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Contents

CHAPTER FOCUS

SECTION 1 Early Eastern SLavs

SECTION 2 Kievan Rus

SECTION 3 The Mongol Conquest

SECTION 4 The Rise of Moscow

CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

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Chapter Focus 1

Overview

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• Chapter 23 discusses the Eastern Slav civilization.

– Section 1 describes the influences that transformed the early Slav agricultural settlements into trading centers.

– Section 2 discusses the emergence of a Rus state.

– Section 3 describes the effects of the Mongol invasions on the Rus states.

– Section 4 discusses the reigns of Ivan the Great and Ivan the Terrible.

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• summarize how early Rus states developed around Kiev.

• analyze how Eastern Christianity influenced the Rus.

• explain changes the Mongols brought about in Rus life.

• examine how the czars affected life in Rus states.

Chapter Focus 2

Objectives

• describe what life was like for the earliest Eastern Slavs

After studying this chapter, you will be able to:


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Chapter Focus 2

Read to Discover

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• What life was like for the earliest Eastern Slavs

• How early Rus states developed around Kiev

• How Eastern Christianity influenced the people of Rus

• What changes the Mongols brought about in Rus life

• How Moscow became powerful

• How the czars affected life in Muscovy

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• Kiev • Dnieper River

• Moscow

Chapter Focus 3

• izbas

• boyars • veche • khan • kremlin • czar

• Rurik

• Vladimir I • Ivan the Great • Ivan the Terrible

Terms to Learn People to Know

• Volga River

Places to Locate

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North of the Byzantine Empire lived a people that historians today call Slavs. All that is known about their origins is that they were Indo-Europeans, like the Aryans who entered the Indus Valley and the Dorians who conquered the Mycenaeans. About 500 B.C., the Slavs began to develop well-organized settlements in eastern Europe in the areas now known as eastern Poland and western Ukraine.

Chapter Focus 4

Why It’s Important

End of Chapter Focus

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Section 1-1

Early Eastern Slavs• About 500 A.D., a group of Eastern Slavs

began to move eastward toward the Volga River.

• By the 600s, the Eastern Slavs controlled all the land as far east as the Volga River.

• The forests provided the East Slavs with all the timber they needed to made musical instruments, logs to make boats, and izbas, one room log cabins with gabled roofs and wooden window frames.

• By the end of the 800s, the East Slavs had built many trading towns along the riverbanks.

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Section 1-Assessment 1

Section Assessment

How were early Eastern Slavic villages governed?

Early Eastern Slavic villages were governed by the oldest male with the help of a council.

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Section Assessment (cont.)

Why were rivers important to the Eastern Slavs?

Rivers were important because they were used as roads between the Rus villages and for trade.


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Making Inferences Why do you think the Eastern Slavs chose the Vikings to protect their trade routes?

Answers will vary.


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Details about early Eastern Slavic life are they lived in villages made up of about 25 related families; built houses partly underground; land, tools, animals and seed belonged to the village; the oldest male, with help from a council, governed the village; used slash-and-burn farming; skilled at building and making things out of wood; worshiped many gods, nature spirits, and ancestors.



Draw a diagram like the one on page 349 of your textbook, and use it to show details about early Eastern Slavic life.


End of Section 1

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Section 2-1


Kievan Rus• In 862, a Varangian named Rurik became

the prince of Novgorod, a northern town on the East Slav trading route.

• About 20 years later, Rurik’s Varangian friend Oleg established the state of Kievan Rus and set up his capital at Kiev.

• Kiev, standing on a group of hills overlooking the main bend in the Dnieper River, was the southernmost town on the Varangian trading route.

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Section 2-2


• The main ruler of Kievan Rus was the Grand Prince of Kiev, and local princes, rich merchants, and boyars, or landowning nobles, helped him.

• A veche, or assembly, handled the daily matters of the towns.

Kievan Rus (cont.)

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Section 2-3


• One of the most important princes of Kiev was Vladimir I, a good soldier and a strong ruler.

Vladimir I and the Eastern Orthodox Church

• In 988, Vladimir chose Eastern or Byzantine Christianity as the country’s official religion.

• Eastern Orthodoxy gave the Kievan Rus people a sense of belonging to the civilized world, yet separated them from western Europe as they had developed their own body of learning.

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Section 2-4


• Another important ruler of early Rus was Yaroslav, son of Vladimir I, who became the Grand Prince of Kiev in 1019, after a long struggle with his brothers.

• Under Yaroslav’s rule, Kievan Rus enjoyed a golden age of peace and prosperity, growing larger than either Paris or London.

• Yaroslav also organized Kievan Rus laws based on old Slavic customs and Byzantine law.

Yaroslav the Wise

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Section 2-5


• Kievan Rus began to decline around 1054 when the princes of Kiev began to fight over the throne after Yaroslav’s death.

• In 1169 Kiev was attacked and plundered by Andrei Bogoliubsky who wanted Kiev destroyed.

• Gradually, Kievan Rus changed from a trading land of towns into a farming land of peasants.

Decline of Kievan Rus

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Section Assessment

Why was Kiev a good location to build a city?

Kiev stood on a group of hills overlooking the main bend of the Dnieper River, lay at the southernmost end of the Varangian trading route, controlled trade with Byzantium, lay close to a steppe, and was a good location to protect merchant ships from attack.


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How did the decline of Kiev affect the area and people?

It changed Rus states into a farming land of peasants, and more people fled north.


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Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment How would you have felt about Yaroslav’s code of laws and his ways to punish criminals? Explain.

Answers will vary.


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Causes–sent people to observe different religions; stunned by the beauty of Hagia SophiaEffects–learned rituals, the art of icon painting, and the Cyrillic alphabet from Byzantine priests; domes appeared on churches; monasteries built; gained a sense of belonging to a broader world



Draw a diagram like the one on page 352 of your textbook, and use it to show the causes and effects of Vladimir I’s acceptance of Eastern Orthodoxy as the official religion of Kievan Rus.


End of Section 2

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Section 3-1


The Mongol Conquest• About 1240, a group of different but united

tribes known as Mongols swept out of central Asia and took control of Rus principalities, or states.

• They plundered, killed, and made the Rus people pay tribute to the khan, or Mongol leader.

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Section 3-2


The Church• The Eastern Orthodox Church remained

strong during the Mongol invasion as priests continued to preach and encouraged the people.

• Monks founded monasteries deep in the northern forests and were followed by Rus farmers searching for new land.

• Since the Mongol conquest somewhat isolated the Rus Church from other Christian churches, the Church developed local rituals and practices to unite the people in pride for their own culture.

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Section 3-3


• Even under Mongol rule, differences between the lives of the rich in Rus and the lives of peasants remained great.

• The peasants enjoyed visiting one another, telling stories of warriors and other heroes that were passed from old to young, becoming part of the Rus heritage.

Daily Life

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Section 3- Assessment 1


Where did the Mongols come from?

The Mongols came from central Asia.

Section Assessment

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What did the Mongols do to the Rus people when they invaded Rus lands?

They murdered people, destroyed villages, and made Rus people pay tribute and serve in the Mongol armies.


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Predicting Consequences How might life have been different in the Rus states if the Mongols had not conquered these lands?

Answers will vary.


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Draw a diagram like the one on page 354 of your textbook, and use it to compare the lives of the rich and the lives of the peasants in Rus during Mongol rule.Rich–sometimes entertained guests with large feasts of deer and other meat, wore tall fur hats and caftansPoor–rarely ate meat, entertainment consisted of visits to friends and storytelling, wore linen clothes, wrapped rages around their legs for warmth, wore shoes made of woven tree bark


End of Section 3

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Section 4-1


The Rise of Moscow• At the time of the Mongol conquest,

Moscow, or Muscovy, founded in 1147, was a small trading post on the road from Kiev.

• As more Rus people moved north to escape the Mongols, many artisans settled in or near Moscow's kremlin, or fortress.

• As Moscow grew in size, it became stronger, and the people remained united as thrones passed from father to son.

• In 1380, an army formed by Dmitry, the prince of Moscow, attacked and defeated the Mongols.

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Section 4-2


Ivan the Great• In 1462, Ivan III, known as Ivan the Great,

became prince of Moscow.

• He ended Mongol control of Muscovy, and expanded its boundaries to the north and west.

• He raised the huge walls that still guard the kremlin and called himself czar, or emperor.

• When Ivan died in 1505, the people were convinced that their ruler should have all power over both Church and state.

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Section 4-3


• In 1533, Ivan IV, the three-year-old grandson of Ivan III, became czar of Muscovy.

• While he was growing up, a council of boyars governed. To frighten him into obeying them, they mistreated him causing Ivan to hate the boyars.

• When Ivan IV was 16 years old, he began to rule in his own right, ignoring the boyars and turning to merchants and close friends for advice.

Ivan the Terrible

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Section 4-4


• In 1552, Ivan led his armies–which used gunpowder–against Mongol territories on the Volga, conquering most of their territories.

• In 1558, Muscovite armies attacked Livonia, a land on the Baltic Sea.

• In 1564, Ivan suddenly left Moscow for a small monastery in the country, announcing later that he was giving up the throne because of the boyars.

• Ivan returned to Moscow, took over boyar lands, and gave it to his supporters.

Ivan the Terrible (cont.)

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Section 4-5


• To the Muscovites, Ivan was a great ruler who protected their country from enemies.

• When Ivan died in 1584, he left no suitable heir.

• The Muscovy was left in confusion and disorder for some 25 years.

Ivan the Terrible (cont.)

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Why did Moscow become powerful?

Moscow became powerful because its princes cooperated with the Mongols who took over territories that were not wealthy, and because the princes passed their thrones from father to son, which eliminated fighting.

Section Assessment


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What happened to Muscovy after Ivan the Terrible’s death?

It was in a state of confusion and disorder because he left no suitable heir.


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Drawing a Conclusion Which name do you think most accurately describes Ivan IV–Ivan the Awesome or Ivan the Terrible? Explain.

Answers will vary.


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Draw a chart like the one on page 358 of your textbook, and compare the accomplishments of Dmitry, Ivan the Great, and Ivan the Terrible.Dmitry–attacked and defeated Mongols; Ivan the Great–ended Mongol control of Muscovy, expanded its boundaries to the north and west, tried to revive glory of Byzantine Empire, built beautiful churches in Moscow, took title of czar; Ivan the Terrible–undermined power of boyars, conquered Mongol territories, encouraged art and learning, established a link between Moscow and England and Holland, increased the czar’s power


End of Section 4

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Chapter Summary 1

Chapter Summary & Study Guide• Between 500 and 800 A.D. groups of Eastern

Slavs settled in lands west of the Volga River.

• The early Eastern Slavs relied on Viking warriors known as the Varangians to protect a trade route running from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Caspian Sea in the south.

• In 882, a Viking warrior named Oleg built the first Kievan Rus state.

• In 988, Eastern Orthodoxy became the official religion of Kievan Rus.


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Chapter Summary 2

Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)


• The Eastern Orthodox Church brought Byzantine culture, including the Cyrillic alphabet, to Kievan Rus.

• After 1054, Rus trade declined and people shifted to farming.

• Around 1240, the Mongols conquered Rus, forcing many Rus people to flee. Many settled near Moscow in the north.

• Moscow gradually became the center of economic and religious life.

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Chapter Summary 3

Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)


• In the late 1400s, Ivan the Great ended Mongol control of Muscovy and took the title of czar.

• Beginning in 1552, Ivan the Terrible conquered most of the Mongol territories, and many Muscovites began moving eastward.

• In 1584, Ivan the Terrible died without leaving a capable heir. Muscovy then entered a 25-year period of disorder.

End of Chapter Summary

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Chapter Assessment 1

Understanding the Main Idea

How did the houses of the Eastern Slavs provide warmth?

To help provide warmth the houses were built partly underground.


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Why did the early Eastern Slavs invite the Vikings into their lands?

They invited the Vikings to their land to protect their trade route to Byzantium.



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How was the Rus state established by Oleg organized?

It was organized as a group of small territories ruled by the Grand Prince of Kiev.



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Why did Vladimir choose the Eastern Orthodox Church as the official church of the state?

He choose the Eastern Orthodox Church because observers had been stunned by the beauty of Eastern Orthodox worship.



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How did Yaroslav develop closer ties with western Europe?

He developed closer ties with western Europe by having family members marry European royalty.



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How did the Muscovites view the princes of Moscow?

The viewed the princes as rulers protected by God.


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What did Ivan III do for Muscovy?

He ended Mongol rule, expanded Muscovy, built palaces and cathedrals, and built walls around the Kremlin.



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Why did many Muscovites think Ivan the Terrible was a great ruler?

Many thought he was a great ruler because he protected their country, encouraged art and learning, and created a Rus empire.



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Between what European countries and Moscow did Ivan IV develop a link?

He developed a link between England and Holland.



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Why do you think trade with other cities is one of the first activities of successful cities such as Kiev?

Answers will vary. Successful cities need trade to help develop industries and strong economies which help them grow. Isolated cities tend not to grow.

Critical Thinking


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What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of passing power from father to son, such as the czars did?

Answers will vary.


Critical Thinking

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Do you think the word “terrible” describes Ivan IV? What other word or term might describe him better? Explain your answer.

Answers will vary.


Critical Thinking

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Location Refer to the map on page 356 of your textbook. Imagine the czar has asked you to choose the location of a new settlement in the area acquired by the time of the death of Ivan IV. Where would you locate the settlement and why? What geographic features affected your decision?

Geography in History

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The distance between Novgorod and Kiev along the Varangian Route was 600 miles. The town of Smolensk was halfway between them. Traveling at 3 miles per hour, how many days would it take to go from Kiev to Smolensk, traveling by day?

It would take approximately 10 days.


End of Chapter Assessment

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History Online

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.humanheritage.glencoe.com

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Global Chronology


988 A.D. Kievan Rus adopts Eastern Orthodoxy

500 A.D.Eastern Slavs settle near the Volga River

1240 A.D. Mongols invade eastern Europe

1147 A.D. Moscow is founded

1552 A.D. Ivan the Terrible leads armies against the Mongols

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People in History 4.1

Ivan was the first Russian ruler to be officially crowned as czar. He built a strong central government and was the first ruler to ever call a national assembly. He began Russian expansion eastward, conquering Siberia, and he began trade with England. His undoing was his fearful temper, which fell on enemies and friends alike.

Ivan the Terrible 1530-1584

Russian Czar

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Fun Facts 3.1

Mongol invaders completely destroyed Kiev. The only building left standing was the cathedral of Saint Sophia, which contains the tomb of Yaroslav.

A Lone Cathedral

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Then & Now 1.1

Descendants of the West Slavs include the people of Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Descendants of the South Slavs include Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, and Bosnians. Most West Slavs follow the Roman Catholic Church. South Slavs generally follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity, except for those Bosnians who follow Islam.

Slavic Peoples

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Then & Now 2.1

The Russian word pravda means “truth,” but during Yaroslav’s reign it also meant “justice.” The Kievan legal system that Yaroslav organized was called Russkaya Pravda. In modern times, the word became familiar to the West as the name of a Moscow newspaper.

Pravda

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• Maps that show boundary changes are called historical maps.

• The map of “The Growth of Moscow” on page 356 of your textbook shows the changes in Moscow’s borders from 1300 to 1584.

Map Skills 1.1

Historical Maps

• Some maps show how a certain country expanded and changed its boundaries over time.


Continued on next slide.

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Map Skills 1.2

Historical Maps

• The color used to shade a certain area shows when that land became part of Moscow.



• It also shows the exact location of the land that was added.

• For example, green is the color used to show the land acquired by the time of Ivan IV’s death.

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Map Skills 1.3

Historical Maps

• The shading on the map indicates that this land extended to the Caspian Sea in the southeast and to the Black Sea in the southwest.


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Map Skills 1.4

Historical Maps


Study the historical map on page 356 of your textbook showing the growth of Moscow. Then answer the questions that follow.

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Map Skills 1.5

Historical Maps

By what year did Moscow include part of the Don River?

Moscow included part of the Don River by 1462.



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Map Skills 1.6

Historical Maps

By what year had Moscow acquired territory bordering on the Arctic Ocean?

Moscow acquired territory bordering the Arctic Ocean by 1505.



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Map Skills 1.7

Historical Maps

Under which czar did Moscow control the largest amount of territory?

Moscow controlled the largest amount of territory under the czar Ivan IV.


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