spectrum clearing with e74xx

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E7473A, 74A, 75A Drive Test

Spectrum and Power MeasurementsUsing the Agilent CDMA, TDMA, and GSMDrive-Test Systems

SiteEvaluation /

SelectionOptimization

QoS Monitoring

BandClearing


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I. Applications and tasks addressed by spectrum andpower measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

II. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

III. Band clearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Noise floor characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

IV. Site evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

CW power measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7

Channel power measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

V. Interference control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Internal interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Downlink interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Uplink interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Base station interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

External interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

External interference: case study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Wireless manufacturing environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Appendix A: Optimization features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Data recording capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Alarm configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

User notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Playback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Key specifications for spectrum noise floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Lees Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Drive-test system photo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19


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Application Tasks Drive Test System

Features

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Electronic

Manuf

acturers

/Oth

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NewNe

tworkDe

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Existin

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Networks

I. Applications and tasks addressed by spectrum and power measurements

Determine whether

alloted spectrum is

devoid of incumbent

frequency holders

Band Clearing

Spectrum analyzer

Add new channels

to existing network Spectrum analysis/

channel power

measurementsClear AMPS channelsto add CDMA channels

Low noise figure of

approximately 8 dB

Allows for accurate

measurements at low

signal levels

Easy noise floor

characterization

At Least averagingbased on Lee's Criteria

Measures CW andChannel Power of

designated frequency

Measures signals

as low as 139 dBm

Diagnose performance

issues: co-channel

interference,

pilot pollution

Test for all possible

cell site locations

Spectrum analysis/CW

power measurements

Site Evaluation

Internal

Interference

Control

Pilot analyzer-CDMA

Channel analyzer-TDMA

Broadcast channel-GSM

External

Interference

Control

Uplink/downlink

Interference

Measurements

Uplink/downlink

Interference

Measurements

Troubleshoot base

station interference:

helpful when getting

switch alarms

Spectrum analysis/

power measurements

Spectrum analysis/

power measurements

Spectrum analysis/

power measurements

Spectrum analysis

Measure intensity of RF

interferers inside

manufacturing

environments


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II. Introduction With the rapid development of wireless technologies, it has becomeincreasingly important to maintain a high-performance and fully opti-

mized network. Quality and reliability of service are growing in impor-

tance, and influence the customers choice of service provider.

The drive-test system provides a low-cost, lightweight, easy-to-use solu-

tion for spectrum monitoring and interference detection. The spectrum

and power virtual front panels (VFP) have software windows that provide

measurement control and display.

The system can perform the basic functions of a spectrum analyzer, but

also has recording capabilities that allow data to be collected by a techni-

cian and later evaluated by the optimization engineer. With the spectrum

analysis tool, the entire network can be examined, increasing the chance

of discovering broken transmitters or illegal transmissions. In addition,

the receiver is designed with a significantly low noise figure for easier

noise floor characterization. Networks of all technologies CDMA, TDMA,

GSM, analog and paging -- can benefit from spectrum monitoring for net-

work optimization, troubleshooting, infrastructure installation and manu-facturing.

This application note describes how the spectrum analyzer and power

measurements contribute throughout the "network lifecycle." Each stage

in the cycle -- band clearing, site evaluation, optimization and quality of

service -- can benefit greatly by using the Agilent drive-test system.

SiteEvaluation /Selection

OptimizationQoS Monitoring

BandClearing

Network Lifecycle


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III. Band clearing Prior to site turn-up, a given area must be deemed interferer free. Theintended coverage area should be driven, searching for illegal transmis-

sions or interference. With excellent sensitivity, the spectrum analyzer

virtual front panel (VFP) enables the user to view and record interferers.

Band clearing is used for the following applications:

To eliminate interference prior to network turn-up

To add new channels to the existing network

To clear analog channels to provide space for new digital channels

To determine possible interferers

Procedure 1: Using the spectrum analyzer for band clearing

(refer to figure 1)

1. Use the spectrum VFP

2. Open two spectrum VFPs: one for uplink frequencies, one for down

link frequencies

3. Set the center frequency and frequency span to cover transmission

4. Vertically tile the two VFPs using the Window menu on the tool bar5. Set an alarm for Max Spectrum > 110 dBm (refer to Appendix A for

alarm configuration)

6. Save the current project

7. Record data

If not recording data, the Max Hold function is an easy way to monitor

the network without having to constantly observe the screen. It will show

the maximum values over all measurements since the option was select-

ed. The results are displayed every measurement cycle. So instead of set-

ting an alarm, when the Max Hold function is selected, the technician can

walk away from the screen and then return to see the maximum value

reached in the elapsed time. The Max Hold selection can be found in the

Averaging pull-down menu (refer to figure 2).

Figure 1. Setup for band clearing using two spectrum frontpanels

Figure 2. The max hold selection can be found under tracein the averaging pull-down menu


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Noise floor characterization All RF communication systems are affected by noise. When noise increas-

es, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) decreases. A low SNR can hinder network

quality. A network will not achieve its intended performance level if the

noise floor is higher than assumed in the design. In CDMA, an elevated

noise floor will reduce a cells effective coverage area.

The spectrum analyzer measurement uses a low noise receiver (noise

figure 8 dB typical) that takes accurate measurements at low signal lev-

els. To obtain similar measurement sensitivity with a traditional spectrum

analyzer, an external filter and pre-amp would need to be connected at the

input. Spectrum analyzers are designed to scan a broad band of frequen-

cies and therefore have noise figures as high as 20 to 30 dB.

Procedure 2 below describes how to make noise floor measurements using

the spectrum analyzer.

Procedure 2: Noise floor measurements (refer to figure 3)

1. Open the power VFP2. Use the Channel power Measurement list

3. Select the power option on the Show Value pull-down menu

4. Insert desired channel into the User List (a channel that is not used in

the surrounding area should be chosen to guarantee an accurate noise

measurement)

5. Select the appropriate channel width:

a. CDMA = 1.23 MHz

b. TDMA = 30 kHz

c. GSM = 200 kHz

6. Set an alarm for Max Channel Power > Noise Floor Value (+1 or 2 dB);

obtain noise floor value from table 1 in Appendix A, according to appro-

priate bandwidth for the wireless technology being used:

a. CDMA = 105 dBmb. TDMA = 121 dBm

c. GSM = 113 dBm

7. Save current project

Figure 3. Noise floor characterization using channel power measurement


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IV. Site evaluation

CW power measurements

Before a new cell site is installed, site evaluation tests are run and data is

analyzed. These tests are done in the following manner:

Setting up a test transmitter at the candidate site

Driving the intended coverage area, recording the transmitted signal

strength

Plotting the collected data on a map corresponding to the drive route

Tuning the predictive model using the drive test data

Many candidate sites may be tested before choosing a cell location.

However, instead of testing each location individually, the power VFP can

measure multiple CW signals simultaneously. Site evaluation can then be

determined by a single drive of the proposed coverage area, reducing the

time spent in the field. Refer to Procedure 3 for the setup of a site evalu-

ation test using the Agilent drive-test system.

Continuous Wave (CW) power is defined as thepeak power of a trans-

mitted signal in a user-defined resolution bandwidth. CW testing is the

most important task executed for site evaluation. When collecting datausing the CW power measurement, the At Least averaging technique is

used to give confident results. In order to have 90 percent confidence in

the predictive model, the data used to tune that model needs to meet

Lees Criteria. Lees Criteria states that during data collection, at least

50 measurements must be taken every 40 wavelengths of distance.

(Distance = 40 = 40(c/f) = 14.1 m at 850 MHz, 6.3 m at 1900 MHz, and

5.7 m at 2.1 GHz.) See equation 2 and table 2 in Appendix A for addition-

al values.

The At Least averaging feature is found on the Averaging pull-down

menu and is an essential key to collecting accurate data.

In addition, when measuring multiple CW signals simultaneously, asdescribed above, the test frequencies should be contained within 1 MHz

to maintain Lees Criteria. For example, 870, 870.2, 870.4, 870.6, and

870.8 MHz would be sufficient test transmissions.


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Channel power measurement Channel power is the total integrated power in a user-defined channel

width. A modulated transmitter can be used in conjunction with channel

power measurements to further characterize a site.

Procedure 3: Site evaluation testing using the CW power

measurement

1. Set up a source that will transmit a CW signal at the desired power level

2. Open power VFP

3. Use CW power list measurement

4. Input frequency of transmitter into CW user list

5. Select the Power option on the Show Value pull-down menu

6. Select At Least averaging, 50 averages

7. Select distance according to transmitted frequency (refer to table 2 in

Appendix A)

8. Recommended display settings are: ref level = 40 dBm at 10 dB/div9. Set an alarm to notify you when the CW power is below the minimum

receive strength for your network (refer to Appendix A for alarm con-

figuration); for example, if the MAX value of CW Power List < 90 dBm

10.Save current project

11.Record data

Figure 4. Setup for site evaluation using CW power measurement


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V. Interference controlInternal interference

Downlink interference

Uplink interference

Internally generated interference, or interference that occurs as a result of

ones own network, is a major cause of performance problems. Internal

interference can occur in both the uplink and downlink frequency bands

either at the base station or in the intended coverage area.

Internal interference in the downlink can be from a variety of causes such as: Adjacent channel interference

Co-channel interference

Pilot pollution (CDMA)

Transmitted base station noise

Faulty power amplifier stages

Internally generated interference from this list will cause poor network

performance. To insure quality service, the E7473A CDMA drive-test

system is used to monitor pilot pollution, the E7474A TDMA drive-test

system measures adjacent channel interference, and the E7475A GSM

drive-test system monitors both adjacent and co-channel interference.

Reference the following technical specification sheets for more informa-

tion:

E7473A (CDMA drive-test system) Specification Literature # 5968-5555E

E7474A (TDMA drive-test system) Specification Literature # 5968-5556E

E7475A (GSM drive-test system) Specification Literature # 5968-5564E

The Agilent drive-test systems can take measurements in the uplink

frequency band. Internal uplink interference can be adjacent or can be

co-channel interference from frequencies in reuse. Uplink interference can

be very difficult to detect in the case of TDMA or GSM because of the time-

bursted transmissions. Also, carrier-to-interference (C/I) measurements will

be different at different periods due to power control (when the mobile

powers up or down depending on its proximity to the base station).

The spectrum analyzer measurement can easily be connected to the receiveantenna of the base station to make uplink interference measurements. This

will display the uplink spectrum as seen by the cells antenna. This data can

be viewed, recorded, and analyzed either at the site or at a later time. This

measurement procedure is similar to that of band clearing. So, for this appli-

cation, connect the base station antenna to the receiver and follow the steps

in Procedure 1, opening only one VFP for the uplink frequencies.

Figure 5. Uplink interference monitoring


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Base station interference

External interference

The drive-test system can be used to monitor interference at the base sta-

tion. It is often necessary to troubleshoot this area when switch alarms

have been triggered. The receiver can be used to investigate any internal

station interferers. Possible interferers include RF leakage within or

between cabinets, antenna base plates, cables, or connectors.External

interferers can be detected by connecting the base station receive anten-

na directly to the receiver. The RF environment in the immediate vicinity

and selected radius of the base station can then be examined on the spec-

trum analyzer. The spectrum analyzer can help detect both manufacturing

flaws and quality control issues.

External interference can occur in either the uplink or downlink frequen-

cy bands. Examples include:

Paging transmitters

Competitor networks (adjacent bands)

Illegal transmissions

Spurs and harmonics from other transmitters

Radar

Industrial appliances Special mobile radios (SMR)

Cordless telephones

Interference caused by external sources, such as 900-MHz cordless

phones, can be continuous or time-bursted. For time-bursted interferers,

long-term monitoring may be required. In the example of the cordless

phone, an alarm for a signal occurring above a particular threshold (for a

given duration of time) would need to be set. This is because the cordless

phone generates interference when it turns on and remains continuous

for the duration of the cordless phone call.


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External interference:case study

To ensure network performance, a wireless service provider (WSP) began

troubleshooting an interference problem. The spectrum analyzer was able

to solve this problem while other phone-base measurement systems were

not. Most phones provide an adequate measurement by calculating the

channel power of active frequencies in the network. This is done by inte-

grating the total signal power in a given channel width. However, in this

case, supplemental measurements were needed to fully interpret the col-

lected data.

This particular WSPs GSM network occupied 29 channels (96 to 124),

each with a bandwidth of 200 kHz. While scanning the network using the

channel power measurement, a technician found a strong signal coming

from channel 96, creating interference with channel 97. However, accord-

ing to the network plan, channel 96 was not active in the surrounding area

or at any of the nearby base stations. The following steps were followed to

resolve the interference problem:

The spectrum analyzer VFP was opened and added to the receivers

display Markers were applied to identify the 200-kHz bandwidth of channel 96

The real-time trace display on the spectrum analyzer was examined

It was determined that a channel 96 didnt actually exist in this area,

but the interference was caused by the extremely high strength of

channel 95, which was from an adjacent bandthe competitors net

work (refer to figure 6).

It turned out that there was a signal propagating in the 200-kHz band

width of channel 96, but it was actually the overflow power from chan-

nel 95. Since this power was so strong, there was some signal strength

that flowed over into the adjacent channel (channel 96), justifying the

channel power measurement originally received.

This is a perfect example of how the spectrum analyzerused in conjunc-tion with the power measurementsfurther clarifies complex results.

The markers are showing a delta of about 200 kHz, and the channel width

of channel 96. It is easy to see that the power of the previous channel (95)

is overflowing into the next channel (96). This was the cause of the

channel power measurement and the interference with channel 97.

Figure 6. Spectrum analyzer measurement


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Wireless manufacturing environments Many wireless product manufacturers and infrastructure suppliers are dis-

covering interference issues within their own plants. Mobile phone manu-

facturers have used the receiver to monitor the spectrum of their indoor

facilities to be sure the environment is clear of RF interference. This

reduces the downtime of their test equipment, thus resulting in increased

revenues for the company. In addition, once the environment has been

scanned for interferers and none are found, the plants manufacturing data

is given credibility and the data being collected is positively valid. Possible

interferers could be:

Servo motors (machines that are found in servo systems): these are

small, high-power motors that may generate an electric field in their

rotation, which could produce a harmonic that interferes with product

testing

Large pieces of machinery

Conveyer systems

Leaky lighting fixtures

The following method can be used to scan a manufacturing environment:

Procedure 4: Scanning manufacturing environments for interfer-

ence (refer to figure 7)

1. Open spectrum VFP

2. Increase the span so you can see at least three harmonics (harmonics

of low-frequency interferers, such as computer clocks at 2 to 3 MHz);

this allows you to look at either side of the frequency and monitor

the interference as well as the power level

3. Using the markers, you can pinpoint areas of interference

4. Once interference is found and the frequency is known,

open power VFP

5. Use CW power trace measurement (this allows for long-term monitor-ing of the interference, since power measurements dont use as much

disk space)

6. Enter the start frequency and the step that will work best for your fre-

quency range

7. Enter the count, or the number of frequencies to be displayed on the

screen

8. Select the Power option on the Show Value pull-down menu

9. Save current project

10. Record data

Figure 7. Setup for interference scans (wireless manufacturing environments)


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Appendix A:Optimization featuresData recording capabilities

Alarms

Alarm configuration

One of the major benefits of the drive-test system is its ability to record

data. A number of complex alarms can be set to mark trouble spots or

areas that require attention. These alarms can be made up of single ormultiple conditions. Alarms can be configured to respond with a sound,

notification or particular action when the measurement result meets

user-specified criteria. The system alarms notify the user that the system

has encountered specific conditions, such as power greater than or less

than a specified value. Any given measurement can carry more than one

alarm. You can also specify a minimum duration of time before an alarm

is triggered.

Procedure 5: Basic alarm configuration

1. Select a saved project or open a new one

2. Click the configuration button at the top left of the screen

3. Select the measurements/alerts tab

4. Click the add button at the bottom of the screen

5. The measurement editor window will pop up; name the description

6. Choose the measurement type you will be using from the pull-down

menu

7. Click OK

8. Select the alarms tab

9. Click the add button at the bottom of the screen

10. The alarm editor window will pop up; name the alarm description

11. Select the conditions tab

12. Under condition definition:

a. Choose a value from the value pull-down menu

b. Choose the measurement you wish to use, from the second pull-down menu

c. Choose the equality sign needed for the alarm, from the third pull-

down menu

d. Choose the type of value you will be comparing, from the fourth

pull-down menu:

Some constant value (110 dB)

Maximum, minimum, average, or delta value

e. Enter the value of the constant or choose the measurement, from

the fifth pull-down menu

f. Select whether you would like the alarm to trigger after a certain

number of occurrences or after a particular duration of time

13. Click the add button at the top right of the screen

14. Select the actions tab15. Choose one or more actions to take place when an alarm is triggered

16. Click OK

17. The title of the alarm will show up on the alarms tab as enabled; if

you wish to make further changes to this alarm, just select the alarm

and then click the modify button at the bottom of the screen


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Alarm conditions:

Measurement [, , , =, ] value

Min (measurement ) [, , , =, ] value

Max (measurement) [, , , =, ] value

Example: If Max (spectrum) > 110 dBm for at least 3 seconds then

Figure 8. Using the configuration tab (Steps 1 4) Figure 9. Using the measurements/alerts tab (Steps 5 7)

Figure 10. The alarms tab (Steps 8 9)

Figure 11. Using the alarms tab - alarm conditions (Steps 10 13)

Alarm configuration (continued)


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Alarm action:

Play a sound file: allows you to select the sound to be played when

the alarm condition is met. You can select any .wav file desired.

Perform an action:

Stop data logging: stops the recording of data when an alarm

condition is met.

Pause data logging: pauses data recording when an alarm

condition is met.

Display a text message: allows you to indicate whether you want a

message to be displayed when an alarm condition is met.

Figure 12. Using the alarm tab - alarm actions (Steps 14 16)

Figure 13. Alarm enabled (Step 17)

Alarm configuration (continued)


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User notes

Playback

When driving the network, events may occur that have not been set for

alarms. Notes can be inserted to mark these points during data collection.

In other words, if data is being recorded and an area of interference is

encountered, that segment of the data can be marked and played back

later. There are two options when inserting notes:

1.Auto-numbered note: this type of note marks data points with a

number. Each time this feature is used, the number increases consec-

utively. This is a quick and easy way to mark trouble spots and examine

them later. In collection mode, either push the numbered red tablet

icon on the far right or use the F11 shortcut key.

2. User note: this is a manually entered note that marks data points with

the users comments. In collection mode, either push the plain redtablet icon on the far right or use the F12 shortcut key. A dialogue box

will appear on the screen and the comment can be typed in. Later,

when playing back the data, the comment will appear at the bottom of

the screen when that particular data point is reached.

During playback, you can cycle through the user notes or alarms that

occurred while logging the data. This allows you to skip directly to each

marked or alarmed segment rather than reviewing the complete recorded

section. In order to conserve space, you can decimate data collection, and

the software will record and display on the n = x trace. Yet data is stilltested for alarms on every trace. For example, if n = 3 and an alarm is

triggered, it will be recorded on the third trace. If the interferer lasts for

more than 3 seconds, this may be a way to catch the signal, reduce stor-

age space, and increase monitoring time. The following are methods used

to conserve disk space:

1. Decimate by trace number (example above)

2. Decimate by time

3. Reduce number of points per trace

Remember, when reducing the number of points per trace, less resolution

is captured in the trace. Also, the probability of catching a short-time

interferer decreases when decimating data.


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Markers Markers can be used on spectrum traces to display the numeric value of

the trace at a particular X coordinate. The following commands are

features of the receiver:

Add: allows you to create a new marker and associate it with the cur-

rently active trace. The value of the trace point is displayed in the

upper portion of the screen. You can add the markers that you need

and the active marker is drawn in bold.

Delta: a delta marker can be added to an existing marker to deter

mine the difference in frequency and power between the two points.

Marker to Max: allows you to place the active marker on the cur-

rent, greatest or highest value of the trace, respectively. Using this

feature you can instantly obtain the value on the X-axis (frequency)

that corresponds to the value on the Y-axis (signal strength).

Marker to Center: changes the measurement setup to align the

center of the display to the X-axis position of the active marker.

Marker to Left/Right: allows you to move the marker one trace

point left or right, respectively.

Drag/Drop Markers: markers can easily be dragged and dropped to

other locations of the trace.

Figure 14. Markers


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Key specifications for spectrumnoise floor (characteristic)

Sensitivity

Lees Criteria

CDMA/TDMA

Specs for noise floor (E7473A/74A)* Average Peak

Narrowband mode/300-kHz span: 139 dBm 131 dBmWideband mode/300-kHz span: 128 dBm 119 dBmNarrowband mode/25-kHz span: 132 dBm 129 dBm

Wideband mode/25-kHz span: 123 dBm 117 dBm

GSM

Specs for noise floor (E7475A)** Average PeakNarrowband mode/300-kHz span: 139 dBm 138 dBmWideband mode/300-kHz span: 131 dBm 130 dBmNarrowband mode/25-kHz span: 130 dBm 129 dBmWideband mode/25-kHz span: 125 dBm 123 dBm

Equation 1: Sensitivity equation

Noise floor = KTB + 10log(BW) + NF

=174 + 10log(BW) + 8.0

BW is equal to the appropriate bandwidth of different wireless technologies.

CDMA: 1.23 MHz TDMA: 30 kHz

GSM: 200 kHz

Table 1. Calculations for noise power using a noise figure = 8.0 dB

Equation 2

Distance = 40 wavelengths = 40(c/f)

c = speed of light (3x108 m/s), f = transmit frequency

Table 2. Values for distance measurement interval to satisfy Lees Criteria

* Does not imply warranted performance, but rather characteristic performance. Tested with minimum-resolution bandwidth: 246 Hz innarrowband mode, 8.46 kHz in wideband mode.

** Does not imply warranted performance, but rather characteristic performance. Tested with minimum-resolution bandwidth: 1.68 kHz innarrowband mode, 8.46 kHz in wideband mode.

BW Noise power

10 kHz -126.0 dB30 kHz -121.2 dB100 kHz -116.0 dB150 kHz -114.2 dB200 kHz -113.0 dB300 kHz -111.2 dB1.23 MHz -105.1 dB

Frequency Distance

850 MHz 14.1 m900 MHz 13.3 m960 MHz 12.5 m

1800 MHz 6.7 m1900 MHz 6.3 m

2.0 GHz 6.0 m2.1 GHz 5.7 m


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E7475A GSMDrive-test system

Figure 15. The Agilent E7475A GSM based drive-test system including receiverand phone


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For more information about AgilentTechnologies test and measurement

products, applications, services, andfor a current sales office listing, visitour web site:http://www.agilent.com/find/tmdirYou can also contact one of the fol-lowing centers and ask for a test andmeasurement sales representative.

United States:Agilent TechnologiesTest and Measurement Call CenterP.O. Box 4026Englewood, CO 80155-4026(tel) 1 800 452 4844

Canada:Agilent Technologies Canada Inc.

5150 Spectrum WayMississauga, Ontario, L4W 5G1(tel) 1 877 894 4414

Europe:Agilent TechnologiesEuropean Marketing OrganizationP.O. Box 9991180 AZ AmstelveenThe Netherlands(tel) (31 20) 547 9999

Japan:Agilent Technologies Japan Ltd.Measurement Assistance Center9-1, Takakura-Cho, Hachioji-Shi,Tokyo 192-8510, Japan

(tel) (81) 426 56 7832(fax) (81) 426 56 7840

Latin America:

Agilent TechnologiesLatin American Region Headquarters5200 Blue Lagoon Drive, Suite #950Miami, Florida 33126, U.S.A.(tel) (305) 267 4245(fax) (305) 267 4286

Australia/New Zealand:Agilent Technologies Australia Pty Ltd

347 Burwood HighwayForest Hill, Victoria 3131

(tel) 1-800 629 485 (Australia)(fax) (61 3) 9272 0749

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Asia Pacific:Agilent Technologies24/F, Cityplaza One, 1111 Kings Road,Taikoo Shing, Hong Kong, SAR(tel) (852) 3197 7777(fax) (852) 2506 9284

Technical data is subject to changeCopyright 1999Agilent TechnologiesPrinted in U.S.A. 12/995968-8598E

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