SPED 4486

Trudie Hughes, Ph.D.

Big Ideas in Beginning Reading

Phonemic Awareness Alphabetic Principle Fluency with Text Vocabulary Comprehension

National Reading Panel Phonemic awareness instruction does improve reading

Phonemic awareness is absolutely important It is best taught in Kindergarten and First Grade

Children need to be taught to listen to the sounds of language because what we say is not what children see in print

Teaching children to manipulate phonemes in words is highly effective under a variety of teaching conditions with a variety of learners across a range of grade and age levels.

Definitions

Phoneme: a speech sound. The smallest unit of language and has no inherent meaning.

Phonemic Awareness: ability to hear and manipulate the sounds in spoken words, and the understanding that spoken words and syllables are made up of sequences of speech sounds.

Definitions Cont.

Phonics: use of the code (sound-symbol relationships to recognize words)

Phonological Awareness: ability to hear and manipulate the sound structure of language. An encompassing term that involves working with the sounds of language at the word, syllable, onset and rime, and phoneme level.

Definitions Cont.

Continuous Sound: a sound that can be prolonged (stretched out) without distortion (e.g., r, s, a, m).

Onset-Rime: the onset is the part of the word before the vowel (e.g., p in pink and spl in split); not all words have onsets (e.g., and, oar, ear). The rime is the rest of the syllable (e.g., up in cup and own in brown). All syllables must have a rime.

Segmentation: the separation of words into phonemes.

Phonemic Awareness

The ability to hear and manipulate the sounds in spoken words.

The understanding that spoken words and syllables are made up of sequences of speech sounds.

Essential to learning to read in an alphabetic writing system: letters represent sounds or phonemes and without phonemic awareness, phonic makes little sense.

Importance of Phonemic Awareness

“The best predictor of reading difficulty in kindergarten or first grade is the inability to segment words and syllables into constituent sound units (phonemic awareness)” (Lyon, 1995)

Fundamental to mapping speech to print.

Essential to learning to read in an alphabetic writing system

Phonemic Awareness is Important because:

It requires readers to notice how letters represent sounds. It primes readers for print.

It gives readers way to approach sounding out and reading new words.

It helps readers understand the alphabetic principle (that the letters in words are systematically represented by sounds.

Phonemic Awareness is Difficult because:

Although there are 26 letters in the English language, there are approximately 40 phonemes, or sound units, in the English language

Sounds are represented in 250 different spellings (e.g., /f/ as in ph, f, gh, ff)

The sound units (phonemes) are not inherently obvious and must be taught. The sounds that make up words are “coarticulated,” that is, they are not distinctly separate from each other.

What is a Phoneme?

Different linguistic units: large to small

The smallest unit of sound in our language that makes a difference to its meaning. Dog /d/ /o/ /g/ Sun /s/ /u/ /n/ Man /m/ /a/ /n/

What Does the Lack of Phonemic Awareness Look

Like? Children lacking PA skills cannot:

group words with similar and dissimilar sounds (mat, mug, sun)

Blend and split syllables (f oot) Blend sounds into words (m_a_n) Segment a word as a sequence of sounds (fish is made up of three phonemes, /f/, /i/, /sh/)

Detect and manipulate sounds within words (change r in run to s for sun)

What You Should Know

Definition of phonemic awareness The relation of phonemic awareness to early reading skills

The developmental continuum of phonemic awareness skills

Which phonemic awareness skills are more important and when they should be taught

Features of phonemes and tasks that influence task difficulty

Terminology (phoneme, PA, continuous sound, onset-rime, segmentation)

When to Teach Phonemic Awareness

PA Development continuumWord comparison Rhyming

Sentence segmentation Syllable segmentation & Blending Onset-rime blending & segment.

Blending & segm. indiv. Phonemes

Phoneme deletion & manipulation

Easy

to

more

Difficult

Sound Isolation Example Instruction – Conspicuous

StrategiesShow children how to do all the steps in the task before asking children to do the task.Example: (Put down 2 pictures that begin with different sounds and say the names of the pictures.) “My turn to say the first sound in man, /mmm/. Mmman begins with /mmm/. Everyone, say the first sound in man, /mmm/.”Non-example: “Who can tell me the first sounds in these pictures?

Sound Isolation – use consistent and brief

wording Example: “The first sound in Mmman is /mmm/. Everyone say the first sound in man , /mmm/.”

Non-example: “Man starts with the same sound as the first sounds in mountain, mop, and Miranda. Does anyone know other words that begin with the same sound as man?”

Correct errors by telling the answer and repeat

correct answer Example: “The first sound in man is /mmm/. Say the first sound in mmman with me, /mmm/. /Mmmmmm/.”

Non-example: Asking the question again or asking more questions. “Look at the picture again. What is the first sound?”

Blending Example Instruction – Scaffold

Task Difficulty When first learning to blend, use examples with continuous sounds, because sounds can be stretched and held. Example: ”Listen, my lion puppet likes to talk in a broken way. When he says /mmm/ - /ooo/ - /mmm/ he means mom.”

Non-example: “Listen, my lion puppet likes to talk in a broken way. When he says /b/ - /e/ - /d/ he means bed.”

Blending Cont.

When children are first learning the task, use short words in teaching and practice examples. Use pictures when possible. Example: Put down 3 pictures of CVC words and say: “My lion puppet wants one of these pictures. Listen to hear which picture he wants, /sss/ - /uuu/ - /nnn/. Which picture?”

Non-example: “…/p/ - /e/ - /n/ - /c/ - /i/ - /l/. Which picture?” (This is a more advanced model that should be used later.)

Blending Cont.

When children are first learning the task, use materials that reduce memory load and to represent sounds. Example: Use pictures to help children remember the words and to focus their attention. Use a 3-square strip or blocks to represent sounds in a word.

Non-example: Provide only verbal activities.

Blending Cont.

As children become successful during initial learning, remove scaffolds by using progressively more difficult examples. As children become successful with more difficult examples, use fewer scaffolds, such as pictures. Example: Move from syllable or onset-rime blending to blending with all sounds in a word and remove pictures. “Listen, /s/ - /t/ - /o/ - /p/. Which picture?” “Listen, /s/ - /t/ - /o/ - /p/. What word?”

Non-example: Provide instruction and practice at only the easiest levels with all the scaffolds.

Phonemic Segmentation Example Instruction –

Integrate Familiar and New Information

Recycle instructional and practice examples used for blending. Blending and segmenting are sides of the same coin. The only difference is whether children hear or produce a segmented word.

Example: “Listen, my lion puppet likes to say the sounds in words. The sounds in mom are /mmm/ - /ooo/ - /mmm/. Say the sounds in mom with us.”

Phonemic Segmentation Cont.

Concurrently teach letter-sound correspondences for the sounds children will be segmenting in words. Example: Letter sound /s/ and words sun and sit. Put down letter cards for familiar letter-sounds. Then, have children place pictures by the letter that begins with the same sound as the picture.

Non-example: Use letter-sounds that have not been taught when teaching first sound in pictures for phoneme isolation activities.

Phonemic Segmentation Cont.

Make the connections between sounds in words and sounds of letters. Example: After children can segment the first sound, have them use letter tiles to represent the sounds.

Non-example: Letters in mastered phonologic activities are not used. Explicit connections between alphabetic and phonologic activities are not made.

Phonemic Segmentation Cont.

Use phonologic skills to teach more advanced reading skills, such as blending letter-sounds to read words. Example: (Give children a 3-square strip and the letter tiles for s, u, n,.) Have children do familiar tasks and blending to teach stretched blending with letters.

Extensions of Segmenting

By the end of grades 1 and 2, students should be able to demonstrate the following skills: Substituting: “Nap. What word do we get when we change the /n/ to /c/?” (as in rhyming or word family practice).

Deleting: “Flake. What word do we get when we take away /l/ from flake?”

Adding: “Mile. What word do we get when we add /s/ to the front of mile?”

SNAP

One player says two words. If they share a sound, the other layers say “snap” and snap their fingers. If the two words don’t share a sound, everyone is quiet. Begin with first sounds and go on to middle and final sounds.

Player 1 says, “ball and bat.” The others say, “SNAP” for the 1st sound

Player 2 says, “sand and book.” Everyone is quiet

Next player says, “seed and beach.” The others say, “SNAP” for the middle sound

Next player says, “run and tan.” The others say, “SNAP” for the last sound

Listening Game

Starting Words Words with removal Words with addition

late ate plate

gray ray great

pin in spin

tore or store

rice ice price

care air scare

rain ray train

bad add band

Picture Box Counting

Add a Sound/Take a Sound

Consonant substitution for initial, final or medial consonants in words Shel Siverstein poem “Jimmy Jet and His TV Set, chang consonants from /j/ to /b/

“Bimmie Bet and His TV set Or delete the /j/

“immie et and His TV Set

Phonics Rules

C Rule G Rule CVC Generalization Vowel digraphs VCE (Final E) Generalization CV Generalization R-controlled

C rule

Letter c is irregular consonant, meaning it has no phoneme of its own

It assumes 2 other consonants (k and s)

When c is followed by a, o,or u, it will represent a K sound (hard sound) coke, comic and cute

When c is followed by e, it or y (soft sound) of S, celebrate, circus, and cycle

G rule

G is also irregular G is followed by e, i, or y it is a soft g or j sound as in gently, giraffe, and gym

G is followed by a, o, or u - hard sound garden, go and sugar

CVC Generalization

When a vowel comes between 2 consonants, it usually has the short vowel sound - sat, ran, let, pen, win

Vowel diagraphs

When 2 vowels come together in a word, the first vowel is usually long and the second vowel is silent, especially with oa, ee, and ay combinations (toad, fleet, and day

“When two vowels go walking, the first one does the talking”

VCE (Final E)

When 2 vowels appear in a word and one is an e at the end of the word, the first bowel is generally long and the e is silent (cape, rope, kite)

CV Generalization

When a consonant is followed by a vowel, the vowel usually produces a long sound, especially in two letter words (be, go, and, so)

R-controlled vowels

Vowels that appear before the letter r are usually neither long nor short but tend to be overpowered or swallowed up by the sound (person, player, neighborhood, and herself)

Phonics Terms

Consonant digraphs - 2 consonants together in a word-produces 1 sound (th, sh, ng)

Consonant blends or clusters - 2 or more consonants and all consonants can be heard (bl, fr, sk, spl)

Vowel digraphs - 2 vowels together that produce only 1 speech sound (ou, oo, ie, ai)

More Terms

Schwa - vowel letters that produce the uh sound (a in America) represented by an upside-down e

Diphthongs - 2 vowels together in a word that produce a single, glided sound (oi in oil, oy in boy)

Strategies for teaching phonics

Letter-sound cards Phonics fish Stomping, clapping, tapping and snapping sound

Tongue twisters Creating Nonsense words The vowel song See pgs. 48-52

Onset and Rime

Onset comes before the vowel Rime is the rest of the word What is the onset and rime for the following words: A, In, Trim, Still, Ride, Spring