spectrum scarcity and optical wireless communications · 2016-05-26 · spectrum scarcity :...
TRANSCRIPT
Built on 36 million square meters on the
Red Sea in Thuwal 80 Km north of the city of Jeddah
Where is KAUST?
What is KAUST?
• Graduate Level research university governed by an independent Board of Trustees
• Merit based, open to all from around the world
• Research Centers as primary organizational units
• Research funding and collaborative educational programs
• Collaborative research projects, linking industry R&D and economic development
• Environmentally responsible campus
Electrical Engineering @ KAUST
Electro-Physics Systems
Hakan Bagci
(PhD-UIUC)
Ganesh
Sundaramoorthi
(PhD-GATECH)
Andrea Fratalocchi
(PhD-Roma Tre)
Atif Shamim
(PhD-Carleton)
- Faculty members: 18 (+ 2 Adjunct Faculty + 2 Visiting
Faculty)
- Postdoc Fellows & Research Scientists: 30
- PhD Students: 75 - MS/PhD: 30 - MS: 15
- Fall 2015: 55 students/933 applicants, 18 countries
- ee.kaust.edu.sa
Bernard
Ghanem
(PhD-UIUC)
MeriemLaleg-Kirati(PhD-INRIA)
Jurgen Kosel
(PhD-Vienna Univ)
Hossein Fariborzi
(PhD-MIT)
Boon Ooi Muhammad Hussain JR He Khaled Salama Slim Alouini Jeff Shamma Wolfgang Heidrich Basem Shihada
(PhD-Glasgow) (PhD-UT Austin) (PhD-NTCU) (PhD-Stanford) (PhD-Caltech) (PhD-MIT) (PhD- Erlangen) (PhD-Waterloo)
Tareq
Al-Naffouri
(PhD-Stanford)
Xiaohang Lii
(PhD-GATECH)
Agenda
• Spectrum Scarcity
– Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum
– Mobile traffic growth and spectrum scarcity
– Potential solutions
• Optical Wireless Communications (OWC)
– Capacity of OWC systems
– Secrecy rate of OWC systems with friendly jammers
– Impact of turbulence and pointing errors
– Application to cost-effective wireless backhaul
• Concluding Remarks
Spectrum Scarcity : Challenges and Solutions
RF Spectrum
• RF spectrum typically refers to the full frequency range from 3 KHzto 300 GHz.
• RF spectrum is a national resource that is typically considered as anexclusive property of the state.
• RF spectrum usage is regulated and optimized• RF spectrum is allocated into different bands and is typically used for
– Radio and TV broadcasting– Government (defense and public safety) and industry– Commercial services to the public (voice and data)
Growth of Mobile Phone Subscribers
Mobile internet traffic is pushing the capacity limits of wireless networks ! => Spectrum exhaustion/deficit
Spectrum Scarcity : Challenges and Solutions
Potential Solution
• More efficient usage of the available spectrum:
– Multiple antenna systems
– Adaptive modulation and coding systems
Spectrum Scarcity : Challenges and Solutions
Other Potential Solutions
• More aggressive temporal and spatial reuse of the availablespectrum:
– Cognitive radio systems
– Femto cells & offloading solutions
• Use of unregulated bandwidth in the upper portion of thespectrum:
– Microwave and millimeter-wave such as 60 GHz & 90 GHz
– THz carriers
– Optical spectrum
Spectrum Scarcity : Challenges and Solutions
Optical Wireless Communications
• Point-to-point free space optical communications (FSO) usinglasers in the near IR band (750 nm -> 1600 nm)
• Visible light communications (know also as Li-Fi for Light-Fidelity) using LEDs in the 390 nm -> 750 nm band.
• NLOS UV communication in the 200 nm to 280 nm band.
Spectrum Scarcity : Challenges and Solutions
FSO Basic Principle
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
• Connects using narrow beams two optical wireless transceiversin line-of-sight.
• Light is transmitted from an optical source (laser or LED) troughthe atmosphere and received by a lens.
• Provides full-duplex (bi-directional) capability.• 3 “optical windows”: 850 nm, 1300 nm, & 1550 nm.• WDM can be used => 10 Gb/s (4x2.5 Gb/s)over 1 Km & 1.28 Tb/s (32x40 Gb/s) over 210 m.
Why FSO ?
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
• License-free
• Cost-effective
• Behind windows
• Fast turn-around time
• Suitable for brown-field
• Very high bandwidth (similar to fiber)
• Narrow beam-widths (point-to-point)
- Energy efficient
- Immune to interference
- High level of security
FSO Applications
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
• Initially used for secure military as well as space applications• Commercial use: Last mile solution, optical fiber back-up, high data rate
temporary links, cellular communication backhaul, etc …
FSO Challenges & Solutions
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
• Additive noise (photo-detector) and background radiation (direct, scattered, andreflected sun light) => sensitive detectors + filters + heterodyne detection
• Free space path loss => limited range• Atmospheric losses depends on relative size of air particles and transmission
wavelength (rain, snow, fog, aerosol gases, smoke, low cloud, sand storms, etc …) =>power control + mesh architecture + hybrid RF/FSO
• Atmospheric turbulences => space diversity• Buildings swaying, motion, and vibrations => tracking systems
Deployment Example: FSO for High-Speed Traders (CNN)
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Future Applications: Facebook and Google Projects
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Underwater Optical Wireless Communications (UOWC)
Developed a fast simulator to calculate accurately
the UWOC channel path loss.
Demonstrated 1 Gb/s transmission rates over 10 m.References:
1- H. Oubei, K. -H. Park, C. Li, T. K. Ng, J. Yao, M. -S. Alouini, and B. Ooi, “2.3 Gbit/s underwater wireless optical communications using directly modulated 520 nm laser diode", Optics Express, July 2015.
2- H. Oubei, B. Janjua, J. R. He, T. Lee, H. Kuo, M. -S. Alouini, and B. Ooi, "4.8 Gbit/s 16-QAMOFDM transmission based on compact 450-nm laser for underwater wireless optical communication", Optics Express , Sept 2015.
3- C. Li, K. -H. Park, and M. -S. Alouini, "A direct radiative transfer equation solver for path loss
calculation of underwater optical wireless channels", IEEE Wireless Commun. Letters , October 2015.
On-Going Research Directions
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
• Capacity of OWC channels– Bounds and exact results (IM/DD vs. heterodyne detection)– Accurate approximations– High SNR and low SNR bounds and approximations for the ergodic
capacity of FSO turbulent channels subject to pointing error
• Physical layer security for OWC systems– Achievable secrecy rate of visible light communication– Effect of channel state information on the secrecy rate
• Average probability of error computations over FSO turbulent channels– Differentially coherent vs. coherent system performance– Asymptotic results (coding and diversity gains)
• Cost effective backhaul design using hybrid RF/FSO technology
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
OWC IM/DD Channel Capacity
,
• IM/DD channel model
On-Going Research Directions: Capacity of OWC IM/DD Channels
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Channel Capacity
,
On-Going Research Directions: Capacity of OWC IM/DD Channels
For M codewords of length n symbols:
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Sphere Packing Perspective: Classical Case
,
On-Going Research Directions: Capacity of OWC IM/DD Channels
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Sphere Packing Perspective: IM/DD Case
,
On-Going Research Directions: Capacity of OWC IM/DD Channels
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Bounds on Capacity
,
• Bounds using the Steiner-Minkowski formula [Farid &Hranilovic, IEEE Trans. IT, Dec 2010]
• Obtained bounds are geometry-independent:Replacing the ball by any other object with the samevolume yields the same bound.
On-Going Research Directions: Capacity of OWC IM/DD Channels
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Alternative Bounds on Capacity
,
• Use a geometry-dependent recursive approach.
• Obtained bounds are geometry-independent:
On-Going Research Directions: Capacity of OWC IM/DD Channels
Reference: A. Chaaban, J. –M. Morvan, and M. -S. Alouini, “On the capacity of IM/DD freespace optical communications: Capacity bounds and approximations”, International Workshopon Optical Wireless Communication (IWOW’2015), Istanbul, Turkey, September 2015. Journalversion to appear in IEEE Trans. on Communications.
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Analytical Results
,
On-Going Research Directions: Capacity of OWC IM/DD Channels
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Numerical Results
,
On-Going Research Directions: Capacity of OWC IM/DD Channels
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
FSO Capacity Fitting
,
On-Going Research Directions: Capacity of OWC IM/DD Channels
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
FSO Capacity HD vs. IM/DD
,
On-Going Research Directions: Capacity of OWC IM/DD Channels
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions: Extensions• Capacity region of the IM/DD optical broadcast channel• Capacity bounds for parallel IM/DD optical wireless channels• Capacity bounds for the Gaussian IM/DD optical multiple-access channel• Asymptotic ergodic capacity of IM/DD optical over turbulent channels
References:1- A. Chaaban, Z. Rezki, and M.-S. Alouini, “On the capacity of the 2-User IM-DD opticalbroadcast channel”, in Proc. of the 6th Globecom Workshop on Optical Wireless Communications, San Diego, USA, Dec. 2015. Journal version to appear in IEEE Trans. on Wireless Communications2- A. Chaaban, Z. Rezki, and M.-S. Alouini, “Capacity bounds for parallel IM-DD optical wireless channels”, To appear in IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, May 2016.3- O. M. S. Al-Ebraheemy, A. Chaaban, T. Y. Al-Naffouri, and M.-S. Alouini, “Capacity bounds for the 2-user Gaussian IM-DD optical multiple-access channel”, in Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Montreal, Canada, May 2016.4- I. Ansari, M. -S. Alouini, and J. Cheng, “On the capacity of FSO links under log-normalturbulence", in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), Vancouver, BC, Canada,September 2014. Journal version in IEEE Transationson Wireless Communications, August 2015.
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions: Asymptotic Analysis of Ergodic Capacity
Unified SNR Statistics
• Heterodyne Detection
• IM/DD
• Unified
with irradiance I = Ia Ip
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Asymptotic Ergodic Capacity
,
• Recall that the irradiance I = Ia Ip and SNR g is proportional to Ir
• The asymptotic ergodic capacity can be obtained as [Yilmaz and Alouini,SPAWC’2012]
• We need to find the moments of Ia then compute derivatives.
On-Going Research Directions: Asymptotic Analysis of Ergodic Capacity
Reference: I. Ansari, M. -S. Alouini, and J. Cheng, “On the capacity of FSO links under log-normal turbulence", Proceedings IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall'2014), Vancouver, BC, Canada, September 2014. Journal version to appear in IEEE Transations on Wireless Communications, August 2015.
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions: Asymptotic Analysis of Ergodic Capacity
Exact Closed-Form Moments
• I= Ia Ip = IR IL Ip where IR, IL, and IP are independent random processes
• Unified Rician Moments
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions: Asymptotic Analysis of Ergodic Capacity
Asymptotic Results
• High SNR
• Low SNR
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions: Asymptotic Analysis of Ergodic Capacity
Asymptotic Results
Figure: Ergodic capacity results for IM/DD technique and varyingk at high SNR regime for RLN turbulence
Impact of Pointing Errors
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
• Effect on Communication: These pointing errors maylead to an additional performance degradation and are aserious issue in urban areas, where the FSO equipmentsare placed on high-rise buildings.
• Model: The pointing error model developed andparameterized by ξ which is the ratio between theequivalent beam radius and the pointing error jitter canbe:
- With pointing error: ξ is between 0 and 7- Without pointing error: ξ→ ∞
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Original Pointing Error Model
- The fraction of collected power at the receiver can be approximated by [Farid and Hranilovic, IEEE/OSA JLT 2007]
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
• The general model reduces to special cases as follows
On-Going Research Directions: Ergodic Capacity Calculations under the Impact of Pointing Errors
Other Pointing Errors Models
No misalignment
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions: Ergodic Capacity Calculations under the Impact of Pointing Errors
Generalized Pointing Error Model
• The fraction of collected power at the receiver can be approximated by [Farid and Hranilovic, IEEE/OSA JLT, 2007]
The random variable r follows a Beckman distribution
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions: Ergodic Capacity Calculations under the Impact of Pointing Errors
Moments of the Irradiance
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Asymptotic Ergodic Capacity
,
• The asymptotic ergodic capacity can be obtained as
• The moments of Ia are known for both lognormal (LN) and Gamma-Gamma (ΓΓ). Then, the asymptotic capacity can be written as
On-Going Research Directions: Ergodic Capacity Calculations under the Impact of Pointing Errors
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Figure: The ergodic capacity for:(a) ξx = 6.7 and ξy = 5.1(b) ξx = 6.7 and ξy = 0.9(c) ξx = 0.8 and ξy = 0.9
Reference: H. Al-Quwaiee, H.-C. Yang, and M. -S. Alouini, “On the asymptotic ergodic capacity of FSO Links with Generalized pointing error model”, Proceedings IEEE ICC’15, London, UK, June 2015.
On-Going Research Directions: Ergodic Capacity Calculations under the impact of pointing errors
Asymptotic Ergodic Capacity
Outage Capacity
Optical Wireless Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
• FSO channels are typically viewed as slowly varyingchannels => Coherence time is greater than the latencyrequirement
• Outage capacity is considered to be a more realisticmetric of channel capacity for FSO systems
• Closed-form expressions are not possible => Importancesampling-based Monte Carlo simulations
Importance Sampling (IS)
P=P(g<gth) = P(I=Ia Ip <Ith) = P(ya + yp < )
where ya=log(Ia), yp=log(Ip), and 𝜀 = log Ith
• IS estimator:
𝐼∗ =1
𝑁∗
𝑛=1
𝑁∗
1 𝑦𝑎,𝑛∗ +𝑦𝑝,𝑛∗ <𝜀 𝑤𝑦𝑎(𝑦𝑎,𝑛∗ )𝑤𝑦𝑝(𝑦𝑝,𝑛
∗ )
where 𝑦𝑘∗ (.) 𝑓𝑦𝑘
∗ (. ) =𝑓𝑦𝑘(.)𝑤𝑦𝑘(.), 𝑘 = 𝑎, 𝑝
IS Exponential Twisting
• Weighting Choice: 𝑤𝑦𝑘(𝑥) = 𝑒−𝜃𝑥𝑀𝑦𝑘(𝜃)
where 𝑀𝑦𝑘(.) is the MGF of 𝑦𝑘• IS Estimator:
𝐼∗ =1
𝑁∗
𝑛=1
𝑁∗
1 𝑦𝑎,𝑛∗ +𝑦𝑝,𝑛∗ <𝜀 𝑒−𝜃(𝑦𝑎,𝑛
∗ +𝑦𝑝,𝑛∗ ) 𝑀𝑦𝑎(𝜃)𝑀𝑦𝑝(𝜃)
𝑀𝑦𝑎 𝜃 = 𝐸 ℎ𝑎𝜃 = exp(
1
2𝜃(𝜃 − 1) 𝜎𝑅
2) (LN fading)
𝑀𝑦𝑎 𝜃 = 𝐸 ℎ𝑎𝜃 =
(𝛼𝛽)−𝜃 𝛼+𝜃 (𝛽+𝜃) 𝛼 (𝛽)
(G-G fading)
𝑀𝑦𝑝 𝜃 = 𝐸 ℎ𝑝𝜃 =
𝑥𝑦𝐴0𝜃exp −
2𝜃
𝑤𝑧𝑒𝑞2𝜇𝑥2𝑥2
𝑥2+𝜃+𝜇𝑦2𝑦2
𝑦2+𝜃
𝑥2+𝜃 𝑦2+𝜃
Optimal
• Minimization problem:
min𝜃𝐸 1 𝑦𝑎+𝑦𝑝<𝜖 𝑤𝑦𝑎
2 (𝑦𝑎, 𝜃)𝑤𝑦𝑝2 (𝑦𝑎, 𝜃)
Stochastic optimization problem: Not feasible analytically except for a few simple cases.
Alternative: Find a sub-optimal 𝜃:
– Cumulant generating function:
𝜇 𝜃 = log 𝐸 𝑒𝜃 𝑦𝑎+𝑦𝑝 = log 𝑀𝑎(𝜃) + log 𝑀𝑝(𝜃)
– Sub-optimal 𝜃:
𝜇′ 𝜃 = 𝜖
Sub-Optimal 𝜃
• Weak turbulence:
log 𝐴0 +𝜎𝑅2
22𝜃 − 1 −
𝑥2 + 𝑦
2 + 2𝜃
2 𝑥2 + 𝜃 𝑦
2 + 𝜃−2𝜃
𝑤𝑧𝑒𝑞2
𝜇𝑥2𝑥4
(𝑥2+𝜃)2
+𝜇𝑦2𝑦4
(𝑦2+𝜃)2
= 𝜖
• Strong turbulence:
log𝐴0𝛼𝛽−
𝑥2 + 𝑦
2 + 2𝜃
2 𝑥2 + 𝜃 𝑦
2 + 𝜃−2𝜃
𝑤𝑧𝑒𝑞2
𝜇𝑥2𝑥4
(𝑥2+𝜃)2
+𝜇𝑦2𝑦4
(𝑦2+𝜃)2
+ 𝛼 + 𝜃 + (𝛽
+ 𝜃) = 𝜖
where 𝑥 =′(𝑥)(𝑥)
Visible Light Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions:
Improved Achievable Secrecy Rate of Visible Light Communication with Cooperative Jammers
• Physical layer security (PLS) is a paradigm that aims at securingcommunications leveraging randomness in fading channels.
• PLS achieves its goal via a sophisticated combination of both coding andsignaling techniques.
• PLS has been recognized as a complementary technique to existingcryptographic systems.
• There exists a large body of work on PLS over RF communications.• Recently, there has been several attempts to extend the previous studies to
VLC e.g., [Mostafa & Lampe, JSAC’2015 and Zaid & al., GlobalSIP’2015].
ReferenceH. Zaid, Z. Rezki, A. Chaaban, and M.-S. Alouini, “Improved achievable secrecy rate of visible light communication with cooperative jamming”, in Proc. of the IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP), Orlando, FL, Dec. 2015.
Visible Light Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions:System Model
• Consider a VLC network with a transmitter (Alice), a legitimate receiver (Bob),an eavesdropper (Eve) and a (friendly) jammer equipped with Nj light fixtures.
• Alice transmits her data via a single fixture.• The jammer has no access to data transmitted by Alice.• Bob and Eve are equipped each with a single photodetector
Visible Light Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions:
System Model (Continued)
Visible Light Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions:
Friendly Jamming Scheme
Visible Light Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions:
Achievable Secrecy Rate
Visible Light Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions:
Comparison
Visible Light Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions:
Eve’s CSI Known Perfectly to the Jammer:Optimal Beamforming
Visible Light Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions:
Eve’s CSI Not Known Perfectly to the Jammer:Robust Beamforming
Visible Light Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions:
Eve’s CSI Known Perfectly
Visible Light Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions:
Eve’s CSI Not Known Perfectly
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions:
Average Probability of Error Computations
• Generic Exact and Asymptotic Results over Gamma-Gamma Channels
• Average Performance of Differentially Coherent & Coherent MPSK
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions: Average Probability of Error Computations
SER Performance of M-PSK and M-DPSK
• Symbol error rate performance of M-PSK and M-DPSK over AWGN are given by [Pawula, TCOM, Sept 1999]
and
with
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions: Average Probability of Error Computations
Asymptotic SER Performance Comparison of M-PSK and M-DPSK
• Well known that MDPSK performs 3 dB worse than MPSK in the Rayleighfading channels when the SNR is asymptotically large [Ekanayake, TCOM,October 1990]
• Asymptotic SER performance of MDPSK with respect to MPSK over afading channel with diversity order t+1
ℎ 𝑡 ≜ 0
𝜂𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝑡+1 𝑑𝜃.with
and
,
• Asymptotic SER performance of MDPSK with respect to MPSK overlognormal turbulence channel
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions: Average Probability of Error Computations
Comparison of SER for M-PSK and M-DPSK in Lognormal Fading
Figure: Average SER of FSO using MPSK and MDPSK over weak turbulence Lognormal fading channels.
Reference: X. Song, F. Yang, J. Cheng and M. -S. Alouini, “Asymptotic SERperformance comparison of MPSK and MDPSK in fading channels ”, IEEEWireless Communication Letters, Feb 2015.
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Backhaul Design
,
On-Going Research Directions: Cost Effective Backhaul Design
• An enormous demand for mobile data services is expected in next generation mobile networks (5G).
• Need to significantly increase:• Data capacity, • Coverage performance, • Energy efficiency.
• Move from the traditional single base-station to heterogeneous networks (HetNets).
• Backhaul congestion should be addressed.
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Backhaul Technologies
,
On-Going Research Directions: Cost Effective Backhaul Design
• Various technologies are available for the backhaul:• Copper links: Low capacity and thus not suitable for 5G.• Optical fiber (OF) links: High data rates over long distances
however very expensive.• Radio-frequency (RF) links: Limited capacity but cost-effective and
scalable solution.• Free-space optics (FSO) links: High data rates, free to use, and
immune to electromagnetic interference but sensitive to weather conditions.
• In order to combine the advantages of RF links (reliability) and FSO links (capacity), the usage of hybrid RF/FSO technology has been proposed.
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Optimization Problem
,
On-Going Research Directions: Cost Effective Backhaul Design
• Minimizing network deployment cost under the constraints:• Connections between nodes
can be either OF or hybrid RF/FSO.
• Each node has a data rate that exceeds the target data rate.
• Each node can communicate with any other node through single or multiple hop links (i.e. the graph is connected).
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
System Parameters
,
On-Going Research Directions: Cost Effective Backhaul Design
• d(.,.): Distance operator.• π(o)(x) and π(h)(x): Cost of an OF link and a hybrid
RF/FSO over a distance x.• R(o)(x) and R(h)(x): Normalized data rates of an OF
and a hybrid RF/FSO links over a distance x.• λ2 : Second smallest eigenvalue of the Laplacian
matrix known as the algebraic connectivity.• X and Y: Existence of an OF or a hybrid RF/FSO
link.
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Backhaul Design Problem Formulation
,
On-Going Research Directions: Cost Effective Backhaul Design
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
Close to Optimal Heuristic Solution
,
On-Going Research Directions: Cost Effective Backhaul Design
Reference: A. Douik, H. Dahrouj, T. Al-Naouri, and M. -S. Alouini, "Cost-effective backhaul design using hybrid radio/free-space optical technology", in Proc. of IEEE International Workshop on Next Generation Backhaul/Fronthaul Networks (BackNets 2015) in conjunction with IEEE ICC'2015, London, UK, June 2015. Journal version revised for IEEE Trans. Communications.
• Optimization problem is NP-hard.• Difficult to solve because:
• Simultaneous optimization over X and Y.• Connectivity condition λ2.
• Adopted sub-optimal strategy:• Solve the optical fiber only problem.• Use the solution to replace the condition on λ2.• Reformulate the problem as a maximum weight clique problem.
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions: Cost Effective Backhaul Design
Total Cost vs. Number of Base Stations
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions: Cost Effective Backhaul Design
Total Cost vs. Cost of Hybrid RF/FSO
Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications: Towards the Speeds of Wireline Networks
On-Going Research Directions: Cost Effective Backhaul Design
Percentage of OF Usage vs. Cost of Hybrid RF/FSO
Conclusion and Current Work
• Spectrum scarcity is becoming a reality
• This scarcity can be relieved through:
– Heterogeneous networks
– Extreme bandwidth communication systems
• Need to develop new information theoretical results specificto OWC channels
• Analytical and fast simulation results can be used to performinitial system level trade-offs
• On-going deployment and testing the capabilities of OWCsystems in hot & humid desert climate conditions.