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Section 1: Social Change
Section 2:Theoretical Perspectives on Social Change
Section 3: Collective Behavior
Section 4:Social Movements
Chapter Preview 1
Chapter Preview · Section 1Social Change (pages 568–577)
Social change refers to new behaviors that have long-term and relatively important consequences. Discovery, invention, and diffusion are the major social processes through which social change is accomplished. Agents of social change include technology, population, the natural environment, revolution, and war.
Chapter Preview 2
Chapter Preview · Section 2Theoretical Perspectives on Social Change (pages 578–580)
The functionalist and conflict perspectives view social change in very different ways. The functionalist perspective depicts societies as relatively stable. Following a major change, these integrated systems seek a new equilibrium. According to the conflict perspective, societies are unstable systems that are constantly undergoing change.
Chapter Preview 3
Chapter Preview · Section 3Collective Behavior (pages 581–590)
Collective behavior describes how people behave when they are united by a single short term goal. Rumors, facts, fashions, mass hysteria, and panics are examples of collective behaviors. Crowds gather and behave in different ways depending on the stimuli and conditions present. Contagion theory and emergent norm theory describe crowd behavior.
Chapter Preview 4
Chapter Preview · Section 4Social Movements (pages 591–596)
Social movements are more permanent and more organized than other types of collectivities. Theories that explain how social movements develop include value-added theory and resource mobilization theory.
Section 1-Preview
Social change refers to new behaviors that have long-term and relatively important consequences. Discovery, invention, and diffusion are the major social processes through which social change occurs. Important agents of social change are technology, population, the natural environment, revolution, and war.
Section 1-Key Terms
• social change
• social processes
• discovery
• invention
• diffusion
• technology
• revolution
• war
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1-Polling Question
A B C D
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Which is the major social process through which social change occurs?
A. Discovery
B. Invention
C. Diffusion
D. All of the above
Section 1
Defining Social Change
• Social change occurs when many members of the society adopt new behaviors.
• These behaviors must have long-term and important consequences.
• Human social change, in the scheme of history, has occurred in the “blink of an eye.”
• It is difficult to predict how a society will change.
Section 1
Defining Social Change (cont.)
• Reasons:
– The course of change in a society depends on the nature of the existing culture.
– Change does not merely “happen” to people.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What country was Alexis de Tocqueville from?
A. United States
B. France
C. England
D. Italy
Section 1
Social Processes
• Social processes involve a series of steps leading to change on a societal level.
Key Assumptions in Predicting Social Change in America
Section 1
Social Processes (cont.)
• Three important social processes are:
– Discovery—something is either learned or reinterpreted.
– Invention—the creation of something new from items or processes that already exist.
– The pace of social change through invention is closely tied to how complex the society or culture already is.
Section 1
Social Processes (cont.)
• Other traits of diffusion:
– The extent and rate of diffusion depends on the degree of social contact.
– Borrowing may involve entire societies, or groups in the same society.
– Diffusion—this occurs when one group borrows something from another group—norms, values, foods, styles of architecture.
Section 1
Social Processes (cont.)
– Before it is widely accepted, a borrowed element must harmonize with the group culture.
– Diffusion may involve using only part of a borrowed characteristic or trait.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
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Wilbur and Orville Wright’s flight at Kitty Hawk is an example of _____?
A. Discovery
B. Invention
C. Diffusion
D. All of the above
Section 1
Technology
• Technology includes knowledge and hardware that are used to achieve practical goals.
• Technology is a prime promoter of social change.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
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Which device’s creation led to the computer revolution?
A. Modems
B. Silicon chips
C. Monitors
D. Radios
Section 1
Population
• Changing demographics are another important factor for creating social change.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
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What is the major issue baby boomers have to deal with as they retire?
A. Social Security
B. Long-term healthcare
C. Social Security andlong-term healthcare
D. None of the above
Section 1
The Natural Environment
• Interaction with the natural environment has also transformed American life.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
The Great Depression of the 1930s was due in part to _____?
A. A long draught in the Midwestern plainsstates
B. Crop rotation
C. Urban growth
D. None of the above
Section 1
Revolution and War
• A revolution involves sudden and complete overthrow of an existing social or political order.
• According to one sociologist, a revolution results in the replacement of one set of power holders by another.
Internet Connections
Section 1
Revolution and War (cont.)
• However, another sociologist claims that the post-revolutionary society eventually returns to one that is like the original one.
• In most cases, the new social order created by a successful revolution is likely to be a compromise between the old and the new.
Section 1
Revolution and War (cont.)
• War is organized, armed conflict that occurs within a society or between nations.
• War brings about social change through diffusion, discovery, and invention.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What development was a result of World War II?
A. Antibiotics
B. Cotton
C. Cameras
D. Synthetic rubber
Section 2-Preview
The functionalist and conflict perspectives view social change in very different ways. The functionalist perspective depicts societies as being relatively stable. Following a major change, these integrated systems seek a new equilibrium. According to the conflict perspective, societies are unstable systems that are constantly undergoing change. Symbolic interactionism identifies decreasing shared values as a source of social instability.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section-Polling Question
Do you view society as stable or unstable?
A. Stable
B. Unstable
C. Not sure
0% 0%0%
Section 2
The Functionalist Perspective
• Dynamic/moving equilibrium—a society’s tendency to react to changes by making small adjustments to keep itself in a state of functioning and balance.
• A society in change moves from stability to temporary instability and back to stability.
Social Change
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
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What are some examples of dynamic equilibrium?
A. Reacting to changes by making small adjustments
B. Society in change
C. Stability to temporary instability
D. Back to stability
Section 2
The Conflict Perspective
• According to this perspective, social change is the result of struggles among groups for scarce resources.
• Social change is created as these conflicts are resolved.
• Ralf Dahrendorf believes that society changes as power relationships among interest groups change.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
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Do you agree that the conflict perspective of social change is based largely on Karl Marx’s writing about social class conflict?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
C. Sometimes
D. Not sure
Section 2
Symbolic Interactionism
• According to symbolic interactionism, the nature and frequency of social interaction are affected by the extent to which people share meaning.
• As shared interpretations of the world decrease, social ties weaken and social interaction becomes more impersonal.
Section 2
Symbolic Interactionism (cont.)
• Urbanism is the distinctive way of life shared by people living in a city.
• Ferdinard Tonnies believed that urbanism weakened the ties of social interaction.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Do you believe that city living causes less personal relationships?
A. Very much so
B. Somewhat
C. Not very much
D. Not at all
Section 3-Preview
Collective behavior describes how people behave when they are united by a singe short-term goal. Rumors, fads, fashions, mass hysteria, and panics are examples of collective behaviors. Crowds gather and behave in different ways depending on the stimuli and conditions present. Contagion theory and emergent norm theory describe crowd behavior.
Section 3-Key Terms
• collective behavior
• collectivity
• dispersed collectivity
• rumor
• urban legend
• fad
• fashion
• mass hysteria
• panic
• crowd
• mob
• riot
• contagion theory
• emergent normtheory
• convergence theory
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3-Polling Question
A B C
0% 0%0%
What are some reasons people tend to follow the actions of the crowd?
A. Fads
B. Fashions
C. Mass hysteria
Section 3
Defining Collective Behavior
• Collective behavior refers to spontaneous behavior of people who are responding to similar stimuli.
• Stimuli are outside events or persons that cause a response.
• Collectivity—a collection of people who do not normally interact and who do not share clearly defined norms.
Section 3
Defining Collective Behavior (cont.)
• Collective behavior involves spontaneous social interaction in which loosely-connected participants influence one another’s behavior.
• Dispersed collectivity—people are widely scattered, but are in some ways following common rules or are responding to common stimuli.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3
A B C
0% 0%0%
Which of the following occurred before technology?
A. Collective behavior
B. Collectivity
C. Dispersed collectivity
Section 3
Rumors, Legends, Fads, and Fashions
• A rumor is a widely-circulating story of questionable truth.
• Rumors and gossip go hand in hand.
• Urban legends are moralistic tales passed along by people who swear the stories happened to someone they know or to an acquaintance of a friend or family member.
Section 3
• A fad is an unusual behavior pattern that spreads rapidly, is embraced zealously, and then disappears after a short time.
• A fashion is a behavior pattern that is widely approved, but is expected to change periodically.
Rumors, Legends, Fads, and Fashions
(cont.)
Section 3
• Automobile design, home decorating, architecture and politics are also subject to fashion.
• Slang is a language-based fashion.
Rumors, Legends, Fads, and Fashions
(cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Name some collective behaviors characteristic of dispersed collectivities.
A. Rumors
B. Fads
C. Fashions
D. Urban legend
Section 3
Mass Hysteria and Panics
• Mass hysteria exists when collective anxiety is created by acceptance of one or more false beliefs.
• Panic occurs when people react to a real threat in fearful, anxious, and often self-damaging ways.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which factor do you think could most easily cause mass hysteria and panic?
A. Natural disasters
B. Major political upheavals
C. Unexpected events
D. None of the above
Section 3
Crowds
• A crowd is a temporary collection of people who share an immediate common interest.
• An aggregate is composed of a collection of people who do not share an immediate common interest.
Section 3
Crowds (cont.)
• Four types of crowds:
– Casual crowd—least organized, least emotional, and most temporary crowd
– Conventional crowd—this crowd has a specific purpose and follows accepted norms for appropriate behavior
– Expressive crowd—this crowd has no significant or long-term purpose beyond unleashing emotion
Section 3
Crowds (cont.)
– Acting crowd—a crowd that takes some aggressive action toward a target
• A mob is an emotionally stimulated, disorderly crowd that is ready to use destructiveness and violence to achieve a common purpose.
• Strong leadership is necessary.
Section 3
Crowds (cont.)
• A riot is an episode of largely random destruction and violence carried out by a crowd.
• The targets of rioters are ones of convenience.
• Rioters tend to feel powerless and engage in this behavior to vent their frustrations.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
People watching a film is an example of which crowd?
A. Casual
B. Conventional
C. Expressive
D. Acting
Section 3
Theories of Crowd Behavior
• Three theories of crowd behavior:
– Contagion theory states that as the emotional intensity in the crowd increases, people temporarily lose their individuality to the “will” of the crowd.
Section 3
Theories of Crowd Behavior (cont.)
– Two versions of contagion theory:
• Gustave Le Bon believed that people in crowds were reduced to a subhuman level.
• Herbert Blumer believes that the basic process in crowds is a “circular reaction”—people mutually stimulating one another.
Section 3
Theories of Crowd Behavior (cont.)
– Three stages of contagion theory :
• Milling—people move around in an aimless and random fashion.
• Collective excitement—crowd members become impulsive, unstable, and highly responsive to the actions and suggestions of others.
• Social contagion—behavior in this stage involves rigid, unthinking, and nonrational transmission of mood, impulse, or behavior.
Section 3
Theories of Crowd Behavior (cont.)
– Emergent norm theory—this theory stresses the similarity between daily social behavior and crowd behavior.
• Norms guide behavior in both instances, so rules develop.
• The rules are emergent because the crowd participants are not aware of them until they find themselves in a situation.
• People in the crowd are present for a variety of reasons, and behave differently from one another.
Section 3
Theories of Crowd Behavior (cont.)
– Convergence theory—in this theory, crowds are formed by people who deliberately congregate with others they know to be like-minded.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Theories have been developed to explain crowd behavior. How many theories exist?
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five
Section 4-Preview
Social movements are more permanent and more organized than other types of collectivities. Theories to explain how social movements develop include value-added theory and resource mobilization theory.
Section 4-Key Terms
• social movement
• revolutionary movement
• reformative movement
• redemptive movement
• alternative movement
• value-added theory
• resource mobilization theory
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4-Polling Question
What are some defining elements that characterize social movement?
A. A large number of people
B. A common goal to promote or prevent social change
C. Structured organization with commonly recognized leaders
D. Activity sustained over a relatively long time period
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Section 4
The Nature of Social Movements
• The social movement is the most highly structured, rational, and enduring form of collective behavior.
Major Forms of Collective Behavior
Section 4
The Nature of Social Movements (cont.)
• Elements of a social movement:
– A large number of people
– A common goal to promote or prevent social change
– Structured organization with commonly recognized leaders
– Activity sustained over a relatively long time period
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 4
A B C
0% 0%0%
What are some examples of past and present social movements?
A. American Revolution
B. Abolitionism
C. The suffragist movement
D. Environmental movement
Section 4
Primary Types of Social Movements
• Four basic types of social movements:
– A revolutionary movement attempts to change a society totally.
– A reformative movement aims to effect more limited changes in society.
– A redemptive movement focuses on changing people completely.
– An alternative movement seeks only limited changes in people.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
The religious cult of David Koresh was which type of movement?
A. Revolutionary
B. Reformative
C. Redemptive
D. Alternative
Section 4
Theories of Social Movements
• Two theories:
– Value-added theory—each step in the creation of a product contributes, or adds value, to the final entity.
Section 4
Theories of Social Movements (cont.)
• Six conditions that must exist in order for social movements to occur:
– Structural conduciveness—the environment must be social-movement friendly.
– Structural strains—the presence of conflicts, ambiguities, and discrepancies must exist within a society.
Section 4
Theories of Social Movements (cont.)
– Generalized beliefs—there must be a general recognition that there is a problem and agreement that something should be done to fix it.
– Precipitation factors—one or more significant events must occur to galvanize people into action.
Section 4
Theories of Social Movements (cont.)
– Mobilization of participants for action—the people must gather together and take action.
– Social control—actions of the media, police, courts, community leaders, and political officials can lead to the success or failure of a social movement.
Hot Buttons for College Activists
Section 4
Theories of Social Movements (cont.)
– Resource mobilization theory—this theory focuses on the process through which members of a social movement secure and use the resources needed to advance their cause.
Women in the Workplace
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Massive demonstrations illustrate with condition?
A. Structural conduciveness
B. Precipitation factors
C. Social control
D. Mobilization of participants
Figure 17.1
Figure 17.2
Figure 17.3
Figure 17.4
Hot Buttons for College Activists
Source: U. The National College Magazine (February, 2000).
Snapshot
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2006.
World View
Internet Connections
Source: International Telecommunication Union, 2004.
Vocab 1
social change
new societal behaviors with important long-term consequences
Vocab 2
social processes
series of steps leading to change on a societal level
Vocab 3
discovery
process by which something is learned or reinterpreted
Vocab 4
invention
the creation of something new from previously existing items or processes
Vocab 5
diffusion
process by which one culture or society borrows from another culture or society
Vocab 6
technology
knowledge and tools used to achieve practical goals
Vocab 7
revolution
sudden and complete overthrow of a social or political order
Vocab 8
war
organized, armed conflict that occurs within a society or between nations
Vocab 9
equilibrium
a state of functioning and balance, maintained by a society’s tendency to make small adjustments to change
Vocab 10
urbanism
the distinctive way of life shared by the people living in a city
Vocab 11
collective behavior
the spontaneous behavior of a group of people responding to similar stimuli
Vocab 12
collectivity
collection of people who do not normally interact and who do not share clearly defined norms
Vocab 13
dispersed collectivity
collectivity made up of people who are not physically connected but who follow common rules or respond to common stimuli
Vocab 14
rumor
a widely circulating piece of information that is not verified as being true or false
Vocab 15
urban legend
a moralistic tale that focuses on current concerns and fears of the city or suburb dweller
Vocab 16
fad
an unusual behavior pattern that spreads rapidly and disappears quickly
Vocab 17
fashion
a widely accepted behavior pattern that changes periodically
Vocab 18
mass hysteria
collective anxiety created by the acceptance of one or more false beliefs
Vocab 19
panic
reaction to a real threat in fearful, anxious, and often self-damaging ways
Vocab 20
crowd
a temporary collection of people who share an immediate common interest
Vocab 21
mob
emotional crowd ready to use violence for a specific purpose
Vocab 22
riot
episode of largely random destruction and violence carried out by a crowd
Vocab 23
contagion theory
theory stating that members of crowds stimulate each other to higher and higher levels of emotion and irrational behavior
Vocab 24
emergent norm theory
theory stating that norms develop to guide crowd behavior
Vocab 25
convergence theory
theory that states that crowds are formed by people who deliberately congregate with like-minded others
Vocab 26
social movement
movement whose goal is to promote or prevent social change; the most structured and rational form of collective behavior
Vocab 27
revolutionary movement
a social movement that attempts to change the total structure of society
Vocab 28
reformative movement
a social movement that attempts to make limited changes in society
Vocab 29
redemptive movement
a social movement that seeks to change people completely
Vocab 30
alternative movement
a social movement that focuses on bringing about limited changes in people
Vocab 31
value-added theory
theory holding that certain conditions must exist for social movements to occur
Vocab 32
resource mobilization theory
theory of social movements that focuses on the use of resources to achieve goals
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