DISORDERS OF SPEECH DISORDERS OF SPEECH AND LANGUAGEAND LANGUAGE

AphasiaAphasia or or dysphasiadysphasiaLoss or impairment of the

production or comprehension of spoken or written language because of an acquired lesion of the brain.

DysarthriaDysarthria and and anarthriaanarthriaA defect in articulation with intact

mental functions and comprehension of spoken and written language and normal syntax (grammatical construction of sentences).

pure motor disorder of the muscles of articulation and may be a result of flaccid or spastic paralysis, rigidity, repetitive spasms (stuttering), or ataxia.

AphoniaAphonia or or dysphoniadysphoniaAn alteration or loss of voice

because of a disorder of the larynx or its innervation

Articulation and language are unaffected

APHASIAAPHASIA

Receptive aphasia Receptive aphasia (Wernicke's aphasia),(Wernicke's aphasia),lesion in the receptive language

area, notably in Wernicke's area.auditory and visual

comprehension of language, naming of objects, and repetition of a sentence spoken by the examiner are all defective

Anomic aphasia (isolation Anomic aphasia (isolation syndrome),syndrome),Infarcts that isolate the sensory

language area from surrounding parietal and temporal cortex

characterized by fluent but circumlocutory speech caused by word-finding difficulties.

Some authorities doubt the existence of anomic aphasia as a distinct clinical entity because most patients with lesions in the left parietal lobe have difficulty with naming

Transcortical aphasia of the Transcortical aphasia of the receptive (or sensory) typereceptive (or sensory) typeSome patients cannot understand

words and sentences or produce intelligible speech, but they can correctly repeat what the examiner says.

associated with destruction of cortex in the middle temporal gyrus, inferior and posterior to Wernicke's receptive language area.

AlexiaAlexialoss of the ability to read common accompaniment of

aphasia caused by temporal or parietal lobe lesions.

In most cases, accompanied by agraphia, the inability to write.

Pure alexiaPure alexiawithout agraphia and with normal

comprehension of spoken wordsFrom single lesion lateral to the occipital

horn of the left lateral ventricle orcombination of two lesions, one in

the left occipital lobe and the other in the splenium of the corpus callosum.

Such lesions sever connections between both visual cortices and the unilaterally located language areas

DyslexiaDyslexiaincomplete alexia characterized by an inability to read

more than a few lines with understanding.

Developmental dyslexia is a common condition in children of normal intelligence who have difficulty learning to read.

MRI examination reveals that some such children lack the usual anatomical asymmetry in the size of the planum temporale on the left and right sides.

Expressive aphasia (Broca's Expressive aphasia (Broca's aphasia),aphasia),lesion in Broca's area of the frontal

lobe, hesitant and distorted speech with

relatively good comprehension. patient with Broca's aphasia can hear

that he or she is talking nonsensepatient with receptive aphasia talks

fluently without being aware of the failure to produce meaningful words.

causes transcortical aphasia causes transcortical aphasia of the expressive (or motor) of the expressive (or motor) typetypecortical lesion anterior to Broca's

expressive speech area. The impairment of spontaneous

speech is similar to Broca's aphasia, but the patient can accurately repeat words or phrases spoken by someone else.

Global aphasiaGlobal aphasiavirtually complete loss of the

ability to communicate after destruction of the cortex on both sides of the lateral sulcus.

one of the consequences of occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery

Conduction aphasiaConduction aphasiaInterruption of the arcuate

fasciculus connecting Wernicke's and Broca's areas

patient has poor repetition of a sentence spoken by the examiner but relatively good comprehension and spontaneous speech