spieler and wagner - university of washington...title: spieler and wagner author: bakermg created...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Future of Occupational Safety and Health:
Policy, Regulatory and
Voluntary Approaches to
Occupational Risks
Emily A. Spieler
Gregory R. Wagner
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Disclaimer
The content and conclusions of this presentation are
those of the authors and do not necessarily
represent the views of the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health.
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Preview
• What are the goals of OSH interventions?
• What influences workplace H&S
conditions?
• Trends that matter for OSH (and resulting
opportunities) – an environmental scan
• Implications of trends for OSH research
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Goals of OSH Interventions
• Protect workers from hazards (toxic, physical
psychological)—do no harm
• Promote workforce health and wellbeing
• Alternate justification for OSH interventions:
– Preserve and support enterprise productivity and
profitability
• “Healthy workers are good for business”
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World Health Organization
Definition of Health: “Health is a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.”
Global Plan of Action on Workers’ Health: “All workers
should be able to enjoy the highest attainable standard of
physical and mental health and favorable working
conditions” and “The workplace should not be
detrimental to health and well-being”
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Occupational Safety & Health Act“To assure so far as possible every working man and
woman in the Nation safe and healthful working
conditions…”
“Each employer… shall furnish to each of his employees
employment and a place of employment which are free
from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to
cause death or serious physical harm to his employees…”
“No employee will suffer material impairment of health or
functional capacity even if such employee has regular
exposure to the hazard dealt with by such standard for the
period of his working life…”
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There is no commitment to the precautionary
principle in the U.S.
Public policy BALANCES cost & profitability &
feasibility against harm to workers.
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WHAT INFLUENCES WORKPLACE
H&S CONDITIONS?
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Public Policy &
Regulation
(enforceable)
Voluntary
Policy
&
Action
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Management
OSH policies,
practices &
programs
(1) Government policies & regulations
(3) Internal
enterprise factors(2) Non-governmental
external forces
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(1) GOVERNMENT POLICY &
REGULATIONS …
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• OSH statutes, policies, regulations
• Policing and enforcement of OSH laws
• OSH Surveillance (collection, analysis, reporting
of information)
• Workers’ compensation and SSDI
• OSH Research – direct, funding & priority setting
OSH relevant governmental policy and regulation:
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And also:
• Regulation of wages, hours, benefits & leaves
• Disability rights
• Labor-management regulation
• Whistleblower protections
• Tax and financial reporting requirements
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Government
policies
Industry
conditions,
including
global trade
Industry
political clout
Non-
governmental
shadow
regulation
Insurance
carriers &
external risk
managers
Labor unions,
other worker
organizations
Public
opinion,
consumers
Forces influencing government OSH regulation & policies
Labor market
conditions
Norms,
trade ass’n
positions
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What moves/supports/encourages
adoption of new public policy?
Alignment of the following:
• Recognition that there is a problem worth solving (public
perception; legislators; regulators; enterprises)
• Development of a "solution" to the problem [economically &
technologically & politically feasible]
• The (political) will to adopt/implement the solution
• Timing (window of opportunity when other distractions don't
intervene)
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Top down “command
and control”
governmental
regulation: e.g. OSHA
creation and policing
of standards
Government review
of and intervention
in self governance
through auditing,
creation of
incentives, required
participation of
stakeholders, etc.
No regulation:
market, networks,
norms (+ internal
management
policies, programs &
practices); “business
case for safety”
Two key policy continua:
How essential is governmental intervention to effective
OSH practice?
The spectrum:
Voluntary
“regulation” through
external private
auditing of
management
practices: e.g. the
Fair Labor
Association,
Corporate Social
Responsibility
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No worker
voice
Various levels of
individualized worker input
into OSH: health and safety
committees; walkaround
rights; right to refuse unsafe
work; whistleblower
protections
Shared
control over
OSH
How essential is worker voice & power to
effective OSH practice? And how essential is
governmental / public intervention to support
worker voice?
The spectrum:
Protected collective
voice; right to shut
down unsafe worksites
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(2) NON-GOVERNMENTAL EXTERNAL
FORCES…
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Management
OSH policies,
practices &
programs
Non-governmental
shadow regulation:
guidelines,
consensus standards
Insurance
carriers &
external risk
managers
Labor unions
& other
worker
organizations
Non-governmental external forces also influence enterprise behavior
Labor market
conditions,
including global
supply chains
Industry
norms and
networks;
trade ass’ns
Non-governmental
auditing groups (FLA,
Better Work, etc.)
Public opinion
& consumers
Markets for sale
of goods or
services
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(3) FORCES WITHIN WORKPLACES…
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Management
OSH policies,
practices &
programs
Internal organization & management variables with OSH influence
Workers & internal
worker organization
+ joint OSH
committees
Internal approaches
to risk management
Level of
management
“commitment” to
OSH up to Board
of Directors
Structure of the organization:
verticals and integration; size,
numbers of sites; fissuring and
contracting relations
Incentives and
accountability
within internal
structure
Budgets and profitability
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TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS…
THE CHANGING CONTEXT FOR OSH
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“It's tough to make predictions,
especially about the future.”
― Yogi Berra
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16 NOTABLE TRENDS
(and that’s probably not all)
1. The nature of work
2. Workforce characteristics
3. Decline of unions, changing worker organization strategies and reliance on whistleblower protections
4. Economic inequality, wage stagnation & worker insecurity
5. Globalization & supply chain pressures
6. Increasing barriers to workers’ compensation for work-related conditions
7. Decreasing reported injuries, particularly in most hazardous industries
8. Changing health status of the workforce: obesity, diabetes, infectious diseases
9. ACA
10. Climate change
11. New hazards and changing technologies at work
12. Changing technologies for protection (e.g. PPE, proximity detection devices)
13. Advances in genetics & epigenetics
14. Advances in data capture analytic capabilities—”Big Data” & Predictive Analytics
15. Increasing importance of local/state-based initiatives
16. Constrained /declining funding for public agencies
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1. The nature of work – Industrial and occupational shifts – New relationships, including fissuring– Mechanization and the new machine age
2. Workforce characteristics
3. Decline of unions, changing worker organization strategies and reliance on whistleblower protections
4. Economic inequality, wage stagnation, worker insecurity
5. Globalization & supply chain pressures
6. Increasing barriers to workers’ compensation for work-related conditions
7. Decreasing reported injuries, particularly in most hazardous industries
8. Changing health status of the workforce: obesity, diabetes; infectious diseases
9. ACA
10. Climate change
11. New hazards and changing technologies at work
12. Changing technologies for protection (e.g. PPE, proximity detection devices)
13. Advances in genetics & epigenetics
14. Advances in data capture analytic capabilities—”Big Data” & Predictive Analytics
15. Increasing importance of local/state-based initiatives
16. Constrained /declining funding for public agencies
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1. The nature of work
2. Workforce characteristics
– Labor force participation
– Changing demographics in labor market 3. Decline of unions, changing worker organization strategies and reliance on
whistleblower protections
4. Economic inequality, wage stagnation & worker insecurity
5. Globalization & supply chain pressures
6. Increasing barriers to workers’ compensation for work-related conditions
7. Decreasing reported injuries, particularly in most hazardous industries
8. Changing health status of the workforce: obesity, diabetes, infectious diseases
9. ACA
10. Climate change
11. New hazards and changing technologies at work
12. Changing technologies for protection (e.g. PPE, proximity detection devices)
13. Advances in genetics & epigenetics
14. Advances in data capture analytic capabilities—”Big Data” & Predictive Analytics
15. Increasing importance of local/state-based initiatives
16. Constrained /declining funding for public agencies
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Labor Force Participation rate
1970-2014
BLS http://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet
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Change in labor force participation rate by age,
1985 to present
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1. The nature of work
2. Workforce characteristics
3. Decline of unions, changing worker organization strategies and reliance on whistleblower protections
4. Economic inequality, wage stagnation & worker insecurity
5. Globalization & supply chain pressures
6. Increasing barriers to workers’ compensation for work-related conditions
7. Decreasing reported injuries, particularly in most hazardous industries
8. Changing health status of the workforce: obesity, diabetes, infectious diseases
9. ACA
10. Climate change
11. New hazards and changing technologies at work
12. Changing technologies for protection (e.g. PPE, proximity detection devices)
13. Advances in genetics & epigenetics
14. Advances in data capture analytic capabilities—”Big Data” & Predictive Analytics
15. Increasing importance of local/state-based initiatives
16. Constrained /declining funding for public agencies
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1. The nature of work
2. Workforce characteristics
3. Decline of unions, changing worker organization strategies and reliance on whistleblower protections
4. Economic inequality, wage stagnation & worker insecurity
5. Globalization & supply chain pressures
6. Increasing barriers to workers’ compensation for work-related conditions
7. Decreasing reported injuries, particularly in most hazardous industries
8. Changing health status of the workforce: obesity, diabetes, infectious diseases
9. ACA
10. Climate change
11. New hazards and changing technologies at work
12. Changing technologies for protection (e.g. PPE, proximity detection devices)
13. Advances in genetics & epigenetics
14. Advances in data capture analytic capabilities—”Big Data” & Predictive Analytics
15. Increasing importance of local/state-based initiatives
16. Constrained /declining funding for public agencies
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1. The nature of work
2. Workforce characteristics
3. Decline of unions, changing worker organization strategies and reliance on whistleblower protections
4. Economic inequality, wage stagnation & worker insecurity
5. Globalization & supply chain pressures 6. Increasing barriers to workers’ compensation for work-related conditions
7. Decreasing reported injuries, particularly in most hazardous industries
8. Changing health status of the workforce: obesity, diabetes, infectious diseases
9. ACA
10. Climate change
11. New hazards and changing technologies at work
12. Changing technologies for protection (e.g. PPE, proximity detection devices)
13. Advances in genetics & epigenetics
14. Advances in data capture analytic capabilities—”Big Data” & Predictive Analytics
15. Increasing importance of local/state-based initiatives
16. Constrained /declining funding for public agencies
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1. The nature of work
2. Workforce characteristics
3. Decline of unions, changing worker organization strategies and reliance on whistleblower protections
4. Economic inequality, wage stagnation & worker insecurity
5. Globalization & supply chain pressures
6. Increasing barriers to workers’ compensation for work-related conditions
7. Decreasing reported injuries, particularly in most hazardous industries
8. Changing health status of the workforce: obesity, diabetes, infectious diseases
9. ACA
10. Climate change
11. New hazards and changing technologies at work
12. Changing technologies for protection (e.g. PPE, proximity detection devices)
13. Advances in genetics & epigenetics
14. Advances in data capture analytic capabilities—”Big Data” & Predictive Analytics
15. Increasing importance of local/state-based initiatives
16. Constrained /declining funding for public agencies
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Effects of changes on compensability:
Workers’ Compensation Compensability Index,
1985-1999 (Burton-Guo 2010)
-1
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
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1. The nature of work
2. Workforce characteristics
3. Decline of unions, changing worker organization strategies and reliance on whistleblower protections
4. Economic inequality, wage stagnation & worker insecurity
5. Globalization & supply chain pressures
6. Increasing barriers to workers’ compensation for work-related conditions
7. Decreasing reported injuries, particularly in most hazardous industries
8. Changing health status of the workforce: obesity, diabetes, infectious diseases
9. ACA
10. Climate change
11. New hazards and changing technologies at work
12. Changing technologies for protection (e.g. PPE, proximity detection devices)
13. Advances in genetics & epigenetics
14. Advances in data capture analytic capabilities—”Big Data” & Predictive Analytics
15. Increasing importance of local/state-based initiatives
16. Constrained /declining funding for public agencies
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Fatal workplace injuries and rates,
US: 1992-2007
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1. The nature of work
2. Workforce characteristics
3. Decline of unions, changing worker organization strategies and reliance on whistleblower protections
4. Economic inequality, wage stagnation & worker insecurity
5. Globalization & supply chain pressures
6. Increasing barriers to workers’ compensation for work-related conditions
7. Decreasing reported injuries, particularly in most hazardous industries
8. Changing health status of the workforce: obesity, diabetes, infectious diseases
9. ACA
10. Climate change
11. New hazards and changing technologies at work
12. Changing technologies for protection (e.g. PPE, proximity detection devices)
13. Advances in genetics & epigenetics
14. Advances in data capture analytic capabilities—”Big Data” & Predictive Analytics
15. Increasing importance of local/state-based initiatives
16. Constrained /declining funding for public agencies
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Increased Chronic Diseases
(for young and old)
• 39 States with 40% of young adults considered to be
overweight or obese in last decade
• In Kentucky, Alabama and Mississippi, >50% young
adults are overweight
• Medical Consequences:
– Increased risk of CVD
– Increased Type 2 Diabetes
– Sleep apnea
– Musculoskeletal disorders
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1. The nature of work
2. Workforce characteristics
3. Decline of unions, changing worker organization strategies and reliance on whistleblower protections
4. Economic inequality, wage stagnation & worker insecurity
5. Globalization & supply chain pressures
6. Increasing barriers to workers’ compensation for work-related conditions
7. Decreasing reported injuries, particularly in most hazardous industries
8. Changing health status of the workforce: obesity, diabetes, infectious diseases
9. ACA – Broader health insurance coverage– Wellness programs– Electronic Medical Records
10. Climate change
11. New hazards and changing technologies at work
12. Changing technologies for protection (e.g. PPE, proximity detection devices)
13. Advances in genetics & epigenetics
14. Advances in data capture analytic capabilities—”Big Data” & Predictive Analytics
15. Increasing importance of local/state-based initiatives
16. Constrained /declining funding for public agencies
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1. The nature of work
2. Workforce characteristics
3. Decline of unions, changing worker organization strategies and reliance on whistleblower protections
4. Economic inequality, wage stagnation & worker insecurity
5. Globalization & supply chain pressures
6. Increasing barriers to workers’ compensation for work-related conditions
7. Decreasing reported injuries, particularly in most hazardous industries
8. Changing health status of the workforce: obesity, diabetes, infectious diseases
9. ACA
10.Climate change 11. New hazards and changing technologies at work
12. Changing technologies for protection (e.g. PPE, proximity detection devices)
13. Advances in genetics & epigenetics
14. Advances in data capture analytic capabilities—”Big Data” & Predictive Analytics
15. Increasing importance of local/state-based initiatives
16. Constrained /declining funding for public agencies
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1. The nature of work
2. Workforce characteristics
3. Decline of unions, changing worker organization strategies and reliance on whistleblower protections
4. Economic inequality, wage stagnation & worker insecurity
5. Globalization & supply chain pressures
6. Increasing barriers to workers’ compensation for work-related conditions
7. Decreasing reported injuries, particularly in most hazardous industries
8. Changing health status of the workforce: obesity, diabetes, infectious diseases
9. ACA
10. Climate change
11.New hazards and changing technologies at work
12. Changing technologies for protection (e.g. PPE, proximity detection devices)
13. Advances in genetics & epigenetics
14. Advances in data capture analytic capabilities—”Big Data” & Predictive Analytics
15. Increasing importance of local/state-based initiatives
16. Constrained /declining funding for public agencies
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Monitors & Sensors
• Work environment– Direct-reading instruments
• Personal Dust Monitor
• Explosibility Meter
– Sensors
• Biologic environment– Biomarkers of exposure
– Biomarkers of effect
• In-dwelling monitors enabled by nanosensors that circulate sending data back to a central database
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NANO: Not only smaller, but different
New Properties
• Lower melting point
• Useful as catalyst
• Different color
• Different conductivity
Same Properties
60 nm bar
30 nm bar
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1. The nature of work
2. Workforce characteristics
3. Decline of unions, changing worker organization strategies and reliance on whistleblower protections
4. Economic inequality, wage stagnation & worker insecurity
5. Globalization & supply chain pressures
6. Increasing barriers to workers’ compensation for work-related conditions
7. Decreasing reported injuries, particularly in most hazardous industries
8. Changing health status of the workforce: obesity, diabetes, infectious diseases
9. ACA
10. Climate change
11. New hazards and changing technologies at work
12.Changing technologies for protection (e.g. PPE, proximity detection devices)
13. Advances in genetics & epigenetics
14. Advances in data capture analytic capabilities—”Big Data” & Predictive Analytics
15. Increasing importance of local/state-based initiatives
16. Constrained /declining funding for public agencies
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1. The nature of work
2. Workforce characteristics
3. Decline of unions, changing worker organization strategies and reliance on whistleblower protections
4. Economic inequality, wage stagnation & worker insecurity
5. Globalization & supply chain pressures
6. Increasing barriers to workers’ compensation for work-related conditions
7. Decreasing reported injuries, particularly in most hazardous industries
8. Changing health status of the workforce: obesity, diabetes, infectious diseases
9. ACA
10. Climate change
11. New hazards and changing technologies at work
12. Changing technologies for protection (e.g. PPE, proximity detection devices)
13.Advances in genetics & epigenetics14. Advances in data capture analytic capabilities—”Big Data” & Predictive
Analytics
15. Increasing importance of local/state-based initiatives
16. Constrained /declining funding for public agencies
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1. The nature of work
2. Workforce characteristics
3. Decline of unions, changing worker organization strategies and reliance on whistleblower protections
4. Economic inequality, wage stagnation & worker insecurity
5. Globalization & supply chain pressures
6. Increasing barriers to workers’ compensation for work-related conditions
7. Decreasing reported injuries, particularly in most hazardous industries
8. Changing health status of the workforce: obesity, diabetes, infectious diseases
9. ACA
10. Climate change
11. New hazards and changing technologies at work
12. Changing technologies for protection (e.g. PPE, proximity detection devices)
13. Advances in genetics & epigenetics
14.Advances in data capture analytic capabilities—”Big Data” & Predictive Analytics
15. Increasing importance of local/state-based initiatives
16. Constrained /declining funding for public agencies
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Big Data & Predictive Analytics
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1. The nature of work
2. Workforce characteristics
3. Decline of unions, changing worker organization strategies and reliance on whistleblower protections
4. Economic inequality, wage stagnation & worker insecurity
5. Globalization & supply chain pressures
6. Increasing barriers to workers’ compensation for work-related conditions
7. Decreasing reported injuries, particularly in most hazardous industries
8. Changing health status of the workforce: obesity, diabetes, infectious diseases 9. ACA
10. Climate change
11. New hazards and changing technologies at work
12. Changing technologies for protection (e.g. PPE, proximity detection devices)
13. Advances in genetics & epigenetics
14. Advances in data capture analytic capabilities—”Big Data” & Predictive Analytics
15.Increasing importance of local/state-based initiatives
16.Constrained /declining funding for public agencies
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IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF
POLICY-RELEVANT OSH RESEARCH…
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New(ish) tools & approaches
• Miniaturization, reduced cost, increased availability of sensor technology
• Real time monitoring (environments & people)
• Predictive analytics (and other approaches using high volume & real-time data)– Predictive toxicology
• Electronic Medical Record clinical data
• Economics, including behavioral economics
• Simulations, VR, game theory
• Network theory
• Genetics & epigenetics
• Collaborative research (CBPR)
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New(ish) problems, challenges &
opportunities
• Identifying & protecting high-risk sub-populations– High hazard
– Work organization• Insecurity / lack of worker voice
– Mobility
• Exploring what motivates & impedes change– Economics of OSH
– Networks; diffusion of innovation
– Intervention effectiveness
• Complex environments & networks (social, physical)– Work organization & organizational behavior
– complex mixtures
• Diseases & injuries with occupational contributions
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Strategies for increasing policy impact
of research• Planning: explore current state of relevant policy
• Is the effort disease, injury, or exposure specific
or cross-cutting (e.g., methods)?
• Engage with multidisciplinary team
– Identify knowledge gaps & assess their policy
relevance
– Do what you can
• Peer-reviewed publication is necessary but not
sufficient
• Engage with stakeholders & public processes
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The End