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ARUNA MANHARLAL SHAH INSTITUTE

OF MANAGEMENT STUDY AND

R ESEARCH

ARUNA MANHARLAL SHAH INSTITUTE OF

MANAGEMENT STUDY AND R ESEARCH

[2010]

Sub : ResearchMethodology

PROJECT GUIDE

PROF (DR .) SHAMIRA MALEKAR



2

5/17/2010

AMSIMR

R ESEARCHREPORT ON

³SPIRITUAL

LEADERSHIP´

Under the Guidance of :

Dr. Shamira Malekar

C reative Members:

Abhijeet Khandare 24

Gouri Kudtarkar 25

Pankaj Rahangdale 45

Shilpa Servegar 48



3

A PROJECT ON

A RESEARCH REPORT ON

µSPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP¶

in the partial fulfillment of requirements for

the award of degree of

´M ASTERS OF M ANAGE M ENT STUDIES f

SUBMITTED BY

ABHIJEET K HANDARE 24

GOURI K URDATKAR 25

PANKAJ R AHANGDALE 45

SHILPA SERVEGAR 48

PROJECT GUIDE

PROF (DR.) SHAMIRA MALEKAR

ARUNA MANHARLAL SHAH INSTITUE OF MANAGEMENT

STUDIES Off L.B.S. Marg, Near MTNL Exchange, Ghatkopar W Mumbai-400086



4

CERTIFICATE I, Dr. SHAMIRA MALEKAR hereby certify that Data collection and Report

writing team of ARUNA MANHARLAL SHAH INSTITUTE OF

MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH, studying in MMS [Semester II] have

completed their project on RESEARCH REPORT ON µSPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP¶

during the academic year 2009 ± 2010. The information provided in this project is

true and original to the best of our knowledge.

_______________

Project Co-Ordinator

(PROF (DR .) SHAMIRA MALEKAR)



5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A project can never be completed successfully without guidance and references

hence we express our gratitude towards all those who have helped in successfully

completing the project.

We profoundly thankful to Aruna Manharlal Shah Institute of Management and

Research for giving us an opportunity to work on this project.

We sincerely express our thanks and gratitude to our project guide Prof . (Dr.)

Shamira Malekar who provided us the support and motivation for completion of

this project.

Our special thanks to all those people who have given their valuable time and to

the almighty, our parents and friends for their constant support and assistance to

make this project worth presenting before you.



6

INDEX

Sr.No. Particulars Page No.

1 Introduction of Spiritual Leadership 72 Research Literature Review:

2.1 Benefits

2.2 Factors leading to spiritual

leadership

2.2 Thesis of Spiritual leadership

12

12

13

3 Research Design Process:

3.1 Research Design

3.2 Sampling Design

3.3 Questions ± Component

3.4 Sample Description

3.5 Computation of Scores

15

15

16

16

17

4 Research Analysis:

4.1 Reliability

4.2 Correlation

4.3 Regression4.4 Cluster

4.5 T-test

4.6 Open ended questions

18

19

2022

24

26

5 Conclusion 29

6 Recommendation 29

7 Reference 30

8 Appendix A Questionnaire 31



8

What Is Leadership?

Yukl (1998) defines leadership as,

«.the process wherein an individual member of a group or organization influences: (1) the

interpretation of events; (2) the choice of objectives and strategies; (3) the organization of work

activities; (4) the motivation of people to achieve the objectives; (5) the maintenance of

cooperative relationships; (6) the development of skills and confidence by members; and (7) the

enlistment of support and cooperation from people outside the group or organization.

Hacker and Johnston (1998), the most important aspect of leadership is aligning individual and

organizational vision. They believe this is accomplished by applying spiritual leadership

principles such as ³providing time for clear self-awareness and reflection, encouraging

wholeness mindsets to resolve issues and building community and direction by discussing and

aligning individual as well as group values´

Essential characteristics of a leader:

There are four essential leader characteristics and values that followers admire and that give the

leader credibility in motivating people to perform and satisfy the basic human need for calling in

making a difference (Kouzes & Pozner, 1993). These characteristics include

y Being honest,

y Being forward-looking,

y Inspiring others in pursuit of a shared vision, and

y Competency



9

What is Spirituality in leadership?

Before a definition of spirituality in leadership can be provided, one must first examine the

meaning of the two key aspects of the phrase: the "spirit" and the "leader. The term µspirit¶

relates to the deeper sense, meaning, or significance of something. And µleader¶ is one who

influences followers to think or behave in some way. Combining the two terms suggest that the

leader who incorporates spirituality into his or her leadership will be one who causes others to

seek out and understand their inner selves and who fosters a sense of meaning and significance

among his or her followers. Thus, one definition of spirituality in leadership is a holistic

approach to leadership in which the leader strives to encourage a sense of significance and

interconnectedness among employees.

Spiritual leadership involves the application of spiritual values and principles to the workplace.

The spiritual leader understands the importance of employees finding meaning in their work and

demonstrates a genuine concern for the "whole" person, not just the employee. Spiritual

leadership tries to assist others in finding meaning in their work by addressing fundamental

questions such as:

y Who are we as a work team, department, or organization?

y Is our work worthy?What is our greater purpose?

y What are our values and ethical principles?

y What will be our legacy?

The spiritual leader strives for a workplace that is truly a community, consisting of people with

shared traditions, values, and beliefs.

Spirituality in leadership implies that the focus will be less on formal position power and more

on people; less on conformity and more on transformation and diversity; and less on controlling

and more on partnership, collaboration, and inspiration. Spirituality in leadership does not

require that the leader adhere to a particular religion or that he or she attempt to convince

subordinates to pursue a specific set of religious principles. While leaders who emphasize

spirituality may base their leadership approach in Christianity or another religious tradition, they



10

may also have so-called "non-traditional" religious beliefs or may not adhere to any particular

religion at all. Spirituality in leadership is more concerned with the development of employees as

"whole people"²people who exhibit compassion to other employees, superiors, subordinates,

and customers.

Role of Spirituality in the workplace:

Spirituality in leadership cannot be understood apart from the more general issue of spirituality

in the workplace because spirituality plays an increasingly important part in the workplace.

Many employees look to the workplace as a means of finding meaning in their lives. In today's

world, many employees regard their workplace as a community²even as other "communities"

that give meaning to people's lives are strained or ripped apart by modern styles of living. In the

U.S. of the mid-twentieth century, for example, most people lived near, not only their immediate

family, but also their extended family (i.e. grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins). This is no

longer the case, as many in the U.S. and around the world do not live in close proximity to their

family of origin or extended family members. Thus, one's family is not an immediate and ready

source of support for many individuals. This has led to a loss of identity and connectedness in

people's lives, since people's families provide a rich context for self-understanding, personal

growth, and maturity.

Similarly, the pattern of individuals' affiliation with formalized religion and religious institutions

has undergone a dramatic change in recent years. Beginning in the 1960s, a general sense of

dissatisfaction and skepticism about organized religion became common, particularly among

younger people. In the subsequent years, rates of attendance at religious services and active

involvement in religion declined worldwide. Although the majority of people today will self-

identify as a member of some religious faith, many still do not attend formal religious services

and have only a tenuous connection with a particular church, synagogue, etc. Thus, many people

appear to be estranged from formal religion, which takes away another potential avenue to a

sense of self-worth, identity and spiritual growth.

Likewise, many people used to find a sense of identity and connection in their neighborhoods

and communities. This has changed as well. Many people relocate several times during their



11

careers and spend relatively short periods of time in any one place. They do not put down roots

in their local community, do not participate to a great degree in community events, and do not

form strong relationships with neighbors. Anecdotal and survey evidence suggest that it is

common for people to live next door or across the street from people and know almost nothing

about them, even in small towns. In general, many people seem to be "drifting" without a strong

connection to others or overall sense of purpose.

Within this context, it is easy to explain why so many people seek to derive great meaning from

their work and their organizations. Most spend more time in the workplace with their coworkers

than anywhere else. Close friendships, courtships, and marriages are common among coworkers.

The modern workplace is not just a place where people work, but a place where they form

friendships, socialize, and attempt to find a sense of fulfillment. It is also a place where peopleattempt to make sense of and derive meaning from the activities that comprise what we call

"work" and how these activities fit within the greater fabric of individuals' lives. This quest for

meaning has prompted the recognition that spirituality in the workplace and spiritual leadership

are real issues affecting the quality of life in the modern organization.

Steps to develop spiritual leadership ( ):

y First, pray to God for wisdom on how you can become a spiritual leader.

y Second, ask God to change your heart and to develop the character qualities in you that

are required for spiritual leadership.

y Third, rely on the power of God to give you the strength you need to exhibit spiritual

leadership in your life.



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2 RESEARCH LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Benefits

Since there has been little empirical research regarding spirituality in the workplace or spiritual

leadership, it is difficult to say precisely what the benefits (or costs) of spirituality in leadership

will be. However, enough conceptual and empirical research has been conducted to suggest

several potential benefits of incorporating a spiritual dimension into leadership. From the

perspective of followers, incorporating spirituality into leadership has the potential to create a

workplace that is more humane and that provides a sense of community and shared purpose.

From the perspective of the organization, incorporating spirituality in leadership may lead to

y Greater perceptions of trust,

y Organizational support and commitment among employees, which could have positive

effects on organizational performance.

However, spirituality in leadership should not be thought of as a "device" for developing positive

organizational outcomes, but must instead be a genuine philosophical belief on the part of

leaders.

2.2 Factors leading to spiritual leadership

Spiritual leadership is driven by combination of factors. Following are some of the most

important factors identified for our empirical study.

y Perseverance: It means steady persistence in adhering to a course of action, a belief, or a

purpose.

y

Theory logical oriented: It is the study of the principles of reasoning, especially of thestructure of propositions as distinguished from their content and of method and validity in

deductive reasoning.

y Attitude: Attitude is a hypothetical construct that represents an individual's like or dislike for

an item. Attitudes are positive, negative or neutral views.



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y Self control: It is an ability to exercise restraint or control over one's feelings, emotions,

reactions, etc.

y Hard thinker: It is an act or practice of one that thinks; in other words a way of reasoning,

judgment.

2.3 Thesis of Spiritual leadership

New model of spiritual leadership

³Organization with spiritual leadership behave differently from other organization,´ says

memorial mermann¶s wilford. ³They employ leadership strategies and practices to create culture

based on moral and ethical value. ³ following are simple spiritual leadership principles that

healthcare leader can apply in their own organization´.

1) Focus on value:

At core of the spiritual leadership model is value, which guide the decision a person

makes. If follow then that embracing such value as ethics, quality, diversity, and spirituality will

influence the way an exective heads, the programs and process that he or she develops, as well as

standards he or she established for the entire orgnization. Memorial hermenn has publicly states

its value of spirituality, relationship, and social responsibility and has create a number of

program, service, and process that demostrate those value.

2) Give employee an opportunity to explore express their spirituality:

³People healthcare field because they feel it is calling to serve people and care for other.

Unfortunately, many hospital do not provide their employees with any nourishment intact area.

At memorial hermann, we allow the people explore their spirituality as at relates to their work,´

welford.

3) Plan for encourage community involvement:

An organization that vaiue caring for other will reach beyond its walls to help those in

need. Leader at memorial hermann established a tithing program give 10 % of the health

system¶s net revenue to community organization of the employees.



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Leadership Models ShapingWorkplace Spirituality

Successful leaders recognize that spirituality in the workplace positively influences worker and

organizational performance (Giacalone and Jurkiewicz, 2003). Spirituality leads people to

experience consciousness at a deeper level, improves their intuitive skills, encourages teamwork,

develops more purposeful and compelling organizational vision, and boosts innovation, thereby

boosting productivity (White & Jeter, 2002).

Spiritual leadership is defined primarily as the means of helping others grow spiritually

(Fairholm, 2000). This primary objective is accomplished by creating a vision, establishing

needs, and bringing others to the point of recognizing their need to grow spiritually and thereby

following the leader's advice (Fairholm). Fairholm writes that spiritual leadership is a holistic

approach that considers the full capacities, needs, and interests of both the leaders and those who

are led, as well as the goals of the organization. Spiritual leaders see leadership as a contextual

relationship in which all participants want to grow, prosper, and help others in their self

development activities (Fairholm).



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3 RESEARCH DESIGN PROCESS

3.1 Research Design The design is the structure of any scientific work. It gives direction and systematizes the

research. The research design that we have used is the causal research.

Causal Research

If the objective is to determine which variable might be causing a certain behavior, i.e. whether

there is a cause and effect relationship between variables, causal research must be undertaken. In

order to determine causality, it is important to hold the variable that is assumed to cause the

change in the other variable(s) constant and then measure the changes in the other variable(s).

This type of research is very complex and the researcher can never be completely certain that

there are not other factors influencing the causal relationship, especially when dealing with

people¶s attitudes and behaviour. Causal Research explores the effect of one thing on another

and more specifically, the effect of one variable on another. The research is used to measure

what impact a specific change will have on existing norms and allows market researchers to

predict hypothetical scenarios upon which a company can base its business plan.

3.2 Sampling Design

Sampling is that part of statistical practice concerned with the selection of an unbiased or random

subset of individual observations within a population of individuals intended to yield some

knowledge about the population of concern, especially for the purposes of making predictions

based on statistical inference. Sampling is an important aspect of data collection. For the research

conducted by us we used simple random sampling.

Researchers rarely survey the entire population for two reasons:

y cost is too high, and

y population is dynamic.

The three main advantages of sampling are that

y cost is lower,

y data collection is faster, and since the data set is smaller it is possible to ensure

homogeneity and

y to improve the accuracy and quality of the data.



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3.3 Sample Description

y Defining the population of concern: To measure the level of spirituality in leadership

in working class people.

y Specifying a sampling frame: white collar people working in Mumbai.

For example: People engaged in various occupations such as

OCCUPATION

Service

Business

Professionals

Others

y Specifying a sampling method for selecting items or events from the frame:

Probability sampling method.

y Determining the sample size = 203

3.4 Questions ± ComponentThe questionnaire designed basically aimed to understand which factors are primarily more

important from the perspective of white collar people for spiritual leadership. The questionnaireconsisted of 51 questions; they can be grouped into categories as follows according to the factors

identified:

Factors leading to Spiritual Leadership Question Numbers

Perseverance1, 5, 8, 36, 37, 43, 48

Theory Logical Oriented7, 12, 24, 26, 28, 32, 33, 41, 51

Attitude 4, 27, 35, 42, 47

Self Control10, 16, 21, 23, 30

Hard thinker2, 11, 14, 17, 19, 22, 31, 34



17

3.5 Computation of Scores

y Gender

GENDER Code

Male 1Female 2

y Age range

y Qualification

y Occupation

y Religion

AGE RANGE Code

18 - 20 1

21 - 30 2

31 - 50 3

51 - 60 4

61 - 70 5

QUALIFICATION Code

upto SSC 1

HSC 2

Graduate 3

Post Graduate 4

Ph. D 5

OCCUPATION Code

Service 1

Business 2

Professionals 3

Others 4

RELIGION Code

Hindu 1Muslim 2

Christain 3

Jainism 4

Buddhist 5

Parsi 6



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y Likert Scale

4 RESEARCH ANALYSIS

The analysis is done with the help of software SPSS 11.5

4.1 Reliability assessment scale (a l p h a)

The concept of reliability has been used to cover several aspects of score consistency. Test

reliability indicates the extent to which individual differences in test scores are attributable to

³true´ differences in the characteristics under consideration and the extent to which they are

attributable to chance errors. These errors cannot be avoided or corrected through improved

methodology.

Reliability Coefficients of Spirituality and its factors

No. of Cases = 203.0 No. of Items = 40

Alpha = .8620

Likert Scale Code

Strongly Disagree 1

Disagree 2

Neutral 3Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

Following are the Descriptive Statistics:

Minimum SL Quotient = 67Maximum SL Quotient = 154

Average SL Quotient = 108

Standard Deviation = 17.5



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4.2 Correlation

In order to test the association of spiritual leadership and its factors a detailed set of statistical analysis

was conducted first being a confirmatory Pearson's Correlation as seen in Table 4(i).

Table 4. (1) Shows correlation analysis:

T P T TH O T A T SC T HT

GRANDTOTAL .852(**) .891(**) .775(**) .707(**) .840(**)

T P .675(**) .602(**) .468(**) .675(**)

T TH O .590(**) .613(**) .657(**)

T A .482(**) .618(**)

T SC .435(**)

Where,

T P ± Total of Perseverance

T THO ± Total of Theory Logical Oriented

T A ± Total of Attitude

T SC ± Total of Self Control

T HT ± Total of Hard thinker

There is a range of correlation coefficients which measures the degree of association between the

factors as described below:

The degree of association between total spirituality and perseverance is 0.852

The degree of association between total spirituality and Theory logical oriented is 0.891which is quite high.

The degree of association between total spirituality and Attitude is 0.775.

The degree of association between total spirituality and Self Control is 0.707.

The degree of association between total spirituality and Hard Thinker is 0.840.



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4.3 Regression Analysis:

Testing the overall significance of regression

Regression is the determination of a statistical relationship between two or more variables. In

simple regression, there are only two variables; one variable (defined as independent) is the

cause of the behavior of another one (defined as dependent variable). Regression interprets what

exists physically i.e. there must be a physical way in which independent variable can affect

dependent variable.

Regression analysis was explained by Blair ( ) as follows: ³Regression analysis is a

mathematical measure of the average relationship between two or more variables in terms of the

original units of the data.´

As the objective of this study is to identify and assess the effect of components on spiritual

leadership, the method of multiple regression analysis has been chosen, as it helps in assessing

the individual and the combined effect of independent variables (Perseverance, Theory logical

oriented, Attitude, Self Control, Hard Thinker) on the dependent variable (Spirituality levels).

Table 4. (2): Regression Analysis of Spirituality and its Factors

Mode

l R R Square

Adjusted

R Square

Std. Error

of the

Estimate

1 1.000(a) 1.000 1.000 .000

a. Predictors: (Constant), GENDER, OCCUPATION, QUALIFICATION, T P,

T HO, T A, T SC, T TH



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Table 4. (3): Coefficients(a)

Model

Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

B

Std.

Error Beta

1 (Constant) -1.847E-15 .000

T P 1.000 .000 .267

T TH O 1.000 .000 .324

T A 1.000 .000 .174

T SC 1.000 .000 .187

T HT 1.000 .000 .258

OCCUPATION -2.193E-15 .000 .000

QUALIFICATIO

N1.033E-15 .000 .000

GENDER -3.136E-15 .000 .000

a Dependent Variable: GRAND TOTAL

In forward stepwise regression the algorithm adds one independent variable at a time ± which

explains most of the variation in the dependent variable µY¶. The next step is of one more

variable X2, then rechecking the model to see that both variables form a good model. The process

continues with addition of a third and more variables if it still adds up to the explanation of µY¶

(Nargundkar, 2002). The steps used in conducting the regression analysis on the above sample

are as follows:

Y = A + B1X1 + B2 X2 + B3 X3+ B4 X4 + B5 X5 ..........(1)

Y = dependent variable representing the Spiritual Leadership

B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6 and B7 are the coefficients of the regression equation

X1 = Perseverance X2 = Theory logical oriented



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X3 = Attitude X4 = Self Control

X5 = Hard Thinker A = Constant term

From the above table 4(4) we can analyze that the regression co-efficient (r) = 1which shows that

the independent factors do have a significant impact on the spirituality levels of the workmen.

S.Q. (Y) = - 1.85 + 0.267 TP + 0.324 THO + .174 TA + 0.187TSC

+ 0.258 THT

A) Out of 8 independent variables only 5 independent variables have an impact on

spiritual quotient Y as shown in above equation.

B) There is no impact of Gender, Occupation & Qualification on spiritual quotient.

4.4 Cluster Analysis of Spirituality and its factors

Cluster Analysis is a multi-variant procedure (Nargundkar, 2002) is a group of similar objects.

Cluster analysis is an exploratory data analysis tool for solving classification problems. Its

object is to sort cases (people, things, events, etc) into groups, or clusters, so that the degree of

association is strong between members of the same cluster and weak between members of

different clusters. Each cluster thus describes, in terms of the data collected, the class to which

its members belong; and this description may be abstracted through use from the particular to

the general class or type.

Cooper and Schindler (2007) have identified five basic steps:

a. Selection of sample to be clustered.

b. Definition of the variables on which to measure the objects.

c. Computation of the similarities through correlation.

d. Selection of mutually exclusive clusters. e. Cluster comparison



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Table 4.(4): Final Cluster Centers

Cluster

1 2

AGE RANGE 3 3

GENDER 1 1

QUALIFICATION 3 3

OCCUPATION 1 1

T HT 30 24

T A 19 15

TP

28 22T TH O 33 24

T SC 18 15

Cluster 1:

The above table explains that there exists homogeneity in considering the impact of the

components mentioned above and the spirituality levels between samples in the age range of 31-

50 years and gender of male employees whose qualification is up to Graduation whose

occupation is service

Cluster 2:

The above table explains that there exists homogeneity in considering the impact of the

components mentioned above and the spirituality levels between samples in the age range of 31-

50 years and gender of male employees whose qualification is up to Graduation whose

occupation is service.



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4.5 T Test ± Hypothesis statement on Gender

The null hypothesis here is that there is no spiritual difference between male and female

a. Testing of the hypothesis statement of EI and gender:

Based on previous research that female tends to score higher on measures of Spiritual Quotient

than males do, an Independent sample T test examined whether this was apparent in this study.

Since females have a high measure of SQ than males and hypotheses 1 holds true.

Table 4.(5) : Group Statistics

GENDER N Mean

Std.

Deviation

Std.

Error

Mean

GRAND

TOTAL

Male 138 107.62 17.08 1.454

Female 65 110.66 18.505 2.295

T P Male 138 23.78 4.774 0.406

Female 65 24.2 4.521 0.561

T TH O Male 138 26.51 5.504 0.469

Female 65 27.66 6.022 0.747

T SC Male 138 15.43 3.187 0.271

Female 65 16.38 3.44 0.427

T A Male 138 16.28 3.08 0.262

Female 65 16.23 2.999 0.372

T HT Male 138 25.61 4.483 0.382

Female 65 26.18 4.66 0.578

The null hypothesis here is that There is no spiritual difference between male and female



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Table 4.(6)

Levene'sTest for

Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means

F Sig. t df

Sig.(2-

tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std.Error

Difference

95% Confidence

Interval of theDifference

Lower Upper

GRAND

TOTAL

Equal variances

assumed .369 .544 -1.154 201 .250 -3.05 2.640 -8.250 2.159

Equal variances

not assumed-1.121 116.872 .265 -3.05 2.717 -8.427 2.335

T P Equal variances

assumed.326 .569 -.601 201 .548 -.42 .706 -1.817 .968

Equal variancesnot assumed

-.613 131.866 .541 -.42 .693 -1.795 .945

T TH O Equal variances

assumed.742 .390 -1.344 201 .181 -1.15 .854 -2.830 .536

Equal variances

not assumed-1.301 115.901 .196 -1.15 .882 -2.893 .599

T SC Equal variances

assumed.022 .883 -1.931 201 .055 -.95 .492 -1.920 .020

Equal variances

not assumed-1.878 117.268 .063 -.95 .506 -1.951 .052

T A Equal variances

assumed.067 .796 .113 201 .910 .05 .460 -.854 .958

Equal variancesnot assumed

.114 128.587 .909 .05 .455 -.849 .952

T HT Equal variances

assumed.305 .581 -.843 201 .400 -.58 .683 -1.923 .771

Equal variances

not assumed-.832 121.191 .407 -.58 .693 -1.947 .795

The above table shows that there is no spiritual difference between male & female.



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4.6 Open ended questions

Q-1) When you hear the term spirituality, what comes to mind?

Some people said spirituality is the presence and control of supernatural power, holiness, God¶s

existence, close to God, humanity, attraction of thoughts, feelings, Indian culture, tradition,

inborn desire and ability of every person to seek, know and respond, religious beliefs. Some even

talked about what is life, meaning and purpose of life, peaceful mind, affection towards people,

soul of God which is a part of Nirankar, the ultimate reality. Search for the absolute/Almighty,

having faith and believing in set of values of tradition.

Q-2) Do you feel you are spiritual person? Explain why?

Some people told yes, because they feel due to existence of relationship, follow religious things

of all cast and creed, attend Satsang, believe in existence of supernatural power, get relaxation

after meditation, believe in God and faith in him, they never cheat people, they frequently

worship God, think that spirituality is good in order to cleanse oneself minds of negativity,

positive attitude towards life, empathetic towards needy people, visit spiritual places, so, even

say that they perform µpooja¶ so they think they are spiritual.

Some people said No, because believe in self, do not give much time to prayers and meditation,

life to bury.

Q-3) When you hear the phrase, spirituality in the workplace, what comes to mind?

Some of the views were spirituality facilitates to do the work in a better way, spirituality does not

exists in workplace, only the term µresult ¶ exists, ethics at workplace, teamwork, good

interpersonal skill, respect for living and non-living entity, holistic approach to every situation,

any particular religion should not be stereotyped, cool and ethical work culture. Some even say

that work is worship or passion in life, cool, calm and peaceful work atmosphere, positive

attitude and energy, follow religious beliefs while doing the work.

Q-4) What opinion/ belief/ claim do you have about workplace spirituality?



27

It helps to ensure healthy atmosphere in workplace, it should involve different perceptions of

individuals at workplace, it should be followed in workplace only to some extent, harmony

among everyone, sincerity, honesty, trust. It should be accepted by all, without any burden or

force, it is not possible in workplace, it helps to enjoy the work. Some even say that in real life

no spirituality is followed in workplace.

Q.5) Do you think your work environment is spiritual? Explain Why?

Ans : People who said yes, gave reasons such as most of them are professionals & try to achieve

something, try to maintain good relationship by helping whenever somebody in need, everyone

is aware of once own belief and being and that of others.

People who said no, gave reasons such as due to lack of awareness, there are discrepancies

between employees, all are Hi-fi and egoistic, all are doing for their benefit only, no particular

preference is given & work is looked into as practical.

Q.6) If so, how do you determine your workplace environment to be a spiritual one?

Ans: Some of them described their workplace environment as the inner self & fighting

challenges, transparent and ethical work environment, lifting everyone¶s dream to success,

maintain equality, by observing how other colleagues work, the way people respect each other at

workplace.

Q. 7) Do you bring your spirituality to work and how?

Ans: Some people replied by saying that way to bring spirituality to work place is by respecting

each person¶s thoughts, by having positive thoughts in mind, by being self content, start work

after praying to God, read Bible during work hours, by treating everyone equal, by doing ethical

work with people, try to be sensitive towards others by putting oneself in others shoes.

Q.8) How do you define or describe spirituality?

Ans: Spirituality is being described by people as to be perfect at any task, inner strength to do

good, starting & ending with God, listening of soul.

Q.9) Why is spirituality important for many people?



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Ans: Different reasons are there for different people. Some have faith in God, because of

depreciation, life is God gift. It leads to excellence with peace of mind, brings balance to a

person¶s life. It leads to accept one¶s responsibility, gives people positive energy and immense

mind power to deal with greatest difficulties without any stress.

Q.10) How do you think spirituality enhances people's lives?

Ans: Spirituality enhances people¶s lives by making them to think positive, it takes care of

oneself, ones family, ones society and eventually entire universe, helps in balancing personal as

well as professional, happiness in life, job Satisfaction, gives spirit to life and helps tackle

problem with ease that is doing right thing at right time & maintain ethics and to move in right

direction. It helps to know oneself better and become aware of their own being and become more

confident.

Q.11) How do you know that someone is spiritual?

Ans : People surveyed where of the view that through routine activity and nature, behavior

someone¶s spirituality could be understood. Who is always calm even in difficult conditions,

Positive attitude, peaceful look in their eyes. The way persons puts his thoughts while speaking

through his/her faith in God, being ethical, amount of time spent on worship towards God. It

cannot be measured it is individual¶s decision, working less and teaching more, one who

forgives, gives correct guidance to other without being selfish and the one who is humble.

Q.12) Some people describe ³spiritual awakening/awareness´ as being aware that

something very important and meaningful is missing in our life. What would you ask

someone to determine if that person has this quality?

Ans: According to some of them µspiritual awareness¶ means asking questions such as µwho are

you?, Where have you come from? What is the purpose of your life?¶ Believe in God and Start

praying to Almighty, believe in self, asking about the strength of his spirituality in his daily life.Ask what persons that µAre you happy and satisfied with what you have got in life?¶, µDo you

consider there is something divine in you?¶ just think for present and work for future.



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Q.13) Some people describe ³spiritual growth´ as cultivating that which we perceive to be

missing in our life and thought to be very meaningful for us and others. What would you

ask someone to determine if that person has this quality?

Ans: According to the people surveyed µspiritual growth¶ is defined by them as µDo you have

belief of being someone else than your seen or visible self¶ .Whether the person has a purpose to

live his life? Spiritual growth depends upon the time you meditate in the whole day.

Q.14) Some people describe ³spiritual maturity´ as using our spiritual knowledge to solve

problems, make the right decisions and achieve goals aimed at enriching our life and the

lives of others. What would you ask someone to determine if that person has this quality?

Ans: Spiritual maturity is described by them as the way in which a person solves problems and

makes decision. µDo you consistently consider yourself as relating yourself to the divine soul

within you?¶ Share with everybody.

5. CONCLUSION

� Spiritual leadership influences personal and organizational performance

� After the analysis of data it can be said that spiritual quotient of female are more than

male.� Religion and spirituality are two distinct terms

� People surveyed are not clear about the concept of spirituality

6. RECOMMENDATION

� As people are not aware about the concept of spiritual leadership, the leaders must

inculcate and communicate the concept with their employees.

� The concept of SL should be included in the curriculum of management courses, as the

students are the future managers/ leaders.



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7. REFERENCE

http://www.iispiritualleadership.com/spiritual/theory.php

http://www.tarleton.edu/Faculty/fry/SLTTheory.pdf

www.ru.org/102-subodh.htm

http://www.ehow.com/about_5055232_definition-spiritual-leadership.html

http://www.eurojournals.com/ejss_10_2_13.pdf

http://www.worldblessings.com/difference-between-religion-and-spirituality.html



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8. APPENDIX A Questionnaire

To,

Respected Sir/Madam,

We, the students of Aruna Manharlal Shah Institute of Management and Research, are

undertaking a research on Spiritual Leadership. Title of the proposal is ³SPIRITUAL

LEADERSHIP AND JOB STATISFACTION - AN EMPIRICAL STUDY´.

We, hereby request you to fill the attached Questionnaire. This will help us to complete our

research.We assure you that the information will be used purely for academic purpose.

Thanking you,

Yours sincerely,

AMSIMR team

Q .No Strongly

Disagree

Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Agree

1 I believe in spirituality.

2 I understand spirituality.

3 I follow spiritual leadership in my work

place.

4Spirituality contributes to good

working condition.

5 Spiritual beliefs help for improve

performance and enhance perceptions

of the company's potential.

6 I support my family member for

spiritual leadership at home.

7 Spiritual leadership helps in developing

a more purposeful and compelling

organizational vision.



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8 Spiritual leadership creates a higher

sense of service, greater personal

growth and development.

9 Blessings comfort me.

10 I set aside time for contemplation &self reflection.

11 I sense that something is going to

happen before it happens.

12 I consult spiritual healers.

13 I discuss spirituality openly with family

&friends.

14 I think about serious physical injury

that has happened to me.

15 My parents expected me to attend

religious services.

16 I pay special attention to the foods I

eat.

17 I think about my soul living beyond my

body.

18 I participate in community activities.

19 I discuss the existence of a higher

being.

20 I have witnessed serious illness in

people close to me.

21 I said my prayers at night as a child.

22 I remind myself that human beings are

here for a purpose.

23 I practice meditation or other relaxation

techniques.

24I use spirit guides to help me get

through crises.

25 I volunteer time with the needy, the

homeless, etc.

26 I like to read sacred books.



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27 I have cared for physically ill relatives

or friends.

28 My parents read sacred books to me as

a child.

29I feel that my life is directed by god.

30 I use relaxation techniques to reduce

stress.

31 I sense the presence of loved ones who

are no longer living.

32 I attend classes & workshops about

spirituality.

33 I read about spiritual matters.

34 I think about the experience of pastlives.

35 I currently practice the religion of my

birth.

36 I understand the events of life as part

of a divine plan.

37 I feel connected to my body.

38 I turn to my angel for guidance.

39 I devote time to a spiritual community.

40 Scientific explanations give me peace

of mind in confusing life situations.

41 I have witnessed emotional or psychic

trauma in people close to me.

42 My parents spoke to me about god.

43 I feel close to god.

44Meditation has been a meaningful part

of my life.

45 I attend religious services.

46 I have experienced emotional or

psychic trauma.



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SP

IRITUAL LEADERSHIP

AND JOB STATISFACTION ±QUESTIONNAIRE

1. When you hear the term spirituality, what comes to mind?

2. Do you feel you are a spiritual person? Explain Why?

3. When you hear the phrase, spirituality in the workplace, what comes to mind?

4. What opinion/belief/claim do you have about workplace spirituality?

5. Do you think your work environment is spiritual? Explain Why?

47 I have conversations with people who

have died.

48 I feel the present of a power greater

than myself.

49I question many of the teachings of

religious

50 I have memories of near-death

experiences.

51 My family practiced specific spiritual

rituals.



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6. If so, how do you determine your workplace environment to be a spiritual one?

7. Do you bring your spirituality to work and how?

8. How do you define or describe spirituality?

9. Why is spirituality important for many people?

10. How do you think spirituality enhances people's lives?

11. How do you know that someone is spiritual?

12. Some people describe ³spiritual awakening/awareness´ as being aware that

something very important and meaningful is missing in our life. What would you

ask someone to determine if that person has this quality?

13. Some people describe ³spiritual growth´ as cultivating that which we perceive to

be missing in our life and thought to be very meaningful for us and others. What

would you ask someone to determine if that person has this quality?



36

14. Some people describe ³spiritual maturity´ as using our spiritual knowledge to

solve problems, make the right decisions and achieve goals aimed at enriching

our life and the lives of others. What would you ask someone to determine if that

person has this quality?

15. Some people describe ³spiritual balance´ as optimally balancing our spirituality

with other important strengths in order to enhance our ability to survive and

thrive, behave intelligently, perform effectively and, eventually, achieve overall

well-being. What would you ask someone to determine if that person has thisquality?

16. If responding to the above questions has sparked additional ideas you have about

other important aspects of spirituality not touched upon in this survey, we would

greatly appreciate it if you could share those ideas with us in the space below:

17. Please rate the extent to which you feel you are spiritual on a scale of 1 to 10,where ³1´ is ³not spiritual´ and ³10´ is ³very spiritual´:-

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

18. Please rate the extent to which you feel you are religious on a scale of 1 to 10,

where ³1´ is ³not religious´ and ³10´ is ³very religious´:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10



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19. Name

20. Age range:

18-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70

21. Gender

Male Female

22. Occupation:

23. Religion:

24. Qualification:

spiritual leader

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