAS 109, giving the reason for the designation being removed. The procedure foradequately notifying users shall be defined in the FPC manual.

NOTE 1 This highlights the balance that needs to be made

PAS 109:2008


PAS 109:2008


between the cost of frequent testing and the qualityassurance testing brings (which minimizes the potentialimpact on the business and customers).

Actions may be taken on non-conforming material tomake it conform to one of the defined specifications.The material shall then be re-sampled and tested inaccordance with the requirements of 8.2, andevaluated against the relevant grade specification of Table 1.

NOTE 2 If material is non-conforming due to contaminantlevels, a preferable action is to reduce the levels by removingthe contaminants, rather than by reducing theirconcentration by blending with cleaner material.

All cases of non-conformity shall be recorded by the recycler, investigated and corrective action shall be taken.

NOTE 3 Corrective actions can include:

a) investigation to the cause of non-conformity including anexamination of the testing procedures and making anynecessary adjustments;

b) analysis of processes, operations, quality records, servicereports and customer complaints to detect and eliminatepotential causes of non-conformity;

c) initiating preventative actions to deal with problems to a level corresponding to the risks encountered;

d) applying controls to ensure that effective correctiveactions are taken; and

e) implementing and recording changes in proceduresresulting from corrective actions.

Following investigation and corrective action theprocess, FPC and SOPs shall be re-validated inaccordance with 4.6.

8.4 Product conformityNOTE 4.7 requires third party auditing to validate effectiveoperation of the QMS, FPC and defined procedures. Thisprovides assurance to the user that the recycled gypsum has been produced in a defined and controlled way inaccordance with the requirements of this PAS 109. This is different to, and does not provide, certification ofconformity of the product with PAS 109.

Marking PAS 109 on or in relation to a product represents a recycler’s declaration of conformity, i.e. a claim by or on behalf of the recycler that the product meets therequirements of this PAS. The accuracy of the claim istherefore solely the responsibility of the person making the claim. Such a declaration is different from third partycertification of conformity – a separate and optional thirdparty service which the recycler may wish to employ,applying to some or all of the products supplied. This is

recommended, and it provides further assurance to the userthrough the product being independently verified, andbenefits the recycler by potentially enabling liability to be shared.

9.1 GeneralThe choice of handling method, storage and packagingshall be made with consideration of the means ofdespatch and delivery to the end user, and their likelyrequirements for handling and using the product.

The choice made shall ensure that the recycled gypsumdoes not become contaminated or degraded. It shall bekept dry and physically separated from other materialsby being stored under cover in labelled, allocatedcompounds, containers or packaging separated bygrade.

9.2 Loose productLoose recycled gypsum shall be stored in hard (forexample, concrete or metal) storage bays, containers or silos.

In bays the product shall be stored short of the fulllength and height of the bay to avoid spillage of thecontents of the bay into adjacent bays.

NOTE 1 It is good practice for the product to be extractedfrom the middle of the bay, leaving the sides untouched, inorder to avoid scrapings (of wood or concrete, for example)from the walls into the load.

NOTE 2 The ends of the bay walls should be protected withmetal or timber posts to prevent damage through impactwith vehicles.

Silos and the handling system (for example, pneumaticblowing) shall be suitable for the physicalcharacteristics of the recycled gypsum being stored.

If more than one grade of recycled gypsum is beingproduced and stored but a common system is beingused for filling and emptying the silos, then suitablemeasures shall be in place to ensure the differentgrades cannot mix.

If recycled gypsum is being provided to the user inloose form, suitable measures shall be in place toensure that it can be transferred to the delivery vehiclewithout contamination or water ingress.

9.3 Packaged productPackaging (such as bagging or boxing) can be aneffective method of storing the product anddespatching to the user. Packaging may range in sizefrom the small (10 kg or less) for the retail market up to 1 tonne bulk bags for commercial users. Themethods and materials used shall not contaminate ordegrade the product, or allow it to become so. Forexample, packaging shall be waterproof to preventwater ingress.

NOTE 1 For bulk bags and other similar open packaging,these could be made waterproof by wrapping withpolyethylene shrink wrap.

NOTE 2 Packages, including bulk bags, should be stackedand secured on a pallet to facilitate handling, preventdamage, and prevent moisture ingress through the base.

NOTE 3 Reusable and sustainably sourced transit materialsshould be considered where possible.

NOTE 4 Recyclers should satisfy themselves of theirobligations under the Packaging (Essential Requirements)Regulations [3].

PAS 109:2008


9 Product handling and storage

PAS 109:2008


10.1 General requirementsThe recycler shall supply (see 10.2), obtain and retain(see 10.3) information necessary to demonstrate whenrequired that recycled gypsum supplied is destined forappropriate use.

One method for the recycler to demonstrate this is toprovide the user with suitable contracts of supply foreach consignment of recycled gypsum and keepingcopies of them. The recycler would not be expected to make or retain contracts of supply when recycledgypsum is supplied for domestic use or is for therecycler’s own use. However, delivery shall still beaccompanied by the information required by 10.2.

10.2 Labelling and markingThe following information about each consignment ofPAS 109 conforming recycled gypsum dispatched fromthe recycling facility shall be supplied to the user. Thisshall be printed on the packaging or, for loose product,on a separate document.

a) Product grade, either:

i) Fine grade;

ii) Coarse grade; or

iii) Custom grade.

b) For Custom grade recycled gypsum, the particle sizedistribution.

c) Quantity (in kilograms).

d) Instructions for storage.

e) Guidelines and conditions for use.

f) Warning about product misuse, risks when handlingand safety advice or symbols as appropriate.

g) Statement of conformity with this PAS: “Conformsto PAS 109:2008 (latest edition)”.

NOTE 1 See 8.4.

h) Information that enables traceability checks.

NOTE 2 Examples of information that enables traceabilitychecks are product batch code, date of bagging anddispatch records. The composite code (see Annex A) may be a useful method for describing in a standardized way the types and sources of input materials to the recyclingprocess from which the recycled gypsum was produced.

i) Contact details of the recycler or any organizationacting as reseller, either on behalf of the recycler orindependently.

10.3 Information to be obtained andrecordedRecords shall be kept of all materials (includingrecycled gypsum, paper, and wastes) leaving therecycling facility. For recycled gypsum these recordsshall correspond to the contracts of supply (whereused) issued to the user.

The following details of the destination of the materialshall be kept:

a) date of dispatch;

b) quantity (in kilograms), product grade(s) and batch code(s);

c) name and address of receivingbusiness/establishment; and

d) designated market sector or use.

The procedure for obtaining required information shallbe defined in the FPC manual.

The information obtained shall be recorded inaccordance with 4.8.

The Quality Manual shall state who is responsible forobtaining and recording the information.

10 Product dispatch

A system of on-site materials identification andtraceability that is appropriate to the recycling processand product materials shall be detailed in the FPCmanual, and operated. Its efficacy and record of anyactions to modify this aspect of the QMS shall beincluded in the management review.

The recycler shall identify materials and carry outoperations such that materials are traceable fromarrival on site as recycling process inputs to dispatchfrom the site, whether PAS 109 conforming or not. This requirement applies whether or not the productsor non-conforming batches are used by the recycler, on behalf of the recycler, or by another party. Anyproduct bagged off-site by or on behalf of the recyclershall also be traceable. Any rejected material,reprocessed batch, batch which has been partiallyprocessed then disposed of, or any such part-batch,shall also be traceable.

PAS 109:2008


11 Traceability

During any period where throughput pressure is sohigh that batch traceability is lost, if dispatched fromthe site the user shall be informed that the affectedbatch(es) do not conform with PAS 109.

During any period when storage space is restrictedsuch that product batches are stored in one or morecontinuous piles, batches shall be deposited andmarked such that:

a) they remain separately identifiable; and

b) when dispatched, information supplied about eachconsignment includes reference to the relevantbatch(es).

The recycler shall make and retain records that enabletraceability checks, in accordance with 4.8.

PAS 109:2008


The composite code is a system for describing the type,source, site and collection method of a wasteplasterboard load. It is intended to standardize thedescription of plasterboard waste, which will enable:

• waste suppliers to clearly compare the acceptancecriteria of different plasterboard recyclers with the

waste they have produced; and

• plasterboard recyclers to clearly communicate theiracceptance criteria to potential suppliers, andfacilitate comparing incoming waste with theiracceptance criteria.

Annex A (informative)Composite code for describing plasterboard waste

The composite code is formed from individual codes from Tables A.1 to A.4 presented in the followingcombined form:

TYPE CODE / SOURCE CODE / SITE CODE / COLLECTION CODE / DETAIL [if Source Code O]

NOTE 1 The type codes are defined in BS EN 520:2004, with the exception of type codes X, Y, Z, GM, GF, C and U. ‘Thinlaminations’ used in Types X and Y are defined in BS EN 14190:2005 as ‘material applied to one or more surfaces to impartdecoration or functional properties’. Type codes GM and GF are defined in EN 15283.

If a waste load contains material of more than one of the types identified in Table A.1 then codes should bejoined by a hyphen ‘ – ‘.

NOTE 2 If the load contains a large number of different types of plasterboard then type code U may be used.

PAS 109:2008


Table A.1 – Type code

Type Example Type code

‘Standard’ gypsum plasterboard A

Gypsum plasterboard with reduced water absorption rate H

Gypsum sheathing board (used in external walls, and Ehas a reduced water absorption rate)

Gypsum plasterboard with improved core adhesion at Fhigh temperature

Gypsum baseboard P

Gypsum plasterboard with controlled density D

Gypsum plasterboard with enhanced strength R

Gypsum plasterboard with enhanced surface hardness I

Gypsum plasterboard with thin laminations (paper) With non-vinyl wallpaper covering X

Gypsum plasterboard with thin laminations Lamination of metal or plastic foil Y(non-paper) to increase vapour resistance

Gypsum plasterboard with other materials bonded to Composite board of plasterboard Zthe surface with mineral fibre bonded to

one face

Gypsum board with mat reinforcement GM

Gypsum fibre board GF

Preformed plasterboard cornice C

Unknown or mixed If the type(s) of plasterboard cannot Ube identified with any certainty

PAS 109:2008


Table A.2 – Source code

If a waste load contains material from more than one of the sources identified in Table 2 then codes should bejoined by a hyphen ‘ – ‘.

Source Example Source code

Production waste from Out-of-specification board, board Pplasterboard manufacturing damaged during packaging

Damaged or unused plasterboard from Ddistributors and retailers

Fit-out waste from plasterboard installation Offcuts, boards damaged or Funused on site

Strip-out waste from plasterboard removal R

Other sources OA description of the source should be appended to the end of the composite code

Site Example Site code

Single site of origin A construction site sending its waste plasterboard Sdirectly to the recycler

Multiple sites of origin A waste transfer station bulking waste plasterboard from Mmultiple construction sites before sending to the recycler

Table A.3 – Site code

PAS 109:2008


NOTE 3 Examples of composite codes:

Example 1 A load of production waste from a production run of standard plasterboard at a A / P / S / Ssingle plasterboard manufacturing plant

Example 2 A project refurbishing an office kitchen area, stripping-out vinyl wallpaper covered H-Z / F-R / S / Splasterboard partitions and re-fitting partitions with moisture resistant plasterboard. The waste is being put in a dedicated skip and sent directly to the recycler

Example 3 A skip company processing mixed construction and demolition waste, separating U / F-R / M / Pand bulking the plasterboard before sending to the recycler. The type of plasterboard varies widely and cannot be determined within each load.

Collection method Example Collectioncode

Separated at source A demolition site putting waste plasterboard into a dedicated Sskip, with no other materials

Processed from A materials recycling facility processing mixed construction Pmixed waste and demolition waste into its constituent materials for

separate recycling

Table A.4 – Collection code

PAS 109:2008


B.1 PrincipleA bulk sample is collected as it is output from theprocess and then reduced to appropriately sized test samples. This procedure shall only be used if safeworking conditions can be ensured.

B.2 ApparatusB.2.1 Container, minimum 10 litres capacity, clean, dry and non-absorbent, such as a plastic bucket, forcollecting the bulk sample.

B.2.2 Balances(s), calibrated and accurate to within0.1% of the initial or maximum test sample.

B.2.3 Containers, clean, dry, impervious, and sealable,such as clear bags made of plastic at least 100µm thickor lidded plastic containers, for sending samples tolaboratories and storing samples.

B.2.4 Disposable dust mask, eye protection.

B.3 ProcedureNOTE Suitable personal protective equipment should beworn during this procedure.

B.3.1 Collect a bulk sample of at least 4 kg as therecycled gypsum is output from the process equipmentand before it lands on a pile, using a suitable container(B.2.1), ensuring that the sample is representative ofthe process output.

B.3.2 Place the bulk sample on a dry, clean non-absorbent surface, located out of direct sunlight ordraughts, where material will not be lost, foreignmaterial will not be introduced, and the material willnot dry out or become damp.

B.3.3 Thoroughly mix the bulk sample.

B.3.4 Determine the required testing sample weight,based on the test(s) to be conducted.

B.3.5 Weigh out (B.2.2) each test sample and place in a suitable container (B.2.3). Record the weight of thetest samples. Label (B.4.2) the test samples and theremainder of the bulk sample.

B.4 Labelling of samplesB.4.1 Store the retained portion of the bulk sample insuitable containers (B.2.3).

B.4.2 Label each sample with the date, batch referencenumber, grade of recycled gypsum, additionaldescription if required, a unique test sample number,sample weight and name and signature of the sampler.

Annex B (normative)Procedure for sampling, from the process output

PAS 109:2008


C.1 PrincipleBulk samples are collected from within the productstockpile, mixed to form a single homogenous bulksample, and then reduced to appropriately sized test samples. This procedure shall only be used if safeworking conditions can be ensured.

C.2 ApparatusC.2.1 Long handled scoop, shovel, or sampling spear.

C.2.2 Containers, clean, dry and non-absorbent, such as plastic buckets, for collecting the bulk samples.

C.2.3 Balances(s), calibrated and accurate to within0.1% of the initial or maximum test sample.

C.2.4 Containers, clean, dry, impervious, and sealable,such as clear bags made of plastic at least 100µm thickor lidded plastic containers, for sending samples tolaboratories and storing samples.

C.2.5 Disposable dust mask, eye protection.

C.3 ProcedureNOTE 1 Suitable personal protective equipment should beworn during this procedure.

C.3.1 Collect a bulk sample of at least 2 kg by plungingthe scoop (C.2.1) into the stockpile, extracting gypsumfrom at least 10 cm below the surface of the stockpile,and place it in a suitable container (C.2.2), ensuringthat the sample is representative of the load.

NOTE 2 The samples are taken below the surface of thestockpile to avoid material on the surface which may haveseparated into patches of fine and coarse particles.

C.3.2 Repeat C.3.1 two more times in different placesroughly equally across the stockpile, placing each in adifferent container (C.2.2), so three samples in total are obtained.

C.3.3 Place the three bulk samples on a dry, clean non-absorbent surface, located out of direct sunlight or draughts, where material will not be lost, foreignmaterial will not be introduced, and the material willnot dry out or become damp.

C.3.4 Thoroughly mix the bulk samples to create onehomogenous bulk sample.

C.3.5 Determine the required testing sample weight,based on the test(s) to be conducted.

C.3.6 Weigh out (C.2.3) each test sample and place in a suitable container (C.2.4). Record the weight of thetest samples. Label (C.4.2) the test samples and theremainder of the bulk sample.

C.4 Labelling and storage of samplesC.4.1 Store the retained portion of the bulk sample insuitable containers (C.2.4).

C.4.2 Label each sample with the sampling date,unique sample reference number, batch referencenumber or other identification to enable it to berelated to its source, grade of recycled gypsum,additional description if required, and name andsignature of the sampler.

Annex C (normative)Alternative procedure for sampling, from a stockpile

PAS 109:2008


D.1 PrincipleA test sample of recycled gypsum and the equivalentreference sample are spread out in separate trays. Forthe parameters stated in Table 2 the test sample iscompared against the relevant grade specification(Table 1) using the reference sample as a guide.

D.2 ApparatusD.2.1 Test sample, 2 kg.

D.2.2 Tray, 2 of, 500 x 500 mm (approx), with raisedsides 25 mm high (approx), rigid, white or black singlecolour (both trays shall be of the same colour), clean,dry and non-absorbent.

NOTE Horticultural gravel trays may be suitable.

D.2.3 Reference sample, 2 kg.

D.2.4 Magnifying glass or eyepiece, handheld, approx2.5-4x magnification.

D.2.5 Disposable dust mask.

D.3 ProcedureNOTE Suitable personal protective equipment should beworn during this procedure.

D.3.1 This procedure shall be undertaken in a locationout of direct sunlight or draughts, where material willnot be lost, foreign material will not be introduced,and the material will not dry out or become damp.

D.3.2 Empty the test sample (D.2.1) from its containerinto one of the trays (D.2.2), and spread to form a thineven layer.

D.3.3 Empty the reference sample (D.2.3) from itscontainer into the other tray (D.2.2), and spread toform a thin even layer. Place the two trays side by sideto enable comparison.

D.3.4 Undertake the visual inspections as detailed inD.3.7 to D.3.11.

D.3.5 Record the results of the tests on a test datasheet in accordance with 4.8.

D.3.6 Immediately upon completing the tests returnthe test sample to its container, and the referencesample to its container, taking care to ensure neither

sample becomes contaminated or suffers losses of material.

D.3.7 Particle size distribution

Visually compare the particle size distribution of thetest sample with the reference sample. If they appearsimilar then the result shall be a pass; if they are notsimilar and the particle size distribution of the testsample appears to be outside the required gradespecification (Table 1) then the result shall be a fail.

D.3.8 Residual paper / fibres

Visually compare the residual paper / fibre content ofthe test sample with the reference sample, and withthe specification (Table 1). If the test sample appears tomeet the specification, using the reference sample as aguide (for example, the test sample contains less paper/ fibre and / or of smaller dimension), then the resultshall be a pass; otherwise the result shall be a fail.

D.3.9 Physical contaminants

Visually compare the quantity of physical contaminantsin the test sample with those in the reference sample,and with the specification (Table 1). This may beassisted by using the magnifying glass / eyepiece(D.2.4). If the test sample appears to meet thespecification, using the reference sample as a guide(for example, the test sample contains no visiblecontaminants), then the result shall be a pass;otherwise the result shall be a fail.

D.3.10 Colour

Visually compare the colour of the test sample with thereference sample, and with the specification (Table 1).If the test sample meets the specification (Table 1) andis no darker than the reference sample then the resultshall be a pass; otherwise the result shall be a fail.

D.3.11 Smell

Smell the test sample, taking care not to inhale anyparticles, and compare with the specification (Table 1).If the test sample meets the specification (Table 1) anddoes not have any perceptible unusual odours (forexample, from contamination by solvents) then theresult shall be a pass; otherwise the result shall be a fail.

Annex D (normative)Procedure for visual inspection of recycled gypsum

PAS 109:2008


E.1 PrincipleA test sample is weighed and the mass recorded. Thesample is spread onto a clean flat surface and anypaper pieces and fibres, and physical contaminants,separated out by hand. The mass of each group ismeasured and expressed individually as a proportion of the original sample mass.

E.2 ApparatusE.2.1 Dish or beaker, clean and dry, of sufficient size tocontain 2 kg sample of gypsum without spillage.

E.2.2 Balance(s), calibrated, capable of measuring asample of 2 kg and its container, and accurate to 0.1 g.

E.2.3 Test sample, 2 kg.

E.2.4 Tray, 500 x 500 mm (approx), with raised sides 25 mm high (approx), rigid, white or black singlecolour, clean, dry and non-absorbent.

NOTE A horticultural gravel tray may be suitable.

E.2.5 Small saucer or beaker, clean and dry.

E.2.6 Tweezers.

E.2.7 Magnifying glass or eyepiece, handheld, approx2.5-4x magnification.

E.2.8 Disposable dust mask.

E.3 ProcedureNOTE Suitable personal protective equipment should beworn during this procedure.

E.3.1 This procedure shall be undertaken in a locationout of direct sunlight or draughts, where material willnot be lost, foreign material will not be introduced,and the material will not dry out or become damp.

E.3.2 Place the dish (E.2.1) on the balance (E.2.2), zerothe balance, gently empty the test sample (E.2.3) intothe dish, and record its mass as Ms.

E.3.3 Remove the dish from the balance, gently emptythe test sample into the tray (E.2.4), and spread toform a thin even layer.

E.3.4 Place the saucer (E.2.5) on the balance, and zerothe balance.

E.3.5 Using the tweezers (E.2.6), and the magnifyingglass / eyepiece (E.2.7) if necessary, remove from thetest sample all traces of physical contaminants (such asglass, plastic, and metal items), place them in thesaucer on the balance, and when all traces have beenremoved record the mass as Mc.

E.3.6 Record a mass less than 1g as trace.

E.3.7 Using the tweezers (E.2.6), and the magnifyingglass / eyepiece (E.2.7) if necessary, remove from thetest sample as far is practicable all traces of paper andfibres, place them in the saucer on the balance, andwhen all traces have been removed record the mass as Mp.

E.3.8 Upon completing the test return the test sample(including the contaminants) to its container takingcare to ensure the sample does not becomecontaminated or suffers losses of material.

E.4 CalculationsE.4.1 Record the various masses on a test data sheet, in accordance with 4.8.

E.4.2 Calculate the mass of the paper/fibre as apercentage Pp of the total mass of the sample inaccordance with the following equation.

Fraction mass %

Annex E (normative)Determination of paper/fibre content and physical contaminationlevel of the product

x 100Pp =Mp

Ms

PAS 109:2008


E.4.3 Calculate the mass of the physical contaminantfraction as a percentage Pc of the total mass of thesample in accordance with the following equation.

Fraction mass %

E.4.4 Record the calculated percentages on the testdata sheet alongside the corresponding contaminantfraction type to the nearest 0.1%.

E.5 Test reportE.5.1 Required data – the test report shall include thefollowing information:

a) reference to this PAS 109;

b) identification of the test sample;

c) identification of the test laboratory;

d) sample reception date;

e) analysis date;

f) method of analysis;

g) the measured masses and the calculatedpercentages; and

g) details of any deviation from the specifiedprocedure.

x 100Pc = Mc

Ms

PAS 109:2008


BibliographyStandards publications BS EN 520:2004, Gypsum plasterboards – Definitions,requirements and test methods

BS EN 933-2:1996, Tests for geometrical properties ofaggregates - Determination of particle size distribution– Test sieves, nominal size of apertures

BS EN 14190:2005, Gypsum plasterboard products fromreprocessing – Definitions, requirements and testmethods

EN 14209:2005, Preformed plasterboard cornices –Definitions, requirements and test methods

EN 15283-1:2008, Gypsum boards with fibrousreinforcement – Definitions, requirements and testmethods – Part 1: Gypsum boards with matreinforcement

EN 15283-2:2008, Gypsum boards with fibrousreinforcement – Definitions, requirements and testmethods – Part 2: Gypsum fibre boards

BS ISO 9000:2000, Quality management systems –Fundamentals and vocabulary

BS EN ISO 9001, Quality management systems –Requirements

Other publications and legislation[1] 89/106/EC, Construction Products Directive.

[2] Department for Environment, Farming and RuralAffairs. Codes of Good Agricultural Practice.www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/cogap/index.htm[Accessed 15 April 2008].

[3] GREAT BRITAIN. Environmental Protection, ThePackaging (Essential Requirements) Regulations 2003.London: The Stationery Office.

Further readingBiggs, A. Use of recycled plasterboard in unfired clay-gypsum blocks. October 2007, WRAP (Waste &Resources Action Programme), Banbury. ISBN 1-84405-353-9.

Cartwright, P. Recycled gypsum for soil treatment inpotato production. June 2007, WRAP (Waste &Resources Action Programme), Banbury. ISBN 1-84405-324-5.

Cartwright, P. Recycled gypsum for soil treatment inwheat production. WRAP (Waste & Resources ActionProgramme), Banbury. ISBN 1-84405-366-05).

Coning D, Bareham L. Using waste plasterboard inmushroom compost. April 2007, WRAP (Waste &Resources Action Programme), Banbury. ISBN 1-84405-356-3.

Eurogypsum. FGD gypsum – quality criteria and analysismethods. April 2005, Eurogypsum, Brussels.www.eurogypsum.org

Eurogypsum. Recoverd gypsum: quality critera andanalysis methods. 2008, Eurogypsum, Brussels.www.eurogypsum.org

European Commission. Euratom document 112Radiological protection principles concerning thenatural radioactivity of building materials. 1999,European Commission, Brussels.

Fisher K. Life Cycle Assessment of plasterboard. April2008, WRAP (Waste & Resources Action Programme),Banbury.

Ganjian E, Claisse P, Sadeghi Pouya H. Use of recycledgypsum in road foundation construction. November2007, WRAP (Waste & Resources Action Programme),Banbury. ISBN 1-84405-368-7.

Hancock P. Plaster moulds using recycled gypsum fromwaste plasterboard. May 2008, WRAP (Waste &Resources Action Programme), Banbury. ISBN 1-84405-338-5.

Holt-Martin, N. Recycled plasterboard paper as animalbedding. May 2007, WRAP (Waste & Resources ActionProgramme), Banbury. ISBN 1-84405-314-8.

PAS 109:2008


Lawson D. Recycled gypsum for slope stabilisation.November 2007, WRAP (Waste & Resources ActionProgramme), Banbury. ISBN 1-84405-371-7.

Lee, P. Recycling plasterboard waste fromrefurbishment sites. November 2006, WRAP (Waste &Resources Action Programme), Banbury. ISBN 1-84405-295-8.

May J, Heathcote J, Maggs H, Thompson T. Capture ofwaste plasterboard on construction sites. October 2007,WRAP (Waste & Resources Action Programme),Banbury. ISBN 1-84405-358-X.

Pope B, Harker A. Recycled gypsum in cementmanufacture. WRAP (Waste & Resources ActionProgramme), Banbury5).

Smith D, Pearce S, Emery S. Demonstration ofplasterboard recovery in construction projects. WRAP(Waste & Resources Action Programme), Banbury5).

Storton S, Meaden R. Plasterboard collection trials athousehold waste recycling centres. September 2007,WRAP (Waste & Resources Action Programme),Banbury. ISBN 1-84405-354-7.

WRAP (Waste & Resources Action Programme).Achieving good practice waste minimisation andmanagement. 2007, WRAP (Waste & Resources ActionProgramme), Banbury.

WRAP (Waste & Resources Action Programme).Plasterboard waste minimisation and managementguidance (a series of good practice guidancedocuments). WRAP (Waste & Resources ActionProgramme), Banbury5).

Whitaker D, Forrest A. Waste plasterboard marketscoping study. April 2008, WRAP (Waste & ResourcesAction Programme), Banbury.

Zakar S. Evaluation of plasterboard waste arising fromthe demolition sector. WRAP (Waste & ResourcesAction Programme), Banbury. ISBN 1-84405-367-95).

5) To be published 2008

PAS 109:2008


BSI is the independentnational body responsible forpreparing British Standards. It presents the UK view onstandards in Europe and atinternational level. It isincorporated by Royal Charter.

RevisionsBritish Standards are updated byamendment or revision. Users of British Standards should make surethat they possess the latestamendments or editions.

BSI offers members an individualupdating service called PLUS whichensures that subscribers automaticallyreceive the latest editions of standards.

Buying standardsOrders for all BSI, international andforeign standards publications shouldbe addressed to Customer Services.

Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9001Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7001Standards are also available from the BSIwebsite at www.bsigroup.com.

In response to orders for internationalstandards, it is BSI policy to supply theBSI implementation of those that havebeen published as British Standards,unless otherwise requested.

BSI – British Standards Institution

Information on standardsBSI provides a wide range ofinformation on national, European and international standards through its Library and Technical Help toExporters Service. Various BSI electronicinformation services are also availablewhich give details of all its productsand services.

Contact the Information CentreTel: +44 (0) 20 8996 7111Fax: +44 (0) 20 8996 7048Email: [email protected]

Subscribing members of BSI are kept up to date with standardsdevelopments and receive substantialdiscounts on the purchase price ofstandards. For details of these andother benefits contact MembershipAdministration.

Tel: +44 (0) 20 8996 7002Fax: +44 (0) 20 8996 7001Email: [email protected]

Information regarding online access toBritish Standards via British StandardsOnline can be found atwww.bsigroup.com/bsonline

Further information about BSI isavailable on the BSI website atwww.bsigroup.com

CopyrightCopyright subsists in all BSIpublications. BSI also holds thecopyright, in the UK, of thepublications of the internationalstandardization bodies.

Except as permitted under theCopyright, Designs and Patents Acts1988 no extract may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system ortransmitted in any form by anymeans – electronic, photocopying,recording or otherwise – withoutprior written permission from BSI.

This does not preclude the free use,in the course of implementing thestandard, of necessary details suchas symbols, and size, type or gradedesignations. If these details are tobe used for any other purpose thanimplementation then the priorwritten permission of BSI must be obtained.

Details and advice can be obtained from the Copyright & Licensing Manager.

Tel: +44 (0) 20 8996 7070Fax: +44 (0) 20 8996 7553Email: [email protected], 389 Chiswick High RoadLondon W4 4AL.

9 780580 617294

ISBN 978-0-580-61729-4

British Standards Institution389 Chiswick High RoadLondon W4 4ALUnited Kingdom

www.bsigroup.com

ISBN 978 0 580 61729 4